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AP English Terms- Figurative Language Flashcards

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14610087942AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning (dark symbolism)0
14610090802Allusionreference to something which is presumably commonly known1
14610095907AnalogyExplaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple (similes and metaphors can be used to develop an analogy)2
14610101468AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event.3
14610104322ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy4
14610106385Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.5
14610107379Imagerydescriptive language6
14610109242Metaphora direct comparison between two different things making them equal; something is something else7
14610111205Oxymorontwo words that contradict each other8
14610111926ParadoxA statement that appears self-contradictory, but contains some truth9
14610114475Personificationgiving human characteristics to non-human things or ideas10
14610116932Similecomparing two things using like or as11
14610118382Symbolanything that represents something larger12
14610119891Synesthesiaone kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another13
14610121444Themecentral idea or message in a work of literature14

AP Stat Chapter 4 Flashcards

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15919528770TreatmentA specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. A combination of the different levels for each factor.0
15919528771PopulationThe entire group of individuals we want information about.1
15919528772Experimental UnitsThe collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. Who or what we are testing the effects or experimenting on.2
15919528773ParameterNumbers used to describe the population. *We usually don't know* Population Mean or Population Proportion3
15919528774SampleA subset of individuals in the population from which we actually collect data.4
15919528775Random AssignmentImportant in a randomized design where we randomly assign to which treatment group an individual should go. Allows for generalization to the experimental group5
15919528776Completely Randomized DesignStart with experimental units. Randomize to treatment groups. Give treatment. Compare results.6
15919528777StatisticNumbers used to describe the sample. Sample Mean or Sample Proportion7
15919528778BiasConsistently underestimate or consistently overestimate the value you want to know.8
15919528779Double-BlindWhere neither the subjects nor those who interact with them know which treatment a subject received.9
15919528780Statistically SignificantAn observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance alone10
15919528781Convenience SampleChoosing individuals from the population who are easy to reach11
15919528782Voluntary Response SampleMade up of people who self-select into a survey Examples: Mail-In Surveys, Online Polls12
15919528783Blocking/Randomized Block Design1) Block purposely FIRST. 2) THEN, randomize assignment within each block. Prevents confounding.13
15919528784Matched PairsA form of a randomized block design where there is a one-to-one comparison. Examples: Twins, Testing the same plot of land (same everything) split it in half.14
15919528785Simple Random SampleSample chosen in such a way that every group of "n" individuals in the population has an equal chance to be selected as the sample. Examples: Names in a hat, Random # Generator15
15919528786Placebo Effectthe response to the "dummy" treatment.16
15919528787Stratified Random SampleA population divided into categories (or strata), then a random sample is taken from each category, then combined to get the overall random sample. "Some from all"17
15919528788Systematic Random SampleSampling with a random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval. "Every nth person"18
15919528789Inference about a populationRandom selection from the population19
15919528790Inference about cause-and-effectRandom assignment to the treatment groups.20
15919528791Cluster SampleThe researcher divides population into separate groups (clusters). Then, a random sample of clusters is selected from the population and everyone in the cluster is used in the sample. "All from some"21
15919528792UndercoverageWhen some members of the population are inadequately represented in the sample. We are "under-representing" our sample because we are missing out on people who should be considered.22
15919528793FactorThe variables that you wish to test the effects of. Usually the same as the explanatory variables23
15919528794LevelThe different categories used for each factor24
15919528795NonresponsePeople have the opportunity to answer, but they choose not to, which misrepresents the population25
15919528796Response BiasWhen subjects respond in a way that is other than the truth, which usually is because of some outside pressure or wording of the question.26
15919528797Observational StudyObserves individuals and measures variables but does NOT attempt to influence the responses. Can establish the existence of an association between two variables but NOT cause-and-effect27
15919528798ConfoundingOccurs when two variables are associated in such a way that you can't tell which is affecting the response variable.28
15919528799ExperimentDeliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. Not intended to make generalizations about a population but can measure cause-and-effect.29

AP Government - Chapter 1 Flashcards

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14645853985GovernmentThe institutions through which public policies are made for a society.0
14645853986PoliticsThe process determining the leaders we select and the policies they pursue.1
14645854007The Policymaking SystemThe process by which policy comes into being and evolves. People's interests, problems, and concerns create political issues for government policymakers. These issues shape policy, which in turn impacts people, generating more interests, problems, and concerns.2
14645853987Linkage InstitutionsPolitical channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. (political parties, elections, interest groups, the media, etc.)3
14645853988Policy AgendaSeveral issues that capture the serious attention of political officials and other figures in politics at a given time.4
14645853989Collective GoodsGoods and services, such as clean water, that by nature cannot be denied to anyone.5
14645853991Political CultureAn overall set of values widely shared within a society6
14645853992Single-Issue GroupsGroups that have a narrow interest on which their members tend to take an uncompromising stance.7
14645853993DemocracyA system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the *public's* preferences.8
14645853995PluralismDemocratic theory that states that the government is comprised of several different groups that compete to reach compromise, no one group dominating another.9
14645853996ElitismDemocratic theory that states that society is divided by class lines, with the upper class elite in power (Policies benefit those with money/power)10
14645853997HyperpluralismDemocratic theory that states that he government is comprised of several groups, all of which are too strong, which leads to muddled policy and gridlock --- the government suffers because of groups11
14645854000Political ParticipationAll the activities by which citizens attempt to influence the selection of political leaders and the policies they pursue.12
14645854001Political Issuean issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it.13
14645854002Policymaking institutionsThe branches of Government charges with taking action on political issues.14
14645854003Public PolicyA choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A course of action taken with regard to a problem.15
14645854004Policy ImpactsThe effects a policy has on people and problems.16
14645854005Policy GridlockA condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong to form a policy, so nothing gets done.17
14645854006GDP Gross Domestic ProductThe sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a year in a nation.18
14645859956Majority RuleA fundamental principle of traditional democratic theory. In a democracy, choosing among alternatives requires that the majority's desire be respected.19
14645863205minority rightsA principle of traditional democratic theory that guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities.20
14645864869representationA basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers.21

AP Language and Composition: Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10058741886AdageAn old familiar saying0
10059159310Allegorythe expression by means of symbolic fictional figures and actions of truths or generalizations about human existence1
10059177367AlliterationThe repetition of a sound at the beginning of two or more neighboring words2
10183669722AllusionA reference made to something not directly mentioned3
10183672832AnalogyA resemblance in some details between things otherwise unlike4
10183674121AnaphoraA repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of phrases, clauses, sentences or verses5
10183677055AnecdoteA brief story about something interesting or funny in a person's life6
10183678932AntithesisAn exact opposite, contrary7
10183681695AphorismA short statement of a general truth or idea8
10183683228ApostropheThe addressing of an absent person as if present or of an object or abstract idea as if cable of understanding9
10517625414Asyndetonomission of the conjunctions that ordinarily join coordinate words or clauses10
10517626136Atmospherethe main mood or feeling in a creative work11
10517628768Chiasmusan inverted relationship between the syntactic elements of parallel phrases12
10517633031Colloquialisma colloquial expression13
10517633463Conceittoo much pride in one's own worth or virtue14
10517633988Connotationa meaning suggested by a word or an expression in addition to its exact meaning15
10517634321Denotationa direct specific meaning as distinct from an implied or associated idea16
10517634691DiacopeWhen a writer repeats a word or phrase with one or more words between.17
10517635433Dictionchoice of words especially with regard to correctness, clearness, or effectiveness, wording18
10517636956Didacticintended primarily to teach rather than to entertain19
10517639514EllipsisThe leaving out of one or more words that are not necessary for the phrase to be understood.20
10517640047EnumeratioA rhetorical word for the listing of details, a subject is divided into different parts or details21
10517642276Ethosthe distinguishing character, sentiment, moral nature, or guiding beliefs of a person, group, or institution22
10517644816Expletivean exclamatory word or phrase23
10517647439Euphemismthe substitution of a mild or pleasant expression for one that is too strong or unpleasant24
10517650888Expositiona piece of writing that explains25
10517656076Extended MetaphorWhen an author uses a throughout a long passage or poem26
10517656709Homilya lecture or discourse on or of a moral theme27
10517660175Hyperboleextravagant exaggeration used to emphasize a point28
10517662415HypophoraA rhetorical device where the speaker/writer states a question and immediately answers it.29
10517664765Idiomthe choice of words and the way they are combined that is characteristic of a language30
10517665541Imagerylanguage that suggests how someone or something looks, sounds, feels, smells, or tastes31
10517666015Inferencethe act or process of inferring32
10517666491Invectiveharsh or insulting words33
10517668395Ironythe use of words that mean the opposite of what one really intends34
10517671213Jargonthe special language of a particular activity or group35
10517672470Juxtapositionthe act or an instance of placing two or more things side by side often to compare or contrast or to create an interesting effect36
10517672963Litotesunderstatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary37
10517674558LogosAn emotional appeal, to persuade the audience by appealing to their emotions.38
10517677919Metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase meaning one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a similarity between them39
10517678492Metonymya figure of speech consisting of the use of the name of one thing for that of another of which it is an attribute or with which it is associated40
10517679045Mooddistinction of form or a particular set of inflectional forms of a verb to express whether the action or state it denotes is conceived as fact or in some other manner41
10517680808Narrativea way of presenting or understanding a situation or series of events that reflects and promotes a particular point of view or set of values, or, the representation in art of an event or story42
10517682003Onomatopoeiathe naming of a thing or action by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it43
10517682664Oxymorona combination of contradictory words44
10517683163Paradoxa statement that seems to go against common sense but may still be true45
10517683767ParallelismThe quality or state of being parallel, similarity of construction of word groups especially for effect or rhythm46
10517685017Parodya written or musical work in which the style of an author or work is imitated for comic effect47
10517685357Pathosan element in experience or in artistic representation evoking pity or compassion48
10517686076Personificationthe representation of a thing or idea as a person or by the human form49
10517686836Polysyndetonrepetition of conjunctions in close succession50
10517687380Punthe humorous use of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or of words having the same sound but different meanings51
10517687771Rhetorical Modesthe variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of language-based communication, particularly writing and speaking.52
10517692161Rhetorical QuestionsA question that doesn't need to be answered53
10517694920Sarcasma remark made usually to hurt someone's feelings or show scorn54
10517695336Satiresomething meant to make fun of and show the weaknesses of human nature or a particular person55
10517696788Similea figure of speech in which things different in kind or quality are compared by the use of the word56
10517697256Syllogisma brief form for stating an argument that consists of two statements and a conclusion that must be true if these two statements are true57
10517698023Symbolsomething that stands for something else OR something real that stands for or suggests another thing that cannot in itself be pictured or shown58
10517698910SynecdocheA figure of speech by which a part is put for the whole, the whole for a part, the species for the genus, the genus for the species, or the name of the material for the thing made.59
10517700701SynesthesiaA subjunctive sensation or image of a sense other than the one being stimulated60
10517701786ToneA style or manner of expression61
10517702769UnderstatementTo represent as less than is the case OR to state mildly especially on purpose.62
10517703370UndertoneA low or quiet tone63
10517704255Vernacularordinary spoken language rather than literary language64
10517704745Zeugmathe use of a word to modify or govern two or more words usually in such a manner that it applies to each in a different sense or makes sense with only one65
10517705165Appositiveof, relating to, or standing in apposition66
10517705769Independent Clausea clause that could be used by itself as a simple sentence but that is part of a larger sentence67
10517706397Dependent Clausea clause that does not form a simple sentence by itself and that is connected to the main clause of a sentence68
10517706765Balanced SentenceA sentence made up of 2 parts that are relatively equal in length, importance, and grammatical structure69
10517709014Compound SentenceA sentence with more than one subject or predicate70
10517710173Complex Sentencea sentence containing a subordinate clause or clauses.71
10517711087Simple Sentencea sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate.72
10517712423Compound-Complex Sentencea sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.73
10517714646Cumulative Sentencean independent clause followed by a series of subordinate constructions that gather details about a person, place, event, or idea.74
10517715606Periodic SentenceHas the main clause or predicate at the end75
10517717312Declarative SentenceStates a fact, describes things that make a definite statement76
10517720331Interrogative Sentenceis a type of sentence that asks a question77
10517721502Imperative Sentenceis a type of sentence that gives instructions or advice, and expresses a command, an order, a direction, or a request.78

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