Flashcards
AP Bio - Meiosis & Genetics! Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9554870090 | mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes | 0 | |
| 9554881677 | meiosis | the process by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half to form sex cells | 1 | |
| 9554888355 | interphase | first stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA | 2 | |
| 9554900428 | cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells | 3 | |
| 9554903140 | prophase | Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs. | 4 | |
| 9554905179 | metaphase | Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell | 5 | |
| 9555708387 | anaphase | the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle | 6 | |
| 9555711587 | telophase | Division of the nucleus | 7 | |
| 9555753259 | F1 generation | the first generation of offspring obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms | 8 | |
| 9555755943 | F2 generation | Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation. | 9 | |
| 9555758368 | test cross | Cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype | 10 | |
| 9555762188 | genotype | genetic makeup of an organism | 11 | |
| 9555781607 | phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism | 12 | |
| 9555783923 | recessive | trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait | 13 | |
| 9555786609 | dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present | 14 | |
| 9555789232 | homozygous | having two identical alleles for a trait | 15 | |
| 9555791612 | heterozygous | having two different alleles for a trait | 16 | |
| 9555794162 | incomplete dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another - a blend | 17 | |
| 9555797720 | codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed and equally dominant | 18 | |
| 9555804530 | allele | different forms of a gene | 19 | |
| 9555807587 | gene | a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait | 20 | |
| 9555812110 | chromosome | tightly wound strand of genetic material or DNA | 21 | |
| 9555826259 | chromatid | one half of a duplicated chromosome | 22 | |
| 9555831659 | nondisjunction | error in meiosis in which the homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly | 23 | |
| 9555834553 | karyotype | picture of all of an organism's homologous chromosomes arranged in decreasing size | 24 | |
| 9555917206 | sex-linked | inheritance controlled by a gene on the X or Y chromosome | 25 | |
| 9555977532 | mutation | a permanent change in DNA | 26 | |
| 9556623125 | duplication | change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated | 27 | |
| 9556628304 | deletion | the loss of all or part of a chromosome | 28 | |
| 9556633529 | inversion | the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed or switched | 29 | |
| 9556645146 | translocation | part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another | 30 | |
| 9556655242 | autosomal | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, body cells | 31 | |
| 9556658850 | pedigree | A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family. | 32 | |
| 9556664637 | homologous chromosomes | Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes. | 33 | |
| 9556667532 | crossing over | Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis. | 34 | |
| 9556669973 | recombination | the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event | 35 | |
| 9556676417 | map units | a unit of measurement of the distance between genes | 36 | |
| 9556680306 | frequency of recombination (RF) | the proportion of recombinant chromosomes among the total number of chromosomes observed | 37 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Government: The Presidency and the Bureaucracy Flashcards
AP Test Prep
Terms : Hide Images
| 9711685095 | Divided Government | Governance divided between the parties, as when one holds the presidency and the other controls one or both houses of Congress. |  | 0 |
| 9711685096 | Unified Government | A government in which the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress | 1 | |
| 9711685097 | Representative Democracy | A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people. | 2 | |
| 9711685098 | Direct Democracy | A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives | 3 | |
| 9711685099 | Electoral College | a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president | 4 | |
| 9711685100 | Faithless Electors | Members of the United States Electoral College who do not cast their electoral votes for the people they have pledged to vote for. | 5 | |
| 9711685101 | Pyramid Structure | A president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff. | 6 | |
| 9711685102 | Circular Structure | a method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president | 7 | |
| 9711685103 | Ad Hoc Structure | Several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report directly to the president on different matters | 8 | |
| 9711685104 | Cabinet | persons appointed by a head of state to head executive departments of government and act as official advisers | 9 | |
| 9711685105 | Executive Office of the President | The cluster of presidential staff agencies that help the president carry out his responsibilities. Currently the office includes the Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisers, and several other units. | 10 | |
| 9711685106 | Office of Management and Budget (OMB) | the office that prepares the president's annual budget proposal, reviews the budget and programs of the executive departments, supplies economic forecasts, and conducts detailed analyses of proposed bills and agency rules. | 11 | |
| 9711685107 | National Security Council (NSC) | An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisors. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security advisor. | 12 | |
| 9711685108 | Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) | Has 3 members, appointed by the President. They help the President make policy on inflation, unemployment, & other economic matters. | 13 | |
| 9711685109 | Executive Agencies | Federal agencies that are part of the executive branch but outside the structure of cabinet departments. Their heads typically serve at the pleasure of the president and can be removed at the president's discretion. | 14 | |
| 9711685110 | Independent Agencies | Federal regulatory agencies that are independent, thus not fully under the power of the president. Ex. Federal Trade Commission, Securities and Exchange Commission. | 15 | |
| 9711685111 | Acting Appointments | Most appointments are in the President's cabinet, and ambassadors. When those appointments resign, become too ill, die in office, and can no longer function in the position, a temporary member of their staff, usually a deputy or asssistant, assumes their role until the President can nominate, and the Senate approve, a new appointment. | 16 | |
| 9711685112 | Presidential Honeymoon | The period of about 100 days when a newly elected president takes office and the opposing party, media, etc. will not be politically critical of him | 17 | |
| 9711685113 | Veto Message | A message from the president to Congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within ten days of the bill's passage. Ex:, 1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners. | 18 | |
| 9711685114 | Pocket Veto | when a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it | 19 | |
| 9711685115 | Line-Item Veto | Presidential power to strike, or remove, specific items from a spending bill without vetoing the entire package; declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. | 20 | |
| 9711685116 | Clinton v. New York City (1998) | The Supreme Court ruled that the line-item veto was unconstitutional because it gave powers to the president denied him by the U.S. Constitution. Significant alterations of executive/congressional powers, said the court, require constitutional amendment. | 21 | |
| 9711685117 | Executive Privilege | The power to keep executive communications confidential, especially if they relate to national security. (U.S. v. Nixon) | 22 | |
| 9711685118 | United States v. Nixon (1973) | President does not have absolute privilege against production of relevant information in a criminal investigation, and against the judiciary branch. Check on the president's power. | 23 | |
| 9711685119 | Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act (1974) | an act designed to reform the congressional budgetary process, including by forcing Congress to look at the budget as a whole. It was intended to make Congress less dependent on the president's budget and better able to set and meet its own budgetary goals. | 24 | |
| 9711685120 | Impoundment | Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated. | 25 | |
| 9711685121 | War Powers Act (1973) | Required Nixon and any future president to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action, it further provided that Congress would have to approve any military action that lasted more than 60 days | 26 | |
| 9711685122 | Trustee Approach and Delegate Model | trustee--do what is best regardless of voter opinion; delegate--do what the voters want | 27 | |
| 9711685123 | Independent Counsel Law | Law that allows the attorney general to appoint an individual to investigate high-profile members of the federal government when suspected of wrong-doing. | 28 | |
| 9711685124 | Lame Duck | an outgoing official serving out the remainder of a term, after retiring or being defeated for reelection | 29 | |
| 9711685125 | Presidential Succession Act of 1947 | Designated order of succession should a president die in office or resign; after Vice President, the order is: Speaker of the House; President Pro Tem of the Senate; Secretary of State; followed by all other cabinet secretaries in the order in which their departments were created. | 30 | |
| 9711685126 | 12th Amendment | Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president. | 31 | |
| 9711685127 | 22nd Amendment | Passed in 1951, after FDR's three terms, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office. | 32 | |
| 9711685128 | 25th Amendment | Adopted in 1967 to establish procedures for filling vacancies in the office of president and vice president as well as providing for procedures to deal with the disability of a president. | 33 | |
| 9711685129 | Impeachment | The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may impeach the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." (The Senate confirms if he should be removed from office) | 34 | |
| 9711685130 | Bully Pulpit | the president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American public | 35 | |
| 9711685131 | Inherent Power | A power of the president derived from the statements in the Constitution that "the executive Power shall be vested in a President" and that the president should "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed"; defined through practice rather than through law. (Like Congress' enumerated powers) | 36 | |
| 9711685132 | Executive Orders | Formal orders issued by the president to direct action by the bureaucracy. | 37 | |
| 9711685133 | Approval Ratings | The percentage of survey respondents who say that they "approve" or "strongly approve" of the way the president is doing his job. Reflects positively/negatively on Congress' decisions. | 38 | |
| 9711685134 | Imperial Presidency | Term used to describe a president as an "emperor" who acts without consulting Congress or acts in secrecy to evade or deceive congress | 39 | |
| 9711685135 | Rule of Propinquity | The closer (physically) you are to the president, the more influence you have over the president and the decisions he/she makes. Also, those in the room with the president at the time decisions are made have the most influence. Ex. First Lady | 40 | |
| 9711685136 | Bureaucracy | system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials | 41 | |
| 9711685137 | Patronage | (politics) granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support | 42 | |
| 9711685138 | Spoils System | The practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs. Jackson made this practice famous for the way he did it on a wide scale. | 43 | |
| 9711685139 | Pendleton Act (1883) | authorized a bipartisan civil service commision to make appointments to federal jobs through the merit system on the basis of preformance on an examintaion | 44 | |
| 9711685140 | Laissez-Faire Economics | Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property. | 45 | |
| 9711685141 | "Supply-Side" Economics | An economic philosophy that holds the sharply cutting taxes will increase the incentive people have to work, save, and invest. Greater investments will lead to more jobs, a more productive economy, and more tax revenues for the government. Ex. George H. W. Bush | 46 | |
| 9711685142 | "Trickle Down" Theory | Benefits and tax cuts to businesses and the rich will benefit those with less as well, wealth will trickle down. (Reagenomics) | 47 | |
| 9711685143 | Keynesian Economy | business cycles are not natural, and are signs of problem. the government can and should help. encourage demand side policies (Bill Clinton) | 48 | |
| 9711685144 | Monetary Policy | Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and thus interest rates. | 49 | |
| 9711685145 | 16th Amendment | Amendment to the United States Constitution (1913) gave Congress the power to tax income. | 50 | |
| 9711685146 | Discretionary Authority | the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose coarses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws | 51 | |
| 9711685147 | Competitive Service | the government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or by applying certain selection criteria | 52 | |
| 9711685148 | Office of Personnel Management (OPM) | The office in charge of hiring for most agencies of the federal government, using elaborate rules in the process. | 53 | |
| 9711685149 | Excepted Service | Appointed of officials not based on the criteria specified by OPM | 54 | |
| 9711685150 | Merit System | hiring people into government jobs on the basis of their qualifications, rather than patronage. | 55 | |
| 9711685151 | Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 | recognized that many high level positions in the civil service have important policy making responsibilities and that the president and his cabinet officers ought to have more flexibility in recruiting, assigning, and paying such people. | 56 | |
| 9711685152 | Hatch Act (1933, 1993) | 1993: prohibits federal employees from engaging in certain political activities (running partisan elections, making or soliciting political contributions, influencing elections, running for office as a member of a political party, etc...) 1993: Allow most federal employees to take an active part in partisan political management and partisan political campaigns. | 57 | |
| 9711685153 | Whistle Blower Protection Act (1989) | Created the Office of Special Counsel to investigate complaints from bureaucrats that were punished after reporting to Congress about waste, fraud, or abuse in their agencies. (WHISTLE BLOWER) | 58 | |
| 9711685154 | Issue Network | Relationships among interest groups, congressional committees and subcommittees, and the government agencies that share a common policy concern. | 59 | |
| 9711685155 | Authorization Legislation | Legislation that originates in a legislative committee stating the maximum amount of money that an agency may spend on a given program, and permission on whether to put a plan into action at all. | 60 | |
| 9711685156 | Appropriations | the amounts of money approved by Congress in statutes (bills) that each unit or agency of government can spend | 61 | |
| 9711685157 | Committee Clearance | the right of committees to disapprove of certain agency actions | 62 | |
| 9711685158 | Legislative Veto | The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power | 63 | |
| 9711685159 | INS v. Chadha (1983) | 1983, the Supreme Court case that ruled legislative vetoes were unconstitutional, but Congress continues to enact laws containing them. | 64 | |
| 9711685160 | Red Tape | Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done | 65 | |
| 9711685161 | National Performance Review | called the plan to reinvent government led by VP Al Gore; make it easier for pres and cabinet secretaries to run bureaucracy; efficiency accountability and consistent policies | 66 | |
| 9711685162 | Going Native | Administrators identifying themselves with the interests of their own departments and promoting such interests contrary to the policy preferences of the President | 67 | |
| 9711685163 | Freedom of Information Act (1966) | Provides a system for the public to obtain government records, as long as they do not invade individuals' privacy, reveal trade secrets, or endanger military security. | 68 | |
| 9711685164 | National Environmental Policy Act (1969) | Environmental Impact statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands is started. Created a council on environmental quality. | 69 |
AP Biology Cell and Organelles Flashcards
Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.
Terms : Hide Images
| 14924053455 | organelles | membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell |  | 0 |
| 14924053456 | cytosol | a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found |  | 1 |
| 14924053457 | eukaryotic cell | Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |  | 2 |
| 14924053458 | prokaryotic cell | Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles |  | 3 |
| 14924053459 | nucleoid region | a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found |  | 4 |
| 14924053460 | cytoplasm | the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles |  | 5 |
| 14924053461 | plasma membrane | The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell |  | 6 |
| 14924053462 | nucleus | chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell |  | 7 |
| 14924053463 | nuclear envelope | encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm |  | 8 |
| 14924053465 | chromosomes | tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division) |  | 9 |
| 14924053466 | chromatin | loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA |  | 10 |
| 14924053467 | nucleolus | located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes |  | 11 |
| 14924053468 | ribosomes | made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins |  | 12 |
| 14924053469 | endomembrane system | membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane. |  | 13 |
| 14924053470 | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope |  | 14 |
| 14924053471 | smooth ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels |  | 15 |
| 14924053472 | rough ER | portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins |  | 16 |
| 14924053473 | glycoproteins | proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction |  | 17 |
| 14924053474 | transport vesicles | vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another |  | 18 |
| 14924053475 | Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |  | 19 |
| 14924053476 | lysosome | membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials |  | 20 |
| 14924053477 | phagocytosis | the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle |  | 21 |
| 14924053481 | central vacuole | the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells |  | 22 |
| 14924053482 | mitochondria | chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration |  | 23 |
| 14924053483 | chloroplasts | contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis |  | 24 |
| 14924053484 | cristae | infoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |  | 25 |
| 14924053485 | mitochondrial matrix | compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle |  | 26 |
| 14924053487 | thylakoids | flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs |  | 27 |
| 14924053488 | granum | stacks of thylakoids |  | 28 |
| 14924053489 | stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area |  | 29 |
| 14924053490 | cytoskeleton | a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm |  | 30 |
| 14924053491 | microtubules | hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell |  | 31 |
| 14924053492 | centrosome | a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division |  | 32 |
| 14924053493 | centrioles | cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |  | 33 |
| 14924053494 | flagella | a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement |  | 34 |
| 14924053495 | cilia | a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion | | 35 |
| 14924053496 | microfilaments | the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts |  | 36 |
| 14924053497 | actin | a globular protein that makes up microfilaments |  | 37 |
| 14924053498 | pseudopodia | cellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface |  | 38 |
| 14924053501 | cell wall | extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake |  | 39 |
| 14924053502 | primary cell wall | a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell |  | 40 |
| 14924053504 | secondary cell wall | a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support | | 41 |
| 14924053505 | extracellular matrix | where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides |  | 42 |
| 14924053506 | collagen | most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells |  | 43 |
| 14924053507 | plasmodesmata | channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants |  | 44 |
| 14924053508 | tight junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins |  | 45 |
| 14924053509 | desmosomes | intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets |  | 46 |
| 14924053510 | gap junctions | intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants |  | 47 |
Flashcards
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
