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AP Literature Flashcards Flashcards

12076679303	Anglo-Norman	the dialect of Norman French that developed in England Ex. Mostly Epics	0
12076679304	Atheistic Existentialism	Sees life as absurd, but also sees human beings as totally free to make their own meaning in the face of this absurdity Ex. Henry in A Farewell to Arms	1
12076679305	Scholarly	concerned with academic learning or research Ex. Amir's dad in the Kite Runner	2
12076679306	Malapropism	a word humorously misused Ex. "Literally"	3
12076679307	Flowery Language	very elaborate, ornate, and often poetic/literary way of speaking or writing Ex. The Scarlet Letter	4
12076679308	Portmanteau	a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings Ex. Smog	5
12076679309	Archetype	a very typical example of a certain person or thing Ex. One Dimensional Character	6
12076679310	Flat Character	A character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story Ex. Background Character	7
12076679311	Foil	A character who acts as a contrast to another character Ex. Henry's friend in A Farewell to Arms	8
12076679312	Stock Character	the stereotyped character in which he is immediately known from typical characters in history Ex. Reused character types	9
12076679313	Turing Point	the point in a work in which a very significant change occurs Ex. Hassan getting raped	10
12076679314	In Medias Res	in or into the middle of a plot; into the middle of things Ex. When Henry goes back to war in A Farewell to Arms	11
12076679315	Denouement	an outcome; result Ex. End of the story	12
12076679316	Epistolary Novel	a novel written as a series of documents Ex. The Things we Carried (Anthology)	13
12076679317	Anachroism	someone or something existing out of its proper time Ex. When Amir goes back to his homeland	14
12076679318	Bildungsroman	A coming of age story Ex. Tangerine	15
12076679319	Resources of Prose	Ordinary Speech Ex. Dialogue in A Farewell to Arms	16
12076679320	Anachronism	something out of place in time Ex. Amir when he goes back to his homeland	17
12076679321	Kenning	A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "whale-road" for ocean. Ex. Early form of a metaphor	18
12076679322	Kinesthetic	Relates to interaction with people and objects in real space. Ex. Characters having a meal	19
12076679323	Gustatory	relating to the sense of taste Ex. Characters eating	20
12076679324	Litote	A figure of speech that emphasizes its subject by conscious understatement Ex. Constantly undermining the speaker	21
12076679325	Syllepsis	a construction in which one word is used in two different senses ("After he threw the ball, he threw a fit.")	22
12076679326	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	23
12076679327	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	24
12076679328	elegy	a sad or mournful poem	25
12076679329	Epic	A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds	26
12076679330	Synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa	27
12076679331	Metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	28
12076679332	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant	29
12076679333	Cliché	a worn-out idea or overused expression	30
12076679334	Idiom	A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally.	31
12076679335	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	32
12076679336	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	33
12076679337	heroic couplet	two end-stopped iambic pentameter lines rhymed aa, bb, cc with the thought usually completed in the two-line unit	34
12076679338	iambic pentameter	a poetic meter that is made up of 5 stressed syllables each followed by an unstressed syllable	35
12076679339	Satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	36
12076679340	direct/indirect characterization	The two primary methods that an author uses to reveal what a character is like and how the character changes throughout the story	37
12076679341	frame story	a story within a story	38
12076679342	social commentary	writing that offers insight into society, its values, and its customs	39
12076679343	frivolity	lack of seriousness	40
12076679344	fortituitous	happening by chance	41
12076679345	Hubris	excessive pride	42
12076679346	inane	(adj.) silly, empty of meaning or value	43
12076679347	abrogate	to abolish	44
12076679348	acerbic	biting, bitter in tone or taste	45
12076679349	vehemently	marked by intense force or emotion	46
12076679350	vilify	slander	47
12076679351	vested	significant to one's own profit or well-being	48
12076679352	visceral	pertaining to the internal organs	49
12076679353	whereby	by which	50
12076679354	wrought	shaped; made	51
12076679355	whereas	While on the contrary, considering that	52
12076689631	Dramatic Irony	when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't	53
12777595609	Monologue	(n.) a speech by one actor; a long talk by one person	54
12777595610	Soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	55
12777605198	Aside	a line spoken by an actor to the audience but not intended for others on the stage	56
12777607676	dramatic monologue	when a single speaker in literature says something to a silent audience	57
12777607677	ridicule	to make fun of	58
12777610144	Hyperbole	exaggeration	59
12777625031	Understatement	the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.	60
12777659746	Sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	61
12777662193	humor	Anything that causes laughter or amusement	62
12777672583	Wit	intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights	63
12777675667	irony/ironic	the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant	64
12777681635	Hamartia	tragic flaw	65
12777681817	Catharsis	a release of emotional tension	66
12777732866	Peripety	Reversal in the hero's fortunes.	67
12777739747	clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	68
12777742969	independent	A voter or candidate who does not identify with a political party.	69
12777746570	subordinate	lower in rank or position	70
12777748930	phase	any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties	71
12777750925	Appositive	A word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.	72
12777753466	Prepositional	a modifying phrase consisting of a preposition and its object.	73
12777759855	infinitive phrase	Phrases that begin with an infinitive. (to + simple form of the verb)	74
12777763620	gerund phrase	Begins with noun form of verb ending in -ing, plus any modifiers or complements	75
12777774297	participal phrase	phrase that begins with a verbal ending in -ing or -ed - Serves as an adjective	76
12777807919	Telegraphic sentence length	shorter than 5 words	77
12777812450	Short sentence length	approximately 5 words in length	78
12777831187	medium sentence length	Approximately 18 words in length	79
12777835441	long and involved sentence	30 words or more in length	80
12777838078	simple	one layer	81
12777842117	Compound	a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.	82
12777975692	complex	complicated	83
12777979517	Compound-Complex	a sentence having two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	84
12778010671	fragments	an incomplete sentence	85
12778078144	Run-ons	two sentences written as if they were one	86
12779192294	Ballad	A poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas	87
12779333902	pastoral poem	refers to literary works that deal with works that deal with the simple rural life or with escape to a similar place and time	88
12779429356	idyll	a lyric poem or passage that describes a kind of ideal life or place	89
12779429357	lyric poetry	A short poem in which a single speaker expresses personal thoughts and feelings	90
12779465812	song	rhyme to a tune	91
12779474797	Ode	A lyric poem usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.	92
12779478598	Shakesperian sonnet	It has three four-line units, or quatrains, followed by a con¬ cluding two-line unit, or couplet.	93
12779483843	Petrarchan sonnet	a sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	94
12779483844	Spenserian Sonnet	abab bcbc cdcd ee	95
12779530067	Cinquain	a five line stanza	96
12779530068	Villanelle	A 19 line form using only two rhymes and repeating two of the lines according to a set pattern	97
12779539573	complaint	a formal notice that a lawsuit is being brought	98
12779565359	metaphysical poetry	The work of poets, particularly those of the seventeenth century, that uses elaborate conceits, is highly intellectual, and expresses the complexities of love and life	99
12779614353	argument	A statement put forth and supported by evidence	100
12779622201	cause and effect	The reason something happens and the result of it happening.	101
12779626352	Classification and Division	a pattern of writing or speaking which is characterized by division, which is the process of breaking a whole into parts, and classification, which is the often subsequent process of sorting individual items into categories	102
12779638353	comparison and contrast	A mode of discourse in which two or more things are compared and contrasted. Comparison often refers to similarities, contrast to differences.	103
12779643975	definition	A statement that gives the meaning of a term.	104
12779648203	description	a spoken or written summary of observations	105
12779664562	Exposition	a comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory.	106
12779671527	Narration	the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse	107
12779685909	Process Analysis	A method of paragraph or essay development by which a writer explains step by step how something is done or how to do something.	108
12779685910	Style Analysis	Spoken or written analysis or discourse about literature. It tries to help us better understand a work, not just evaluate the work. The ten critical approaches to literature are: Formalist criticism; Biographical criticism; Historical criticism; Psychological criticism; Mythological criticism; Sociological criticism; Gender criticism; Reader-response criticism; Deconstructionist criticism; Cultural studies	109
12779692746	Synthesis	combination	110
12779706188	purpose	the goal the speaker wants to achieve	111
12779709548	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	112
12779714242	Appeals to logic	Logos	113
12779723902	inductive reasoning	A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.	114
12779741707	deductive reasoning	reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)	115
12779764066	Syllogism	A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.	116
12779771827	Arguments	The values that the programmer provides in the function call.	117
12779775432	Analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way	118
12779779910	logical fallacy	a mistake in reasoning	119
12779791091	ad hominem	a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute	120
12779796279	Ad Misericordiam (Appeal to Pity)	trying to make people feel sorry for one rather than using logic to sway them	121
12779802386	ad populum	bandwagon appeal	122
12779864538	Ad vernicundium	appeal to authority	123
12779869755	begging the question	A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.	124
12779875057	either/or fallacy	oversimplifying an issue as offering only two choices	125
12779875059	False Analogy	When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them.	126
12779877659	guilt	Blame directed toward one's self based on real or unreal conditions	127
12779881303	Hasty Generalization	A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.	128
12779886358	loaded words	Words which are slanted for or against the subject. Scotland stole a goal in the first half, but England's efforts were well rewarded in the second half when... Can you guess which side the reporter comes from?	129
12779889012	Bandwagon	A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.	130
12779889013	Card Stacking	propaganda technique involving the use of showing one-sided information	131
12779891645	Testimonial	attempts to persuade the reader by using a famous person to endorse a product or idea	132
12779895406	Old English	The Anglo-Saxon language spoken from approximately 450 to 1150 A.D. in what is now Great Britain.	133
12779916303	Anglo-Saxon	The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India.	134
12779916304	Middle English	The language spoken in England roughly between 1150 and 1500 A.D.	135
12779921664	Reinassance	rebirth	136
12779921665	Neoclassicism	the revival of a classical style or treatment in art, literature, architecture, or music.	137
12779924375	Romanticism	19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason	138
12779927200	Transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.	139
12779927201	elevated	to raise	140
12779930128	formal operational stage	in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts	141
12779934443	scholary	concerned with academic learning or research	142
12779938172	standard	exact, agreed-upon quantity used for comparison	143
12779938174	colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing	144
12779941725	low	low	145
12779944301	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	146
12779944302	slang	informal language	147
12779946924	vulgar	common people	148

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AP language concepts review Flashcards

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13423447849	logos (logical appeal)	When a writer tries to persuade the audience based on statistics, facts, and reasons. The process of reasoning	0
13423447850	pathos (emotional appeal)	When a writer appeals to readers' emotions to excite and involve them in the argument	1
13423447851	ethos (ethical appeal)	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence	2
13423447852	aristotle	Greek philosopher. The Aristotelian argument was based on his teachings, that's made to confirm a position or hypothesis to refute an existing argument	3
13423447853	syllogism	A form of reasoning in which two states are made and a conclusion is drawn from them. The format of a formal argument that consists of a major premise, a minor premise and a conclusion	4
13423447903	invention	a speaker's "hunt" for arguments that will be effective in a particular speech or piece of writing	5
13423447854	rhetoric	a technique of using language effectively and persuasively in spoken or written form	6
13423447855	rhetorical context	the circumstances in which a text is written, including the intended audience, the author's aim or purpose in writing, and the audience's preexisting ideas and opinions	7
13423447856	arrangement	refers to structuring ideas to convey them effectively to an audience	8
13423447857	style	An author's characteristic manner of expression - his or her diction, syntax, imagery, structure, and content all contribute to style	9
13423447858	periodic sentence	A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. Used for emphasis and can be persuasive by putting reasons for something at the beginning before the final point is made	10
13423447859	metaphor	A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable	11
13423447860	antithesis	The presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause or paragraphs.	12
13423447861	paralellism	the technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form	13
13423447862	anaphora	the repetition of a certain word or phrase at the beginning of successive lines of writing or speech	14
13423447904	toulmin scheme	a method of constructing and/or analysing an argument, broken down into six main parts: claim, reasons, warrant, grounds, backing, conditions of rebuttal, qualifier	15
13423447905	claim	a statement that asserts something to be true, can be factual or a judgement	16
13423447863	coordination	the joining of words, phrases, or clauses of the same type to give them equal emphasis and importance through the use of common conjunctions and, but, for, or, not, yet and so	17
13423447864	subordination	the process of linking two clauses in a sentence so that one clause is dependent on another	18
13423447865	diction	Word choice, an element of style; it creates tone, attitude, and style, as well as meaning. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning.	19
13423447866	syntax	the grammatical structure of a sentence; the arrangement of words in a sentence. Includes length of sentence and kind of sentences (question, exclamations, simple, complex, etc.)	20
13423447867	tone	the characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience (anger, sarcastic, loving, didactic, emotional, etc.)	21
13423447868	reasons	the points, or evidence that explain why the author is making a certain claim	22
13423447869	warrant	interprets the data and shows how it supports a claim, explains why the data proves the claim	23
13423447870	grounds	this is the evidence that functions as the foundation and support for the claim	24
13423447871	audience	the person or persons who are intended to read a piece of writing	25
13423447872	speaker	a term used for the author or the person whose perspective (real or imagined) is being advanced in a speech or piece of writing	26
13423447873	backing	In the Toulmin model, it's the support or explanation provided for the warrant	27
13423447874	rebuttal	a speaker or writer uses argument and presents reasoning or evidence intended to undermine or weaken another claim	28
13423447875	qualifier	In the Toulmin model, it uses words like usually, probably, maybe, in most cases, and most likely to temper the claim, making it less absolute	29
13423447876	counterargument	an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward	30
13423447877	rhetorical triangle	a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience	31
13423447878	rogerian approach	negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach an agreement	32
13423447879	logical fallacy	an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid	33
13423447880	reduction	to reduce an agreement to absurdity, by drawing conclusions with logical limits or by showing ridiculous consequences	34
13423447881	irony	a figure of speech that uses of words to express something other than and especially the opposite of the literal meaning	35
13423447882	absurdity	the quality or state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable	36
13423447883	follies	lack of good sense, understanding, or foresight	37
13423447884	vices	an immoral or evil habit or practice	38
13423447885	exaggeration	a statement that describes something as better or worse than it really is	39
13423447886	incongruity	to present things that are out of place or are absurd in relation to its surroundings	40
13423447887	parody	A work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements. It can be utterly mocking or gently humorous	41
13423447906	reversal	to present the opposite of the normal order, can focus on the order of events, hierarchical order, etc.	42
13423447888	understatement	a figure of speech employed by writers or speakers to intentionally make a situation seem less important than it really is	43
13423447889	wit	a form of intelligent humour, the ability to say or write things that are clever and usually funny	44
13423447890	sarcasm	harsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule, less subtle than irony	45
13423447891	invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language	46
13423447892	horation	gentle, sympathetic form of satire with subject mildly made fun of; the audience is asked to laugh at themselves as much as the players	47
13423447893	juvenalian	harsh and bitter satire	48
13423447894	visual rhetoric	A form of rhetoric and communication through the use of visual images, typography and texts. Encompasses the skill of visual literacy and the ability to analyse images for their meaning.	49
13423447895	antecedents	a literary device in which a word of pronoun in a line of sentence refers to an earlier word	50
13423447896	juxtaposition	a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts	51
13423447897	synthesis	a written work that takes a unique viewpoint about a central idea, theme or topic and backs it up with a combination of multiple sources	52
13423447898	euphemism	a more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable	53
13423447899	connotation	implied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind	54
13423447900	idiom	an expression that takes on a figurative meaning when certain words are combined, which is different from the literal definition of the individual words	55
13423447901	asyndeton	the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence	56
13423447902	polysyndeton	conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed	57
13424368566	Who wrote In Cold Blood?	Truman Capote	58
13424368567	who wrote The Stranger in the Photo is Me?	Donald M. Murray	59
13424368568	who wrote On Natural Death?	Lewis Thomas	60
13424368569	Who wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass?	Frederick Douglass	61
13424368570	who wrote There Are No Children Here?	Alex Kotlowitz	62

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AP Biology UNIT-6 Flashcards

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12245562895	DNA Replication	process of copying DNA	0
12245564214	Transformation	A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.	1
12352501014	Hershey and Chase	DNA is the genetic material, not protein; blender experiment.	2
12352513158	T.H. Morgan	genes are on chromosomes(fruit flies); tested whether genes are protein or DNA	3
12352558906	Transforming Factor	The DNA responsible for bacterial transformation.	4
12352577924	Rosalind Franklin	Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA.	5
12352582569	Watson and Crick	Developed the double helix model of DNA.	6
12352586444	Melson and Stahl	Supported models of DNA. (Semi conservative replication)	7
12352622845	Semi Conservative Replication	in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new	8
12352631024	Why does adenine bond with thymine?	Adenine, a purine, and thymine, a pyrimidine, bond with each other because they both have two hydrogen bonds	9
12352634114	Why does guanine bond with cytosine?	Guanine, a purine, bonds with cytosine, a pyrimidine, because they both have three hydrogen bonds	10
12352636221	Purines	Adenine and Guanine	11
12352652231	Pyrimidines	Cytosine and Thymine	12
12352696569	how is bacterial DNA replication accomplished?	Replisome (helicase, topoisomerases and DNA polymerase III) directs bidirectional DNA replication from a single origin of replication.	13
12352745395	Prokaryotes	No nucleus	14
12352747343	Eukaryotes	contain nuclei	15
12352751613	DNA polymerase	Enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule	16
12352779134	DNA is antiparallel	strands run in opposite direction and replication is semiconservative- each strand acts as a parent strand for the new molecules	17
12352804319	Leading Strand	synthesized continuously	18
12352806537	Lagging Strand	The strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections called Okazaki fragments	19
12352811607	Okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase.	20
12352832888	DNA Ligase	enzyme that chemically links DNA fragments together	21
12352835925	Primer	a short stretch of RNA with a free 3' end, bound with DNA nucleotides during DNA replication	22
12352852448	Helicase	unwinds DNA	23
12352855215	Single Stranded Binding Protein	Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template.	24
12352916892	Topiosomerase	snips away pieces to loosen DNA strands to release tension	25
12352919462	Primase	synthesizes RNA primer	26
12352925949	DNA polymerase III	- used by prokaryotes - can synthesize a new strand of DNA - read template DNA 3'to5' - synthesize new strand 5'to3'	27
12352939952	DNA Polymerase I	removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA	28
12353031427	Telomeres	the ends of chromosomes; their length decreases with each cell duplication.	29
12353038765	Telomerase	catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells	30
12353044528	Nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme	31
12353048263	Mismatch Repair	repair enzymes correct errors in base pairing	32
12353160888	Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM)	symptoms of an inherited disease that lead to an inability to produce a certain enzyme.	33
12353193342	Bacteria Cell	Lacks nucleus, RNA produced by transcription	34
12353220561	Eukaryotic Cells	The cell provides separate area for transcription.	35
12353229941	Transcription	synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template	36
12353233222	Translation	Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced	37
12353236302	Replication	Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA	38
12353266703	Beadle and Tatum	one gene dictates the mutations of one enzyme	39
12353343621	Template Strand	the strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule	40
12353363371	Codon	In mRNA, a nucleotide base triplet that codes for an amino acid or stop signal during translation	41
12353366914	Anticodon	a nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule	42
12353445510	Nirenberg	determined the first match: UUU coded for the amino acid phenylalanine.	43
12353448590	Reading Frame	Reading mRNA nucleotides in the correct groupings.	44
12353454761	Prokaryotic Promoter	establishes where RNA synthesis is initiated.	45
12353458371	Prokaryotic Termination	Sequence of Nucleotide, marks end of gene, signals to release newly made RNA from DNA	46
12353505425	Prokaryotic Termination of Transcription	Proceeds through a termination sequence	47
12353559539	Eukaryotic Termination of Transcription	Pre mRNA is cleaved from growing RNA chains while polymerase II continues.	48
12353689031	Why is RNA processing necessary?	RNA processing is necessary to protect message and attach to ribosome	49
12353686446	What does adding a 5' cap and poly A tail mean ?	They fluctuate export of mRNA from nucleus and protect mRNA from degeneration	50
12353707831	mRNA	messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome	51
12353711097	tRNA	transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome	52
12353714248	RNA splicing	removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence	53
12353722282	Introns	Noncoding segments of nucleic acid.	54
12353726843	Exons	coding segments of DNA	55
12353732681	Splicesome	1) assembled from snRNPs (snurps) and protein complexes 2) enzyme that carries out RNA splicing; \| 3) removes introns from a transcribed pre-mRNA (splicing)	56
12353754302	snRPS	short nucleic segments at the end of the intros that signal where it will splice.	57
12353837044	Ribozymes	catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA	58
12353841733	UTR	untranslated region	59
12353848248	Alternative RNA splicing	Some genes can encode more than one kind of polypeptide, depending on which segments are treated as exons during splicing	60
12353858339	Domains	Discrete structural and functional regions of proteins.	61
12353959735	animoacyl-tRNA synthetase	Joins the correct amino acids and prevents mutations.	62
12353986616	What is a Wobble	Wobble explains why the synonymous codons for a given amino acid can differ in their third base, but usually not in their other bases	63
12354063425	polyribosomes	Strings of ribosomes that work together to translate a RNA message.	64
12354067491	Signal Peptide	A stretch of amino acids on a polypeptide that targets the protein to a specific destination in a eukaryotic cell.	65
12354073622	Mutation	A change in a gene or chromosome.	66
12354075742	Point Mutation	gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed	67
12354078347	Base-Pair Substitution	type of mutation in which a single base pair changes	68
12354082528	Missense	a mutation that changes one amino acid	69
12354084526	Nonsense	codon changed to a stop codon	70
12354089841	Insertions	additions of nucleotide pairs in a gene	71
12354089842	Deletion	removals of nucleotide pairs in a gene	72
12354099015	Frame-shift Mutation	a mutation involving the addition or loss of nucleotides	73
12354102695	Mutagen	A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.	74
12354137306	A summary of transcription and translation in a eukaryotic cell.		75

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Unit 5 terms AP world history- textbook- Traditions and Encounters Flashcards

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12395698581	Reconquista	Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.	0
12395702332	Caravel	A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.	1
12395708405	lateen sails	a triangular sail on a long yard at an angle of 45° to the mast.	2
12395711586	Volta do mar	"Returning through the sea," a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.	3
12395716260	Prince Henry the Navigator	(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.	4
12395719147	Bartolomeu Dias	Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.	5
12395723302	Vasco de Gama (Portugal)	First European to reach India	6
12395728520	Christopher Columbus	He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.	7
12395736802	Fernando and Isabel	the king and queen of Spain, underwrote Columbus's voyage	8
12395740142	Vasco Nunez de Balboa	Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama	9
12395742808	Ferdiniand Magellan	a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth	10
12395750170	Sir Francis Drake	English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)	11
12395762984	Vitus Bering	Danish explorer who explored the northern Pacific Ocean for the Russians and discovered the Bering Strait (1681-1741)	12
12395766174	James Cook	English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779).	13
12395772857	Afonso de Albuquerque	Portuguese naval/military leader who ended Muslim control of the Indian Ocean trade--took Goa, Moluccas, and held much of SE under Portuguese control	14
12395783156	Columbian Exchange	The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.	15
12395786390	VOC	united east India company	16
12395803280	Seven Years War	(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.	17
12395806574	Smallpox	A highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, weakness, and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs; responsible for killing Native Americans.	18
12901832149	95 Theses	Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.	19
12901834201	John Calvin	1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.	20
12901836260	Indulgence	a pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin	21
12901837504	Henry VIII	English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)	22
12901839916	Reformation	A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.	23
12901840935	Diet of Worms	Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.	24
12901842699	Council of Trent	A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.	25
12901846421	Jesuits	Also known as the Society of Jesus; as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.	26
12901849791	St. Ignatius of Loyola	Founder of the Jesuits	27
12901852011	Huguenots	French Calvinists	28
12901854108	30 years war	(1618-1648) This Bourbon vs. Habsburg War resulted from a conflict between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League in the Holy Roman Empire	29
12901856183	Charles V	This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation	30
12901857061	James I	The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1925 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625	31
12901859911	charles i	English King during the English Civil War is executed by Oliver Cromwell	32
12901888177	charles ii	King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism	33
12901889769	James II (1685-1688)	-became unpopular because of his open Catholicism and return to absolute rule	34
12901898610	Oliver Cromwell	English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658)	35
12901900037	Petition of Right	Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land	36
12901901247	Spanish Inquisition	An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.	37
12901903293	louis xvi	King of France during the French Revolution	38
12908473392	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.	39
12908476276	dutch republic	declared its independence from the Spanish Netherlands in the late 16th century. It established the Bank of Amsterdam and became the leading financial center on the Continent.	40
12908481868	william and mary	King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.	41
12908521440	Divine Right	Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.	42
12908521441	Romanovs	Russian family that came to power in 1613 and ruled for three centuries.	43
12908526196	Peter I	Peter the great was a czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government	44
12908544296	Catherine II	Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)	45
12908547657	Capitolism	a type of economic system in which goods are owned by private citizens	46
12908547658	adam smith	Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.	47
12908550778	putting-out system	system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England	48
12908553346	Nicholas Copernicus	He thought that the sun was the center & the plants went around the sun in circles	49
12908558310	Johannes Kepler	German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)	50
12908562027	Galileo Galilei	Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars	51
12908566957	isaac newton	Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe.	52
12908570349	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.	53
12908573943	John Locke	17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.	54
12908577884	thomas hobbes	believed that people are born selfish and need a strong central authority	55
12908581742	Voltaire	French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance.	56
12908587243	Baron de Montesquieu	believed government should have separation of powers	57
12908589414	Encomienda	A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it	58
12908591947	Hernando Cortez Spain	Defeated the Aztec in Mexico.	59
12908594683	Fransisco Pizarro	Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.	60
12908599534	Conquistadores	Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.	61
12908608031	Montecuzoma II	Aztec emperor and was captured by Hernan Cortes	62
12908611070	viceroys	representatives of the Spanish monarch in Spain's colonial empire	63
12908617071	Treaty of Tordesillas	A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.	64
12908619570	metis	People of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent	65
12908622269	Frontier of Inclusion/Exclusion	natives part of society: natives not part of society	66
12908624770	mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	67
12908628579	Mulattoes	People of African and European descent	68
12908630600	Zambos	People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.	69
12908638315	virgin of guadalupe	Apparition of the Virgin Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism.	70
12908642634	Kingdom of Ghana	West African empire from 700s to 1076, grew wealthy and powerful by controlling gold-salt trade.	71
12908648466	Songhay Empire	A state located in western Africa from the early 15th to the late 16th centuries following the decline of the Mali Empire.	72
12908650655	Sunni Ali	created Sunni Dynasty; rule lasted 30 years; many military campaigns/victories; gave Songhai control of trade; focus on trading empire	73
12908658302	Kingdom of Kongo	conglomeration of several village alliances, participated actively in trade networks, most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms, royal currency: cowries, ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by Portuguese slave traders	74
12908667530	Ndongo	Angolan kingdom that reached its peak during the reign of Queen Nzinga (r. 1623-1663).	75
12908672118	Hottentots	Derogatory term used by Dutch for native South African hunting and gathering peoples. They are more appropriately known as the Khoikhoi	76
12908691476	Cape Town	colony founded by the Dutch	77
12908696711	Dona Beatriz	the founder of the religion that stressed that Jesus Christ had been a black man and that Kongo was the true holy land	78
12908705727	Triangle Trade	a trade route that exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa	79
12908707852	middle passage	A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies	80
12908719243	Olaudah Equiano	An antislavery activist who wrote a famous account of his enslavement.	81
12908721606	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	82
12908723921	Hongwu	First Ming emperor in 1368; originally of peasant lineage;	83
12908726819	Yongle	Chinese Ming emperor who pushed foreign exploration and promoted cultural achievements such as the Yongle Encyclopedia.	84
12908729665	Great Wall	a vast Chinese defensive fortification begun in the Ming dynasty. and running along the northern border of the country for 2,400 km	85
12908745448	Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)	Minority Manchu rule over China that incorporated new territories, experienced substantial population growth, and sustained significant economic growth.	86
12908752308	Nurhachi	Chinese chieftain that unified many tribes into a single people called Manchus which established the Qing Dynasty.	87
12908755004	manchu	Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire.	88
12908757598	kangxi	Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.	89
12908762186	Zhu Xi	(1130-1200) Most prominent of neo-Confucian scholars during the Song dynasty in China; stressed importance of applying philosophical principles to everyday life and action	90
12908765417	Neo-Confucianism	term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism	91
12908768733	Matteo Ricci	Portuguese Jesuit missionary who went to China, assimilated into Chinese culture and language and ran a Christian mission in China.	92
12908772805	Tokugawa Shogunate	Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences	93
12908776294	shoguns	Military leaders of the bakufu (military governments in Japan).	94
12908789037	Sengoku	"Warring States," period in Japan similar to feudal system in Europe	95
12908794750	Daimyo	A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai	96
12908794751	Edo	Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.	97
12908798154	ukiyo	"floating world" (theater and brothel entertainment district)	98
12908812147	Francis Xavier	This was a man who helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity	99
12908814157	Ottoman Empire	Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.	100
12908816858	Saravid Empire	The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history.	101
12908828517	Mughal Empire	an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century.	102
12908834103	Mehmed II	Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.	103
12908834104	osman	Founder of the Ottoman Empire.	104
12908838788	Ghazi	A warrior for Islam	105
12908842786	Suleyman	Was sultan when the Ottoman Empire was at its height	106
12908845164	ismail	this man was a ruthless leader of the Safavid Empire who executed all Sunni Muslims in his empire	107
12908851473	Twelver Shiism	A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.	108
12908855238	Battle of Chaldiran	16th Century. The Safavids vs the Ottomans; Ottomans won, and this symbolized the two greatest world powers at the time clashing together; religious war (Shi'ites Vs. Sunnis).	109
12908858542	Akbar	Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus.	110
12908862850	Zahir al-Din Muhammad	also known as "Babur the Tiger", he was a Chagatai Turk who founded the Mughal (Persian for Mongol) dynasty.	111
12908866424	Aurangzeb	Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar 'the Great', under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death.	112
12908870080	Dhimmi	Literally "people of the book"; applied as inclusive term to Jews and Christians in Islamic territories; later extended to Zoroastrians and even Hindus & Buddhists	113
12908873114	millet system	Divided regions in the Ottoman Empire by religion (Orthodox Christians, Jews, Armenian Christians, Muslims). Leaders of each millet supported the Sultan in exchange for power over their millet.	114
12908878143	Sikhism	the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam	115
12908882191	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	116

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