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Mitosis Flashcards

The primary result of mitosis is the transferring of the parent cell's genome into two daughter cells. These two cells are identical and do not differ in any way from the original parent cell. Mitosis occurs in our heart, liver, brain, skin, blood and more. Why is Mitosis so important?

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1264384331	Interphase	Chromosomes copied, appear as threadlike coils at the start, then each chromosome and its copy change to sister chromatids at the end of phase	1
1264384332	Prophase	Mitosis begins; centrioles appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell; spindle fibers form between the poles.	2
1264384333	Metaphase	Chromatids attach to spindle fibers; chromosomes line in middle of cell	3
1264384334	Anaphase	Chromatids separate, begin to move to opposite ends, pulled by the spindle fibers	4
1264384335	Telophase	Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells - each with own nucleus with identical chromosomes.	5
1264384336	Cytokinesis	Two new nuclei form, chromosomes appear as chromatin, mitosis ends	6
1264384337	Centromere	Most condensed region of a chromosome; where spindle fiber attached during mitosis	7
1264384338	Mitosis	Cell division when nucleus divides into two nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes ending in 2 identical cells	8
1264384339	Spindle Fibers	Special microtubules made of proteins - connect to centromeres and pull apart chromosomes	9
1264384340	G1 Phase	Stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions	10
1264384341	S Phase	Synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated	11
1264384342	G2 Phase	Growth, prepares for cell division, second centriole forms	12
1264384343	Interphase	Longest part of the cell cycle	13
1264384344	Prophase	Longest phase of mitosis.	14
1264384345	Metaphase	Shortest phase of mitosis.	15
1264384346	Chromatid	two identical strands of the same chromosomes	16
1264384347	chromosome	During prophase and metaphase, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called...	17
1264384348	centriole	Where the microtubules of the spindle originate during mitosis in both plant and animal cells.	18

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Ch 7: A Tour of the Cells Flashcards

HOW WE STUDY CELLS
-Microscopes provide windows to the world of the cell
-Cell biologists can isolate organelles to study their functions
A PANORAMIC VIEW OF THE CELL
-Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell differ in size and complexity
-Internal membranes compartmentalize the functions of a eukaryotic cell
THE NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOMES
-The nucleus contains a eukaryotic cell's genetic library
-Ribosomes build a cell's proteins
THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
-The endoplasmic reticulum manufactures membranes and performs many other biosynthetic functions
-The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
-Lysosomes are digestive compartments
-Vacuoles have diverse functions in cell maintanence
OTHER MEMBRANOUS ORGANELLES
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy transformers of cells
-Peroxisomes generate and degrade H₂O₂ in performing various metabolic functions
THE CYTOSKELETON
-Providing structural support to the cell, the cytoskeleton also functions in cell motility and regulation
CELL SURFACES AND JUNCTIONS
-Plant cells are encased by cell walls
-The extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells functions in support, adhesion, movement, and regulation
-Intercellular junctions help integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function
-The cell is a living unit greater than the sum of its parts

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948045392	light microscope (LM)	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	1
948045393	resolving power	a measure of the clarity of an image; the minimum distance that two points can be seperated and still be distinguished as two seperate points	2
948045394	organelle	one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	3
948045395	electron microscope (EM)	a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.	4
948045396	transmission electron microscope (TEM)	a microscope that passes an electron beam through very thin sections, primarily used to study the internal ultra structure of cells	5
948045397	scanning electron microscope (SEM)	a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of a sample to study details of its topography	6
948045398	cell fractionation	the disruption of a cell and seperation of its organelles by centrifugation	7
948045399	ultracentrifuge	a machine that spins test tubes at the fastest speeds to seperate liquids and particles of different densities	8
948045400	cytosol	the semifluid portion of the cytoplasm	9
948045401	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea	10
948045402	nucleoid	a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell	11
948045403	cytoplasm	the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane	12
948045404	plasma membrane	the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition	13
948045405	nucleus	1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons	14
948045406	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of proteins filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus	15
948045407	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	16
948045408	chromosome	a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	17
948045409	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	18
948045410	ribosome	a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits	19
948045411	endomembrane system	the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles	20
948045412	vesicle	a sac made of membranes inside of cells	21
948045413	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions	22
948045414	smooth ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	23
948045415	rough ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes	24
948045416	glycoprotein	a protein covalently attached to a carbohydrate	25
948045417	transport vesicle	a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	26
948045418	Golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum	27
948045419	lysosome	a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell	28
948045420	phagocytosis	a type of endocytosis involving large, particulate substances	29
948045421	food vacuole	a membranous sac formed by phagocytosis	30
948045422	contractile vacuole	a membranous sac that helpd move excess water out of the cell	31
948045423	central vacuole	a membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development	32
948045424	tonoplast	a membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, separating the cytosol from the cell sap	33
948045425	mitochondria	an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration	34
948045426	chloroplast	an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water	35
948045427	cristae	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP	36

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A Tour of the Cells ch6 Flashcards

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1720090546	light microscope	an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens	0
1720090547	organelle	one of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells	1
1720090548	electron microscope	a microscope that focuses an electron beam through a specimen, resulting in resolving power a thousandfold greater than that of a light microscope.	2
1720090551	prokaryotic cell	a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea	3
1720090552	nucleoid	a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell	4
1720090553	cytoplasm	the entire contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus, and bounded by the plasma membrane	5
1720090554	plasma membrane	the membrane of the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, thereby regulating the cell's chemical composition	6
1720090555	nucleus	1)an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons 2)the chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell 3)a cluster of neurons	7
1720090556	chromatin	the complex of DNA and proteins that make up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exsists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	8
1720090557	chromosome	a threadlike, gene carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	9
1720090558	nucleolus	a specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes	10
1720090559	ribosome	a cell organelle constructed in the nucleolus and functioning as the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of rRNA and protein molecules, which make up two subunits	11
1720090560	endomembrane system	the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles	12
1720090561	vesicle	a sac made of membranes inside of cells	13
1720090562	endoplasmic reticulum	an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome studded (rough) and ribosome free (smooth) regions	14
1720090563	smooth er	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes	15
1720090564	rough ER	the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes	16
1720090565	transport vesicle	a tiny membranous sac in a cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell	17
1720090566	Golgi apparatus	an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum	18
1720090567	lysosome	a membrane enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell	19
1720090568	mitochondrion	An organelle in eukaryotic cells where cellular respiration occurs. Enclosed by two concentric membranes	20
1720090569	chloroplast	an organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water	21
1720090570	crista	an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrian that houses the electron transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP	22
1720090571	cell theory	The theory that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells.	23
1720090572	cell wall	A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape.	24
1720090573	Cellular Metabolism	The chemical activities of cells.	25
1720090574	central vacuole	A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the interior of a mature plant cell, having diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development.	26
1720090575	centriole	Cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only	27
1720090576	cystoskeleton	A network of protein structures that extends throughout the cytoplasm	28
1720090577	electron microscope	microscope that forms an image by focusing beams of electrons onto a specimen	29
1720090578	endoplasmic reticulum	A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids.	30
1720090579	endosymbiosis	A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.	31
1720090580	eukaryoitic cell	A eukaryote (or) is an organism whose cells contain complex structures enclosed within membranes. The defining membrane-bound structure	32
1720090581	extracellular matrix	All tissues include this non-living portion, consisting of molecules that fill spaces between cells	33
1720090582	flagellum	A long, hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.	34
1720090583	glycoprotein	A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates.	35
1720090584	granum	A stack of hollow disks formed of thylakoid membrane in a chloroplast. They are sites where light energy trapped by chlorophyll and converted to chemical energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.	36
1720090585	filament	Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments	37
1720090586	light microscope	An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens.	38
1720090587	microfilament	A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also known as an actin filament.	39
1720090588	micrograph	Photograph of the view through a microscope	40
1720090589	microtuble	long strands such a spindle fibers that move chromosomes	41
1720090590	mitochondrial matrix	The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle.	42
1720090591	mitochondiron	cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy.	43
1720090592	nuclear envelope	A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell	44
1720090593	peroxisome	Contain oxidase enzymes that detoxify alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, and other harmful chemicals	45
1720090594	plasmodesma	An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells	46
1720090595	scanning electron microscope	a microscope that produces an enlarged, three-dimensional image of an object by using a beam of electrons rather than light	47
1720090596	stroma	In plants, the solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.	48
1720090597	thylakoid	A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.	49
1720090598	transmission electron microscope	a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons through a very thin slice of specimen and that can magnify up to 200,000 times	50
1720090599	vacuole	Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates	51
1720090600	Integral Proteins	a protein that penetrates the hydrophobic core of cellular membranes	52
1720090601	osmosis	the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration	53
1720090602	diffusion	the movement of a solute from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration	54
1720090603	concentration gradient	a range of concentration from high solute concentration to low solute concentration	55
1720090604	electrochemical gradient	a concentration gradient consisting of ions	56
1720090605	active transport	when a substance is transported across a membrane from low concentration to high concentration	57
1720090606	hypotonic	environment in which there is less solute outside the cell than inside the cell	58
1720090607	hypertonic	environment in which there is more solute outside the cell than inside the cell	59

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Geometry Final - Geometry Words Flashcards

all 50 geometry words.

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400227754	vertex angle	the angle between two sides of an isosceles triangle	0
400227755	trapezoid	a quadrilateral with exactly one pair or parallel sides	1
400227756	tangent to a circle	a line, segment, or ray that touches a circle at exactly one point	2
400227757	tangent ratio	opposite/adjacent	3
400227758	square	a parallelogram with four congruent sides and four right angles	4
400227759	sine ratio	opposite/hypotenuse	5
400227760	similar polygons	have corresponding angles and congruent and corresponding sides in proportion	6
400227761	semicircle	a half of a circle	7
400227762	secant	a line, ray, or segment that intersects a circle in two points	8
400227763	rhombus	a parallelogram with four congruent sides	9
400227764	rectangle	a parallelogram with four right angles	10
400227765	ratio	the composition of two quantities by division	11
400227766	radius of a circle	a segment with an endpoint as the center and the other lying on the circle	12
400227767	Pythagorean triple	a set of three whole numbers that satisfy the equation a2+b2=c2	13
400227768	proportion	segment that two ratios are equal	14
400227769	proof	a convincing argument using two columns with statements and reasons	15
400227770	parallelogram	a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides	16
400227771	minor arc	an arc smaller than a semi-circle	17
400227772	midsegment of a triangle	segment that joins the midpoints of the sides of a three sided figure	18
400227773	midsegment of a trapezoid	segment that joins midpoints of the legs of a trapezoid	19
400227774	measure of a triangle	connects a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side of a triangle	20
400227775	measure of an arc	the same as the measure of its central angle	21
400227776	leg	the two congruent sides of an isosceles triangle	22
400227777	minor arc	an arc larger than a semicircle	23
400227778	kite	a quadrilateral with two pairs of congruent adjacent sides and no opposite sides congruent	24
400227779	isosceles trapezoid	a trapezoid with congruent legs (nonparallel sides)	25
400227780	intercepted arc	an arc cut off by an inscribed angle	26
400227781	inscribed angle	an angle whose vertex lies on the circle and the sides are chords of the circle	27
400227782	cosine ratio	adjacent/hypotenuse	28
400227783	CPCTC	corresponding parts of congruent triangles are congruent	29
400227784	distance from a point to a line	length of the perpendicular segment from a point to a line	30
400227785	diameter of a circle	a segments going through the center of the circle = to two radii	31
400227786	inscribed in	happens to a circle when the sides of a polygon are tangent to the circle	32
400227787	cross-product property	product of the means = product of the extremes	33
400227788	hypotenuse	the side opposite the right angle in a right triangle	34
400227789	corollary	a statements that follows directly from a theorem	35
400227790	consecutive angles	in a polygon, they share a common side and are one after the other	36
400227791	congruent circles	circle with congruent radii	37
400227792	congruent arcs	arc in the same circle or congruent circles that have the same measure	38
400227793	concentric circles	lie in the same plane and have the same center (a dart board)	39
400227794	circumscribed about	happens to a circle when the vertices of a polygon lie on the circle	40
400227795	circumference	the distance around a circle	41
400227796	circle	the set of all points that are a given distance from a center point	42
400227797	central angle of a circle	an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle	43
400227798	chord	a segment whose endpoints lie on the circle	44
400227799	base angles	the two congruent angles of an isosceles triangle	45
400227800	adjacent arcs	areas on the same circle connecting with one point	46
400227801	altitude of a triangle	a perpendicular segment from a vertex to the opposite side	47
400227802	arc length	a fraction of a circle's circumference	48
400227803	angle of elevation or depression	an angle formed by a horizontal line and the line of sight to an object above the horizontal line	49

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American Pagent Chapter 27 Flashcards

America Moves to the City, 1865-1900

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642444228	Megalopolis	An extensive, heavily populates area, containing several dense urban centers.	1
642444229	Tenement	a multi-dwelling building, often poor or overcrowded	2
642444230	Affluence	an abundance of wealth	3
642444231	despotism	government by an absolute or tyrannical ruler	4
642444232	parochial	concerning a parish or small district	5
642444233	sweatshop	a factory where employees are forced to work long hours under difficult conditions for meager wages	6
642444234	pauper	a poor person	7
642444235	convert	a person who turns from one religion to another	8
642444236	fundamentalist	a protestant who rejects religious modernism and adheres to a strict and literal interpretation of Christian doctrine and scriptures	9
642444237	agnostic	one who believes that there can be no human knowledge of any God of gods	10
642444238	behavioral psychology	examines human action	11
642444239	syndicated	material that is sold by an organization for publication in several newspapers	12
642444240	tycoon	a wealthy business person	13
642444241	prohibition	forbidding by law the manufacture sale or consumption of liquor	14
642444242	rustic	concerning unsophisticated country ways crude and inelegant	15

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AP World History Chapter 7 Flashcards

Vocab for Ch 7

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511264774	al-Mahdi	Third of the Abbasid caliphs; attempted but failed to reconcile moderates among Shi'a to Abbasid dynasty; failed to resolve problem of succession	1
511264775	Harun al-Rashid	Most famous of Abbasid caliphs; renowned for sumptuous and costly living; dependent on Persian advisors early in reign; death led to civil wars over succession	2
511264776	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	3
511264777	Crusades	Series of military adventures initially launched by western Christians to free Holy Land from Muslims; temporarily succeeded in capturing Jerusalem and establishing Christian kingdoms; later used for other purposes such as commercial wars and extermination of heresy.	4
511264778	Saladin	Muslim leader in the last decades of the 12th century; reconquered most of the crusader outposts for Islam	5
511264779	Seljuk Turks	Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century	6
511264780	Lateen	Sail of the dhow	7
511264781	Ulama	Orthodox religious scholars within Islam; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; increasingly opposed to non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking	8
511264782	al-Ghazali	Brilliant Islamic theologian; struggled to fuse Greek and Qur'anic traditions; not entirely accepted by ulama	9
511264783	Ibn Khaldun	A Muslim historian; developed concept that dynasties of nomadic conquerors had a cycle of three generations -- strong, weak, dissolute	10
511264784	Mongols	Central Asian nomadic peoples; smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph	11
511264785	Chinggis Khan	Born in 1170s in decades following death of Kabul Khan; elected khagan of all MOngol tribes in 1206; responsible for conquest of northern kingdoms of China, territories as far west as the Abbasid regions; died in 1227 prior to conquest of most of the Islamic world	12
511264786	Hulegu	Ruler of Ilkhan Khanate; grandson of Chinggis Khan; responsible for capture and destruction of Baghdad in 1257	13
511264787	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance	14
511264788	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of the Umayyad Empire	15
511264789	Mahmud of Ghazni	Third ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.	16
511264790	Muhammad of Ghur	Military commander of Persian extraction who ruled small mountain kingdom in Afghanistan; began process of conquest to establish Muslim political control of northern India; brought much of Indus valley, Sind, and northwestern India under his control.	17
511264791	Qutb-ud-din Aibak	Lieutenant of Mahmud of Ghur; established kingdom in India with capital at Delphi; proclaimed himself Sultan of india	18
511264792	Bhaktic cults	Hindu groups dedicated to gods and goddesses; stressed the importance of strong emotional bonds between devotees and the god or goddess who was the object of their veneration; most widely worshipped gods were Vishnu and Shiva	19
511264793	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry; reflected openness of bhaktic cults to women	20
511264794	Kabir	Muslim mystic; played down the importance of ritual differences between Hinduism and Islam	21
511264795	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.	22
511264796	Malacca	Portuguese factory or fortified trade town located on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; traditionally a center for trade among the southeastern Asian islands.	23
511264797	Demak	Most powerful of the trading states on the north coast of Java; converted to Islam and served as point of dissemination to other ports	24

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APUSH Unit 3 Flashcards

APUSH Unit 3
Hallam

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960378069	By number, what amendment protects citizens in their "persons, houses, papers, and effects" from "__________ search and seizure"?	four, unreasonable	1
960378070	By number, what amendment is supposed to guarantee the right to have a gun in case we need to overthrow our government in a revolution?	two	2
960378071	By number, what amendment guarantees "due process of law" (fair treatment and the presumption of innocence) as well as the right of the accused to remain silent?	five	3
960378072	By number, what amendment guarantees the fundamental activities that make a democracy possible: the freedom of religion, speech, and press?	one	4
960378073	By number, what amendment guarantees both the right to a trial by jury and a right to the assistance of counsel, to have an attorney represent you?	six	5
960378074	By number, what amendment guarantees even convicts that their punishment not be "cruel and unusual"?	eight	6
960378075	This clause gives judges a lot of power through interpretation. One of the fizziest phrases in the Constitution is called the ______ clause which indicates that it could be STRETCHED to fit a lot of new activities. (Article I, Section 8, Para 18)	elastic	7
960378076	"_______ and _______ punishment"	cruel, unusual	8
960378077	Congress has the power to tax but it isn't clear what is meant by Congress' power "to regulate interstate ____"	commerce	9
960378078	Presidential impeachment can be caused by: "treason, bribery, other high crimes, and _______"	misdemeanors	10
960378079	In Preamble and Article I: "promote the general ______"	welfare	11
960378080	Many generations have argues about the meaning of "state's rights" under Amendment ___	ten	12
960378081	The general freedom to write and publish works critical of the government/government officials is the freedom of the _____ (Amend 1)	press	13
960378082	The governemnt cannot establish a national church, the first amendment guarantees our right to the "free _____ of _______" (We may/may not have a religion) (Amend 1)	exercise, religion	14
960378083	Our freedom of ______ allows us to freely join groups advocating whatever beliefs we wish (Amend 1)	assembly	15
960378084	We may also write something which lists our grievances: "_______ the government for a redress of grievances" (Amend 1)	petition	16
960378085	We may tell people our opinions: "freedom of ______" (Amend 1)	speech	17
960378086	Amendment One	Guarantees the freedom of: PERHAPS! Press Exercise but no government est. of Religion Have a religion or political party of have none Assembly Petition Speech	18
963567591	Treaty of Paris (1783)	independence and Mississippi border established	19
963567592	Land Ordinance of 1785	encouraged states to set up public schools	20
963567593	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	set aside land for five future FREE states	21
963567594	Arguments against Articles of Confederation	1) "necessary and proper" is too flexible 2) too much power in the government 3) no Bill of Rights 4) Supremce Court Justices serve for life	22
963567595	Washington's Cabinet: Secretary of State	Thomas Jefferson, liberal Southerner	23
963567596	Washington's Cabinet: Attorney General	Edmund Randolph, liberal Southerner	24
963567597	Washington's Cabinet: Secretary of Treasury	Alexander Hamilton, Northern conservative	25
963567598	Washington's Cabinet: Secretary of War	Henry Knox, Northern conservative	26
963567599	The first three word of the Preamble are:	We the People	27
963567600	Representatives are elected every __ years, and provided that representation in the House is proportional to _________	two, population	28
963567601	Each slave counts as __ of one person	3/5	29
963567602	Senators were ______ by state legislatures every __ years	appointed, six	30
963567603	Only __ of the Senate can be removed at a time	1/3	31
963567604	Art I. Sect 5. "excepting such Parts as may in their Judgement require ______"	secrecy	32
963567605	A presidential veto may be overriden by a vote of __	2/3	33
963567606	The ____ Clause: n_______ and p_____	Elastic, necessary, proper	34
963567607	Congress could not pass any law banning the importation of slaves until ____	1808	35
963567608	Art I. Sec. 9. "No _______ __ _________ shall be granted"	title of nobility	36
963567609	Presidents can make treaties but must get them ratified by ___ vote of the _______	2/3, senate	37
963567610	The President's annual, January speech on the _____ of the _____	State of the Union	38
963567611	Supreme Court Justices serve for ____	life	39
963567612	Art III. Sec. 2 "The Trial of all Crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by ____"	jury	40
963567613	Who is a "person held to Service or Labour in one state" is called a _____	slave	41
963567614	Art IV. Sec. 4 "shall guarantee to every State in this Union a ______ Form of Government, and shall protect each of them... againt domestic Violence"	Republican	42
963567615	Our national government is not a monarchy because we hold ______ and there are 3 branches called what?	elections, legislative, executive, judicial	43
963567616	We do not have a theocracy because there is no official _____ and no religious test for ____	religion, office	44
963567617	We do not have a democracy because many officials are not _____ and _________ make key decisions for us	elected, representatives	45
963567618	What we have is a semi-democratic, semi-_______ _______.	oligarchial, republic	46
963567619	Our constitution's _______ _______ clauses make it clear that we do not have a confederacy	national, supremacy	47
963567620	Graphs show that in 1790, the US was more of an _______ republic than a ______ one	oligarchial, democratic	48
963901744	Article I	all about the president	49
963901745	Article II	all about judicial	50

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Muslim Flashcards

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61152763	bedouins	small groups of nomadic people in Arabia	0
61152764	Muhammad	(570-632) Prophet of Islam whom Muslims recognize as Allah's messenger to all humankind. His teachings form the basis of Islam	1
61152765	hegira	Mohammad's journey from Mecca to Medina	2
61152766	Islam	a monotheistic religion whose prophet is Muhammad and whose holy book is the Quran; the term means "achieving peace through submission to God"	3
61152767	Muslims	followers of Islam	4
61152768	Quran	the sacred text of Islam	5
61152769	Five Pillars of Islam	behaviors and obligations that are common to all Muslims, which include the profession of faith, the performance of five daily prayers, the giving of alms, the requirment to fast, and the journey to Mecca (or Hajj)	6
61152770	mosque	a builing for Muslim prayer	7
61152771	jihad	"struggle for the faith"; can be thought of as an individual or communal struggle; as the latter, the term embraces notions of defending the Muslim community and holy war	8
61152772	Abu Bakr	(573-634) First Muslim caliph; as a close companion and successor to Muhammad, he unified the restive Bedouin tribes of central Arabia into a strong fighting force taht he led to Iraq and Syria	9
61152773	caliph	"successor to the Prophet"; title given to the political and reigious leaders of the Muslims	10
61152774	caliphate	area ruled by a caliph	11
61152775	Abbasid	dynasty that overthew the Umayyad dynasty to rule to Muslim caliphate from 750-1258; for 150 years the Abbasids maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic culture and civilization flourished	12
61152776	Sunnis	"people who follow the Sunna (way of the prophet)"; the largest branch of Islam; believers accepted the first four caliphs as rightful successors Muhammad	13
61152777	Shia	a branch of Islam whose adherents believe that the caliphate must go to a descendent of Muhammad--particularily a member of the family of Ali	14
61152778	Sufis	a branch of Islam emphasizing a personal, mystical connection with God	15
61152779	Harun al-Rashid	(766-809) Fifth Abbadid caliph; under his rule, the Abbasid dybasty reached its height and Islamic culture experience a flowering	16
61152780	Umayyad	(661-750) first ruling dynasty over the Muslim Caliphate	17
61152781	merchants	the main livlihood of most Arabians (because of trade)	18
61152782	Mecca	a city that was a trade center, help the Kaaba, and housed many Arabians	19
61152783	Kaaba	an ancient building that was considered sacred; built into one of its walls was a stone said to be a relic from heaven; inside were idols (drew relgious pilgrimages)	20
61152784	Allah	the surpreme god in Meccan relgions (even polytheistic ones)	21
61152785	Muhammad ibn Abd Allah	Muhammad's full name	22
61152786	Abu Talib	a wealthy clan leader who raised Muhammad when both his parents died when he was very young	23
61152787	Khadijah	Muhammad's wife	24
61152788	Fatimah	Muhammad's only child that survived	25
61152789	610	year of Muhammad's famous retreat into a cave where he was visted by Allah's angel	26
61152790	revelations	God's messages that angels told Muhammad to preach	27
61152791	innkeepers and powerful Meccans	those who did not accept Muhammad's message at first	28
61152792	622	year of the hegira and first mark of the Islamic calandar	29
61152793	630	by the year___ Muhammad controlled Mecca, and his influence in the western part of the Arabian Penninsula was unmatched	30
61152794	Only one god Pray 5 times a day Alms Fast Pilgramage	5 pillars of Islam	31
61152795	Ramadan	the month of fasting for Muslims	32
61152796	Arafat	One cmponent of the hajj is walking to nearby Mount ____, where Muhammad is said to have delivered his last sermon	33
61152797	hajj	A journy to Mecca as a pilgrimage is called the	34
61152798	Jjhad	also, teh stuggle to defend the Muslim community, covnvert people to Islam, or the "holy war"	35
61152799	Sunna	the record of Muhammad's behavoir and teachings; means "tradition"	36
61152800	hadith	each of the individual reports in the Sunna on Muhammad's actions is known as a____	37
61152801	Sharia	teh legal system that relects the various rules by which all Muslims should live is called	38
61152802	Abu Bakr	which caliph is known for bringing back the bedouin tribes whose loyalty was slipping and reunifying Arabia?	39
61152803	Umar	Abu Bakr's successor who controled the Persian empire and part of teh Byzantine empire	40
61152804	Ali	the cousin of Muhammad and the husband of his daughter Fatimah who lost the fight for the caliphate twice	41
61152805	Uthman	caliph in 644 who was supported by the Umayyad	42
61152806	Ali	who took over when Uthman was killed by rebels?	43
61152807	Mu'waiya	caliph after Ali; Umyyad and Sunni	44
61152808	imam	the Shia call each of Ali's successors ____ which means leader	45
61152809	Yazid	Mu'waiya's son and successor; believed to have stolen the caliphate and not be a good Muslim	46
61152810	Husayn	a grandon of Muhammd who led a rebellion against Yazid	47
61152811	martyrdom of Husayn	What event marked the split between Sunni and Shia to be bitter hatred?	48
61152812	Dome of the Rock	What did the Umayyads build in Jerusalem that became teh first great work of Islamic architecture?	49
61152813	France and Constantinople	two locations the Umayyads failed to capture in military conquest.	50
61152814	centralized	The Umayyads had a ________ government	51
61152815	Persian-style	The Abbasids had a _________ government	52
61152816	Baghdad	The location of the new capitol the Abbasids chose	53
61152817	European Christians	contributed to the end of Arab unity through the Crusades in Jerusalem	54
61152818	Fatimids	contributed to the end of Arab unity through blocking trade in Egypt	55
61152819	Seljuk Turks	they ruled the caliphate and were Sunnis, but went on to start their own empire (contributed to end of unity)	56
61152820	Mamuluks	a group who had once been enslaved soldiers took power in Egypt and Syria (contributed to the end of Arab unity)	57
61152821	Mongols	1258-an Asian people called _______ arrived at Baghdad after conquering China and Central Asia--destroyed city and caliphate	58
61153604	Islam	Majpr world religion having its origins in 610 C.E. in the Arabian peninsula; meaning literally submission; based on prophecy of Muhammad.	59
61153605	Muslim	follower of Islam	60
61153606	Quran	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammad; holy book of Islam	61
61153607	Hadith	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	62
61153608	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam.	63
61153609	Umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity	64
61153610	Caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammad	65
61153611	Sunnis	Political and theological division within Islam.	66
61153612	Shi'is	Also known as the Shi'a and Shi'ites; political and theological followers within Islam; Followers of Ali	67
61153613	Mawali	non- Arab converts to Islam	68
61153614	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	69
61153615	Harem	the part of a Muslim palace or house reserved for the residence of women.	70
61153616	Ayan	the wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	71
61153617	Mecca	a city in West Saudi Arabia: birthplace of Muhammad; spiritual center of Islam	72
61153618	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to bedouins; became refuge for Muhammad following flight from Mecca (hijra)	73
61153619	Umayyad	Clan of bedouins who controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E. that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam.	74
61153620	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam.	75
61153621	Zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims.	76
61153622	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj	77
61153623	Ali	Cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	78
61153624	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammad's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Muslim community	79
61153625	Ridda	wars that followed muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	80
61153626	Jihad	Struggle often used for wars in defense of the faith	81
61153627	Hijra	the flight of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina to escape persecution a.d. 622: regarded as the beginning of the Muslim Era.	82
61153628	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	83
61153629	Siffin	fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	84
61153630	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civi war with Ali.	85
61153631	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate	86
61153632	Jizya	head tax paid by all nonbelievers in Islamic territories	87
61153633	Abbasids	a member of a dynasty of caliphs ruling at Baghdad, a.d. 750-1258, governing most of the Islamic world and claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Muhammad.	88
61153634	Wazir	helper ("right-hand man") for a high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph or Sultan.	89

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Diffusion and Osmosis Flashcards

7th grade
diffusion and osmosis terms

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594166605	Diffusion	The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration.	1
594166606	Osmosis	The movement of water across a semi-permeadble membrane through diffusion.	2
594166607	Active Transport	The movement of molecules from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (requiring energy).	3
594166608	A cell is always trying to reach...	equilibrium	4
594166609	Selectively Permeable Membrane	A membrane that allows certain molecules to pass through it by diffusion	5
594166610	Endocytosis	The intake of matreials through membrane sacs.	6
594166611	Exocytosis	The export of materials using membrane sacs.	7
594166612	Passive Transport	The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; does not require energy	8
594166613	Equilibrium	The condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced; all particles become equal	9

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Chapter 6: The First Global Civilizations (The Rise and Spread of Islam) Flashcards

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1675071755	Bedouin	Nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula; culture based on camel and goat nomadism; early converts to Islam	0
1675071756	shaykhs	Leaders of tribes and clans within bedouin society; usually men with large herds, several wives and many children	1
1675071757	Mecca	City located in mountainous region along Red Sea in Arabian peninsula; founded by Umayyad clan of Quraysh; site of Ka'ba; original home of Muhammed; location of chief religious pilgrimage point in Islam	2
1675071758	Umayyad	Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan established dynasty as rulers of Islam, 661 to 750	3
1675071759	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th Century CE	4
1675071760	Ka'ba	Most revered religious shrine in pre-Islamic Arabia; located in Mecca; focus of obligatory annual truce among bedouin tribes; later incorporated as important shrine in Islam	5
1675071761	Medina	Also known as Yathrib; town located northeast of Mecca; grew date palms whose fruit was sold to beduins; beca refuge for Muhammed following flight from Mecca	6
1675071762	Muhammad	Prophet of Islam; born c. 570 to Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe in Mecca; raised by father's family; received revelations from Allah in 610 ce and thereafter, died in 632	7
1675071763	Khadijah	First wife of the prophet Muhammad, who had worked for her as a trader	8
1675071764	Qur'an	Recitations of revelations received by Muhammed; holy book of Islam	9
1675071765	Ali	Cousin and son in law of Muhammad; one of orthodox caliphs; focus for Shi'a	10
1675071766	umma	Community of the faithful within Islam; transcended old tribal boundaries to create degree of political unity.	11
1675071767	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	12
1675071768	five pillars	The obligatory religious duties of all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj.	13
1675071769	Ramadan	Islamic month of religious observance requiring fasting from dawn to sunset	14
1675071770	hajj	A Muslims pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka'ba.	15
1675071771	caliph	The political and religious successor to Muhammed	16
1675071772	Abu Bakr	One of Muhammed's earliest converts; succeeded Muhammad as first caliph of Islamic community	17
1675071773	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	18
1675071774	jihad	Struggle, often used for wars in defense of faith	19
1675071775	Copts	Christian sect of Egypt; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule	20
1675071776	Nestorians	A Christian sect found in Asia; tended to support Islamic invasions of this area in preference to Byzantine rule; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions	21
1675071777	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and Umayyad clan.	22
1675071778	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	23
1675071779	Mu'awiya	Leader of Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	24
1675071780	Sunis	Political and theological devision within Islam; supported the Umayyads	25
1675071781	Shi'a	Also known as Shi'ites; political and theological division within Islam; followers of Ali	26
1675071782	Karbala	Site of defeat and death of Husayn, son of Ali; marked beginning of Shi'a resistance to Umayyad caliphate.	27
1675071783	Damascus	Syrian city that was capital of Umayyad caliphate	28
1675071784	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	29
1675071785	jizya	Head tax paid by all non-believers in Islamic territories	30
1675071786	dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus	31
1675071787	hadiths	Traditions of the prophet	32
1675071788	Abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 CE.	33
1675071789	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital.	34
1675071790	Baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	35
1675071791	wazir	Chief administrative official under the Abbasid caliphate; initially recruited from Persian provinces of empire	36
1675071792	dhows	Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design	37
1675071793	ayan	The wealthy landed elite that emerged in the early decades of Abbasid rule	38

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