Flashcards
Flashcards
AP103: Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 14263826359 | afferent division | brings info to the CNS from receptors in body tissues and organs | 0 | |
| 14263828641 | sensory receptors | detect changes in the environment or respond to specific stimuli | 1 | |
| 14263832202 | efferent division | carries information away from the CNS to effectors | 2 | |
| 14263835022 | somatic nervous system | controls skeletal muscle | 3 | |
| 14263836143 | autonomic nervous system | controls smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands | 4 | |
| 14263837554 | sympathetic division | fight or flight | 5 | |
| 14263840932 | parasympathetic division | rest and digest | 6 | |
| 14263847363 | types of neurons | multipolar, bipolar, unipolar |  | 7 |
| 14263895672 | astrocytes | most abundant, star-shaped, maintain blood-brain barrier |  | 8 |
| 14263997739 | oligodendrocytes | produce an insulating membranous wrapping around CNS axons (myelin) |  | 9 |
| 14264005260 | white matter | myelinated axons | 10 | |
| 14264005261 | gray matter | unmyelinated | 11 | |
| 14264006025 | microglia | smallest and least numerous, phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells |  | 12 |
| 14264008967 | ependymal cells | line cavities in the CNS filled with CSF |  | 13 |
| 14264012909 | satellite cells | surround and support neuron cell bodies |  | 14 |
| 14264015306 | Schwann cells | cover every axon in the PNS |  | 15 |
| 14264039886 | The only cranial nerve that is attached to the cerebrum is the a) vestibulocochlear. b) trochlear. c) optic. d) oculomotor. e) olfactory. | e) olfactory | 16 | |
| 14264080199 | optic nerve innervates | retina | 17 | |
| 14264083061 | abducens nerve innervates | lateral rectus muscle of eye | 18 | |
| 14264084475 | facial nerve innervates | taste receptors, lacrimal gland, sublingual glands | 19 | |
| 14264087272 | accessory nerve innervates | palate, pharynx, larynx, sternocleiomastoid, trapezius | 20 | |
| 14264093352 | trigeminal nerve innervates | teeth, muscles of mastication, eyelids, lips, cheek | 21 | |
| 14264095063 | hypoglossal nerve innvervates | tongue muscles | 22 | |
| 14264095974 | vagus nerve innervates | thoracic and abdominal organs | 23 | |
| 14264097883 | vestibulocochlear nerve innervates | ear | 24 | |
| 14264098975 | oculomotor nerve innervates | 3 out of 4 muscles of the eye | 25 | |
| 14264099900 | trochlear nerve innervates | superior oblique muscle of eye | 26 | |
| 14264101347 | olfactory nerve innervates | sense of smell | 27 | |
| 14264102404 | glossopharyngeal nerve innervates | monitors bp, pH, O2, and CO2 concentrations | 28 | |
| 14264111082 | Monosynaptic reflexes a) do not control stereotyped responses of the nervous system. b) involve two or more sequential synapses. c) are among the most complex reflex arcs. d) usually control slow motor responses. e) are exemplified by the stretch reflex. | e) are exemplified by the stretch reflex | 29 | |
| 14264116427 | The spinal pathway(s) that carries/carry information regulating skeletal muscle tone is/are the a) spinocerebellar pathway. b) medial and lateral pathways. c) spinothalamic pathway. d) corticospinal pathway. e) posterior column. | b) medial and lateral pathways | 30 | |
| 14264120019 | Which of the following fibers usually release norepinephrine (NE)? a)sympathetic preganglionic b)somatic c)parasympathetic preganglionic d)sympathetic postganglionic e)parasympathetic postganglionic | d) sympathetic postganglionic | 31 | |
| 14264125035 | Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels a) 3, 1, 2, 4 b) 1, 3, 2, 4 c) 1, 3, 4, 2 d) 3, 1, 4, 2 e) 4, 3, 2, 1 | a) 3,1,2,4 | 32 | |
| 14264129701 | Which of the following neurotransmitters usually depolarizes postsynaptic neurons? a) monoamine oxidase b) acetylcholine c) GABA d) serotonin e) dopamine | b) acetylcholine | 33 | |
| 14264132471 | Which of the following is the correct order of events that occur at a cholinergic synapse? 1. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine. 2. Acetylcholine is removed by acetylcholinesterase. 3. Acetylcholine binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane. 4. Axon terminal depolarizes. a) 4, 1, 3, 2 b) 3, 4, 1, 2 c) 1, 4, 3, 2 d) 2, 3, 1, 4 e) 4, 1, 2, 3 | a) 4,1,3,2 | 34 | |
| 14268400978 | Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? | phrenic nerve | 35 | |
| 14268409112 | monosynaptic reflex | a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron; ex: the stretch reflex | 36 | |
| 14268416750 | reflex arc | 1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5. effector |  | 37 |
| 14268435388 | The area of sensory cortex devoted to a body region is relative to the | number of sensory receptors in the region of the body | 38 | |
| 14268456378 | Interneurons a) only connect motor neurons to other motor neurons. b) are found only in the central nervous system. c) carry only motor impulses. d) carry only sensory impulses. e) are found between neurons and their effectors. | b) are only found in the central nervous system | 39 | |
| 14268464916 | continuous propagation vs. saltatory propagation | continuous- occurs in unmyelinated fibers, relatively slow saltatory- occurs in myelinated axons; much faster | 40 | |
| 14268479365 | Opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in | depolarization | 41 | |
| 14268483358 | A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, moving the membrane voltage value below the resting potential value, results in which of the following? | hyperpolarization | 42 | |
| 14268488057 | Order of meninges from superficial to deep | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater | 43 | |
| 14268495537 | You have been diagnosed with the demyelinating disease called multiple sclerosis. The areas of damage seem to be centered within the spinal cord. The demyelinated areas are most probably within the a) gray commissure. b) dorsal or ventral horns. c) central canal. d) ascending and/or descending tracts. e) dorsal root ganglia. | d) ascending and/or descending tracts | 44 | |
| 14268503212 | Diffusion across which structure(s) returns excess CSF to venous circulation? | arachnoid granulations | 45 | |
| 14268508013 | The ________ acts as a switching and relay center for integration of conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands. | diencephalon | 46 | |
| 14268513948 | As a result of a severe concussion from a car accident, you have a terrible problem with both retaining new information and recalling old information. The injury affected the | hippocampus | 47 | |
| 14268518870 | The part of the CNS that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities on the basis of sensory information and stored memory of previous movements is the | cerebellum | 48 | |
| 14268524860 | Regions of the brain that are involved in interpreting data or coordinating motor responses are | association areas | 49 | |
| 14268527775 | The region of the brain that is involved in conscious thought and intellectual function as well as processing somatic sensory and motor information is the | cerebrum | 50 | |
| 14268532054 | Which of the following performs such abstract intellectual function as predicting the future consequences of events or actions? | prefrontal cortex | 51 | |
| 14268542418 | thalamus | a relay and processing center for sensory info | 52 | |
| 14268543652 | hypothalamus | involved with emotions, autonomic functions and hormone production | 53 | |
| 14268552866 | CSF is produced where? | choroid plexus | 54 | |
| 14268560569 | primary sensory cortex | receives info from touch, pressure, pain, and temp receptors | 55 | |
| 14268573889 | general interpretive area | integrates sensory info and visual and auditory memory | 56 | |
| 14268581137 | left hemisphere | language skills, analytical tasks, and logical decision making | 57 | |
| 14268584997 | right hemisphere | spatial analysis, analyzing sensory input and relating it to the body, and analyzing emotional context | 58 |
AP US History chapter 10 Flashcards
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| 15498424476 | franchise | The right to vote | 0 | |
| 15498424477 | notables | Wealthy, northern landlords, slave-owning planters and seaport merchants. Where able to dominate the political system in the new republic. "Those who own the country are the most fit persons to participate in the government of it. | 1 | |
| 15498424478 | political machines | nick name of new political parties because they efficiently wove together the interests of diverse social and economic groups | 2 | |
| 15498424479 | spoils system | The practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters | 3 | |
| 15498424480 | caucus | A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform. | 4 | |
| 15498424481 | American System | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. | 5 | |
| 15498424482 | internal improvements | This included the construction of better roads and canals. It was a part of Clay's American System | 6 | |
| 15498424483 | corrupt bargain | A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. |  | 7 |
| 15498424484 | consolidated government | In 1824, Martin Van Buren likewise declared his allegiance to constitutional "doctrines of the Jefferson school" and his opposition to this idea of a powerful and potentially oppressive national administration. Now a member of the U.S. Senate, Van Buren helped to defeat most of Adams' proposed subsidies for roads and canals. | 8 | |
| 15498424485 | Tariff of Abominations | 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. |  | 9 |
| 15498424486 | nullification | a state attempting to declare federal laws unconsitutional if such laws were seen to overstep Congressional powers |  | 10 |
| 15498424487 | states' rights | the idea that a state convention could declare a law to be void within the state's border | 11 | |
| 15498424488 | Second Bank of the United States | Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter, was privately managed and operated The purpose of the bank was to stabilize the nation's money supply. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency. | 12 | |
| 15498424489 | Trail of Tears | Forced westward journey of the Cherokees from land in Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838 under Jackson's Indian Removal Act on 1830. 3,000 died along the way. | 13 | |
| 15498424490 | Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration; this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed. | 14 | |
| 15498424491 | laissez-faire | The principle that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to the economy. |  | 15 |
| 15498424492 | Whigs | Second national party, against Jackson | 16 | |
| 15498424495 | ethnocultural politics | Refers to the fact that the political allegiance of many American voters was determined less by party policy than by their membership in a specific ethnic or religious group. | 17 | |
| 15498424494 | Panic of 1837 | The second major economic crisis o the U. S. , 1837-1843 When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | 18 | |
| 15498476931 | Specie Circular | Executive order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating. This signified the growing economic problems which would result in the panic of 1837. | 19 |
AP Statistics Flashcards
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| 14747758226 | How do you check if there is outliers? | calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier | 0 | |
| 14747758227 | If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | median; it is resistant to skews and outliers | 1 | |
| 14747758228 | If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers | 2 | |
| 14747758229 | What is in the five number summary? | Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum | 3 | |
| 14747758230 | Relationship between variance and standard deviation? | variance=(standard deviation)^2 | 4 | |
| 14747758231 | variance definition | the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean | 5 | |
| 14747758232 | standard deviation | the standard deviation is the square root of the variance | 6 | |
| 14747758233 | What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated? | IQR | 7 | |
| 14747758234 | What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated? | standard deviation | 8 | |
| 14747758235 | What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent? | Q3-Q1; 50% | 9 | |
| 14747758236 | How do you calculate standard deviation? | 1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it | 10 | |
| 14747758416 | What is the formula for standard deviation? |  | 11 | |
| 14747758237 | Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables | Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values | 12 | |
| 14747758238 | If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier? | No | 13 | |
| 14747758239 | Things to include when describing a distribution | Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range) | 14 | |
| 14747758240 | Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable? | Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction. | 15 | |
| 14747758241 | What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution? | shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1 | 16 | |
| 14747758242 | What is a density curve? | a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1 | 17 | |
| 14747758243 | Inverse Norm | when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation) | 18 | |
| 14747758244 | z | (x-mean)/standard deviation | 19 | |
| 14747758245 | pth percentile | the value with p percent observations less than is | 20 | |
| 14747758246 | cumulative relative frequency graph | can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution | 21 | |
| 14747758247 | How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot | STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON | 22 | |
| 14747758248 | r | tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers | 23 | |
| 14747758249 | r^2 | the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line | 24 | |
| 14747758250 | residual plot | a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN | 25 | |
| 14747758251 | regression line | a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x. | 26 | |
| 14747758252 | residual formula | residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y | 27 | |
| 14747758253 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial? | BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 28 | |
| 14747758254 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric? | BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 29 | |
| 14747758255 | n | number of trials | 30 | |
| 14747758256 | p | probability of success | 31 | |
| 14747758257 | k | number of successes | 32 | |
| 14747758258 | Binomial Formula for P(X=k) | (n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k) | 33 | |
| 14747758259 | Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | binompdf(n,p,k) | 34 | |
| 14747758260 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | binomcdf(n,p,k) | 35 | |
| 14747758261 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1) | 36 | |
| 14747758262 | mean of a binomial distribution | np | 37 | |
| 14747758263 | standard deviation of a binomial distribution | √(np(1-p)) | 38 | |
| 14747758264 | Geometric Formula for P(X=k) | (1-p)^(k-1) x p | 39 | |
| 14747758265 | Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | geometpdf(p,k) | 40 | |
| 14747758266 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | geometcdf(p,k) | 41 | |
| 14747758267 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-geometcdf(p,k-1) | 42 | |
| 14747758268 | Mean of a geometric distribution | 1/p=expected number of trials until success | 43 | |
| 14747758269 | Standard deviation of a geometric distribution | √((1-p)/(p²)) | 44 | |
| 14747758270 | What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number? | Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1) | 45 | |
| 14747758271 | how do you enter n choose k into the calculator? | type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k" | 46 | |
| 14747758272 | μ(x+y) | μx+μy | 47 | |
| 14747758273 | μ(x-y) | μx-μy | 48 | |
| 14747758274 | σ(x+y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) | 49 | |
| 14747758275 | What does adding or subtracting a constant effect? | Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape. | 50 | |
| 14747758276 | What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect? | Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b). | 51 | |
| 14747758277 | σ(x-y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance | 52 | |
| 14747758278 | calculate μx by hand | X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK) | 53 | |
| 14747758279 | calculate var(x) by hand | (X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k)) | 54 | |
| 14747758280 | Standard deviation | square root of variance | 55 | |
| 14747758281 | discrete random variables | a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers) | 56 | |
| 14747758282 | continuous random variables | -x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis) | 57 | |
| 14747758283 | What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y? | (σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent. | 58 | |
| 14747758284 | mutually exclusive | no outcomes in common | 59 | |
| 14747758285 | addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B) | P(A)+P(B) | 60 | |
| 14747758286 | complement rule P(A^C) | 1-P(A) | 61 | |
| 14747758287 | general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B) | P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 62 | |
| 14747758288 | intersection P(A n B) | both A and B will occur | 63 | |
| 14747758289 | conditional probability P (A | B) | P(A n B) / P(B) | 64 | |
| 14747758290 | independent events (how to check independence) | P(A) = P(A|B) P(B)= P(B|A) | 65 | |
| 14747758291 | multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B) | 66 | |
| 14747758292 | general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B|A) | 67 | |
| 14747758293 | sample space | a list of possible outcomes | 68 | |
| 14747758294 | probability model | a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome | 69 | |
| 14747758295 | event | any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space) | 70 | |
| 14747758296 | What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely? | P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space) | 71 | |
| 14747758297 | Complement | probability that an event does not occur | 72 | |
| 14747758298 | What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes? | 1 | 73 | |
| 14747758299 | What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events? | P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B) | 74 | |
| 14747758300 | five basic probability rules | 1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B) | 75 | |
| 14747758301 | When is a two-way table helpful | displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly | 76 | |
| 14747758302 | In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"? | could have either event or both | 77 | |
| 14747758303 | When can a Venn Diagram be helpful? | visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events | 78 | |
| 14747758304 | What is the general addition rule for two events? | If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 79 | |
| 14747758305 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 80 | |
| 14747758306 | What does the union of two or more events mean? | either event A or event B (or both) occurs | 81 | |
| 14747758307 | What is the law of large numbers? | If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome | 82 | |
| 14747758308 | the probability of any outcome... | is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions | 83 | |
| 14747758309 | How do you interpret a probability? | We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials | 84 | |
| 14747758310 | What are the two myths about randomness? | 1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome | 85 | |
| 14747758311 | simulation | the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation | 86 | |
| 14747758312 | Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation | 1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest | 87 | |
| 14747758313 | What are some common errors when using a table of random digits? | not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation | 88 | |
| 14747758314 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 89 | |
| 14747758315 | sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population | 90 | |
| 14747758316 | population | In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information | 91 | |
| 14747758317 | sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. | 92 | |
| 14747758318 | convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 93 | |
| 14747758319 | bias | The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes. | 94 | |
| 14747758320 | voluntary response sample | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 95 | |
| 14747758321 | random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 96 | |
| 14747758322 | simple random sample (SRS) | every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 97 | |
| 14747758323 | strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 98 | |
| 14747758324 | stratified random sample | To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample. | 99 | |
| 14747758325 | cluster sample | To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 100 | |
| 14747758326 | inference | Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand. | 101 | |
| 14747758327 | margin of error | Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling. | 102 | |
| 14747758328 | sampling frame | The list from which a sample is actually chosen. | 103 | |
| 14747758329 | undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 104 | |
| 14747758330 | nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error. | 105 | |
| 14747758331 | wording of questions | The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters. | 106 | |
| 14747758332 | observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 107 | |
| 14747758333 | experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 108 | |
| 14747758334 | explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. | 109 | |
| 14747758335 | response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 110 | |
| 14747758336 | lurking variable | a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable. | 111 | |
| 14747758337 | treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables. | 112 | |
| 14747758338 | experimental unit | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 113 | |
| 14747758339 | subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 114 | |
| 14747758340 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this | 115 | |
| 14747758341 | random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups. | 116 | |
| 14747758342 | replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 117 | |
| 14747758343 | double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 118 | |
| 14747758344 | single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 119 | |
| 14747758345 | placebo | an inactive (fake) treatment | 120 | |
| 14747758346 | placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one | 121 | |
| 14747758347 | block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 122 | |
| 14747758348 | inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 123 | |
| 14747758349 | inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 124 | |
| 14747758350 | lack of realism | When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest. | 125 | |
| 14747758351 | institutional review board | A basic principle of data ethics. All planned studies must be approved in advance and monitored by _____________ charged with protecting the safety and well-being of the participants. | 126 | |
| 14747758352 | informed consent | A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing. | 127 | |
| 14747758353 | simulation | a model of random events | 128 | |
| 14747758354 | census | a sample that includes the entire population | 129 | |
| 14747758355 | population parameter | a number that measures a characteristic of a population | 130 | |
| 14747758356 | systematic sample | every fifth individual, for example, is chosen | 131 | |
| 14747758357 | multistage sample | a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined | 132 | |
| 14747758358 | sampling variability | the naturally occurring variability found in samples | 133 | |
| 14747758359 | levels | the values that the experimenter used for a factor | 134 | |
| 14747758360 | the four principles of experimental design | control, randomization, replication, and blocking | 135 | |
| 14747758361 | completely randomized design | a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment | 136 | |
| 14747758362 | interpreting p value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 137 | |
| 14747758363 | p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread | center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2) | 138 | |
| 14747758364 | probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1) | plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability | 139 | |
| 14747758365 | Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula | (p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)) | 140 | |
| 14747758366 | When do you use t and z test/intervals? | t for mean z for proportions | 141 | |
| 14747758417 | Significance test for difference in proportions | 142 | ||
| 14747758367 | What is a null hypothesis? | What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho. | 143 | |
| 14747758368 | What is an alternative hypothesis? | the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha | 144 | |
| 14747758369 | When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided? | Ha less than or greater than | 145 | |
| 14747758370 | When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided? | Ha is not equal to | 146 | |
| 14747758371 | What is a significance level? | fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant". | 147 | |
| 14747758372 | What is the default significance level? | α=.05 | 148 | |
| 14747758373 | Interpreting the p-value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 149 | |
| 14747758374 | p value ≤ α | We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true. | 150 | |
| 14747758375 | p value ≥ α | We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true. | 151 | |
| 14747758376 | reject Ho when it is actually true | Type I Error | 152 | |
| 14747758377 | fail to reject Ho when it is actually false | Type II Error | 153 | |
| 14747758378 | Power definition | probability of rejecting Ho when it is false | 154 | |
| 14747758379 | probability of Type I Error | α | 155 | |
| 14747758380 | probability of Type II Error | 1-power | 156 | |
| 14747758381 | two ways to increase power | increase sample size/significance level α | 157 | |
| 14747758382 | 5 step process: z/t test | State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho | 158 | |
| 14747758418 | Formula for test statistic (μ) |  | 159 | |
| 14747758383 | Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null) | (p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n) | 160 | |
| 14747758384 | probability of a Type II Error? | overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf | 161 | |
| 14747758385 | when do you use z tests? | for proportions | 162 | |
| 14747758386 | when do you use t tests? | for mean (population standard deviation unknown) | 163 | |
| 14747758387 | finding p value for t tests | tcdf(min, max, df) | 164 | |
| 14747758388 | Sample paired t test | state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion | 165 | |
| 14747758389 | What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem? | The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance | 166 | |
| 14747758390 | When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do? | check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2) | 167 | |
| 14747758391 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Level | In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context). | 168 | |
| 14747758392 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval | We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 169 | |
| 14747758393 | What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval? | random, normal, independent | 170 | |
| 14747758394 | C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process | State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z*, then p hat +/- z* Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 171 | |
| 14747758419 | What's the z interval standard error formula? |  | 172 | |
| 14747758395 | How do you find z*? | InvNorm(#) | 173 | |
| 14747758396 | How do you find the point estimate of a sample? | subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends) | 174 | |
| 14747758397 | How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval? | Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends | 175 | |
| 14747758398 | Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to: | use p hat=.5 | 176 | |
| 14747758399 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *known* | x bar +/- z*(σ/√n) | 177 | |
| 14747758400 | Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known) | starts normal or CLT | 178 | |
| 14747758401 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *unknown* (which is almost always true) | x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n) | 179 | |
| 14747758402 | degrees of freedom | n-1 | 180 | |
| 14747758403 | How do you find t*? | InvT(area to the left, df) | 181 | |
| 14747758404 | What is the standard error? | same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating) | 182 | |
| 14747758405 | a point estimator is a statistic that... | provides an estimate of a population parameter. | 183 | |
| 14747758406 | Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller. | Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases | 184 | |
| 14747758407 | Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter? | NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter | 185 | |
| 14747758408 | Sx and σx: which is which? | Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population | 186 | |
| 14747758409 | How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval? | you are not given the population standard deviation | 187 | |
| 14747758410 | Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown) | Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers) | 188 | |
| 14747758411 | How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15 | plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution) | 189 | |
| 14747758412 | t* confidence interval, 5 step process | State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t*, then do x bar +/- t*(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 190 | |
| 14747758413 | margin of error formula | z* or t* (standard error) | 191 | |
| 14747758414 | When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data? | x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given | 192 | |
| 14747758415 | What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value? | z/t* interval | 193 |
Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10985372575 | kinetic energy | energy of motion | 0 | |
| 10985372576 | potential energy | stored energy | 1 | |
| 10985372577 | High Quality Energy | organized & concentrated; can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear) | 2 | |
| 10985372578 | Low Quality Energy | disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar) | 3 | |
| 10985372579 | Law of Conservation of Matter | Matter is not created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change | 4 | |
| 10985372580 | 1st law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed | 5 | |
| 10985372581 | 2nd law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy | 6 | |
| 10985372582 | organic molecules | molecules that contain carbon | 7 | |
| 10985372583 | Nucular fission | Nuclear change in which the nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers (such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239) are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron. This process releases more neutrons and a large amount of energy. | 8 | |
| 10985372584 | nucular fusion | the putting together of small nucleas' to make bigger ones | 9 | |
| 10985372585 | nucular decay | the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation | 10 | |
| 10985372586 | positive feedback loop | Causes a system to change further in the same direction. | 11 | |
| 10985372587 | negitive feedback loop | outputs that result from a system in one direction then pushes it in the other way | 12 | |
| 10985372588 | element vs compound | Substances that only contain one type of atom | 13 | |
| 10985372589 | synergistic interaction | Interaction of two or more factors or processes so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects | 14 | |
| 10985372590 | DNA | A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. | 15 | |
| 10985372591 | Gene | A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait | 16 | |
| 10985372592 | renewable energy | A resource that can be replaced when needed. | 17 | |
| 10985372593 | Non-renewable energy | A resource that cannot be replaced once used. | 18 | |
| 10985372594 | energy efficiency | The percentage of energy put into a system that does useful work | 19 | |
| 10985372595 | Energy | the ability to do work | 20 | |
| 10985372596 | Threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 21 | |
| 10985372597 | tipping point | the point at which a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system occurs | 22 | |
| 10985372598 | hydro carbons | Compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen | 23 | |
| 10985372599 | Steps of the Scientific Method | Identify problem, Form Hypothesis, Collect Data, Analyze Data, Form Conclusions | 24 |
Flashcards
Period 4 - AP World History Flashcards
Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.
Terms : Hide Images
| 14002141443 | Early Modern Period | the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world) | 0 | |
| 14002141444 | Catholic Reformation | the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary) | 1 | |
| 14002141445 | Jesuits | a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's) | 2 | |
| 14002141446 | Thirty Years War | War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia | 3 | |
| 14002141447 | English Civil War | This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished. | 4 | |
| 14002141448 | Scientific Revolution | a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century | 5 | |
| 14002141449 | Scholasticism | Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion | 6 | |
| 14002141450 | Humanism | interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals | 7 | |
| 14002141451 | Patrons | supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young | 8 | |
| 14002141452 | Medici | was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family |  | 9 |
| 14002141453 | Johan Gutenberg | a German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 1454 |  | 10 |
| 14002141454 | Nicolo Machiavelli | a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states | 11 | |
| 14002141455 | Protestant Reformation | a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches |  | 12 |
| 14002141456 | Indulgences | The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church. |  | 13 |
| 14002141457 | John Calvin | A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God. |  | 14 |
| 14002141458 | Anglican Church | A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife. |  | 15 |
| 14002141459 | Martin Luther | a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church |  | 16 |
| 14002141460 | Renaissance Man | Title of a person who was smart and genius in the Renaissance Era. |  | 17 |
| 14002141461 | Deism | God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory. |  | 18 |
| 14002141462 | Land-based Powers | A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected | 19 | |
| 14002141463 | Sea-based Powers | Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims. | 20 | |
| 14002141464 | Renaissance | A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever |  | 21 |
| 14002141465 | Adam Smith | He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations" | 22 | |
| 14002141466 | New Monarchies | Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions | 23 | |
| 14002141467 | Constitutional Monarchy | States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens | 24 | |
| 14002141468 | Gentry | the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy |  | 25 |
| 14002141469 | Enlightenment | the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought | 26 | |
| 14002141470 | John Locke | sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties | 27 | |
| 14002141471 | Thomas Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) | 28 | |
| 14002141472 | Voltaire | wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms | 29 | |
| 14002141473 | Hapsburg | A powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 1273 |  | 30 |
| 14002141474 | Holy Roman Empire | a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century |  | 31 |
| 14002141475 | Reconquest | the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries. |  | 32 |
| 14002141476 | Phillip II | ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century | 33 | |
| 14002141477 | Divine Right | with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries |  | 34 |
| 14002141478 | Louis XIV | Understood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him |  | 35 |
| 14002141479 | Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies | absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power. | 36 | |
| 14002141480 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner | 37 | |
| 14002141481 | Mercantilism | the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business) |  | 38 |
| 14002141482 | Joint-stock Companies | these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages. | 39 | |
| 14002141483 | Bourgeoise | middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses | 40 | |
| 14002141484 | Balance of Power | states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW) | 41 | |
| 14002141485 | Versailles | a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'. |  | 42 |
| 14002141486 | Zheng He | led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty. |  | 43 |
| 14002141487 | Henry the Navigator | the third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world | 44 | |
| 14002141488 | Caravel | a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas |  | 45 |
| 14002141489 | Vasco da Gama | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal |  | 46 |
| 14002141490 | Christopher Columbus | A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West. | 47 | |
| 14002141491 | Treaty of Tordesillas | a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond. |  | 48 |
| 14002141492 | Magellan | had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines |  | 49 |
| 14002141493 | Conquistadors | went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico |  | 50 |
| 14002141494 | Cortes | sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology | 51 | |
| 14002141495 | Moctezuma | the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him. | 52 | |
| 14002141496 | Francisco Pizzaro | led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold. |  | 53 |
| 14002141497 | Ethnocentrism | the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior |  | 54 |
| 14002141498 | De La Casas | a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights |  | 55 |
| 14002141499 | Franciscans | peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor. | 56 | |
| 14002141500 | Encomenderos | Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas | 57 | |
| 14002141501 | Peninsularies | a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world | 58 | |
| 14002141502 | Mestizos | composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas |  | 59 |
| 14002141503 | Mulattoes | composed of European and African children, also part of the castas |  | 60 |
| 14002141504 | Council of Indies | supervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies | 61 | |
| 14002141505 | Bartholomew Dias | set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal |  | 62 |
| 14002141506 | Encomienda | the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them |  | 63 |
| 14002141507 | Creoles | composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class |  | 64 |
| 14002141508 | Protestant work ethic | a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth | 65 | |
| 14002141509 | Dutch East India Company | a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific |  | 66 |
| 14002141510 | Lost Colony | The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast. | 67 | |
| 14002141511 | Indentured Servitude | a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage | 68 | |
| 14002141512 | Columbian exchange | the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World |  | 69 |
| 14002141513 | Middle Passage | the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world |  | 70 |
| 14002141514 | Manila Galleons | ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver |  | 71 |
| 14002141515 | Pilgrims | settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands | 72 | |
| 14002141516 | Puritans | wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it | 73 | |
| 14002141517 | Manumission | legal grant of freedom to an individual slave | 74 | |
| 14002141518 | African Diaspora | The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750 |  | 75 |
| 14002141519 | Benin | Not really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings |  | 76 |
| 14002141520 | Shah Abbas I | brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen |  | 77 |
| 14002141521 | Devshirme | a system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves |  | 78 |
| 14002141522 | Battle of Chaldrian | The Shi'ite versus Sunni conflict at Chaldrian over religious differences, that set the limits for Shi'ite expansion | 79 | |
| 14002141523 | Gunpowder Empires | an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire) |  | 80 |
| 14002141524 | Suleiman the Magnificent | ruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea |  | 81 |
| 14002141525 | Janissaries | Checked the military power of the sultan, being an elite military group |  | 82 |
| 14002141526 | Vizier | head of the imperial administration in the Ottoman empire who took care of the day to day work of the empire, aiding the Sultan | 83 | |
| 14002141527 | Safavid Empire | an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims |  | 84 |
| 14002141528 | Imams | heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims | 85 | |
| 14002141529 | Babur | founded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526) |  | 86 |
| 14002141530 | Akbar | the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent. | 87 | |
| 14002141531 | Taj Mahal | a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife. |  | 88 |
| 14002141532 | Sati | the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women | 89 | |
| 14002141533 | Mughal Empire | an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s |  | 90 |
| 14002141534 | Sikhism | started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions |  | 91 |
| 14002141535 | Ivan IV | Ivan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased |  | 92 |
| 14002141536 | Great Northern War | War that was long and costly which came from Peter's modernized armies breaking Swedish control of the Baltic Sea, forcing Europe to see Russia as a major power |  | 93 |
| 14002141537 | Kabuki | a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts) |  | 94 |
| 14002141538 | Ivan III | declared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome" |  | 95 |
| 14002141539 | Boyars | The nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar |  | 96 |
| 14002141540 | Time of Trouble | The time of following Ivan's rule. Ivan executed his oldest son, touching off competition among Boyars for the throne. | 97 | |
| 14002141541 | Peter the Great | The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports | | 98 |
| 14002141542 | St. Petersburg | The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries) |  | 99 |
| 14002141543 | Table of Ranks | A system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov't posistions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy) | 100 | |
| 14002141544 | Tsar | a derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia | 101 | |
| 14002141545 | Daimyo | Japanese territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai | 102 | |
| 14002141546 | Tokugawa leyasu | Founder of the Tokugawa shogunate |  | 103 |
| 14002141547 | Tokugawa Shogunate | a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called a tent government, which was temporary | 104 | |
| 14002141548 | Floating Worlds | Settings for the Kabuki plays, which consisted of an urban jumble of buildings, allowing people to escape from the rigid public decorum in outside society | 105 | |
| 14002141549 | Macartney Mission | the dispatch of Lord Macartney with other people to China, showing Britain's great interest in the Qing empire, as well the d Macartney esire to reuse the trade system | 106 | |
| 14002141550 | Qing Dynasty | The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu | 107 | |
| 14002141551 | Forbidden City | was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing |  | 108 |
| 14002141552 | Kowtow | a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling |  | 109 |
Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13862610572 | Declaration of Independence | Separate US needed from monarchy of Great Britain; Individual rights violated by king; natural rights exist in this world | 0 | |
| 13862658753 | The Articles of Confederation | First constitution fail; no ability to tax(voluntary); no President or Executive; no central government as each state maintained sovereignty; one vote per state in congress; all states to change the doc | 1 | |
| 13863364398 | Federalist no 10 | Mischiefs of factions can not be eliminated, but curbed; representative and pluralist democracy; factions would neutralize one another; Republic> Democracy in large nation | 2 | |
| 13863391206 | Brutus No 1 | Constitution threatens states; necessary and proper clause and supremacy clause are both too expensive; country too large to elect a group to represent everyone; country too diverse as is; 13 states can not be 1 | 3 | |
| 13863425760 | Federalist No 51 | Separation of powers guards against tyranny; bicameral legislature elected differently with different powers ensures branch doesn't dominate; checks and balances should cause branches to compete with one another | 4 | |
| 13863458977 | Federalist No 70 | One person executive ensures unity and accountability; energetic person; need to place blame one person is easier than the blame game a group might cause; | 5 | |
| 13863480704 | Federalist No 78 | Judicial branch being independent is essential to securing liberties; serving for life w/good behavior ensures a judicial branch free from legislative interference and politics; assumes judicial review is coming | 6 | |
| 13863516812 | letter from birmingham jail by MLK | Dr King's response to " A Call For Unity", a letter penned by southern White clergy; Social movements expand civil rights; NONVIOLENT direct action as a final means; postponed until after election to not bias the result or taint the movement as a mere political stunt | 7 | |
| 13863634725 | Adversal System | A system of law in which the court is seen as a neutral area when disputants can argue the merits of their cases | 8 | |
| 13863656817 | affirmative action | Government mandated programs that eek to create special employment opportunities for minorities, women, and other victims of past discrimination | 9 | |
| 13863681828 | amicus curiae briefs | "friend of the court" documents filed by interested parties to encourage the court to grant or deny certiorari or to urge it to decide a case in a particular way | 10 | |
| 13863704322 | Fifteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1870 to extend suffrage to African Americans. | 11 | |
| 13863707589 | Fourteenth Amendment | A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians. | 12 | |
| 13863710257 | First Amendement | The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. | 13 | |
| 13863714912 | Second Amendment | Right to bear arms | 14 | |
| 13863719629 | Third Amendment | The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner | 15 | |
| 13863724774 | Fourth Amendment | Protects against unreasonable search and seizure | 16 | |
| 13863724775 | Fifth Amendment | A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law. | 17 | |
| 13863729503 | Sixth Amendment | A constitutional amendment designed to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial. | 18 | |
| 13863736158 | Seventh Amendment | Right to trial by jury | 19 | |
| 13863738478 | Eight Amendment | forbids excessive bail and cruel or unusual punishment | 20 | |
| 13863742196 | Ninth Amendment | states that people's rights are not limited to just those listed in the Constitution. | 21 | |
| 13863742197 | Tenth Amendment | The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. | 22 | |
| 13863750816 | Eleventh Amendment | When states sue other states, it automatically goes before the Supreme Court. Residents of one state cannot sue another state. Another country can't sue the US and vice verse. | 23 | |
| 13863754503 | Twelth Amendment | requires electors to vote separately for President and Vice Pres. | 24 | |
| 13863754551 | Thirteenth Amendment | abolished slavery | 25 | |
| 13863757442 | Sixteenth Amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution that authorized Congress to enact a national income tax. | 26 | |
| 13863764816 | Seventeenth Amendment | 1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators | 27 | |
| 13863764818 | eighteenth amendment | Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages | 28 | |
| 13863779977 | Ninth Amendment | granted voted rights to women | 29 | |
| 13863784314 | Twenth amendment | that sets the dates at which federal (United States) government elected offices end | 30 | |
| 13863794236 | Twenty-One Amendment | Repeal of Prohibition | 31 | |
| 13863818633 | Twenty-second Amendment | limited the years an individual may serve as president | 32 | |
| 13863825979 | Twenty-fourth Amendment | The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections. | 33 | |
| 13863828154 | Twenty-sixth Amendment | lowered the voting age to 18 | 34 | |
| 13863838084 | Schenck v. United States | Supreme court case involving limits on free speech rights. Established "clear and present danger" principle of determining what type of speech could be restricted | 35 | |
| 13863865200 | Marbury v. Madison | This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review | 36 | |
| 13863873092 | Gideon v. Wainwright | A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government | 37 | |
| 13863876484 | Griswold v. Connecticut | 1965 decision that the Constitution implicitily guarantees citizens' right to privacy. | 38 |
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