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Flashcards
AP World History Unit 6 Flashcards
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| 13879285497 | May fourth movement | A 1919 protest in China against the Treaty of Versailles and foreign influence. |  | 0 |
| 13879285498 | New Deal | U.S. President Roosevelt's program to relieve the economic problems of the Great Depression; it increased government involvement in the society of the United States. |  | 1 |
| 13879285499 | Cartels | Unions of independent businesses in order to regulate production, prices, and the marketing of goods. |  | 2 |
| 13879285500 | Korean conflict | War between Communist North Korea, aided by China, and Capitalist South Korea, aided by the United States |  | 3 |
| 13879285501 | Cuban missile crisis | When In 1962, the Soviets constructed nuclear missiles in Cuba which brought days of tense confrontation between Khrushchev and U.S. President Kennedy. Khrushchev ultimately backed down, and the missiles were removed. |  | 4 |
| 13879285502 | Spanish civil war | A conflict from 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces. |  | 5 |
| 13879285503 | Coalition | A government based on temporary alli¬ances of several political parties. |  | 6 |
| 13879285504 | Iron curtain | A metaphorical description of the divide between the Communist East and Democratic Western Europe |  | 7 |
| 13879285505 | Fascism | A political movement that is characterized by extreme nationalism, one-party rule, and the denial of individual rights. |  | 8 |
| 13879285506 | Treaty of Versailles | The 1919 peace treaty between Germany and the Allied nations; it blamed the war on Germany and assessed heavy reparations and large territorial losses on the part of Germany. |  | 9 |
| 13879285507 | Persian gulf war | The 1991 war between Iraq and a U.S.-led coalition to liberate Kuwait from an Iraqi invasion. |  | 10 |
| 13879285508 | Pan Slavic Movement | A Russian attempt to unite all Slavic nations into a commonwealth relation¬ship under the influence of Russia. |  | 11 |
| 13879285509 | Al-Qaeda | A terrorist group based in Afghanistan in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. |  | 12 |
| 13879285510 | World Trade Organization | An international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade. |  | 13 |
| 13879285511 | International Monetary fund | An international organization founded in 1944 to promote market economies and free trade. |  | 14 |
| 13879285512 | European Union | An organization designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe; it was formed in 1993 to replace the European Community. |  | 15 |
| 13879285513 | Mandate | A type of colony in which the government is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle Eastern mandates placed under European control after World War I. |  | 16 |
| 13879285514 | Marshall plan | A U.S. plan to support the recov¬ery and reconstruction of Western Europe after World War II. |  | 17 |
| 13879285515 | International space station | A vehicle sponsored by sixteen nations that circles the earth while car¬rying out experiments. |  | 18 |
| 13879285516 | Berlin wall | A wall, built by the East German Communist government, to separate the Democratic Western Berlin |  | 19 |
| 13879285517 | World bank | An agency of the United Nations that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development. |  | 20 |
| 13879285518 | North American Free Trade Organization | An organization that prohibits tariffs and other trade barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. (NAFTA) |  | 21 |
| 13879285519 | Guomindang | China's Nationalist political party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 and based on democratic principles; in 1925, the party was taken over by Jiang Jieshi, who made it into a more authoritarian party. |  | 22 |
| 13879285520 | Containment | Cold War policy of the United States whose purpose was to prevent the spread of communism. |  | 23 |
| 13879285521 | Central powers | In World War I, Germany, Aus¬tria-Hungary, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire, and other nations who fought with them against the Allies. |  | 24 |
| 13879285522 | Allied powers | In World War I, the nations of Great Britain, France, Russia, the United States, and others that fought against the Central Powers; in World War II, the group of nations includ¬ing Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States, that fought against the Axis Powers. |  | 25 |
| 13879285523 | League of nations | International organization founded after World "War I to promote peace and cooperation among nations. |  | 26 |
| 13879285524 | Service industries | Occupations that provided a service rather than a manufactured or agricultural product. |  | 27 |
| 13879285525 | Five year plans | Plans for industrial production first introduced to the Soviet Union in 1928 by Stalin; they succeeded in making the Soviet Union a major industrial power by the end of the 1930s. |  | 28 |
| 13879285526 | Appeasement | Policy of Great Britain and France of making concessions to Hitler in the 1930s. |  | 29 |
| 13879285527 | Hubble space telescope | Telescope able to peer deep into space |  | 30 |
| 13879285528 | Collectivization | The combination of several small farms into a large government-controlled farm. |  | 31 |
| 13879285529 | Great leap forward | The disastrous economic policy introduced by Mao Zedong that proposed the implementation of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes. |  | 32 |
| 13879285530 | United Nations | The international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations. |  | 33 |
| 13879285531 | Holocaust | The Nazi program during World War II that killed 6 million Jews and other groups considered undesirable. |  | 34 |
| 13879285532 | Great depression | The severe worldwide economic downturn that began in the late 1920s and con¬tinued into the 1930s throughout many regions of the world. |  | 35 |
| 13879285533 | Apartheid | The South African policy of separation of the races. |  | 36 |
| 13879285534 | Euro | The standard currency introduced and adopted by the majority of members of the European Union in January 2002. |  | 37 |
| 13879285535 | Genocide | The systematic killing of an entire ethnic group. |  | 38 |
| 13879285536 | Cold war | The tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. |  | 39 |
| 13879285537 | Mass consumerism | Trade in products designed to appeal to a global market. |  | 40 |
| 13879285538 | National Organization For Women | U.S. organization founded in 1969 to campaign for women's rights. |  | 41 |
| 13879285539 | Cultural revolution | A Chinese movement from 1966 to 1976 intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers. |  | 42 |
| 13879285540 | European Economic Community | A Common Market organized in 1958 whichreduced tariffs among member nations and created a common tariff policy for other world nations. |  | 43 |
AP Biology: Ecology Flashcards
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| 13257488002 | ecology | the scientific study of the interactions between organism and the environment. | 0 | |
| 13257494843 | climate | long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area. | 1 | |
| 13257507375 | biomes | the major types of ecosystems that occupy very board geographic regions. | 2 | |
| 13257522994 | aquatic biomes | make up the largest part of the biosphere because water covers roughly 75% of Earth's surface. | 3 | |
| 13257527114 | photic zone | includes the upper layer of water in which there is enough light for photosynthesis to occur. | 4 | |
| 13257542923 | aphotic zone | is characterized by very low light penetration. | 5 | |
| 13257595323 | biotic factors | are living factors with an environment. It may include behaviors as well as interactions with other species. | 6 | |
| 13257611017 | abiotic components | are the nonliving, chemical, and physical components of an environment. | 7 | |
| 13257644676 | population | a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area. | 8 | |
| 13257651700 | population ecology | how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations. | 9 | |
| 13257663680 | density | number of individuals per unit area or volume. | 10 | |
| 13257676105 | dispersion | the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population. | 11 | |
| 13257690360 | uniform dispersion | is often the result of antagonistic interaction. Animals that defend territories often show a this type of dispersion. | 12 | |
| 13257707094 | random dispersion | shows unpredictable spacing. This is not a common spacing in nature because there is usually a reason for a pattern of spacing. | 13 | |
| 13257753122 | type I | shows low death rates during the early and midlife; then the death rates increases sharply in older age groups. This is typical pattern for large organisms with long life spans. |  | 14 |
| 13257766596 | type II | shows a constant death rate over the organism's life span. These are often organisms that are heavily preyed upon, so individuals die before reaching old age. | 15 | |
| 13257787714 | type III | shows very high early death rates, the flat rate for the few surviving to older age groups. Many bird species how a high death rate for the first year, then a slowing for the remainder of their life span. | 16 | |
| 13257808312 | exponential population growth | refers to population growth under ideal conditions. dN = size of population dT = the time interval invovled in the calcuation r(max) = maximum per capita rate of increase for the species under study N = population size |  | 17 |
| 13257820514 | carrying capacity | the maximum population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat. | 18 | |
| 13257843761 | logistic growth model | the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached. dN = size of population dT = the time interval involved in the calculation r(max) = maximum per capita rate of increase for the species under study N = population size K = carrying capacity |  | 19 |
| 13257890472 | life history | traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival. | 20 | |
| 13257921611 | density-dependent factors | a death rate that rises as population density rises and a birth rate that falls as population density rises. Some examples include competition for resources, disease, predation, territoriality. | 21 | |
| 13257944444 | density-independent factors | when a death rate does not change with increase in population density (i.e. natural disasters) | 22 | |
| 13257978009 | demographic transition | occurs when a population goes from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates. | 23 | |
| 13257989949 | age-structure pyramids | Shows the relative number of individuals of each age in a population and can be used to predict and explain many demographic patterns | 24 | |
| 13258009524 | community | a group of populations of different species living close enough to interact. | 25 | |
| 13258016830 | interspecific interactions | may be positive for one species (+), negative (-), or neutral (0) and include competition, predation, and symbioses. | 26 | |
| 13258054212 | interspecific competition | an interaction that occurs when individuals of different species compete for a resource that limits the survival and reproduction of each species. | 27 | |
| 13258090288 | ecological footprint | examines the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population. | 28 | |
| 13258107455 | ecological niche | the total sum of the biotic and abiotic resources that the species used in its environment. | 29 | |
| 13258145267 | fundamental niche | the niche potentially occupied by the species. | 30 | |
| 13258145268 | realized niche | portion of fundamental niche the species actually occupies. | 31 | |
| 13258161936 | predation | a +/- interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey | 32 | |
| 13258169611 | cryptic coloration | camouflage | 33 | |
| 13258171626 | aposematic | warning coloration, in which a poisonous animal is brightly colored as a warning to other animals. | 34 | |
| 13258181050 | batesian mimicry | referring to situation in which a harmless species has evolved to mimic the coloration of unpalatable or harmful species. | 35 | |
| 13258193007 | mullerian mimicry | two bad-tasting species resemble each other, ostensibly so that predators will learn to avoid them equally. | 36 | |
| 13258203308 | herbivory | (+/- interaction) refers to an interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga | 37 | |
| 13258209129 | symbiosis | occurs when individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another. | 38 | |
| 13258223665 | parasitism | (+/-) symbiotic interaction in which the parasite derives its nourishment from its hose. | 39 | |
| 13258232027 | mutualism | (+/+) an interspecific interaction that benefits both species. | 40 | |
| 13258237445 | commensalism | benefits one of the species but neither harms nor helps the other species. | 41 | |
| 13258251521 | trophic structure | refers to the feeding relationships among organisms. | 42 | |
| 13258242485 | species diversity | measures the number of the different species in a community and the relatives abundance of each species. | 43 | |
| 13258256264 | trophic levels | the links in the trophic structure of a community. | 44 | |
| 13258264282 | food chain | the pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers. | 45 | |
| 13258262446 | food web | consist of two or more food chains linked together. | 46 | |
| 13258279218 | dominant species | are the species that are the most abundant or that collectively have the highest biomass. | 47 | |
| 13258282511 | biomass | the total mass of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a particular habitat. | 48 | |
| 13258289919 | keystone species | a species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche. | 49 | |
| 13277210531 | law of conservation of mass | a physical law stating that matter can change form but cannot be created or destroyed. In a closed system, the mass of the system is constant. | 50 | |
| 13277216433 | primary producer | an autotroph, usually a photosynthetic organism. Collectively, autotrophs make up the trophic level of an ecosystem that ultimately supports all other levels. | 51 | |
| 13277221928 | primary consumer | a herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs. | 52 | |
| 13277225435 | secondary consumer (carnivores) | a carnivore that eats herbivores. | 53 | |
| 13277230548 | tertiary consumer (carnivores) | a carnivore that eats other carnivores. | 54 | |
| 13277235954 | decomposer | an organism that absorbs nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organisms and converts them to inorganic forms; a detritivore. | 55 | |
| 13277239426 | detritus | dead organic matter | 56 | |
| 13277455389 | primary production | the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by the autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given time period. | 57 | |
| 13277460353 | gross primary production | the total primary production of an ecosystem | 58 | |
| 13277463109 | net primary production | the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration. | 59 | |
| 13277466481 | net ecosystem production | the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by all autotrophs and heterotrophs for respiration. | 60 | |
| 13277470825 | eutophication | a process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. | 61 | |
| 13277586257 | secondary production | the amount of chemical energy in consumers' food that is converted to their own new biomass during a given time period. | 62 | |
| 13277588857 | production efficiency | the percentage of energy stored in assimilated food that is not used for respiration or eliminated as waste. | 63 | |
| 13277595726 | tropic efficiency | the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. | 64 | |
| 13379042346 | nitrogen fixation | the conversion of N2 by bacteria to forms that can be used by plants | 65 | |
| 13379052506 | nitrification | the process by which ammonium NH4 is oxidized to nitrate and then nitrate by bacteria. | 66 | |
| 13379061115 | denitrification | a process by which bacteria releases nitrogen to the atmosphere. | 67 | |
| 13408979992 | climograph | a plot of the temperature and precipitation in a particular region. | 68 | |
| 13408997375 | disturbance | a natural or human-caused event that changes a biological community and usually removes organisms from it. Events, such as fires and storms, play a pivotal role in structuring many communities. | 69 | |
| 13409014992 | disperal | the movement of individuals or gametes away from their parent location. This movement sometimes expands the geographic range of a population or species. | 70 | |
| 13409028671 | immigration | the influx of new individuals into a population from other areas. | 71 | |
| 13409032542 | emigration | the movement of individuals out of a population. | 72 | |
| 13409038626 | territoriality | a behavior in which an animal defends a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals, usually of its own species. | 73 | |
| 13409048046 | demography | the study of changes over time in the vital statistics of populations, especially birth rates and death rates. | 74 | |
| 13409053388 | life table | a summary of the age-specific survival and reproductive rates of individuals in a population. | 75 | |
| 13409059936 | cohort | a group of individuals of the same age in a population. | 76 | |
| 13409084730 | competitive exclusion | the concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population. | 77 | |
| 13409115597 | species richness | the number of species in a biological community. | 78 | |
| 13409119609 | relative abundance/species evenness | the proportional abundance of different species in a community. | 79 | |
| 13409130754 | invasive species | a species, often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range. | 80 | |
| 13419210824 | resource partitioning | The division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all coexisting species | 81 | |
| 13419220946 | character displacement | a phenomenon where differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not overlap. |  | 82 |
| 13419340752 | spatial resource partitioning | species reduce competition by utilizing same resource in different habitats. | 83 | |
| 13419349066 | temporal resource partitioning | species reduce competition by utilizing same resource at different times. | 84 | |
| 13419384381 | allopatric | geographically separate | 85 | |
| 13419387460 | sympatric | geographically overlapping | 86 | |
| 13456482641 | ecological succession | sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance. | 87 | |
| 13456486203 | primary succession | occurs where no soil exists when succession begins. | 88 | |
| 13456490499 | secondary succession | begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance. | 89 | |
| 13471888616 | r-selected species/strategist (type III) | a species that has a high intrinsic growth rate, which often leads to population overshoots and die-offs |  | 90 |
| 13471890152 | k-selected species/strategist (type I) | a species with a low intrinsic growth rate that causes the population to increase slowly until it reaches carrying capacity |  | 91 |
| 13471894058 | ecosystem engineers | a keystone species that creates or maintains habitat for other species | 92 | |
| 13532108297 | carbohydrates | carbon: carbon chain hydrogen: attached to carbon skeleton oxygen: attached to carbon skeleton |  | 93 |
| 13532148542 | proteins | carbon: center of the molecule hydrogen: carboxyl and amino group oxygen: carboxyl group nitrogen: amino group sulfur: disulfur bonds (tertiary structure) |  | 94 |
| 13532171657 | lipids | carbon: carbon chain hydrogen: attached to the carbon chain oxygen: carboxyl group |  | 95 |
| 13532184176 | nucleuic acids | carbon: sugar molecule oxygen: sugar molecule hydrogen: sugar molecule nitrogen: nitrogen bases phosphorus: phosphate backbone |  | 96 |
| 13532355282 | water cycle | the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back |  | 97 |
| 13532358803 | carbon cycle | The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again |  | 98 |
| 13532556336 | phosphorus cycle | the movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks. |  | 99 |
| 13532673228 | nitrogen cycle | the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere |  | 100 |
Flashcards
AP Euro Flashcards
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| 13763272657 | Thomas Cromwell (1485-1540) | King Henry VIII's new advisor, who became the King's principal secretary after the fall of Wolsey. He and Cranmer advised the King to get an annulment in England's own ecclesiastical courts. 1485-1540 | 0 | |
| 13763326139 | Leipzig Debate | Martin Luther vs. John Eck (representative for the Catholic Church). Debated papal authority. 1519. | 1 | |
| 13763372911 | The phases of Venus | Galileo's observations of phases of Venus prove that it orbits the Sun and not Earth. | 2 | |
| 13763380452 | The moons of Jupiter | Galileo | 3 | |
| 13763401349 | Philip Melanchthon | friend of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that failed. The statements made did become the traditional statement of the Lutheran Church. 1497-1560 | 4 | |
| 13763441630 | Battle of Lutzen | Battle in which Gustav Adolphus was killed, thus ending any real hope the protestants had against Emperor Ferdinand. 1632 | 5 | |
| 13763461627 | Most curopt pop during Ren. | Alexander 6th | 6 | |
| 13763466085 | Jane grant | Queen briefly before Bloody Mary | 7 | |
| 13763485747 | Pilgrimage of Grace | Attempted to reverse the religious reforms of Henry 8 | 8 |
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