19. Phonics Word Family: -ob Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14215348437 | Bob | nombre del hombre |  | 0 |
| 14215353391 | cob | mazorca |  | 1 |
| 14215355875 | job | el trabajo, el empleo |  | 2 |
| 14215361671 | rob | robar |  | 3 |
| 14215364230 | sob | sollozar, llorar |  | 4 |
| 14215369441 | knob | perilla |  | 5 |
| 14215375723 | blob | gota |  | 6 |
| 14215376646 | glob | pedazo |  | 7 |
The Age of Exploration: AP Euro Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8018505496 | Vasco da Gama | First Explorer to sail around the southern tip of Africa all the way to Asia (India) |  | 0 |
| 8018505497 | Ferdinand Magellan | his crew was 1st to circumnavigate globe; died in the Phillippines |  | 1 |
| 8018505498 | Christopher Columbus | wanted to reach the East Indies by sailing across the Atlantic Ocean; mistreated the Taino Indians |  | 2 |
| 8018505499 | Bartholomeu Dias | went to southern tip of Africa & back to Portugal; southern tip of Africa became known as Cape of Good Hope after this |  | 3 |
| 8018505500 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador that conquered the Inca |  | 4 |
| 8018505501 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador that conquered the Aztecs |  | 5 |
| 8018505502 | Henry Hudson | Hudson was hired to find a route to China and India. Instead, like Columbus and Cabot, he ran into the New World instead, and explored the Hudson River which is named after him. |  | 6 |
| 8018505503 | Portugal | Thought of as the country that began the Age of Exploration |  | 7 |
| 8018505504 | conquistadors | Spanish conquerors and explorers who claimed lands in the Americas for Spain in the 1500s and 1600s. Looking for gold and glory! | 8 | |
| 8018505505 | encomienda | Unfair economic system that the Spanish used to force native Americans into slavery or forced labor | 9 | |
| 8018505506 | The Golden Age of Piracy | Time period that began when bands of criminals realized they could steal treasure (booty) from European ships in the Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea was thousands of miles from European control, making the region a prime target for pirates who patrolled the seas in order to steal. |  | 10 |
| 8018505507 | inflation | economic cycle that involves a rapid rise in prices linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available |  | 11 |
| 8018505508 | colony | territory settled & ruled by people from another land | 12 | |
| 8018505509 | tariff | tax on imported goods |  | 13 |
| 8018505510 | caravel | Ship built during the Age of Exploration that was much stronger and faster. It's shape also helped ships sail in all types of wind |  | 14 |
| 8018505511 | astrolabe | helped sailors determine latitude by using the position of the starts & the sun |  | 15 |
| 8018505512 | Northwest Passage | non-existent route through northern waters to get to Asia |  | 16 |
| 8018505513 | capitalism | economic system in which the means of production (companies) are privately owned and operated for profit |  | 17 |
| 8018505514 | John Cabot | In 1497, five (5) years after Columbus, Cabot sailed from England, looking for a back door to China, just as Columbus had done. He landed in the New World. He claimed land in what would become Canada for England | 18 | |
| 8018505515 | Leif Eriksson | Famous Norse (Viking) explorer who loved adventuring. Leif and a small band of men sailed across the sea and landed in North America 500 years BEFORE Columbus. | 19 | |
| 8018505516 | Amerigo Vespucius | Vespucius was an Italian explorer. He sailed thousands of miles along the Atlantic shore of the New World. Then a map maker in Germany decided to name the New World after Amerigo (Americus) Vespucius. He named it America. The name quickly caught on and spread through Europe.That's how America got its name. | 20 | |
| 8018505517 | Jacque Cartier | French explorer that made three trips to the New World, looking for a back door to China. He gave the country of Canada its name. Cartier misunderstood the Iroquois word for village - kanata - and thought it meant the region so Kanata became Canada. | 21 | |
| 8018505518 | Samuel de Champlain | This French explorer discovered Lake Champlain in what is now Canada, and founded the city of Quebec. The people in Quebec today still speak both French and English partly because of him. | 22 | |
| 8018505519 | Hernando De Soto | a Spanish explorer, explored the southeastern part of the New World. He discovered the Mississippi River. | 23 | |
| 8018505520 | Juan Ponce de Leon | He led the first Spanish exploration to Florida. He was searching for the legendary fountain of youth. He also sailed with Columbus the second time Columbus came to America. | 24 | |
| 8018505521 | Prince Henry (of Portugal) aka Henry the Navigator | Widely known for opening up a school for shipbuilders, mapmakers, and expert sailors(navigators) | 25 | |
| 8018505522 | Navigator | Expert Sailor | 26 |
APES Midterm Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 16424082935 | aquifer | A permeable layer of rock and sediment that contains groundwater | 0 | |
| 16424082936 | unconfined aquifer | an aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow | 1 | |
| 16424082937 | confined aquifer | an aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow | 2 | |
| 16424082938 | water table | the uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates rock or soil | 3 | |
| 16424082939 | groundwater recharge | A process by which water percolates through the soil and works its way into an aquifer. | 4 | |
| 16424082940 | spring | A natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface. | 5 | |
| 16424082941 | Artesian well | a well created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer | 6 | |
| 16424082942 | cone of depression | an area lacking groundwater due to rapid withdrawal by a well | 7 | |
| 16424082943 | saltwater intrusion | an infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells | 8 | |
| 16424082944 | floodplain | The land adjacent to a river | 9 | |
| 16424082945 | impermeable surface | pavement or buildings that do not allow water penetration | 10 | |
| 16424082946 | levee | An enlarged bank built up on each side of a river | 11 | |
| 16424082947 | dike | A structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land | 12 | |
| 16424082948 | dam | a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water | 13 | |
| 16424082949 | reservoir | the water body created by a damming a river or stream | 14 | |
| 16424082950 | fish ladder | a stair-like structure that allows migrating fish to get around a dam | 15 | |
| 16424082951 | aqueduct | A canal or ditch used to carry water from one location to another | 16 | |
| 16424082952 | desalination | process of removing salt from salt water | 17 | |
| 16424082953 | distillation | A process of desalination in which water is boiled and the resulting steam is captured and condensed to yield pure water | 18 | |
| 16424082954 | reverse osmosis | a process of desalination in which water is forced through a thin semipermeable membrane at high pressure | 19 | |
| 16424082955 | water footprint | the total daily per capita use of fresh water | 20 | |
| 16424082956 | hydroponic agriculture | the cultivation of plants in greenhouse conditions by immersing roots in a nutrient-rich solution | 21 | |
| 16424082957 | gray water | wastewater from baths, showers, bathrooms, and washing machines | 22 | |
| 16424082958 | contaminated water | wastewater from toilets, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers | 23 | |
| 16424082959 | air pollution | the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or microorganisms into the atmosphere at concentrations high enough to harm plants, animals, and materials such as buildings, or to alter ecosystems | 24 | |
| 16424082960 | particulate matter | solid or liquid particles suspended in air | 25 | |
| 16424082961 | haze | reduced visibility | 26 | |
| 16424082962 | photochemical oxidant | a class of air pollutants formed as a result of sunlight acting on compounds such as nitrogen oxides | 27 | |
| 16424082963 | ozone | A secondary pollutant made up of three oxygen atoms bound together. | 28 | |
| 16424082964 | smog | A type of air pollution that is a mixture of oxidants and particulate matter | 29 | |
| 16424082965 | photochemical smog | Smog that is dominated by oxidants such as ozone. Also known as Los Angeles-type smog; Brown smog. | 30 | |
| 16424082966 | sulfurous smog | Smog dominated by sulfur dioxide and sulfate compounds. London-type smog. | 31 | |
| 16424082967 | volatile organic compound | An organic compound that evaporates at typical atmospheric temperatures. | 32 | |
| 16424082968 | primary pollutant | a polluting compound that comes directly out of a smokestack, exhaust pipe, or natural emission source | 33 | |
| 16424082969 | secondary pollutant | A primary pollutant that has undergone transformation in the presence of sunlight, water, oxygen, or other compounds | 34 | |
| 16424082970 | thermal inversion | A situation in which a relatively warm layer of air at mid-altitude covers a layer of cold, dense air below. | 35 | |
| 16424082971 | inversion layer | the layer of warm air that traps emissions in a thermal inversion | 36 | |
| 16424082972 | asbestos | A long, thin, fibrous silicate mineral with insulating properties, which can cause cancer when inhaled. | 37 | |
| 16424082973 | sick building syndrome | a buildup of toxic pollutants in an airtight space, seen in newer buildings | 38 | |
| 16424082974 | global change | change that occurs in the chemical, biological, and physical properties of the planet | 39 | |
| 16424082975 | global climate change | changes in the average weather that occurs in an area over a period of years or decades | 40 | |
| 16424082976 | global warming | The warming of the oceans, land masses, and atmosphere of Earth. | 41 | |
| 16424082977 | greenhouse effect | Absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric gases and reradiation of the energy back toward Earth. | 42 | |
| 16424082978 | greenhouse warming potential | An estimate of how much a molecule of any compound can contribute to global warming over a period of 100 years relative to a molecule of CO2. | 43 | |
| 16424082979 | ocean acidification | The process by which an increase in ocean CO2 causes more CO2 to be converted to carbonic acid, which lowers the pH of the water. | 44 | |
| 16424082980 | Kyoto Protocol | An international agreement to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases from all industrialized countries to 5.2 percent below their 1990 levels by 2012 | 45 | |
| 16424082981 | carbon sequestration | an approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere | 46 | |
| 16424082982 | climate | the average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time | 47 | |
| 16424082983 | weather | the short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed | 48 | |
| 16424082984 | troposphere | the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earth's surface | 49 | |
| 16424082985 | stratosphere | the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere | 50 | |
| 16424082986 | albedo | the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface | 51 | |
| 16424082987 | saturation point | The maximum amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature. | 52 | |
| 16424082988 | adiabatic cooling | the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands | 53 | |
| 16424082989 | adiabatic heating | the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of Earth and decreases in volume | 54 | |
| 16424082990 | latent heat release | the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water | 55 | |
| 16424082991 | atmospheric convection current | global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth | 56 | |
| 16424082992 | Hadley cell | A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30° N and 30° S. | 57 | |
| 16424082993 | intertropical convergence zone | the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight, which causes the ascending branches of the two Hadley cells to converge | 58 | |
| 16424082994 | polar cell | A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60 degrees N and 60 degrees S and sinks at the poles, 90 degrees N and 90 degrees S | 59 | |
| 16424082995 | Ferrel cell | A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells | 60 | |
| 16424082996 | Coriolis effect | the deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of Earth | 61 | |
| 16424082997 | rain shadow | a region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds from the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side | 62 | |
| 16424082998 | gyre | A large-scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere | 63 | |
| 16424082999 | upwelling | the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents | 64 | |
| 16424083000 | thermohaline circulation | an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water | 65 | |
| 16424083001 | El Nino-Southern Oscillation | A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific | 66 | |
| 16424083002 | terrestrial biome | A geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temperature, annual precipitation, and distinctive plant growth forms on land | 67 | |
| 16424083003 | aquatic biome | an aquatic region characterized by a particular combination of salinity, depth, and water flow | 68 | |
| 16424083004 | tundra | A cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation. | 69 | |
| 16424083005 | permafrost | an impermeable, permanently frozen layer of soil | 70 | |
| 16424083006 | boreal forest | A forest biome made up primarily of coniferous evergreen trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing seasons | 71 | |
| 16424083007 | temperate rainforest | a coastal biome typified by moderate temperatures and high precipitation | 72 | |
| 16424083008 | temperate seasonal forest | A biome with warm summers and cold winters with over 1 m (39 inches) of precipitation annually. | 73 | |
| 16424083009 | woodland/shrubland | a biome characterized by hot, dry summer and mild, rainy winters | 74 | |
| 16424083010 | temperate grassland/cold desert | A biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot, dry summers. | 75 | |
| 16424083011 | tropical rainforest | a warm and wet biome found between 20 degrees N and 20 degrees S of the equator, with little seasonal temperature variation and high precipitation | 76 | |
| 16424083012 | tropical seasonal forest/savanna | a biome marked by warm temperatures and distinct wet and dry seasons | 77 | |
| 16424083013 | subtropical desert | A biome prevailing at approximately 30° N and 30° S, with hot temperatures, extremely dry conditions, and sparse vegetation. | 78 | |
| 16424083014 | littoral zone | the shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow | 79 | |
| 16424083015 | limnetic zone | a zone of open water in lakes and ponds | 80 | |
| 16424083016 | phytoplankton | floating algae | 81 | |
| 16424083017 | profundal zone | a region of water where sunlight does not reach, below the limnetic zone in very deep lakes | 82 | |
| 16424083018 | benthic zone | the muddy bottom of a lake, pond, or ocean | 83 | |
| 16424083019 | oligotrophic | Describes a lake with a low level of productivity | 84 | |
| 16424083020 | mesotrophic | Describes a lake with a moderate level of productivity | 85 | |
| 16424083021 | eutrophic | Describes a lake with a high level of productivity | 86 | |
| 16424083022 | freshwater wetlands | An aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year, but shallow enough to support emergent vegetation. | 87 | |
| 16424083023 | salt marsh | A marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found along the coast in temperate climates. | 88 | |
| 16424083024 | mangrove swamp | A swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts, and contains salt-tolerant trees with roots submerged in water. | 89 | |
| 16424083025 | intertidal zone | the narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide | 90 | |
| 16424083026 | coral reef | The most diverse marine biome on Earth, found in warm, shallow waters beyond the shoreline. | 91 | |
| 16424083027 | coral bleeching | A phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white. | 92 | |
| 16424083028 | open ocean | deep ocean water, located away from the shoreline where sunlight can no longer reach the ocean bottom | 93 | |
| 16424083029 | photic zone | the upper layer of water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis | 94 | |
| 16424083030 | aphotic zone | The deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis | 95 | |
| 16424083031 | chemosynthesis | A process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide. | 96 | |
| 16424083032 | matter | anything that occupies space and has mass | 97 | |
| 16424083033 | mass | a measurement of the amount of matter an object contains | 98 | |
| 16424083034 | atom | the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element | 99 | |
| 16424083035 | element | a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components | 100 | |
| 16424083036 | periodic table | A chart of all chemical elements currently known, organized by their properties. | 101 | |
| 16424083037 | molecule | a particle that contains more than one atom | 102 | |
| 16424083038 | compound | a molecule containing more than one element | 103 | |
| 16424083039 | atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element | 104 | |
| 16424083040 | mass number | a measurement of the total number of protons and neutrons in an element | 105 | |
| 16424083041 | isotopes | atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons | 106 | |
| 16424083042 | radioactive decay | the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus of radioactive isotopes | 107 | |
| 16424083043 | half-life | the time it takes for one-half of an original radioactive parent atom to decay | 108 | |
| 16424083044 | covalent bond | the bond formed when elements share electrons | 109 | |
| 16424083045 | ionic bond | a chemical bond between two ions of opposite charges | 110 | |
| 16424083046 | hydrogen bond | a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule | 111 | |
| 16424083047 | polar molecule | a molecule in which one side is more positive and the other side is more negative | 112 | |
| 16424083048 | surface tension | a property of water that results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water and that creates a sort of skin on the water's surface | 113 | |
| 16424083049 | capillary action | a property of water that occurs when adhesion of water molecules to a surface is stronger than cohesion between the molecules | 114 | |
| 16424083050 | acid | a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution | 115 | |
| 16424083051 | base | a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution | 116 | |
| 16424083052 | pH | the number that indicates the relative strength of acids and bases in a substance | 117 | |
| 16424083053 | chemical reaction | a reaction that occurs when atoms separate from molecules or recombine with other molecules | 118 | |
| 16424083054 | law of conservation of matter | A law of nature stating that matter cannot be created or destroyed; it can only change form | 119 | |
| 16424083055 | inorganic compound | a compound that does not contain the element carbon or contains carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen | 120 | |
| 16424083056 | organic compound | a compound that contains carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds | 121 | |
| 16424083057 | carbohydrate | a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms | 122 | |
| 16424083058 | protein | A critical component of living organisms made up of a long chain of nitrogen-containing organic molecules known as amino acids | 123 | |
| 16424083059 | nucleic acid | organic compound found in all living cells | 124 | |
| 16424083060 | DNA | A nucleic acid, the genetic material that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation, and which organisms pass on to their offspring. | 125 | |
| 16424083061 | RNA | a nucleic acid that translates the code stored in DNA, which makes possible the synthesis of proteins | 126 | |
| 16424083062 | lipid | a smaller organic biological molecule that does not mix with water | 127 | |
| 16424083063 | cell | a highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane | 128 | |
| 16424083064 | energy | the ability to do work or transfer heat | 129 | |
| 16424083065 | joule | the amount of energy used when a one-watt electrical device is turned on for one second | 130 | |
| 16424083066 | power | the rate at which work is done | 131 | |
| 16424083067 | work | Force exerted on an object that causes it to move | 132 | |
| 16424083068 | electromagnetic radiation | a form of energy emitted by the sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy | 133 | |
| 16424083069 | photon | a massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light | 134 | |
| 16424083070 | potential energy | stored energy that has not been released | 135 | |
| 16424083071 | chemical energy | potential energy stored in chemical bonds | 136 | |
| 16424083072 | kinetic energy | the energy of motion | 137 | |
| 16424083073 | temperature | the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance | 138 | |
| 16424083074 | first law of thermodynamics | A physical law which states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can change from one form to another | 139 | |
| 16424083075 | second law of thermodynamics | the physical law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes | 140 | |
| 16424083076 | energy efficiency | The ratio of the amount of energy expended in the form you want to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system | 141 | |
| 16424083077 | energy quality | the ease with which an energy source can be used for work | 142 | |
| 16424083078 | entropy | randomness in a system | 143 | |
| 16424083079 | open system | a system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries | 144 | |
| 16424083080 | closed system | a system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across boundaries | 145 | |
| 16424083081 | input | an addition to a system | 146 | |
| 16424083082 | output | a loss from a system | 147 | |
| 16424083083 | systems analysis | an analysis to determine inputs, outputs, and changes in a system under various conditions | 148 | |
| 16424083084 | steady state | a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time | 149 | |
| 16424083085 | negative feedback loop | A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring. | 150 | |
| 16424083086 | positive feedback loop | a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified | 151 | |
| 16424083087 | adaptive management plan | a plan that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as changes occur | 152 | |
| 16424083088 | biosphere | The region of our planet where life resides, the combination of all ecosystems on Earth. | 153 | |
| 16424083089 | producer | An organism that uses the energy of the Sun to produce usable forms of energy. Also known as Autotroph. | 154 | |
| 16424083090 | photosynthesis | The process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose | 155 | |
| 16424083091 | cellular respiration | The process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds | 156 | |
| 16424083092 | aerobic respiration | The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water. | 157 | |
| 16424083093 | consumer | An organism that is incapable of photosynthesis and must obtain its energy by consuming other organisms (also known as heterotroph) | 158 | |
| 16424083094 | herbivore | A consumer that eats producers (also known as Primary consumer) | 159 | |
| 16424083095 | carnivore | A consumer that eats other consumers | 160 | |
| 16424083096 | secondary consumer | a carnivore that eats primary consumers | 161 | |
| 16424083097 | tertiary consumer | A carnivore that eats secondary consumers | 162 | |
| 16424083098 | trophic levels | the successive levels of organisms consuming one another | 163 | |
| 16424083099 | food chain | the sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers | 164 | |
| 16424083100 | food web | A complex model of how energy and matter move between trophic levels | 165 | |
| 16424083101 | scavenger | An organism that consumes dead animals | 166 | |
| 16424083102 | detritivore | An organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products into smaller particles | 167 | |
| 16424083103 | decomposers | fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem | 168 | |
| 16424083104 | gross primary productivity | The total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time | 169 | |
| 16424083105 | net primary productivity | the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire | 170 | |
| 16424083106 | biomass | the total mass of all living matter in a specific area | 171 | |
| 16424083107 | standing crop | the amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time | 172 | |
| 16424083108 | ecological efficiency | the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another | 173 | |
| 16424083109 | trophic pyramid | A representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels | 174 | |
| 16424083110 | biogeochemical cycle | the movements of matter within and between ecosystems | 175 | |
| 16424083111 | hydrologic cycle | the movement of water through the biosphere | 176 | |
| 16424083112 | transpiration | the release of water from leaves during photosynthesis | 177 | |
| 16424083113 | evapotranspiration | The combined amount of evaporation and transpiration | 178 | |
| 16424083114 | runoff | Water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers | 179 | |
| 16424083115 | carbon cycle | The movement of carbon around the biosphere | 180 | |
| 16424083116 | macronutrient | One of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. | 181 | |
| 16424083117 | limiting nutrient | a nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients | 182 | |
| 16424083118 | nitrogen cycle | The movement of nitrogen around the biosphere | 183 | |
| 16424083119 | nitrogen fixation | A process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia | 184 | |
| 16424083120 | nitrification | the conversion of ammonia into nitrite and then into nitrate | 185 | |
| 16424083121 | assimilation | The process by which producers incorporate elements into their tissues | 186 | |
| 16424083122 | mineralization | The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic compounds | 187 | |
| 16424083123 | ammonification | The process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and waste products and convert it into inorganic ammonium | 188 | |
| 16424083124 | denitrification | The conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and, eventually, nitrogen gas, which is emitted into the atmosphere | 189 | |
| 16424083125 | leaching | the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater | 190 | |
| 16424083126 | phosphorous cycle | the movement of phosphorous around the biosphere | 191 | |
| 16424083127 | algal bloom | A rapid increase in the algal population of a waterway | 192 | |
| 16424083128 | hypoxic | low in oxygen | 193 | |
| 16424083129 | sulfur cycle | the movement of sulfur around the biosphere | 194 | |
| 16424083130 | disturbance | an event, caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents, resulting in changes in population size or community composition | 195 | |
| 16424083131 | watershed | all land in a given landscape that drains into a particular stream, river, lake, or wetland | 196 | |
| 16424083132 | resistance | a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem | 197 | |
| 16424083133 | resilience | the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance | 198 | |
| 16424083134 | restoration ecology | the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems | 199 | |
| 16424083135 | intermediate disturbance hypothesis | the hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels | 200 | |
| 16424083136 | well-being | the status of being health, happy, and prosperous | 201 | |
| 16424083137 | economics | the study of how humans allocate scarce resources in the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services | 202 | |
| 16424083138 | genuine progress indicator | A measure of economic status that includes personal consumption, income distribution, levels of higher education, resource depletion, pollution, and the health of the population. | 203 | |
| 16424083139 | technology transfer | The phenomenon of less developed countries adopting technological innovations that originated in wealthy countries. | 204 | |
| 16424083140 | leapfrogging | the phenomenon of less developed countries using new technology without first using the precursor technology | 205 | |
| 16424083141 | natural capital | the resources of the planet, such as air, water, and minerals | 206 | |
| 16424083142 | human capital | human knowledge and abilities | 207 | |
| 16424083143 | manufactured capital | all goods and services that humans produce | 208 | |
| 16424083144 | market failure | when the economic system does not account for all costs | 209 | |
| 16424083145 | environmental economics | a subfield of economics that examines costs and benefits of various policies and regulations that seek to regulate or limit air and water pollution and other causes of environmental degradation | 210 | |
| 16424083146 | ecological economics | the study of economics as a component of ecological systems | 211 | |
| 16424083147 | valuation | The practice of assigning monetary value to seemingly intangible benefits and natural capital. | 212 | |
| 16424083148 | environmental worldview | A worldview that encompasses how people think the world works, how they view their role in it, and what they believe to be proper environmental behavior. | 213 | |
| 16424083149 | anthropocentric worldview | A worldview that focuses on human welfare and well-being. | 214 | |
| 16424083150 | stewardship | The careful and responsible management of Earth and its resources. | 215 | |
| 16424083151 | biocentric worldview | A worldview that holds that humans are just one of many species on Earth, all of which have equal intrinsic value. | 216 | |
| 16424083152 | ecocentric worldview | a worldview that places equal value on all living organisms and the ecosystems in which they live | 217 | |
| 16424083153 | human development index | a measurement index that combines three basic measures of human status: life expectancy, knowledge, and education. | 218 | |
| 16424083154 | human poverty index | A measurement index developed by the United Nations to investigate the proportion of a population suffering from deprivation in a country with a high HDI | 219 | |
| 16424083155 | command-and-control approach | a strategy for pollution control that involves regulations and enforcement mechanisms | 220 | |
| 16424083156 | incentive-based approach | a strategy for pollution control that constructs financial and other incentives for lowering emissions based on profits and benefits | 221 | |
| 16424083157 | green tax | a tax placed on environmentally harmful activities or emissions in an attempt to internalize some of the externalities that may be involved in the life cycle of those activities or products | 222 | |
| 16424083158 | triple bottom line | An approach to sustainability that advocates consideration of economic, environmental, and social factors when making decisions about business, the economy, the environment, and development. | 223 | |
| 16424083159 | fracking | hydraulic fracturing, a method of oil and gas extraction that uses high-pressure fluids to force open cracks in rocks deep underground | 224 | |
| 16424083160 | environment | the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life | 225 | |
| 16424083161 | environmental science | the field of study that looks at interactions among human systems and those found in nature | 226 | |
| 16424083162 | ecosystem | a particular location on Earth distinguished by its mix of interacting biotic and abiotic components | 227 | |
| 16424083163 | biotic | living | 228 | |
| 16424083164 | abiotic | nonliving | 229 | |
| 16424083165 | environmentalist | a person who participates in environmentalism, a social movement that seeks to protect the environment through lobbying, activism, and education | 230 | |
| 16424083166 | environmental studies | The field of study that includes environmental science and additional subjects such as environmental policy, economics, literature, and ethics. | 231 | |
| 16424083167 | ecosystem services | the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced | 232 | |
| 16424083168 | environmental indicator | an indicator that describes the current state of an environmental system | 233 | |
| 16424083169 | Biodiversity | the diversity of life forms in an environment | 234 | |
| 16424083170 | genetic diversity | a measure of the genetic variation among individuals in a population | 235 | |
| 16424083171 | species | a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in its morphology (body form and structure), behavior, or biochemical properties | 236 | |
| 16424083172 | species diversity | the number of species in a region or in a particular type of habitat |  | 237 |
| 16424083173 | speciation | the evolution of new species | 238 | |
| 16424083174 | background extinction rate | The average rate at which species become extinct over the long term | 239 | |
| 16424083175 | greenhouse gases | Gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface | 240 | |
| 16424083176 | anthropogenic | derived from human activities | 241 | |
| 16424083177 | development | improvement in human well-being through economic advancement | 242 | |
| 16424083178 | sustainability | Living on Earth in a way that allows humans to use its resources without depriving future generations of those resources | 243 | |
| 16424083179 | sustainable development | development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations | 244 | |
| 16424083180 | biophilia | love of life | 245 | |
| 16424083181 | ecological footprint | a measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land | 246 | |
| 16424083182 | scientific method | an objective method to explore the natural world, draw inferences from it, and predict the outcome of certain events, processes, or changes | 247 | |
| 16424083183 | hypothesis | a testable conjecture about how something works | 248 | |
| 16424083184 | null hypothesis | A prediction that there is no difference between groups or conditions, or a statement or an idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong. | 249 | |
| 16424083185 | replication | The data collection procedure of taking repeated measurements | 250 | |
| 16424083186 | sample size | the number of times a measurement is replicated in data collection | 251 | |
| 16424083187 | accuracy | how close a measurement is to the true value | 252 | |
| 16424083188 | precision | how close the repeated measurements of a sample are to one another | 253 | |
| 16424083189 | uncertainty | an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value | 254 | |
| 16424083190 | theory | a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance | 255 | |
| 16424083191 | control group | In a scientific investigation, a group that experiences exactly the same conditions as the experimental group, except for the single variable under study. | 256 | |
| 16424083192 | natural experiment | a natural event that acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem | 257 |
AP Government: Committees Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13935091436 | Types of committees (both in HOR and Senate) | -Standing Committees (where bills start) -Joint Committees -Conference committees (happens at end of bill) -Select Committees | 0 | |
| 13935091437 | Standing Committees (where bill starts) | Permanent Committees on particular subjects of policy (ex: Agriculture or Budget) -Each house has their own -Rep served on 2 committees & 4 subcommittees -Senator served on 3 committees & 7 subcommittees | 1 | |
| 13935091438 | Joint Committees | Members of both houses serve on these committees. | 2 | |
| 13935091439 | Conference Committees | Formed when both houses pass different versions of the same bill -Created to find compromise and create one common bill | 3 | |
| 13935091440 | Select Committees | Committees created for a specific purpose, usually investigations | 4 | |
| 13935091442 | Committee Chair | -play huge role in hearings, hiring, appointing subcommittees and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house | 5 | |
| 13935091444 | Pigeon hole | not assign or hear debate on issue | 6 | |
| 13935091446 | Caucuses | group of members of Congress who share an interest or characteristic | 7 | |
| 13935091449 | Staff agencies | -congressional research office (CRS): provides research to Congress Government Accountability office (GAO): helps perform oversight | 8 | |
| 13935091450 | Congressional Budget Office (CBO) | Focuses on analyzing the president's budget and making economic projectons | 9 | |
| 13935091451 | Interest groups, PACs, the Media | Can influence legislation through providing money, expertise, bias and exposure | 10 | |
| 13935091453 | Bully pulpit | Trying to influence the outcome of legislation through use of the media | 11 | |
| 13935091455 | Omnibus legislation | Huge bills that cover a lot of different issues | 12 | |
| 13935091456 | Riders | Amendments added to the bills | 13 | |
| 13935091459 | Logrolling | The practice of exchanging favors in order to achieve legislative goals | 14 | |
| 13935091460 | Poison Pill Amendment or Wrecking Amendment | Riders added to bills which intend to kill the bill | 15 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13993037851 | Aneuploidy | Abnormal number of chromosomes. | 0 | |
| 13993040686 | Klinefelter's syndrome | male extra X;;;XXY | 1 | |
| 13993048805 | Turner's syndrome | female with only 1 X | 2 | |
| 13993057708 | XYY | male extra Y | 3 | |
| 13993139815 | SRY gene | on the Y chromosome initiates testes development/ "maleness"; female is "default" in humans (X chromosome does have genes that regulate female development) | 4 | |
| 13993147023 | Gonads begin development | 5th week as gonadal ridges | 5 | |
| 13993156386 | Effects pregnancy has on mother | Increase in progesterone/estrogen → nausea & morning sickness Increase in urine output because of an increase in wastes and pressure on the bladder Increase in tidal volume and dyspnea (difficult breathing) may occur later in pregnancy Use of lipids/proteins instead of glucose for metabolism → glucose for baby, but can cause gestational diabetes Increase in blood volume, but a decrease in BP due to widespread vasodilation; varicose veins common Increase in cardiac output & GFR; decrease in plasma osmolality → potential anemia (decrease Hct) Reproductive organs become engorged with blood & breasts enlarge and areolas darken Increase in skin pigmentation → chloasma ("pregnancy mask") Weight gain of ~13 kg (28 lbs) on average Relaxin causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax to ease birth passage | 6 | |
| 13993164923 | Chorion | encloses all other layers; composed of trophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm | 7 | |
| 13993169941 | Amnion | innermost membrane that contains the amniotic fluid; provides buoyancy and thermoregulation | 8 | |
| 13993177362 | Yolk sac | first site of RBC formation; integrates with the gut | 9 | |
| 13993185286 | Allantois | base of the umbilical cord; integrates with the bladder | 10 | |
| 13993190280 | Umbilical cord | includes embryonic connective tissue, 1 umbilical vein, and 2 umbilical arteries | 11 | |
| 13993195504 | Egg passage | Ovary-> fimbriae-> uterine/fallopian tube-> uterus | 12 | |
| 13993200702 | Ampulla | distal expansion with infundibulum (expansion) near ovary; usual site of fertilization | 13 | |
| 13993269245 | Leydig cells | Male reproductive system Interstitial (leydig) cells outside the seminiferous tubules produce androgens | 14 | |
| 13993279579 | the location where the fertilized zygote implants | Endometrium | 15 | |
| 13993290500 | Mittelschmerz: | twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation | 16 | |
| 13993297151 | Luteal Phase | period of activity of the corpus luteum | 17 | |
| 13993316373 | Phase 1: Zygote Phase 2: 2 Blastomeres at 36 hours with continued division Phase 3: Morula- solid ball of about 16 cells at 72 hrs Phase 4: Blastocyst- fluid filled ball of cells at day 3 to 4, inner cell mass becomes conceptus and trophoblast lies superficially; reaches uterus for implantation | 18 | ||
| 13993321786 | Fraternal twins | If more than 1 secondary oocyte is released from the ovaries AND is fertilized by sperm | 19 | |
| 13993332532 | Sustentacular (sertoli) cells | large supportive cells that extend through the wall of the tubule and surround developing cells to provide nutrients and signals to developing cells, dispose of excess cytoplasm sloughed off during spermatogenesis, & secrete testicular fluid into lumen for transport of sperm; tight junctions that form the blood/testis barrier (prevent antigens from escaping) divide the wall into two components | 20 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
