Final AP Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14625378614 | Developmental | Embryology | 0 | |
| 14625384830 | 11 organ systems | integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine(secretes in circulatory system), cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive | 1 | |
| 14625391925 | Pancreas | (endocrine & exocrine gland) located in the abdomen close to the stomach. Endo- releases insulin & glucagon | 2 | |
| 14625396671 | lymphatic system functions | defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream | 3 | |
| 14625401863 | positive feedback | Continuous stimulation: child birth & bleeding | 4 | |
| 14625418363 | Review Regions, muscular system, bones, | 5 | ||
| 14625422677 | Proximal | toward the body | 6 | |
| 14625425785 | distal | away from the point of attachment | 7 | |
| 14625439226 | dorsal body cavity | includes the cranial (brain)and spinal cavities. | 8 | |
| 14625448576 | Anterior | Vental | 9 | |
| 14625449245 | Posterior | Dorsal | 10 | |
| 14625452143 | Parietal layer | lines cavity | 11 | |
| 14625453639 | Visceral layer | covers external surface of organs | 12 | |
| 14625461470 | ingiunal | iliac | 13 | |
| 14625464600 | epigastric region | stomach, gallblader* | 14 | |
| 14625471447 | electromagnetic energy | The energy of light and other forms of radiation. | 15 | |
| 14625473891 | edothermic | chemical reaction that take in thermal energy | 16 | |
| 14625474637 | Exothermic | Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat | 17 | |
| 14625475533 | Lesser Elements of the Human Body | calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iodine*, iron | 18 | |
| 14625476566 | Major elements | oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen | 19 | |
| 14625480256 | Alpha | doesn't go through flesh | 20 | |
| 14625481388 | beta | goes through flesh, not aluminum | 21 | |
| 14625483004 | gamma rays | stopped by lead | 22 | |
| 14625491227 | Cytosol | liquid portion of cytoplasm | 23 | |
| 14625494840 | cytoplasm | cytosol and organelles | 24 | |
| 14625503139 | ionic bond | Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another | 25 | |
| 14625506456 | polar | dipole; having a pair of equal and opposite charges | 26 | |
| 14625509637 | covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule | 27 | |
| 14625514596 | CO2+H2O | carbonic acid | 28 | |
| 14625518916 | Acidosis | decreases in blood PH, speed up | 29 | |
| 14625522897 | Alkalosis | The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids. | 30 | |
| 14625525439 | dehydration synthesis | Remove water to connect two monomers together to store energy,ANABOLIC SYNTHESIS | 31 | |
| 14625531446 | Catabolic | break down, adding water | 32 | |
| 14625535728 | Unsaturated fatty acid | has double bond, able to break down | 33 | |
| 14625538377 | Nucleus | Chromosone and. genes | 34 | |
| 14625544947 | study structure of cell |  | 35 | |
| 14625551019 | DNA transcribed to | mRNA always begins with the sequence | 36 | |
| 14625554451 | mRNA (messenger RNA) | translated protein | 37 | |
| 14625558505 | tRNA (transfer RNA) | The form of RNA that carries each amino acid to the ribsome to form the polypeptide chain (protein) | 38 | |
| 14625565044 | Hydrophilic | water loving, Plasma membrane: channel protein* | 39 | |
| 14625578553 | active processes | Energy (ATP) required Occurs only in living cell membranes; going against concentrations gradient | 40 | |
| 14625584747 | primary active transport | Active transport in which ATP is hydrolyzed, yielding the energy required to transport an ion or molecule against its concentration gradient. | 41 | |
| 14625588155 | secondary active transport | Form of active transport which does not use ATP as an energy source; rather, transport is coupled to ion diffusion down a concentration gradient established by primary active transport .(piggy back a ride) | 42 | |
| 14625593378 | vesicular transport | endocytosis and exocytosis phagocytosis | 43 | |
| 14625597347 | Pinocytosis | Cell drinking | 44 | |
| 14625601908 | hydrostatic pressure | The pressure of water against the walls of its container or membrane | 45 | |
| 14625606764 | osmotic pressure | tendency of water to move into cell by osmosis | 46 | |
| 14625613071 | Depolarization | The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive. | 47 | |
| 14625615676 | Hyponatrium | excess water dilutes and therefore decreases the sodium levels in the blood | 48 | |
| 14625624424 | Hypertonic | 0.9% | 49 | |
| 14625625735 | hypotonic solution* | Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water | 50 | |
| 14625635997 | Interphase | G1, S(duplicates DNA), and G2 phases | 51 | |
| 14625637307 | Mitosis | PMAT | 52 | |
| 14625645324 | connective tissue | (MOST ABUNDENT TISSUE)A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts | 53 | |
| 14625650766 | gap juctions | communication | 54 | |
| 14625651668 | tight junctions | seal cells together | 55 | |
| 14625656400 | ACh | neurotransmitter involved in memory and movement - too little is associated with Alzheimer's | 56 | |
| 14625662495 | Polarity | top, bottom-basalt | 57 | |
| 14625666606 | Desmosomes | bind cells together | 58 | |
| 14625667592 | Hemidesmosomes | attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane | 59 | |
| 14625673310 | endocrine | secreting internally | 60 | |
| 14625673311 | exocrine glands | secretes externally | 61 | |
| 14625675593 | Mode of secretion | merocrine(sweat,pancreas), holocrine, apocrine | 62 | |
| 14625677315 | connective tissue | cartilage, blood, fat?, bone, connective tissue proper | 63 | |
| 14625686709 | hematopoetic tissue | gives rise to blood | 64 | |
| 14625701138 | layers of epidermis | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale | 65 | |
| 14625702652 | Meissner's corpuscles | sensitive touch receptors in the dermis | 66 | |
| 14625704142 | friction ridges | fingerprints | 67 | |
| 14625704865 | dermal papillae | a fingerlike projection of the dermis that may contain blood capillaries or Meissner corpuscles (of touch) | 68 | |
| 14625707602 | reticular layer | Deeper layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients | 69 | |
| 14625714461 | vitiligo | white patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes associated with autoimmune disorders | 70 | |
| 14625716693 | strait | stretch marks, dermal layer of skin tear | 71 | |
| 14625717549 | Burns | 1st(epidermis), 2nd(+dermis) and 3rd(++hypodermis) degree burns. Tissue damage cause by extreme heat. | 72 | |
| 14625727593 | Six functions of the skin | Protection, absorption, secretion, excretion, regulation, sensation | 73 | |
| 14625739277 | Keratinocytes | The most abundant epidermal cells, they function mainly to produce keratin. | 74 | |
| 14625740711 | blood reservoir | up to 5% of body's blood volume | 75 | |
| 14625742139 | Eumelanin | Produces brown to black pigments in the hair | 76 | |
| 14625743052 | Pheomelanin | reddish-yellow pigment | 77 | |
| 14625744647 | Carotene | yellow-orange pigment | 78 | |
| 14625744648 | Hemoglobin | pinkish hue lower levels of melanin, Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells | 79 | |
| 14625752434 | eecrine glands | body temp | 80 | |
| 14625754282 | ceruminous glands | modified sweat glands, located in external ear canal, secretes cerumen (earwax) | 81 | |
| 14625756351 | Melanoma | most dangerous, ABCDE, black tumor | 82 | |
| 14625759987 | Rule 9 | dehydration, main concern of burn | 83 | |
| 14625766054 | Muscle System | transportation | 84 | |
| 14625766921 | skeletal system | levers | 85 | |
| 14625768228 | hyaline cartilage | Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose | 86 | |
| 14625771980 | Fibrocartilage | greater tonsil strength | 87 | |
| 14625772574 | 206 bones | axial: skull,vertabrae, rids appendicular: limbs& griddles | 88 | |
| 14625783608 | osteoclasts(resorb?) and osteoblasts | After bones form, __________ and __________ continually remodel them. | 89 | |
| 14625786525 | osteiod | organic matrix of bone | 90 | |
| 14625794053 | compact bone | every 10 yrs:Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone | 91 | |
| 14625808980 | Rickets | Vitamin D deficiency, bowed legged in children | 92 | |
| 14625814207 | Vomer | forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum | 93 | |
| 14625817178 | kyphosis | hunchback | 94 | |
| 14625817179 | lordosis | swayback, pregnant woman | 95 | |
| 14625819553 | spondyolisthesis | forward slipping of one vertebra over another | 96 | |
| 14625823396 | colles | near the wrist at distal end of the radius | 97 | |
| 14625826671 | pottes fracture | tarsals(remember pedal) | 98 | |
| 14625836094 | fibular | non weight bearing | 99 | |
| 14625839993 | Facsia | a thin sheath of fibrous tissue enclosing a muscle or other organ | 100 | |
| 14625841857 | structure of joints | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial | 101 | |
| 14625844822 | interosseous | between bones | 102 | |
| 14625846390 | sytharthroses, diatheses, amphithroses? | movements | 103 | |
| 14625851124 | synovial joints | freely movable joints | 104 | |
| 14625857604 | sarco | flesh | 105 | |
| 14625860338 | insertion | moves towards orgin | 106 | |
| 14625863148 | Elasticity | recoil(muscle) | 107 | |
| 14625873301 | Troponin | regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium(heart attacks?) | 108 | |
| 14625896771 | EPOC | payback?, post exercise oxygen consumption | 109 | |
| 14625909538 | Isometric contractions | yoga | 110 | |
| 14625911691 | prime mover (agonist) | produces movement | 111 | |
| 14625914244 | convergent fascicle arrangement | pectoralis major | 112 | |
| 14625915928 | 1st class lever system | head up | 113 | |
| 14625915929 | 2nd class lever system | tip toes | 114 | |
| 14625917918 | 3rd class lever | 115 | ||
| 14625919041 | facial movement muscles | 116 | ||
| 14625927721 | radial nerve | Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand. | 117 | |
| 14625928615 | ulnar nerve | Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, affects the little-finger side of the arm and palm of the hand. | 118 | |
| 14625929534 | insular? | 119 | ||
| 14625932411 | special senses include | smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium | 120 | |
| 14625933610 | hematropic? | 121 | ||
| 14634602915 | Foramen | an opening or a hole in a bone which blood vessels, nerves, ligaments pass through | 122 | |
| 14634606285 | mandible | single. unpaired. bone in human skull | 123 | |
| 14634609352 | occipital bone type | flat bone | 124 | |
| 14634611685 | temporal bone. articulates w | mandible | 125 | |
| 14634614588 | true ribs | first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum | 126 | |
| 14634617676 | kyphosis | hunchback | 127 | |
| 14634618553 | herniated disc (slipped disc) | protrusion of the nucleus pulpous posteriorly. into one of the adjacent veritable buddies in the veritable canal | 128 | |
| 14634624883 | sphenoid bone | forms part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit, contains the pituitary gland | 129 | |
| 14634634316 | Humerus | articulates w the scapula at the glenoid cavity | 130 | |
| 14634637037 | glenohumeral joint | The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder, humerus and scapula | 131 | |
| 14634645119 | pubic symphysis | the coxal bones unite anteriorly at the joint called the | 132 | |
| 14634650123 | obturator foramen | largest foramen in the skeleton | 133 | |
| 14634654328 | halluax | big toe | 134 | |
| 14634655496 | fibrocartilage location | intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of KNEE joint | 135 | |
| 14634660759 | hydroxiapatite | component of bone that contributes to its hardness | 136 | |
| 14634663943 | Osteomalacia | Vitamin D deficiency in adults | 137 | |
| 14634668921 | atlas occipital condyles | nods yes, C1 | 138 | |
| 14634674807 | dens on the axis | C2, shakes no | 139 | |
| 14634690767 | the opening of ligand gates on the sarcolemma is directly caused by | -ACh attachment -calcium influx into the motor neuron -sodium influx into the motor neuron -acetycholinesterease activity | 140 | |
| 14634704560 | Epimysium | outermost layer surrounding the muscle | 141 | |
| 14634706375 | anaerobic cellular respiration | the process by which cells obtain energy from an energy source without using oxygen(15 sec-1 minute?) | 142 | |
| 14634710139 | intercalated discs | Attachment sites between the transverse lines between CARDIAC muscle cells | 143 | |
| 14634713223 | concentric | muscle shortens (pull up) | 144 | |
| 14634715736 | Eecentric contraction | muscle lengthens | 145 | |
| 14634726420 | First class lever system | nods yes | 146 | |
| 14634770537 | fixator | stabilizes the origin of a prime mover(agonist) | 147 | |
| 14634774276 | external intercostals | elevates ribs during inspiration | 148 | |
| 14634777406 | hernia | protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it | 149 | |
| 14634790442 | enteric nervous system | The nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. It controls secretion and motility within teh Gi tract, and is linked to the central nervous system. | 150 | |
| 14634795108 | diverging circuit | one nerve fiber branches and synapses with several postsynaptic cells | 151 | |
| 14634796530 | reverberating circuit | Involved in control of rhythmic activities such as breathing. | 152 | |
| 14634800130 | Plasticity | change based on experience | 153 | |
| 14634803708 | Aponeurosis | (sheet like extension of epimysium)strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone | 154 | |
| 14634806461 | tropomyosin | in a resting muscle cell, myosin-binding sites are blocked by | 155 | |
| 14634810313 | sarcoplasmic reticulum | when a muscle cell is at rest, most of the intercellular calcium is stored in | 156 | |
| 14634815535 | calcium ions bond with troppin, associated with actin. Binding causes tropomyosin to move into actin grove, causing it to spin | 157 | ||
| 14634818102 | ATP | what substance must bind to myosin heads in order for them to detach from the thin filaments? | 158 | |
| 14634820872 | trap | shrug | 159 | |
| 14634821513 | active transport | how does calcium reenter the terminal cisterns after muscle contractions | 160 | |
| 14634828049 | fatty acid | major source of fuel after 30min of exercise | 161 | |
| 14634835695 | sartorius | longest muscle in the body, aducts and rotates thigh laterally | 162 | |
| 14634845349 | Creatine | diving | 163 | |
| 14634849571 | third class levers | great speed, but mechanical disadvatage | 164 | |
| 14634852785 | depolarizes | An excitatory neurotransmitter _____ the postsynaptic membrane. | 165 | |
| 14634857560 | flexion | forming a fist | 166 | |
| 14634858888 | latissimus dorsi | all developed in swimmers | 167 | |
| 14634872256 | Diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus | 168 |
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5. Wiring Methods Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8950705121 | armored cable (Type AC) | An assembly of wires contained within a flexible metallic armor for protection. | 0 | |
| 8950705122 | auxiliary gutter | A raceway primarily used to extend or supplement wiring spaces at load centers, transformers, and metering cabinets. | 1 | |
| 8950705123 | back-to-back bend | A bend of a length of conduit that results in two 90° bends to produce some form of a U-shape. | 2 | |
| 8950705124 | box offset | A bend of a length of conduit that includes two shallow bends (about 5° each) in opposite directions a short distance apart so that conduit running along a surface can be directed into a knockout hole of an electrical box. | 3 | |
| 8950705125 | busway | A sheet metal enclosure into which conductors are installed at the factory. | 4 | |
| 8950705126 | cable tray | An open cable-supporting assembly used in a variety of commercial and industrial buildings. | 5 | |
| 8950705127 | electrical metallic tubing (EMT) | Electrical conduit with relatively thin walls usually made of galvanized steel, though it can be made of aluminum, and can be manually bent with a hand tool. Also called thin-wall conduit. | 6 | |
| 8950705128 | electrical nonmetallic tubing (ENT) | Plastic corrugated tubing that provides a flexible electrical conduit. Also called smurf tube because one type of ENT is a bright blue color, like the popular cartoon characters. | 7 | |
| 8950705129 | field bend | A bending of conduit done at a construction site (as opposed to a factory bend). | 8 | |
| 8950705130 | flexible metal conduit (FMC) | Corrugated metal tubing that functions as flexible electrical conduit. | 9 | |
| 8950705131 | intermediate metal conduit (IMC) | Metal conduit with walls thicker than EMT but thinner and lighter than RMC. | 10 | |
| 8950705132 | liquidtight flexible metal conduit (LFMC) | Electrical conduit composed of corrugated metal tubing that is covered with a waterproof outer coating and uses special fittings to maintain its watertight integrity. | 11 | |
| 8950705133 | metal-clad cable (Type MC) | A heavy-duty commercial and industrial cable that has one or more conductors individually insulated and enclosed in an interlocked metallic armor that consists of corrugated tubing or interlocking tape. | 12 | |
| 8950705134 | multiconductor cable | A flexible assembly of conductors that have an overall protective covering. | 13 | |
| 8950705135 | nonmetallic-sheathed cable | A cable assembly covered in a nonmetallic sheath and containing of two to four insulated conductors and one bare copper or one green insulated grounding conductor. | 14 | |
| 8950705136 | offset bend | A bending of a straight run of conduit to go around some obstruction or to change slightly the plane of the run. | 15 | |
| 8950705137 | rigid metal conduit (RMC) | A heavy-wall electrical raceway that is thicker and heavier than intermediate metal conduit (IMC). | 16 | |
| 8950705138 | rigid polyvinyl chloride conduit (Type PVC) | A circular, rigid, nonmetallic raceway that uses couplings, connectors, and fittings for joints. | 17 | |
| 8950705139 | saddle bend | A bend of conduit using three different offsets to go around an obstruction and then return to the same plane as the rest of the run of conduit. | 18 | |
| 8950705140 | service-entrance cable | The cable used to bring power from the utility pole to the customer's building. | 19 | |
| 8950705141 | shrink | The amount of length lost along a bend of conduit by adding one or more bends. | 20 | |
| 8950705142 | stub bend | A single 90° bend in a length of horizontal conduit used to run to an outlet box. | 21 | |
| 8950705143 | surface raceway | A wireway that consists of one- or two-piece channels and easily installed on a surface (rather than being concealed in walls, floors, or ceilings). | 22 | |
| 8950705144 | wireway | A rectangular sheet metal enclosure with a removable cover. | 23 |
AP NSL Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8651340686 | Rights of Citizens | Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10) 14th Amendment (equal protection under the law) | 0 | |
| 8651340687 | Marbury v. Madison | Gives us Judicial Review Supreme court can declare laws unconstitutional (or constitutional) | 1 | |
| 8651340688 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Gives the National Supremacy (Elastic) Clause Federal government is supreme in cases involving fed and state Fed can do things that are deemed necessary for functions of gov (ex. Creation of FAA) | 2 | |
| 8651340689 | Pluralist Theory | Pluralist: argument that representative democracies are based on group interests that protect the individuals interests by representing him or her to the government. | 3 | |
| 8651340690 | Majoritarian Theory | Majoritarian: majority, what the majority wants rules | 4 | |
| 8651340691 | Who was directly elected according to the original Constitution? | Representatives in the house (not senators) | 5 | |
| 8651340692 | Dual Federalism | Dual: (layer cake) each level of gov. Has specific roles and tasks | 6 | |
| 8651340693 | Cooperative Federalism | Cooperative: (marble cake) each level works together to achieve common goals (ex. Natural disaster- FEMA/STATE/LOCAL works together) | 7 | |
| 8651340694 | 13th Amendment | Made slavery unconstitutional and illegal | 8 | |
| 8651340695 | 14th Amendment | States that all people born or naturalized in the U.S. cannot have their rights taken away without due process of law. Intended to allow African Americans to vote | 9 | |
| 8651340696 | 15th Amendment | The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude | 10 | |
| 8651340697 | 18th Amendment | Prohibition (no alcohol) | 11 | |
| 8651340698 | 19th Amendment | Gave women the right to vote | 12 | |
| 8651340699 | 21st Amendment | Re-allowed people to sell and drink alcohol | 13 | |
| 8651340700 | Constitutional Convention | Purpose to debate the ineffectiveness of the original Articles of Confederation (i.e. No way to tax, no way to fund a military) Overall adjustments to how we pick our representatives | 14 | |
| 8651340701 | Primary Function of the Government | Protect the people Protect their interests and rights | 15 | |
| 8651340702 | Necessary and Proper Clause | Fed gov has the power to complete actions as deemed necessary that are not explicitly written in the Constitution. #Elastic Clause #McCulloch v. Maryland | 16 | |
| 8651340703 | Federalist Papers | Federalist #10: Argued that separation of powers and federalism check the growth of tyranny (prevents a king) Federalist #51: Explained why strong government is necessary (central government) Federalist #70: Plural executives and perpetual executives (i.e. kings) are dangerous and destructive to the ongoings of government | 17 | |
| 8651340704 | What factors influence participation in politics? | Age, gender | 18 | |
| 8651340705 | How were African Americans prevented from voting? | Jim Crow Laws, literacy tests, tax, property requirement, religion requirement | 19 | |
| 8651340706 | Voting Trends | 20 | ||
| 8651340707 | Motor Voter Act | 21 | ||
| 8651340708 | Changes in public opinion and behavior | 22 | ||
| 8651340709 | Aspects of political culture | 23 | ||
| 8651340710 | US v Western Democratic elections | 24 | ||
| 8651340711 | what do labor unions do? | 25 | ||
| 8651340712 | What is the new deal coalition? who supports it? | 26 | ||
| 8651340713 | When is lobbying more effective? Less effective? | 27 | ||
| 8651340714 | Interest group techniques | 1. electioneering: campaign contributions, trying to get candidates sympathetic to your cause elected to office w financial support, volunteer work, endorsement 2. lobbying: face to face contact/verbal/written persuasion, providing research 3. persuasion/public opinion: an attempt to mold, shape and influence public opinion on an issue through media campaigns 4. litigation: going to court and filing a lawsuit 5. direct action: non-violent protest 6. grassroots; starty by goaining the public support, then try to gain the support of the govt | 28 | |
| 8651340715 | PACs | 29 | ||
| 8651340716 | Baker v Carr | Baker(R) complained that his district was twice the size of other districts making his vote unequal. Ruling: fair representation is part of equal protection clause of 14th amendments are under the supreme courts jurisdiction, districts are made equal | 30 | |
| 8651340717 | Ways and Means committee | responsible for: taxes, tariffs, revenue raising measures | 31 | |
| 8651340718 | Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission | 32 | ||
| 8651340719 | Why are interest groups on the rise? | 33 | ||
| 8651340720 | How does media influence public opinion? | 34 | ||
| 8651340721 | Reapportionment | the allocation of seats in the House to each state after census | 35 | |
| 8651340722 | Redistricting | the redrawing ofthe boundaries of the congressional districts within each state | 36 | |
| 8651340723 | Superdelegates | 37 | ||
| 8651340724 | Powers of Congress | 38 | ||
| 8651340725 | Congressional Elections | 39 | ||
| 8651340726 | Presidents control over his cabinet | 40 | ||
| 8651340727 | How does a bill become a law? | 41 | ||
| 8651340728 | Differences between House and Senate | 42 | ||
| 8651340729 | Pork barrel legislation | using govt funds for projects designed to pleasure voters and increases likelihood of re-election | 43 | |
| 8651340730 | Where does the president get his power? | 44 | ||
| 8651340731 | How do congressmen gain support for bills? | 45 | ||
| 8651340732 | How has congress changed in recent years? | 46 | ||
| 8651340733 | Formal Powers of president | 47 | ||
| 8651340734 | Formal checks on president | Congress: make laws, impeachment power(house), impeachement trial(Senate), override vetoes, power to declare war, power of the purse(taxes and funding), make rules for the govt and regulation of the land and naval forces Limits: elected indirectly(electoral college), selection of president in the house in case of no majority of electoral vote, senate approves departmental appointments, "advice and consent" of supreme court nominations, senate approves treaties and ambassadors, state of the union address Judiciary: judicial review, chief justice presides over president impeachment trial Amendments: 12-president and VP on separate voting ballots, 20-jan 20 is end of term, 22- term limits, 25- presidential disability and succession | 48 | |
| 8651340735 | War powers Act | 49 | ||
| 8651340736 | Effectiveness of Cabinet | 50 | ||
| 8651340737 | Congressional influence on federal agency | 51 | ||
| 8651340738 | Closed rule bill | 52 | ||
| 8651340739 | rules of veto | 53 | ||
| 8651340740 | How can the president influence laws/bills? | Propose laws to congress any form of veto | 54 | |
| 8651340741 | executive agreements | an international agreement between chiefs of state that does not require legislative approval | 55 | |
| 8651340742 | presidential nomination process | 56 | ||
| 8651340743 | divided government | 57 | ||
| 8651340744 | aristocracy | rule by the "best"; in reality rule by an upperclass | 58 | |
| 8651340745 | policymaking institutions | Legislature, executive, courts, and bureacracy | 59 | |
| 8651340746 | authoritarianism | a type of regime in which only the govt itself is fully controlled by the ruler. social and economic institutions exist that are not under the govts control | 60 | |
| 8651340747 | authority | the right and power of a government or other entity to enforce its decision and compel obedience | 61 | |
| 8651340748 | capitalism | an economic system characterized by the private ownership of wealth-creating assets, free markets, and freedom of contract | 62 | |
| 8651340749 | communism | a revolutionary variant of socialism that favors a partisan(and often totalitarian) dictatorship, govt control of all enterprises, and the replacement of free markets by central planning | 63 | |
| 8651340750 | consent of the people | the idea that govts and laws derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed | 64 | |
| 8651340751 | conservatism | a set of beliefs that includes a limited role of the national govt in helping individuals, support for traditional values and lifestyles and a cautious response to change | 65 | |
| 8651340752 | democracy | a system of govt in which political authority is vested in the people | 66 | |
| 8651340753 | indirect democracy | ppl elect representatives to rule in their interest | 67 | |
| 8651340754 | democratic republic | A republic in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies | 68 | |
| 8651340755 | direct democracy | a system of govt in which political decisions are made by th people directly, rather than by their elected representatives; attained most easily in small communities New England Town hall meetings | 69 | |
| 8651340756 | dominant culture | the values, customs, and language established by the group or groups that traditionally have controlled politics and govt in a society | 70 | |
| 8651340757 | elite theory | a perspective holding that society is ruled by a small number of people who exercise power to further their self-interest | 71 | |
| 8651340758 | eminent domain | a power set forth in the Fifth Amendment to the US constitution that allows govt to take private property for public use under the condition that just compensation is offered to the landowner | 72 | |
| 8651340759 | equality | as a political value: the idea that all people are of equal worth | 73 | |
| 8651340760 | fascism | a twentieth century ideology-often totalitarian- that exalts the national collective united behind an absolute ruler. rejects liberal individualism, values, action over rational deliberation, and glorifies war | 74 | |
| 8651340761 | government | -the institutions and processes through which public policies are made for society -an institution in which decisions are made that resolve conflicts or allocate benefits and privileges -the preeminent institution within a society -has the ultimate authority for making decisions and establishing political values | 75 | |
| 8651340762 | Hispanic | someone who can claim a heritage from a spanish speaking country(other than Spain), used only in US or other countries that recieve immigrants not applied to ppl who are Spanish speaking and live in Spanish speaking countries | 76 | |
| 8651340763 | initiative | a procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment | 77 | |
| 8651340764 | institution | an ongoing organization that performs certain functions for society | 78 | |
| 8651340765 | legislature | 79 | ||
| 8651340766 | legitimacy | popular acceptance of the right and power of a govt or toher entity to exercise authority | 80 | |
| 8651340767 | liberalism | a set of beliefs that includes the advocacy of positive govt action to improve the welfare of individuals, support for civil right, and tolerance for political and social change | 81 | |
| 8651340768 | libertarianism | a political ideology based on skepticism or opposition toward almost all govt activities | 82 | |
| 8651340769 | liberty | the greatest freedom of individuals that is consistent w the freedom of other individuals in the society | 83 | |
| 8651340770 | limited government | the principle that the powers of a govt should be limited, usually by institutional checks | 84 | |
| 8651340771 | majoritarianism | a political ideology based on strong support for economic and social equality, socialists traditionally envisioned a society in which major businesses were taken over by the govt or by employee cooperatives | 85 | |
| 8651340772 | majority | more than 50% | 86 | |
| 8651340773 | majority rule | a basic principle of democracy asserting that the greatest number of citizens in any political unit should select officials and determine policies | 87 | |
| 8651340774 | order | a state of peace and security. maintaining order by protecting members of society from violence and criminal activity is the oldest purpose of government | 88 | |
| 8651340775 | pluralism | a theory that views politics as a conflict among interest groups, political decision making is characterized by bargaining and compromise | 89 | |
| 8651340776 | political power | power used to determine who will hold office and how the govt will behave | 90 | |
| 8651340777 | political culture | the collection of beliefs and attitudes toward government and the political process held by a community or a nation | 91 | |
| 8651340778 | politics | -the process of resolving conflicts and deciding -"who gets what, when, and how"-Harold Lasswell -the struggle over power or influence within organizations or informal groups that can grant or withhold benefits or privileges | 92 | |
| 8651340779 | popular sovereignty | the concept that ultimate political authority is based on the will of the people | 93 | |
| 8651340780 | property | anything that is or may be subject to ownership. as conceived by the political philosopher John Locke, the right to property is a natural right superior to human law(laws made by govt) | 94 | |
| 8651340781 | unitary system | a centralized governmental system in which local or subdivisonal govts exercise only those powers given to them by the central govt | 95 | |
| 8651340782 | recall | a procedure allowing the people to vote to dismiss an elected official from state office before his or her term has expired | 96 | |
| 8651340783 | referendum | an electoral device whereby legislative or constitutional measures are referred by the legislature to the voters for approval or disapproval | 97 | |
| 8651340784 | representative democracy | a form of govt in which representatives elected by the people make and enforce laws and policies; may retain the monarchy in a ceremonial rule | 98 | |
| 8651340785 | republic | a form of govt in which sovereignty rests w the ppl, as opposed to a king or monarch | 99 | |
| 8651340786 | anti-federalist | an individual who opposed the ratification of the new constitution in 1787. the anti-federalists were opposed to a strong central govt | 100 | |
| 8651340787 | socialism | 101 | ||
| 8651340788 | bicameral legislature | a legislature made up of 2 parts | 102 | |
| 8651340789 | checks and balances | a major principle of the American system of govt whereby each branch of the govt can check the actions of the others | 103 | |
| 8651340790 | totalitarian regime | a form of govt that controls all aspects of the political and social life of a nation | 104 | |
| 8651340791 | electoral college | a group of people called electors selected by the voters in each state and DC, officially elects the president and VP of the US. same # of electors as representatives in both chambers. 23rd amendment grants DC as many electors as the state w the smallest population | 105 | |
| 8651340792 | universal suffrage | the right of all adults to vote for their representatives | 106 | |
| 8651340793 | federal system | a system of govt in which power is divided between a central govt and regional or sub divisional govts. each level must have some domain in which its policies are dominant and some genuine or constitutional guarantee of its authority | 107 | |
| 8651340794 | Federalist | the name given to one who was in favor of the adoption of the US constitution and the creation of a federal union w a strong central govt | 108 | |
| 8651340795 | judicial review | the power of the supreme court and other courts to declare unconstitutional federal or state laws and other acts of govt | 109 | |
| 8651340796 | confederation | a political system in which starts or regional govts retain ultimate authority except for those powers they expressly delegate to a central govt. a voluntary association of independent states, in which the member states agree to limited restraints on their freedom of action | 110 | |
| 8651340797 | Madisonian Model | a structure of government proposed by James Madison in which the powers of the govt are separated into 3 branches: executive, legislative, judicial | 111 | |
| 8651340798 | Legislative | a governmental body primarily made responsible for the making of laws | 112 | |
| 8651340799 | ratification | formal approval | 113 | |
| 8651340800 | natural rights | rights held to be inherent in natural law, not dependent on govts. John Locke stated that natural law, being superior to human law, specifies certain rights of "life, liberty, + the pursuit of happiness" in the Declaration of Independence | 114 | |
| 8651340801 | separation of powers | the principle of dividing governmental powers among different branches of govt | 115 | |
| 8651340802 | representative assembly | a legislature composed of individuals who represent the population | 116 | |
| 8651340803 | social contract | a voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a govt and abiding by its rules | 117 | |
| 8651340804 | state | a group of people occupying a specific area and organized under one government; may either be a nation or a subunit of a nation | 118 | |
| 8651340805 | supremacy doctrine | a doctrine that asserts the priority of national laws | 119 | |
| 8651340806 | unicameral legislature | a legislature with only one chamber | 120 | |
| 8651340807 | block grants | federal programs that provide funds to state and local govts for general functional areas, such as criminal justice or mental-health programs | 121 | |
| 8651340808 | categorical grants | federal grants to states or local govts that are for specific programs or projects | 122 | |
| 8651340809 | commerce clause | the section of the constitution in which congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries | 123 | |
| 8651340810 | concurrent powers | powers held jointly by the national and state govts | 124 | |
| 8651340811 | confederal system | a system consisting of a league of independent states, each having essentially sovereign powers. the central govt created by such a league has only limited powers over the states | 125 | |
| 8651340812 | devolution | the transfer of powers from a national or central govt to a state or local govt | 126 | |
| 8651340813 | interstate compact | an agreement between 2 or more states. agreements on minor matters are made w/o congressional consent but any compact that tends to increase the power of the contracting states relative to other states or relative to the national govt generally requires the consent of Congress. such compacts serve as a means by which states can solve regional problems | 127 | |
| 8651340814 | picket fence federalism | a model of federalism in which specific programs and policies(depicted as vertical pickets in a picket fence) involve all levels of govt- national, state, and local( depicted by the horizontal boards in a picket fence) | 128 | |
| 8651340815 | Ideology | a comprehensive set of beliefs about the nature of ppl and about the role of an institution or govt | 129 | |
| 8651340816 | police power | the authority to legislature for the protection of the health, morals, safty, and welfare of the people. in the US, most police power is reserved to the states | 130 | |
| 8651340817 | Informal Checks on president | public opinion, the media, partisan politics, investigative role of congress, interest groups and non-government organizations | 131 | |
| 8651340818 | Informal powers of president | 132 | ||
| 8651340819 | requirements for presidency | 35 years old 14 year residency Natural born citizen | 133 | |
| 8651340820 | Head of state | ceremonial head of government -decorating war heroes -dedicating parks and post offices -making personal phone calls to astronauts | 134 | |
| 8651340821 | Chief Executive | head of the executive branch -enforce acts of congress and judgements of federal courts and treaties | 135 | |
| 8651340822 | Signing Statements | a written declaration that a president may make when signing a bill into law, usually point out sections that president deems unconstitutional | 136 | |
| 8651340823 | Appointment power | the authority vested in the president to fill a government office or position, executive branch and federal judiciary, commissioned officers in armed forces and memebers of independent regulatory comissions | 137 | |
| 8651340824 | Media | the channels of mass communication | 138 | |
| 8651340825 | Agenda Setting | determining which public policy questions will be debated or considered | 139 | |
| 8651340826 | policy agenda | issues that attract the attention of public officials)changes over time based on events) | 140 | |
| 8651340827 | Gender gap | the difference between the % of women who vote for a particular candidate and the % of men who vote for the candidate | 141 | |
| 8651340828 | opinion poll | a method of systematically questioning a small, selected sample of respondents who are deemed representative of the total population | 142 | |
| 8651340829 | sampling error | the difference between a sample's results and the true result if the entire population had been interviewed | 143 | |
| 8651340830 | Linkage Institution | ex: parties, elections, interest groups, and media connect ppl to govt/policy makers | 144 | |
| 8651340831 | political trust | the degree to which individuals express trust in the government and political institutions, usually measured through a specific series of survey questions | 145 | |
| 8651340832 | political socialization | the process by which people acquire political beliefs and attitudes | 146 | |
| 8651340833 | divisive opinion | public opinion that is polarized between two quite different positions | 147 | |
| 8651340834 | consensus | general agreement among the citizenry on an issue | 148 | |
| 8651340835 | public opinion | the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs shared by some portion of the adult population | 149 | |
| 8651340836 | peer group | a group consisting of members sharing common social characteristics. these groups play an important part in the socialization process, helping to shape attitudes and beliefs | 150 | |
| 8651340837 | opinion leader | one who is able to influence the opinions of others b/c of the position, expertise, or personality | 151 | |
| 8651340838 | great compromise | reps voted based on population, senators 2 per state, 3/5ths vote per slave | 152 | |
| 8651340839 | Lifestyle effect | the phenomenon of certain attitudes occurring at certain chronological ages | 153 | |
| 8651340840 | generational effect | a long-lasting effect of the events of a particular time on the political opinions of those who came of political age at that time | 154 | |
| 8651340841 | Socioeconomic status | the value assigned to a person due to occupation or income. an upper class person has high socioeconomic status | 155 | |
| 8651340842 | enumerated powers | specifically granted to the national govt by the constitution. the 1st 17 clauses of article I, section 8 specify most of the enumerated powers of the national govt | 156 | |
| 8651340843 | federal mandate | a requirement in federal legislation that forces states and municipalities to comply w certain rules | 157 | |
| 8651340844 | policy | what govt does govt + politics = policy | 158 | |
| 8651340845 | reprieve | a formal postponment of the execution of a sentence imposed by a court of law | 159 | |
| 8651340846 | pardon | a release from the punishement for or legal consequences of a crime; a pardon can be granted by the president before or after conviction | 160 | |
| 8651340847 | Commander in chief | the role of the president as supreme commander in the military forces of the US and the National Guard units when they're called into service | 161 | |
| 8651340848 | Wartime Powers | 162 | ||
| 8651340849 | War powers resolution of 1973 | spells out the conditions under which the president can commit troops w/o congressional approval | 163 | |
| 8651340850 | Chief Diplomat | the role of the president in recognizing foreign govts, making treaties, and effecting executive agreements | 164 | |
| 8651340851 | Advise and Consent | terms in the constitution describing the senate's power to review and approve treaties and presidential appointments | 165 | |
| 8651340852 | Chief Legislator | the role of the president in influencing the making of laws, suggest bills to Congress, deliver state of the union address | 166 | |
| 8651340853 | pocket veto | a special veto exercised by the president after a legislative body has adjourned, bills not signed die after a specified period of time, bill must then be reconsidered in the following session of Congress | 167 | |
| 8651340854 | Line item veto | the power of an executive to veto individual lines or itmes within a piece of legislation w/o vetoing the entire bill | 168 | |
| 8651340855 | Presidential powers: Constitutional | a power vested in the president by Article II of the Constitution | 169 | |
| 8651340856 | Presidential Powers: Statutory | a power created for the president through laws enacted by Congress | 170 | |
| 8651340857 | Presidential Powers: Expressed | expressly written into the Constitution or into statutory law | 171 | |
| 8651340858 | Presidential Powers: Inherent | derived from the statement " the executive power shall be vested in a president" and the president should " take care that the laws be faithfully executed": defined through practice | 172 | |
| 8651340859 | Chief of Party | president is the leader of their political party -patronage -fundraising | 173 | |
| 8651340860 | Patronage | the practice of rewarding faithful party workers and followers w govt employment and contracts | 174 | |
| 8651340861 | Emergency Power | an inherent power exercised during a period of national crisis -FDR ordered an embargo on shipment of weapons to 2 warring South American countries | 175 | |
| 8651340862 | Executive Order | has the effect of law, can implement and give administrative effect to provisions in COnstitution to treaties/statutes, all must be published in "Federal Register" -ration consumer goods | 176 | |
| 8651340863 | Executive Privileges | 177 | ||
| 8651340864 | Impeachemnt | 178 | ||
| 8651340865 | Cabinet | 179 | ||
| 8651340866 | Executive Office of the President | 180 | ||
| 8651340867 | 25th Amendment | 181 | ||
| 8651340868 | interest groups | a group of people who organize themselves towards a common goal or influencing policy makers to benefit them | 182 | |
| 8651340869 | lobbyist | someone or an organization who tries to influence Congress and govt for legislation | 183 | |
| 8651340870 | latent interests | interests that aren't a priority for some | 184 | |
| 8651340871 | Sierra Club | 185 | ||
| 8651340872 | National Rifle Association(NRA) | 186 | ||
| 8651340873 | constituent | one of the people represented by a legislator or other elected or appointed officials | 187 | |
| 8651340874 | trustee | in regard to a legislator, one who acts according to their consience and the broad intersests of the entire society . go against narrow interests of the constituents if they beleive in the greater good of society | 188 | |
| 8651340875 | delegate | a legislator is one that follows the desires/wishes of the voters that elected them | 189 | |
| 8651340876 | casework | personal work for constituents by members of Congress, legislators spend much of their time on casework activities as they try to overcome beuracratic issues that may not be controversial in the media | 190 | |
| 8651340877 | oversight | the responsibility congress has for following up on laws it has enacted to ensure they are being enforced | 191 | |
| 8651340878 | filibuster | the use of the senate's tradition of unlimited debate as a delaying tactic to block a bill | 192 | |
| 8651340879 | enumerated powers of congress | right to impose taxes, import tariffs, borrow $, regulate interstate and international trade, establish proceduresfor naturalization, make laws regulating bankrupcies | 193 | |
| 8651340880 | cloture | ends the discussion of the bill, 3/5 vote to invoke cloture | 194 | |
| 8651340881 | direct primary | an intraparty election in which the voters select the candidates who will run on a party's ticket in the subsequent general election | 195 | |
| 8651340882 | gerrymandering | the drawing of legislative district boundary lines for the purpose of obtaining advantages. a district is said to be gerrymandered when its shape is manipulated by the dominant, done by state govts | 196 | |
| 8651340883 | franking privilege | a policy that enables members of congress to send material through mail by subing facsimile signaturefor postage allows congressional members to send material to constituents | 197 | |
| 8651340884 | discharge petition | a procedure in which a bill in the House may be forced out of a committee that has refused to report it for consideration by the House. the petition must be signed by a | 198 | |
| 8651340885 | standing committees | a permanent committee that considers bills w a certain subject area | 199 | |
| 8651340886 | select committee | a temporary legislature committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose | 200 | |
| 8651340887 | joint committee | composed of members from both chambers of congress | 201 | |
| 8651340888 | conference committe | a special joint committee appointed to reconcile diffeences when bills pass the 2 chambers of congress in different forms | 202 | |
| 8651340889 | House rules committee | establishes the terms in which legislation will reach the floor of the House "gatekeeping power" | 203 | |
| 8651340890 | formal powers of Speaker of the House | 1. presiding over meetings of the house 2. appointing members of the joint committee and conference committee 3. scheduling legislation for floor action 4. deciding points of order and interpreting the rules with the advice of the house parlimentarian 5. referring bills and resolutions to the appropriate standing committee of House | 204 | |
| 8651340891 | majority leader of the house | influences the scheduling of debate and acts of the chief supporter for speaker, cooperates w the speaker and other party leaders | 205 | |
| 8651340892 | minority leader of the house | maintain cohesion within party's ranks, works for cohesion among party members and speaks on behalf of the press if the minority party controls the White House. consults w both speaker and majority leader on recognizing members who wish to speak on floor, on House rules and procedures and on the scheduling of the legislation | 206 | |
| 8651340893 | whips | congressional member that assist the majority or minority leader of the senate or house | 207 | |
| 8651340894 | president pro tempore | the temporary presiding officer of the senate in absence of vp | 208 | |
| 8651340895 | majority leader of the senate | chief spokesperson of the major party in the senate, directs legislative program and strategy | 209 | |
| 8651340896 | minority leader of the senate | party officer of minority in the senate leads strategy and opposition | 210 | |
| 8651340897 | budget and impoundment control act of 1974 | requires that the president must spend the funds that congress appropriated, inclining their ability to kill programs by withholding funds. congress must examine the total national taxing and spending @ least twice in a budget cycle | 211 | |
| 8651340898 | office of management and budget | receives advice from the council of economic advisors and the treasury department, they then outline a budget and send it to various departments and agencies | 212 |
Series Circuits Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10927763224 | Total Resistance | Sum of: resistance of resistor 1 + resistance of resistor 2 + .... |  | 0 |
| 10927770223 | Current in a series circuit | Same at all points of circuit |  | 1 |
| 10927807410 | This changes through each resistor or load in a series circuit. | Voltage | 2 | |
| 10927870904 | Missing Resistance Formula | RM = RT - (R1 + R2 + R3...) | 3 | |
| 10927912458 | Closed circuit | A complete electrical circuit around which current flows, or a signal circulates | 4 | |
| 10927915638 | short circuit | A connection that allows current to take the path of least resistance | 5 | |
| 10927942078 | series circuit | A circuit in which all parts are connected end to end to provide a single path of current. | 6 | |
| 10927945447 | Ammeter | a device installed in the single path of current, and is used to measure current | 7 | |
| 11215603903 | voltage drop | the difference in voltage across an electrical device that has current flowing through it | 8 | |
| 11215612922 | series circuit | An electric circuit with a single path | 9 | |
| 11215616799 | E R 1 | Voltage drop through resistor 1 | 10 | |
| 11215620076 | IT | total current (amperage) | 11 | |
| 11215620077 | ET | total voltage | 12 | |
| 11215630116 | RT | total resistance (ohms) | 13 | |
| 11215633463 | PT | total power (wattage) | 14 | |
| 11215637939 | Power Total | Sum of individual powers through each component. | 15 | |
| 11215644104 | Voltage in a series circuit | Sum of individual voltage drops is equal to applied (battery) voltage | 16 | |
| 11215653042 | Power in a series circuit | PT = ET x IT, PT = PR1 + PR2 + PR3 (wattage total is equal to sum of individual powers through each resistor/component) | 17 |
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