| 929147813 | Daniel Shays | A leader in a rebellion against the state of Massachusetts due to the amount of discontent of farmers that lost their land due to mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies during the war while they were off fighting. The rebellion, though put down by the state militia, signaled the need for a stronger central government. | | 1 |
| 929147814 | Alexander Hamilton | He helped write The Federalist Papers, which explained the importance of a strong central government and was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. The first Secretary of the Treasury and founder of the Federalist Party. He was an influential delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention in 1787 | | 2 |
| 929147815 | James Madison | The fourth President of the United States (1809-1817). A member of the Continental Congress (1780-1783) and the Constitutional Convention (1787), he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution and was a contributor to The Federalist Papers (1787-1788), which argued the effectiveness of the proposed constitution. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. | | 3 |
| 929147816 | Consent of the Governed | A derivative of the doctrine of natural rights; a philosophy, later adopted by Jefferson when he drafted the Declaration of Independence, that puts the authority of the government in the people's hands. | | 4 |
| 929147817 | republicanism | A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed. | | 5 |
| 929147818 | nonimportation | Americans boycott against all British goods. Some spun clothes at home, forged a sense of common purpose among all who participated. | | 6 |
| 929147819 | Confederation | A loose collection of governments who come together for mutual benefit, but who retain their individual autonomy and which are ultimately sovereign | | 7 |
| 929147820 | Constitutional Convention | Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison. | | 8 |
| 929147821 | Society of Cincinnati | A society established by former officers of the Revolutionary war as a sort of aristocracy in which traditionalism and social status was important. Thomas Jefferson and other civilians thought that this movement threatened the newly formed republic and feared it could turn into an aristocracy so they worked to disband it. This was showed that nothing would stand in the way of a democratic government. This was crucial as this is the point when most revolutions fail, but the determination from Jefferson ceased this early threat. | | 9 |
| 929147822 | Great Compromise | At the Constitutional Convention, larger states wanted to follow the Virginia Plan, which based each state's representation in Congress on state population. Smaller states wanted to follow the New Jersey Plan, which gave every state the same number of representatives. The convention compromised by creating the House (with population deciding the number of delegates), and the Senate (with each state having 2 delegates). | | 10 |
| 929147823 | Articles of Confederation | This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781 during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage | | 11 |
| 929147824 | Electoral College | The presidential electors from each state who meet after the popular election to cast ballots for president and vice president | | 12 |
| 929147825 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | Provided that the acreage of the Old Northwest should be sold and that the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. The area was to be surveyed before the sale and settlement thus avoiding lawsuits. This was an ingenious plan by the government in a way to make up war debt while simultaneously preventing any aggravation from a group of citizens who weren't keen on paying taxes. It also laid the foundation for the westward expansion without too much governmental intervention. | | 13 |
| 929147826 | Three-Fifths Compromise | An agreement at the Constitutional Convention to count a slave as three-fifths of a person when determining the population of a state | | 14 |
| 929147827 | Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Abandoned the 10 districts established in 1784 and created a single Northwest Territory out of the lands north of the Ohio; the territory could be divided into between 3 and 5 territories. It also specified a population of 60,000 as a minimum for statehood, guaranteed freedom of religion and the right to trail by jury to residents of the Northwest, and prohibited slavery throughout the territory. 1775-1825 | | 15 |
| 929147828 | Antifederalists | They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. | | 16 |
| 929147829 | Shay's Rebellion | An uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes. It caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working because the government didn't have enough power to squash state skirmishes. | | 17 |
| 929147830 | Federalists | Led by Alexander Hamilton, the Federalists believed in a strong central government, loose interpretation, and encouraged commerce and manufacturing. They were staunch supporters of the Constitution during ratification and were a political force during the early years of the United States. The Federalist influence declined after the election of Republican Thomas Jefferson to the presidency and disappeared completely after the Hartford Convention. | | 18 |
| 929147831 | Large-State Plan | Proposed by Virginia, they wanted to set up bicameral congress based on population that gave larger states the advantage for representation. | | 19 |
| 929147832 | Constitution of the United States | Written at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 and subsequently ratified by the original thirteen states, The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual. "Father of the Constitution" was James Madison. | | 20 |
| 929147833 | The Federalist | A series of articles published anonymously in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution. | | 21 |
| 929147834 | Bundle of Compromises | A referral to the fact that the Constitution was trying to please everybody. The three-fifths compromise, the Great Compromise, the Bill of Rights, etc. | | 22 |
| 929147835 | Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom | Written in 1776 by Jefferson and Madison. Argued that the concept of compulsory religion is wrong, no forced religious worship or ministry and no discrimination on account of his opinions or belief but free to believe what they wish, and that these rights were natural rights of mankind. | | 23 |
| 929147836 | Continental Congress | the legislative assembly composed of 55 delegates from the rebel colonies who met during and after the American Revolution; they issued the Declaration of Independence and framed Articles of Confederation | | 24 |
| 929147837 | John Adams | He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself | | 25 |
| 929147838 | Thomas Jefferson | A prominent statesman, Thomas Jefferson became George Washington's first secretary of state. Along with James Madison, Jefferson took up the cause of strict constructionists and the Republican Party, advocating limited federal government. As the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809, Jefferson organized the national government by Thomas Jefferson Republican ideals, doubled the size of the nation, and struggled to maintain American neutrality | | 26 |
| 929147839 | Alexander Hamilton | The Secretary of Treasury for Washington, he campaigned for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), was for loose interpretation of Constitution, and was also the leader of the Federalist Party. He pushed for a National Bank and also for absorption. | | 27 |
| 929147840 | Henry Knox | He was the first secretary of war; came to power in 1789; was the first to be entrusted with the infant army and navy | | 28 |
| 929147841 | John Jay | United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829). | | 29 |
| 929147842 | Citizen Edmond Genet | A French diplomat whose actions in 1793 conflicted with George Washington. Tried to get America's support in France's war against Britain and Spain despite Washington's Neutrality Proclamation. | | 30 |
| 929147843 | Talleyrand | A French minister who demanded $250,000 before he would negotiate with American ministers during the Quasi-War with France; known as the XYZ Affair | | 31 |
| 929147844 | Mathew Lyon | A Republican congressman from Vermont who attacked Federalist Roger Griswold with fire tongs; He was arrested under the Sedition Acts. | | 32 |
| 929147845 | James Madison | The fourth President of the United States: He was a strong nationalist who organized the Annapolis Convention, authored the Virginia Plan for the Constitution, and drafted the constitutional amendments that became the Bill of Rights; he was also a founding member of the Democratic Republican Party. | | 33 |
| 929147846 | Funding at Par | An act under George Washington, it proposed that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value, plus accumulated interest which at the time had a total of $54 million. This included the federal government taking on the debts by the states and paying for it as a country. Hamilton's establishment of this act gave the country much needed unity because it brought the states together under the centralized government. This made paper money essentially useless due to inflation. | | 34 |
| 929147847 | Strict Construction | Thomas Jefferson held this view of the Constitution claiming Congress was limited to making only laws that were necessary. Unless powers were specifically delegated to the Congress by the Constitution, the powers should be reserved to the states or to the people. This interpretation of the Constitution would limit the power of the new national government. | | 35 |
| 929147848 | Assumption | The economic policy of Alexander Hamilton where the central government would assume the debts of all the states. It would tie the states closer to the federal government. | | 36 |
| 929147849 | Implied Powers | The powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution. The Constitution states that congress has the power to "make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution" the powers enumerated in Article I. | | 37 |
| 929147850 | Protective Tariff | A tax used to increase the price of imported goods so that domestic products can compete with them | | 38 |
| 929147851 | Agrarian | A term relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land | | 39 |
| 929147852 | Excise Tax | a tax on the manufacturing of an item. Helped Hamilton to achieve his theory on a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers (Whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, and sparked the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. | | 40 |
| 929147853 | Compact Theory | popular among the English political philosophers in the eighteenth century. In America, it was supported by Jefferson and Madison. It meant that the thirteen states, by creating the federal government, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction. The national government was the agent of the states. This meant that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. The compact theory was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts. | | 41 |
| 929147854 | Nullification | The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution. | | 42 |
| 929147855 | Impressments | The act of conscripting foreign people to serve as sailors. It was used by the Royal Navy during the 18th century and early 19th century in time of war as a means of crewing warships. People liable to impressments were eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 55 years, though very rarely non-seamen were impressed as well. British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British | | 43 |
| 929147856 | Cabinet | The formal body of presidential advisers who head the fifteen executive departments. Presidents often add others to this body of formal advisers. | | 44 |
| 929147857 | Bank of the United States | Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day. It was eventually destroyed by Andrew Jackson. | | 45 |
| 929147858 | Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and freedom of the press. | | 46 |
| 929147859 | French Revolution | A war began in 1789 with some nonviolent restrictions on the king, but became more hostile in 1792 when France declared war on Austria. Seeking help from America, the French pointed to the Franco-American alliance of 1778. Not wanting to get involved for fear of damage to the trade business, Washington gave the Neutrality Proclamation, which made America neutral. This led to arguments between Americans and French. After fighting with the French over such things as the Jay Treaty, the Americans came to peace with France in 1800. | | 47 |
| 929147860 | Jay's Treaty | A document made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley | | 48 |
| 929147861 | Alien and Sedition Acts | These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts. | | 49 |
| 929147862 | Battle of Fallen Timbers | The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River. Led to the Treaty of Greenville. | | 50 |
| 929147863 | Treaty of Greenville | This treaty between the Americans and the Native Americans. In exchange for some goods, the Indians gave the United States territory in Ohio and guaranteed safe travels within the area. Anthony Wayne was the American representative. | | 51 |
| 929147864 | Farewell Adress | Washington's farewell advice when leaving the presidency (written in the newspaper): it warned against the creation of political parties and concrete alliances. | | 52 |
| 929147865 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | 1798-99- Angered over the passing of the Alien and Sedition Laws, Jefferson and Madison wrote resolutions anonymously that were passed by Kentucky and Virginia, respectively; they said that the thirteen sovereign states were in a "compact" together, and the government was merely an agent of that compact. Thus, it was up to the states to determine whether the agent had overstepped its boundaries (which Jeffersonians felt it did with the Alien/Sedition Laws). | | 53 |
| 929147866 | Democratic-Republicans | The political party led by Thomas Jefferson; they believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank | | 54 |
| 929147867 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | An act past by the first Congress that established the first federal courts and organized the Supreme Court comprised of a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and circuit courts. This act completed the three branch government with a judiciary branch which was strong enough to still stand today. | | 55 |
| 929147868 | XYZ Affair | 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. | | 56 |
| 929147869 | James Monroe | The fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars | | 57 |
| 929147870 | William Clark | An explorer along with Merriwether Lewis sent out to explore the recently purchaced Louisiana Territory. He served as the artist and cartographer. Their exploring lasted from 1804-1806. They traveled up the Missouri River, through the Rockies, and to the mouth of the Columbia River. This exploration bolstered America's claim to western lands as well as opening the west to Indian trade and further exploration | | 58 |
| 929147871 | Zebulon Pike | A less well-known explorer than Lewis and Clark, he was also commisioned to explore new territories, including the upper Mississippi River, the Arkansas River and parts of present day Colorado and New Mexico from 1805-1807. In Nov. 1806, Pike viewed a mountain peak rising above the Colorado plains. Continuing southward, Pile entered into Spanish territory and Spanish troops soon arrested pike and his men. When he was let go, he managed to hid a map in the barrel of his gun. | | 59 |
| 929147872 | John Marshall | 1755-1835. U.S. Chief Supreme Court Justice. Oversaw over 1000 decisions, including Marbury v Madison and McCulloch v. Maryland. He pushed for stronger federal power, especially the Supreme Court. | | 60 |
| 929147873 | Napoleon Bonaparte | French Emperor and European conqueror who impulsively sold France's North American holdings to the US as the Louisiana Purchase for quick war money. | | 61 |
| 929147874 | Tecumseh | A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. | | 62 |
| 929147875 | Aaron Burr | Jefferson's first-term vice president; he planned a conspiracy for New England and New York to secede from America. He was also Hamilton's main rival, as he was against federalist tendencies. After Hamilton exposed his plot, Burr challenged him to a duel and killed him. He was them arrested and tried for treason, but he was acquited and fled to Europe. | | 63 |
| 929147876 | William Marbury | A "midnight appointment" by John Adams; sued Sec of State James Madison for delivery of his commission, which was being withheld by order of President Jefferson | | 64 |
| 929147877 | Tenskwatawa | An Shawnee indian aka "the Prophet". He said his soul had taken a journey to the spirit world/learned the path that all Native Americans must take if they wanted to live happily. He said Native Americans must reject white ways and no longer trade with the settlers. | | 65 |
| 929147878 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | He led the Haitian revolt against France, therefore causing Napoleon to give up his dream of an empire in the Americas. Napoleon then decided to sell the Louisiana Territory. | | 66 |
| 929147879 | Samuel Chase | An arrogant Supreme Court justice whom Jefferson urged to impeach; he was charged was based on "high crimes and misdemeanors," when really he had not comitted these things, but rather spoke out against the Jeffersonians; since then, no real attempt has been made to reshape the Supreme Court by means of impeachment | | 67 |
| 929147880 | Meriwether Lewis | sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the land west of the Mississippi River (the new Louisiana Purchase); found plants and animals; created accurate maps; met Native American groups; sent with William Clark | | 68 |
| 929147881 | Henry Clay | A Senator from Kentucky who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state. He also ran for president five times but never won. | | 69 |
| 929147882 | John Quincy Adams | The sixth U.S. President; accused of winning the presidency with a "corrupt bargain" with Clay. 1825-1829. He was a Democratic-Republican and served as Secretary of State under Monroe. He was a skilled diplomat as evidenced by the Adams-Onis Treaty and the Treaty of Ghent. He also wrote the Monroe Doctrine and repealed the Gag Rule in 1845. | | 70 |
| 929147883 | Sally Hemings | One of Jefferson's house slaves at Monticello. Jefferson fathered at least one of her children, but he never claimed them. He freed 2 of her children, but never Sally. | | 71 |
| 929147884 | Patronage | Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support. | | 72 |
| 929147885 | Judicial Review | The power of the Supreme Court to decide whether the acts of a President or laws passed by Congress are constitutional or not. | | 73 |
| 929147886 | Impeachement | The first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to remove a government official without that official's agreement. This process is very rare. | | 74 |
| 929147887 | Macon's Bill No. 2 | Made by Nathaniel Macon in May 1810 under Madison, it was designed to discourage the British and the French from interfering with US commerce, by bribing either the England or France in repealing their restrictions on neutral shipping; who ever obliged, the US would halt all commerce with the other nation. | | 75 |
| 929147888 | War Hawks | Mostly young members of Congress who strongly supported war with Great Britain on the eve of the War of 1812; included Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. | | 76 |
| 929147889 | Orders in Council | Set of several trade regulations from Britian which established a blockade of part of the continent of Europe and prohibited trade with France unless American ships went to British ports for licenses for trades first. This greatly escalated tensions between Britain and America. | | 77 |
| 929147890 | Oliver Hazard Perry | An energetic naval officer who managed to build a fleet of green-timbered ships on the shores of Lake Eerie, manned by seamen; he captured the British fleet in a furious engagment and proclaimed, "We have met the enemy and they are ours," which became the slogan of the American cause and gave it new life. | | 78 |
| 929147891 | William Henry Harrison | The governor of the Indiana Territories who became a national hero after the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was the ninth president, and the last Whig President. He was also the first president to die in office (of pneumonia). | | 79 |
| 929147892 | Francis Scott Key | United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812, the poem was later set to a common bar tune and entitled 'The Star-Spangled Banner' (1779-1843). | | 80 |
| 929147893 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | | 81 |
| 929147894 | Washington Irving | American writer remembered for the stories "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," contained in The Sketch Book (1819-1820). He was the first American author recognized abroad. | | 82 |
| 929147895 | James Fenimore Cooper | American writer who attained international recognition in the 1820s along with Washington Irving; he wrote "The Last of the Mohicans" but more importantly, he was one of the nation's first writers to used American scenes and themes, showing the growth in nationalism. | | 83 |
| 929147896 | John Marshall | Chief Justice during the early 1800's and Jackson's presidency who used a loose interpretation to expand the power of the federal government. He also presided over the Marbury vs. Madison case. | | 84 |
| 929147897 | John C. Calhoun | (1830s-40s) He was Vice President under Andrew Jackson and leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. | | 85 |
| 929147898 | Daniel Webster | United States politician and orator (1782-1817), Leader of the Whig Party, and a strong nationalist, he was originally pro-North, supported the Compromise of 1850 and subsequently lost favor from his constituency | | 86 |
| 929147899 | Nationalism | The policy or doctrine of asserting the interests of one's own nation, viewed as separate from the interests of other nations or the common interests of all nations. | | 87 |
| 929147900 | Peculiar Institution | A euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the American South. The term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose Declaration of Independence states that "all men are created equal". It was one of the key causes of the Civil War. | | 88 |
| 929147901 | Protective Tariff | A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition | | 89 |
| 929147902 | Sectionalism | Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole | | 90 |
| 929147903 | Internal Improvements | The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution. | | 91 |
| 929147904 | Isolationism | Abstention from alliances and other international political and economic relations; American foreign policy | | 92 |
| 929147905 | Second Bank of the United States | Chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business. | | 93 |
| 929147906 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank. It triggered the "Necessary and Proper Clause". | | 94 |
| 929147907 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Clause of the Constitution setting forth the implied powers of Congress. It states that Congress, in addition to its express powers, has the right to make all laws necessary and proper to carry out all powers the Constitution vests in the national government | | 95 |
| 929147908 | Tariff of 1816 | The first protective tariff; provided the federal government with money to loan to industrialists. It also increased the cost of European goods in the United States. Tariffs helped American industry by raising prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S so more Americans bought those than domestic products; imposed higher duties on clothes, sweets, iron, fur, paper, and leather | | 96 |
| 929147909 | Cohens vs. Virginia | The Cohens had been found guilty by Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, had appealed to the Supreme Court, and had lost, but Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government. The federal government won, the states lost. | | 97 |
| 929147910 | Washington's Presidency: Domestic Affairs | Whiskey Rebellion, Indians being pushed away/fights, Setting precedents for Presidency, Establishment of the Bank of the US, Hamilton's Absorbtion Plan, Growing industry, Whiskey Rebellion, Judiciary Act of 1789, Bill of Rights, Start of political parties, Treaty of San Lorenzo. | | 98 |
| 929147911 | Washington's Presidency: Foreign Affairs | Foreign Debts being paid off, Pickney's Treaty(New Orleans), Treaty of Greenville, Citizen Genet's ordeals, Neutrality Act. | | 99 |
| 929147912 | Neutrality Act | France waged war against England and Spain in 1793 and sought the U.S. as their ally. Washington did not want to become entangled with the European problem so he kept America out of the war with this act. | | 100 |
| 929147913 | Adam's Presidency: Domestic Affairs | Alien and Sedition Acts, US capitol relocated o Washington from Philadelphia. | | 101 |
| 929147914 | Adam's Presidency: Foreign Affairs | XYZ Affair | | 102 |
| 929147915 | Jefferson's Presidency: Domestic Affairs | Internal Taxes Abolished, Marbury vs. Madison, Luoisiana Territory purchase, Importation acts against Britian. | | 103 |
| 929147916 | Jefferson's Presidency: Foreign Affairs | French Revolution, Declaring war on Tripoli | | 104 |
| 929147917 | Non-Intercourse Acts | An act allowing trade with all countries except Britain and France. | | 105 |
| 929147918 | Embargo Acts | An act during Jefferson's term that said the U.S. could not export any goods (but in effect , it ended most imports and exports) It the hurt U.S. economy and support worse than anything it did to the British or French | | 106 |
| 929147919 | Madison's Presidency: All Affairs | (Not many domestic when at war): Declaration of the War of 1812, War Hawks, burning of the white house,Treaty of Ghent, Era of Good Feelings, Bonus Bill of 1817. | | 107 |
| 929147920 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | | 108 |
| 929147921 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | | 109 |
| 929147922 | In order of presidency... | 1. George Washington, 2. John Adams, 3. Thomas Jefferson, 4. James Madison, 5. James Monroe | | 110 |
| 929147923 | American System | An economic regime pioneered by Henry Clay which created a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building. This approach was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper by themselves This would eventually help America industrialize and become an economic power. | | 111 |
| 929147924 | Gibbons vs. Ogden | (1824) This suit grew out of an attempt of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall, not surprisingly, stated that the Constitution declared that Congress alone had the control of interstate commerce. This, similar to the Cohen vs. Virginia case, struck another blow at states' rights while increasing the power of the federal government. | | 112 |
| 929147925 | Bonus Bill of 1817 | Securing funding for roads and canals was hard. This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements. | | 113 |
| 929147926 | Battle of Horseshoe Bend | Fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War, a turning point for the US. | | 114 |
| 929147927 | Fletcher vs. Peck | Georgia's sale of thirty-five million acres of land was repealed after public protests about its illegitimacy. Marshall ruled the original transaction binding because state governments had not right to "impair," or interfere with, transactions. Example of federal law surpassing state law. | | 115 |
| 929147928 | Virginia Dynasty | Ever since 1800, the presidency was in possession of Virginians (4 presidents: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe). The Sec. of State of the previous president usually became the next president. Monroe ended this by appointing JQAdams, from New England, as his Secretary of State. | | 116 |
| 929147929 | Dartmouth College vs. Woodward | Marshall ruled that Dartmouth College's charter that had been granted by King George was to be upheld because it was a contract. Set precedent for protecting businesses from state governments. Example of federal law surpassing state law. | | 117 |
| 929147930 | Panic of 1819 | An economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings. | | 118 |
| 929147931 | Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 | The treaty in which Spain agreed to cede its claims to Oregon and give Florida to the Americans in exchange for Texas | | 119 |
| 929147932 | Tippecanoe | The battle against Tecumseh's confederation of indian tribes at Prophetstown. The indinans were attacked by William Henry Harrison and were defeated. | | 120 |
| 929147933 | Land Act of 1820 | An act that fueled the settlement of the northwest and missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819 | | 121 |
| 929147934 | Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere, and the US would not interfere in European affairs. | | 122 |
| 929147935 | Tallmadge Agreement | Act passed by the House of Representatives which stated that no more slaves would be brought into Missouri and gradual emancipation of slave born children in that area. This was almost immediately reversed by the Senate. | | 123 |
| 929147936 | Missouri Compromise | The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery. | | 124 |
| 929147937 | Hartford Convention | A convention where the Federalists proposed : 1. eliminating 3/5ths rule because south dominated the House 2. requiring 2/3 vote in Congress for new states, embargoes, and war 3. limiting presidents to 1 term 4. holding conference to discuss possibility of secession. However, their document was laughed at after the Us won the war of 1812, making the federalist party pretty much disappear. | | 125 |
| 929147938 | Battle of New Orleans | Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. However, Jackson won and was still regarded as a national hero, boosting pride in the US as a whole. | | 126 |
| 929147939 | "Blue Light" Federalists | A derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly ("blue-light") signals by flashing lanterns to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners. | | 127 |
