AP Biology- Gene Regulation Flashcards
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| 13468575915 | operon | consist of a promoter, an operator, and a cluster of genes that control gene regulation in a common pathway, "on and off" switches | 0 | |
| 13468575916 | repressible operon | operon that is normally on because the repressor is inactive | 1 | |
| 13468575917 | inducible operon | operon that is normally off because the repressor is active | 2 | |
| 13468575918 | structural gene | genes to be expressed | 3 | |
| 13468575919 | operator | a segment of DNA in the promoter region that acts as an on or off "switch" | 4 | |
| 13468575920 | repressor | a protein that binds to the operator to switch the operon off |  | 5 |
| 13468575921 | inducer | inactivates the repressor (turns on the operon) |  | 6 |
| 13468575922 | regulatory gene | codes for the production of the repressor protein and is found upstream of the operon |  | 7 |
| 13468575923 | catabolite activator protein (CAP) | activator of transcription, binds to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) when sugar is scarce which *increases the affinity of RNA polymerase and accelerates transcription of lactose* | 8 | |
| 13468575924 | cellular differentiation | the formation of cells that are specialized in structure and function | 9 | |
| 13468575925 | histone acetylation | the process of acetyl groups attaching to histone tails (opens up chromatin structure) |  | 10 |
| 13468575926 | DNA methylation | adding a methyl group to cytosine bases during replication, associated with inactivation of genes and reduced transcription |  | 11 |
| 13468575927 | activator | a specific protein that binds to an enhancer to stimulate gene transcription | 12 | |
| 13468575928 | transcription factors | some act as repressors by blocking the binding of activators or binding to an enhancer | 13 | |
| 13468575929 | RNA interference | the blocking of gene expression by siRNAs (a technique used to disable the expression of selected genes) | 14 | |
| 13468575930 | RNA polymerase | an enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription | 15 | |
| 13468575931 | miRNA | a.k.a. microRNA, associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence | 16 | |
| 13468575932 | siRNA | a.k.a. small interfering RNA, associates with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence | 17 | |
| 13468575933 | morphogenesis | the cellular and tissue based processes by which an animal body takes shape | 18 | |
| 13468575934 | proto-oncogene | a normal cellular gene that has the potential to become an oncogene | 19 | |
| 13468575940 | epigenetics | the field of science that studies heritable changes caused by the activation and deactivation of genes without any change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism | 20 | |
| 13468575941 | alternative RNA splicing | produces different mRNA molecules when different segments of the mRNA are chosen as introns or exons | 21 | |
| 13468575942 | chromatin modification | promotes the formation of heterochromatin in certain regions blocking transcription | 22 | |
| 13468575943 | oncogenes | cancer causing cells | 23 | |
| 13468575945 | conformation change | change in shape | 24 | |
| 13468575946 | an example of a repressible operon | trp operon |  | 25 |
| 13468575947 | an example of an inducible operon | lac operon |  | 26 |
| 13468575948 | Jacob & Monod | first to describe the operon system |  | 27 |
| 13468575949 | corepressor | a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off (ex. tryptophan in trp operon) |  | 28 |
| 13468575950 | What 3 interrelated processes are responsible for embryonic development? | 1.) Cell Division (mitosis); Cell Differentiation; Morphogenesis | 29 |
AP Literature Flashcards
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| 12561555158 | Apathy | noun lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern. synonym: indifferent antonym: opposite | 0 | |
| 12561569189 | Ambiguous | adj (of language) open to more than one interpretation; having a double meaning. synonym: arguable antonym: clear | 1 | |
| 12561602561 | Fervent | adj having or displaying a passionate intensity. synonym: impassioned antonym: apathetic | 2 | |
| 12577796375 | vagrant | noun a person without a settled home or regular work who wanders from place to place and lives by begging. synonym: tramp antonym: inmobile | 3 | |
| 12577810235 | undermine | verb erode the base of foundation of (a rock formation) synonym: wear away antonym: support | 4 | |
| 12577838232 | oblivious | adj not aware of or not concerned about what is happening around one. synonym: unaware antonym: aware | 5 | |
| 12577854056 | indifferent | adj having no particular interest or sympathy; unconcerned. synonym: unconcerned antonym: concerned | 6 | |
| 12577871726 | obscure | adj not discovered or known about; uncertain. synonym: unclear antonym: clear | 7 | |
| 12577891007 | objective | adj (of a person or their judgment) not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts. synonym: impaired antonym: biased | 8 | |
| 12577914221 | revere | verb feel deep respect or admiration for (something.) synonym: respect antonym: despise | 9 | |
| 12577923966 | discriminate | verb recognize or perceive the difference. synonym: differentiate antonym: impartiality | 10 | |
| 12577943685 | embelish | verb make (something) more attractive by the addition of decorative details or features. synonym: decorate antonym: simplify | 11 | |
| 12578048962 | denounce | verb publicly declare to be wrong or evil synonym: condemn antonym: praise | 12 | |
| 12577967417 | innovate | verb to make changes in something established, especially by introducing new methods, ideas, or products. synonym: begin antonym: old | 13 | |
| 12577991434 | stagnant | adj (of a body of water or the atmosphere of a confined space) having no current or flow and often having an unpleasant smell as a consequence. synonym: still antonym: flowing | 14 | |
| 12578003187 | candid | adj truthful and straightforward; frank. synonym: outspoken antonym: secretive | 15 | |
| 12578018055 | impartial | adj treating all rivals or disputants equally; fair and just. synonym: unbiased antonym: unfairness | 16 | |
| 12578069426 | discern | verb perceive or recognize (something.) synonym: perceive antonym: overlook | 17 | |
| 12578088603 | ostentatious | adj characterized by vulgar of pretentious display; designed to impress or attract notice synonym: showy antonym: calm | 18 | |
| 12578108710 | contentious | adj causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. synonym: controversial antonym: agreeable | 19 |
Biochemistry Flashcards
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| 11603460640 | Carbohydrate | Sugars and starches. Used for quick energy. Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Ends in OSE |  | 0 |
| 11603460641 | Lipid | Fats, oils and waxes, made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. A secondary source of energy |  | 1 |
| 11603460642 | Protein | Used for tissue repair and growth. Made up of Amino Acids | 2 | |
| 11603460643 | Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA. Made up of nucleotides |  | 3 |
| 11603460644 | Monosaccharide | simple sugar. Ex. Glucose |  | 4 |
| 11603460645 | Disaccharide | 2 Simple sugars together. ex. Maltose, sucrose |  | 5 |
| 11603460646 | Polysaccharide | many simple sugars combined together. Ex. Starch. cellulose |  | 6 |
| 11603460647 | Dehydration Synthesis | Process of removing a water molecule to combine substances |  | 7 |
| 11603460648 | Hydrolysis | Process of adding a water molecule back into a molecule to break it down(split apart). AKA Digestion |  | 8 |
| 11603460649 | Glucose (simple sugar) | Building block of carbohydrates |  | 9 |
| 11603460650 | Amino Acids | Building blocks of proteins |  | 10 |
| 11603460651 | Glycerol and 3 fatty acids | Building blocks of Lipids |  | 11 |
| 11603460652 | Nucleotides | Building block of Nucleic acids |  | 12 |
| 11603460653 | Peptide bond | type of bond that creates proteins |  | 13 |
| 11603460654 | polypeptide | fancy name for proteins | 14 | |
| 11603460655 | Iodine | Starch indicator that turns from amber to blue/black in the presence of Starch |  | 15 |
| 11603460656 | Benedict's solution | Glucose indicator, changes from blue to orange in the presence of glucose (with heat) |  | 16 |
| 11603460657 | Biurets | Indicator for protein, changes from blue to pinkish/purple in the presence of protein |  | 17 |
| 11603460658 | organic | substance that contain Carbon AND Hydrogen together. Ex. C6H12O6 OR CH4 | 18 | |
| 11603460659 | Inorganic | substances that DO NOt HAVE Carbon AND Hydrogen EX. H2O OR CO2 | 19 | |
| 11603460660 | Enzymes | organic catalysts that speed up reaction rates. End in ASE. Ex. Maltase |  | 20 |
| 11603460661 | Active site | Place where reaction takes place in an enzyme |  | 21 |
| 11603460662 | Temperature, pH, concentration of enzymes or substrate | Factors that affect enzyme rate | 22 | |
| 11603460663 | Substrate | molecule that is being transformed (worked on) by enzymes | 23 | |
| 11603460664 | Enzyme/Substrate Complex | when the enzyme and the substrate are actively reacting together |  | 24 |
| 11603460665 | Denature | when the active site of an enzyme becomes deformed from either temperature or pH changes causing to not work | 25 | |
| 11603460666 | Reactants | the substances needed to complete a chemical reaction. Found on the left side of a written chemical reaction |  | 26 |
| 11603460667 | Products | the substances "produced" by the chemical reaction. Found on the right side of the written reaction | | 27 |
| 11603460668 | Activation energy | The energy needed to start a chemical reaction |  | 28 |
| 11603460669 | Enzymes | Needed for the synthesis of most materials in an organism | 29 | |
| 11603460670 | Biological catalyst | Another name for an enzyme | 30 | |
| 11603460671 | Enzyme shape | What allows enzymes to work in very specific ways? | 31 | |
| 11603460672 | Too high temperature, wrong pH | How can denaturing take place? | 32 | |
| 11603460673 | Enzymes | "ase"is an ending for... | 33 | |
| 11603460674 | Carbohydrates | Glycogen is a type of sugar belonging to which group of macromolecules? | 34 | |
| 11603460675 | Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids | All living cells have these macromolecules | 35 |
Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14778598981 | Filial Piety | In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors. | 0 | |
| 14778598982 | Ancestor Veneration | The practice of praying to your ancestors. Found especially in China. | 1 | |
| 14778598983 | Legalism (China) | A strict philosophy in China that was mainly concerned with the government. | 2 | |
| 14778598984 | Four Noble Truths of Buddhism | 1. Everyone suffers. 2. The cause of suffering is desire (greed) 3. To end suffering you must end desire (greed) 4. Follow the eightfold path | 3 | |
| 14778598985 | Effects of Confucianism | -a hierarchical society -social unity -patriarchy | 4 | |
| 14778598986 | Mandate of Heaven | a political theory of ancient China in which those in power were given the right to rule from a divine source | 5 | |
| 14778598987 | Bureaucracy | A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials | 6 | |
| 14778598988 | Fuedalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to a king in return for loyalty and military service | 7 | |
| 14778598989 | Tang Dynasty | (618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system. | 8 | |
| 14778598990 | Examination System | A system of selecting officials based on competitive written examinations. | 9 | |
| 14778598991 | Ministry of Rites | Administered examinations to students from Chinese government schools or those recommended by distinguished scholars | 10 | |
| 14778598992 | Song Dynasty | (960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military. | 11 | |
| 14778598993 | Neo-Confucianism | term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism | 12 | |
| 14778598994 | Five Pillars of Faith | Belief of Islam: 1. There is no God but Allah and Muhammed is his messenger 2. Pray 5 times a day 3. Give charity to the poor 4. Fast during the month of Ramadan 5. Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca | 13 | |
| 14778598995 | Islamic branches | Sunni and Shiite (Shia) | 14 | |
| 14778598996 | Sunni | A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad | 15 | |
| 14778598997 | Shia | Minority branch of Islam | 16 | |
| 14778598998 | jihad | A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal | 17 | |
| 14778598999 | Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin. | 18 | |
| 14778599000 | Judaism | A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament. | 19 | |
| 14778599001 | Jewish Diaspora | the scattering of the Jewish people outside their homeland beginning about 586 BCE | 20 | |
| 14778599002 | Passover | A time for Jews to remember the Exodus | 21 | |
| 14778599003 | Rosh Hashanah | Jewish New Year | 22 | |
| 14778599004 | Yom Kippur | Day of Atonement | 23 | |
| 14778599005 | Christianity | A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. | 24 | |
| 14778599006 | Abbasid Caliphate | (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of. | 25 | |
| 14778599007 | Seljuk Empire | An empire formed by Turkish and Persian Sunnis, lasting from 1037 to 1194 A.D. | 26 | |
| 14778599008 | Mongols | People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history. | 27 | |
| 14778599009 | Mamluks | Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols at Ain Jalut in 1260 and halted Mongol advance | 28 |
Flashcards
AP Rhetorical Devices Examples Flashcards
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| 11822187247 | Assonance | "Hear the lark and harden to the barking of the dark fox gone to ground" | 0 | |
| 11822194373 | Asyndeton | An empty stream, a great silence, an impenetrable forest. The air was thick, warm, heavy, sluggish. | 1 | |
| 11822201143 | Anaphora (Epistrophe) | 'Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children.' | 2 | |
| 11822204634 | Polysyndeton | And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had. | 3 | |
| 11822208231 | Metaphor | Chaos is the breeding ground of order. War is the mother of all battles. | 4 | |
| 11822216446 | Alliteration | Betty Botter bought some butter, but she said, this butter's bitter; if I put it in my batter, it will make my batter bitter, but a bit of better butter will make my bitter batter better. | 5 | |
| 11822219127 | Parallelism | 1. He wanted to have a new house to live in, and a new car to drive. 2. The applicant was approached through telephone, email, and snail mail. 3. Their new teacher was neither a Catholic, nor an Anglican. 4. His favorite foods are chocolate, chips, and soft drinks. | 6 | |
| 11822246555 | Oxymoron | controlled chaos kill with kindness old news "I always avoid prophesying beforehand because it is much better to prophesy after the event has already taken place. " - Winston Churchill "It's a step forward although there was no progress." - President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt | 7 | |
| 11822253563 | Antithesis | "Many are called, but few are chosen." "Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice." "To err is human; to forgive divine." "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times." "Everybody doesn't like something, but nobody doesn't like Sara Lee." (Sara Lee is a brand of cake). Dumbledore and Voldemort engage in a fiery and electric battle of the ages. | 8 | |
| 11822272289 | Allusion | You're acting like such a Scrooge! (Dickens' Christmas Carol). I didn't have any bus fare, but fortunately some good Samaritan helped me out! (Biblical parable). You are carrying the weight of the world on your shoulders. (mythology). | 9 | |
| 11822288444 | Understatement | J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield says, "I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet when Mercutio is stabbed by Tybalt. Mercutio says, "Ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch. Marry, 'tis enough. Where is my page?-Go, villain, fetch a surgeon." "It's the end of the world as we know it, and I feel fine." - REM | 10 | |
| 11822298349 | Consonance | Mike likes his new bike. Toss the glass, boss. He struck a streak of bad luck. | 11 | |
| 11822306189 | Onomatopoeia | The *buzzing* bee flew away. The sack fell into the river with a *splash*. The books fell on the table with a loud *thump*. He looked at the *roaring*. The *rustling* leaves kept me awake. | 12 | |
| 11822314535 | Hyperbole | "Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before." | 13 | |
| 11822321454 | Euphemism | "I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." (Othello, Shakespeare) "For the time being," he explains, "it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations." (Orwell, Animal Farm) | 14 | |
| 11822331700 | Chiasmus | "Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate." "We shape our buildings, and afterward our buildings shape us." "We were elected to change Washington, and we let Washington change us." | 15 | |
| 11822333231 | Simile | I wait, washed, brushed, fed, like a prize pig. (Handmaid's Tale, Atwood). | 16 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP World History Chapter 34 Flashcards
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| 13381118500 | Bangladesh | Founded as an independent nation in 1972; formerly East Pakistan. | 0 | |
| 13381118501 | 2000 Asia Population Prediction | It was predicted to be 600 million. By 2000, there were over 1 billion people in India alone, showing the level of population growth areas like Asia experienced. | 1 | |
| 13381135185 | Having as many children as possible is important to their cultures and societies. | Why was their so much resistance to birth control in Asia and Africa? | 2 | |
| 13386379461 | Environmental Degradation | damage to or destruction of the natural environment. Because of it, lots of desertification has occurred in Africa and 3800 species have been announced as endangered in 1989. | 3 | |
| 13386447254 | Indira Gandhi | Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru (no relation to Mahatma Gandhi); installed as a figurehead prime minister by the Congress Party bosses in 1966; a strong-willed and astute politician, she soon became the central figure in India politics, a position she maintained through the 1970s and passed on to her sons. | 4 | |
| 13386447255 | Corazon Aquino | First president of the Philippines in the post-Marcos era of late 1980s; she served from 1986 to 1992; Aquino, whose husband was assassinated by thugs in the pay of the Marcos regime, was one of the key leaders in the popular movement that toppled the dictator. | 5 | |
| 13386447256 | Jawaharlal Nehru | One of Gandhi's disciples; governed India after independence (1947); committed to program of social reform and economic development; preserved civil rights and democracy. | 6 | |
| 13386453954 | Benazir Bhutto | Twice prime minister of Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s; first ran for office to avenge her father's execution by the military clique then in power. | 7 | |
| 13386488246 | Religious Revivalism | An approach to religious belief and practice that stresses the literal interpretation of texts sacred to the religion in question and the application of their precepts to all aspects of social life; increasingly associated with revivalist movements in a number of world religions, including Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. | 8 | |
| 13386525723 | Primary Products | Food or industrial crops for which there is a high demand in industrialized economies; prices of such products tend to fluctuate widely; typically the primary exports of Third World economies. | 9 | |
| 13386525724 | Neocolonial Economy | Industrialized nations' continued dominance of the world economy; ability of the industrialized nations to maintain economic colonialism without political colonialism. | 10 | |
| 13386704871 | Kwame Nkrumah | Led the newly independent country of Ghana. He tried to make reforms, but they all failed due to rival political parties and lack of budget. In attempt to succeed, he became a dictator and tried to justify himself to the people. | 11 | |
| 13390156298 | Abdel Gamal Nasser | Took power in Egypt following a military coup in 1952; enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal Zone in 1956. | 12 | |
| 13390260836 | Free Officers Movement | Military nationalist movement in Egypt founded in the 1930s; often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952. | 13 | |
| 13390260837 | Muslim Brotherhood | Egyptian nationalist movement founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928; committed to fundamentalist movement in Islam; fostered strikes and urban riots against the khedival government. | 14 | |
| 13390393707 | Anwar Sadat | Successor to Gamal Abdul Nasser as ruler of Egypt; acted to dismantle costly state programs; accepted peace treaty with Israel in 1973; opened Egypt to investment by Western nations. | 15 | |
| 13390393708 | Hosni Mubarak | President of Egypt since 1981, succeeding Anwar Sadat and continuing his polices of cooperation with the West. | 16 | |
| 13391296744 | A democracy | What has India usually been since its independence? | 17 | |
| 13391346690 | Green Revolution | Introduction of improved seed strains, fertilizers, and irrigation as a means of producing higher yields in crops such as rice, wheat, and corn; particularly important in the densely populated countries of Asia. | 18 | |
| 13391960788 | Muhammad Reza | Ruler of Iran; throne was rescued by US in 1953; absolutist monarch with a vast secret security force repressing opposition; most were dissatisfied with his rule and turned to Ayatollah Khomeini. | 19 | |
| 13391992294 | Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini | Religious ruler of Iran following revolution of 1979 to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran; emphasized religious purification; tried to eliminate Western influences and establish purely Islamic government. | 20 | |
| 13392019811 | Mahdi Movement | Movement of people who supported Mahdi; wanted to stop the Anglo-Egyptian presence in the Sudan. | 21 | |
| 13392019812 | Khomeini Movement | Movement of people who supported Khomeini; wanted to stop the autocratic Iranian shah and the Pahlavi dynasty. | 22 | |
| 13392098224 | Iran-Iraq War | War started when Iraq tried to annex Iran's western, oil-rich provinces in its time of turmoil. | 23 | |
| 13392157909 | Homelands | Under apartheid, areas in South Africa designated for ethnolinguistic groups within the black African population; such areas tend to be overpopulated and poverty-stricken. | 24 | |
| 13392178370 | African National Congress | Black political organization within South Africa; pressed for end to policies of apartheid; sought open democracy leading to black majority rule; until the 1990s declared illegal in South Africa. | 25 | |
| 13392178371 | Walter Sisulu | Black African leader who, along with Nelson Mandela, opposed apartheid system in South Africa. | 26 | |
| 13392178372 | Nelson Mandela | Long-imprisoned leader of the African National Congress party; worked with the ANC leadership and F.W. De Klerk's supporters to dismantle the apartheid system from the mid-1980s onward; in 1994, became the first black prime minister of South Africa after the ANC won the first genuinely democratic elections in the country's history. | 27 | |
| 13392178373 | Steve Biko | An organizer of Black Consciousness movement in South Africa, in opposition to apartheid; murdered while in police custody. | 28 | |
| 13392218989 | F.W. de Klerk | White South African prime minister in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Working with Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress, de Klerk helped to dismantle the apartheid system and opened the way for a democratically elected government that represented all South Africans for the first time. | 29 |
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