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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

13810434658	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13810434659	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13810434660	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13810434661	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13810434662	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13810434663	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13810434664	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13810434665	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13810434666	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13810434667	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13810434668	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13810434669	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13810434670	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13810434671	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13810434672	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13810434673	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13810434674	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13810434675	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13810434676	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13810434677	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13810434678	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13810434679	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13810434680	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13810434681	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13810434682	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13810434683	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13810434684	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13810434685	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13810434686	theory	general idea being tested	28
13810434687	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13810434688	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13810434689	mode	appears the most	31
13810434690	mean	average	32
13810434691	median	middle	33
13810434692	range	highest - lowest	34
13810434693	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13810434694	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13810434695	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13810434696	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13810434697	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13810434698	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13810434699	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13810434700	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13810434892	neuron		43
13810434701	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13810434702	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13810434703	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13810434704	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13810434705	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13810434706	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13810434707	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13810434708	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13810434709	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13810434710	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13810434711	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13810434712	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13810434713	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13810434714	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13810434715	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13810434716	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13810434717	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13810434718	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13810434719	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13810434720	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13810434721	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13810434722	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13810434723	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13810434724	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13810434725	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13810434726	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13810434727	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13810434728	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13810434729	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13810434730	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13810434731	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13810434732	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13810434733	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13810434734	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13810434735	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13810434736	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13810434737	occipital lobe	vision	80
13810434738	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13810434739	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13810434740	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13810434741	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13810434742	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13810434743	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13810434744	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13810434745	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13810434746	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13810434747	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13810434748	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13810434749	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13810434750	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13810434751	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13810434752	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13810434753	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13810434754	rods	night time	97
13810434755	cones	color	98
13810434756	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13810434757	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13810434758	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13810434759	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13810434760	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13810434761	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13810434762	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13810434763	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13810434764	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13810434765	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13810434766	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13810434767	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13810434768	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13810434769	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13810434770	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13810434771	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13810434772	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13810434773	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13810434774	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13810434775	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13810434776	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13810434777	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13810434778	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13810434779	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13810434780	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13810434781	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13810434782	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13810434783	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13810434784	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13810434785	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13810434786	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13810434787	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13810434788	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13810434789	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13810434790	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13810434791	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13810434792	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13810434793	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13810434794	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13810434795	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13810434796	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13810434797	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13810434798	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13810434799	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13810434800	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13810434801	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13810434802	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13810434803	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13810434804	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13810434805	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13810434806	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13810434807	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13810434808	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13810434809	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13810434810	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13810434811	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13810434812	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13810434813	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13810434814	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13810434815	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13810434816	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13810434817	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13810434818	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13810434819	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13810434820	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13810434821	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13810434822	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13810434823	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13810434824	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13810434825	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13810434826	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13810434827	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13810434828	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13810434829	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13810434830	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13810434831	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13810434832	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13810434833	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13810434834	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13810434835	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13810434836	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13810434837	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13810434838	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13810434839	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13810434840	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13810434841	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13810434842	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13810434843	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13810434844	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13810434845	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13810434846	encoding	information going in	189
13810434847	storage	keeping information in	190
13810434848	retrieval	taking information out	191
13810434849	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13810434850	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13810434851	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13810434852	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13810434853	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13810434854	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13810434855	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13810434856	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13810434857	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13810434858	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13810434859	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13810434860	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13810434861	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13810434862	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13810434863	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13810434864	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13810434865	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13810434866	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13810434867	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13810434868	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13810434869	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13810434870	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13810434871	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13810434872	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13810434873	context	environment helps with memory	216
13810434874	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13810434875	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13810434876	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13810434877	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13810434878	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13810434879	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13810434880	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13810434881	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13810434882	prototypes	generalize	225
13810434883	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13810434884	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13810434885	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13810434886	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13810434887	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13810434888	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13810434889	grammar is _________	universal	232
13810434890	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13810434891	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Terms for the AP Exam Flashcards

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9805615050	Aliies	WWI group of nations originally consisting of Great Britain, France, Russia and later the U.S.	0
9805630834	American Federation of Labor	Union that focused on collective bargaining, wages, hours and working conditions	1
9805647257	American Indian Movement (AIM)	formed in 1968 to work for Native American rights	2
9805661888	Americanization Movement	Education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture	3
9805676169	Anarchist	A person who opposes all forms of government	4
9805685481	Anasazi	Native American group that lived in the southwest in cliff sides and on the mesa tops	5
9805718005	Antifederalist	opposed a strong central government	6
9805833867	Appeasement	Granting of concessions to a hostile power in order to keep the peace. Such as what England did with Hitler in WWII	7
9805847210	Appomattox Court House	Town where Lee surrendered to Grant	8
9805859961	Armistice	A truce or agreement to end an armed conflict	9
9805871177	Assimilation		10
9807239239	Axis Powers	Group of nations including Germany, Italy and Japan in WWII	11
9807253403	American System	An economic system that was meant to unify the nation through the use of protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements such as roads and canals	12
9807316252	Aztecs	A Native American people that settled in the valley of Mexico in the 1200's and developed a powerful empire	13
9807324452	Baby Boom	Steep increase in the birth rate post WWII	14
9807334158	Battle of the Bulge	A month long battle of WWII in which the Allies succeeded in turning back the last offensive of Germany in WWII	15
9807349021	Battle of Midway	WWII battle in 1942 where the allies destroyed part of the Japanese fleet and it allowed the allies to go on the offensive in WWII	16
9807487867	Battle of Wounded Knee	Massacre of 300 unarmed Native Americans by U.S. soldiers	17
9807499632	The Beatles	A British band that had an enormous influence on popular music in the 1960s	18
9807514600	Beat Movement	A social and artistic movement of the 1950s stressing non conformity and self expression	19
9807616740	Berlin Airlift	A 327 day operation in which the U.S. and British flew supplies and food into West Berlin	20
9807631877	Bessemer Process	A cheap and efficient process for making steel developed around 1850	21
9807641144	Black list	A list of about 500 actors , writers, producers and directors who were suspected of being communists	22
9807656890	Black Panthers	A militant African American organization formed to fight police brutality and provide services to the impoverished community	23
9807673962	Black Power	A term used that encouraged African American pride and political and social leadership	24
9807681942	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929..when stock prices fell sharply	25
9807691496	Blitzkrieg	Sudden massive attack that combined air attack with ground forces	26
9807706707	Bonanza Farm	Enormous farm that produces a single crop	27
9807712958	Bonus Army	WWI veterans that marched on Washington D.C. in 1932 to demand payment of money they had been promised by the government	28
9807726145	Bootlegger	Person who smuggled alcoholic beverages into the U.S during prohibition	29
9807731126	Boston Massacre	clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770 in which five colonists were killed	30
9807746768	Boston Tea Party	The dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea in the harbor	31
9807759078	Boxer Rebellion	A 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country from Western influence	32
9820044581	Bread Line	A line of people waiting for free food	33
9820054859	Brinkmanship	The practice of threatening an enemy with military retaliation for any aggression	34
9820072317	Bull Moose Party	Progressive Party formed to support Theodore Roosevelt for Pres in 1912	35
9820078240	Buying on Margin	The purchasing of stocks by using borrowed money	36
9820083321	Cabinet	Group of department heads who serve as advisors to the President	37
9820091102	Carpet Bagger	A Northerner who moved to the South after the Civil War. A lot of them were teachers	38
9820106891	Checks and Balances	the provisions in the US Constitution that prevent any branch of the US government from dominating the other two branches	39
9820112306	CIA	A U.S. agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments	40
9820117764	Civilian Conservation Corps	An agency, established as part of the New Deal, that put young unemployed men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees	41
9820124163	Civil Service	The nonmilitary branches of government administration	42
9820128318	Cold War	The state of hostility without direct military conflict, that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II	43
9820133951	Columbian Exchange	The transfer - beginning with Columbus's first voyage - of plants, animals, and diseases between the Western Hemisphere and the Eastern Hemisphere.	44
9820140087	Committee to Reelect the President (CREEP)	An organization formed to run President Nixon's 1972 re election campaign, which was linked to the break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters that set off the Watergate scandal	45
9820143423	Communism	An economic and political system based on one-party government and state ownership of property	46
9820151102	Concentration Camp	A prison camp operated by Nazi Germany in which Jews and other groups considered to be enemies of Adolf Hitler were starved or murdered	47
9820154847	Confederacy	The Confederate States of America, a confederation formed in 1861 by the Southern states after their secession from the Union	48
9820162579	Conquistador	One of the Spaniards who traveled to the Americas as an explorer and conqueror in the 16th century	49
9820170490	Concription	The drafting of citizens for military service	50
9820174055	Consumerism	Preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods.	51
9820179666	Containment	The blocking of another nation's attempts to spread its influence--especially the efforts of the United States to block the spread of Soviet influence during the late 1940's and early 1950's	52
9820182298	Contras	A member of a guerrilla force in Nicaragua that was supported by the US	53
9820189644	Convoy System	The protection of merchant ships from U-boat attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships	54
9820193411	Counter Culture	The culture of the young people who rejected mainstream American society in the 1960s, seeking to create an alternative society based on peace, love, and individual freedom	55
9820201882	Credibility Gap	A public distrust of statements made by the government	56
9820205893	Credit	An arrangement in which a buyer pays later for a purchase, often on an installment plan with interest charges	57
9820209602	Credit Mobilier	A construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves	58
9820212681	D-Day	A name given to June 6, 1944‒ the day on which the Allies launched an invasion of the European mainland during World War II.	59
9820223238	Deficit Spending	A government's spending of more money than it receives in revenue.	60
9820226076	Democratic-Republican	Political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party	61
9820233522	Deregulation	The cutting back of federal regulation of industry	62
9820238062	Detente	A policy aimed at easing Cold War tensions	63
9820242700	Direct Relief	Cash payments or food provided by the government to the poor	64
9820245722	Dollar Diplomacy	the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence.	65
9820256095	Domino Theory	Theory that likened the countries on the brink of communism to a row of dominoes waiting to fall one after the other	66
9820265720	Dove	A person who opposed the Vietnam War and believed that the U.S should withdraw from it	67
9820269356	Draft	Required enrollment in the armed forces	68
9820269357	Dust Bowl	The region, including Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, and New Mexico , that was made worthless for farming by drought and dust storms during the 1930s.	69
9820279230	Egalitarianism	The belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civic rights.	70
9820285878	Encomienda	A system in which Spanish authorities granted colonial landlords the service of Native Americans as forced laborers	71
9820289980	Enlightenment	An 18th-century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method as means of obtaining knowledge	72
9820297808	Entrepreneur	A person who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture.	73
9820302607	EPA	A federal agency established in 1970 for the regulation of water and air pollution, toxic waste, pesticides, and radiation	74
9820307356	Exoduster	An African American who migrated from the South to Kansas in the post-Reconstruction years	75
9820521890	Fair Deal	President Harry S. Truman's economic program‒ an extension of Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal‒ which included measures to increase the minimum wage, to extend social security coverage, and to provide housing for low-income families	76
9820532241	Fascism	Political philosophy that stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above those of the individuals.	77
9820556566	Federal Communications Commission	An agency that regulates U.S. communications industries, including radio and television broadcasting	78
9820579974	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)	An agency created in 1933 to insure individual bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures	79
9820585759	Federalist	A supporter of the Constitution and of a strong national government	80
9820593126	Federal Reserve System	A national banking system, established in 1913, that controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country	81
9820601639	Federal Trade Commission	A federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices.	82
9820610489	Feminism	The belief that women should have economic, political, and social equality with men.	83
9820622265	Flapper	Free-thinking young women who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes of the 1920s	84
9820627602	Freedmen's Bureau	A federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War	85
9820632135	Free Enterprise	The economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production	86
9820635484	Free Speech Movement	An anti-establishment New Left organization that originated in a 1964 clash between students and administrators at the University of California at Berkeley.	87
9820639028	French and Indian War	A conflict in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that was a part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain and that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer of French Canada to Britain.	88
9820648941	Fundamentalism	A protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are literally true.	89
9820654219	Genocide	the deliberate and systematic extermination of a particular racial, nationality, or religious group	90
9820659610	Glasnost	The open discussion of social problems that was permitted in the Soviet Union in the 1980's	91
9820663144	Gold Standard	A monetary system in which the basic unit of currency is defined in terms of a set amount of gold	92
9820669522	Graft	The illegal use of political influence for personal gain	93
9820680749	Grandfather Clause	A provision that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the polls	94
9820684598	The Grange	The Patrons of Husbandry- a social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century	95
9820690346	First Great Awakening	A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s	96
9820696697	Great Depression	a period, lasting from 1929 to 1940 in which the U.S. economy was in severe decline and millions of Americans were unemployed	97
9820701350	Great Migration	The large-scale movement of African Americans from the South to Northern cities in the early 20th century	98
9822264007	Great Plains	The vast grassland that extends through the central portion of North America, from Texas northward to Canada, east of the Rocky Mountains	99
9822273735	Great Society	President Lyndon B. Johnson's program to reduce poverty and racial injustice and to promote a better quality of life in the United States	100
9822282989	Harlem Renaissance	A flowering of African-American artistic creativity during the 1920s, centered in the Harlem community of New York City	101
9822289761	Hawk	A person who supported U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and believed that the United States should use increased military force to win it	102
9822293765	H-Bomb	Hydrogen bomb-a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the atomic bomb	103
9822302304	Holocaust	The systematic murder- or genocide- of Jews and other groups in Europe by the Nazis before and during World War II	104
9822307615	Horizontal Integration	The merging of companies that make similar products	105
9822318494	House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)	A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the U.S. government in the years following World War II	106
9822329505	Impressment	The forcible seizure of men for military service	107
9822337664	Indentured Servant	A person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance	108
9822344562	Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)	A labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905	109
9822352990	Inflation	An increase in prices or decline in purchasing power caused by an increase in the supply of money	110
9822358881	Iron Curtain	A phrase used by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line that separated Communist countries in the Soviet bloc of Eastern Europe from countries in Western Europe	111
9822362597	Iroquois	a group of Native American peoples inhabiting the woodlands of the Northeast	112
9822371645	Isolationism	Opposition to political and economic entanglements with other countries	113
9822378647	Joint Stock Company	Businesses in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose	114
9822382345	Judicial Review	The power of the courts to declare laws of the legislative branch and acts of the executive branch unconstitutional	115
9822400563	Judicial Review	The power of the courts to declare laws of the legislative branch and acts of the executive branch unconstitutional	116
9822409094	Kent State University	Where a massive student protest against the Vietnam war occurred, requiring the presence of the National Guard	117
9822416310	King Phillips War	A conflict, in the years 1675-1676, between New England colonists and Native American groups allied under the leadership of the Wampanoag chief Metacom.	118
9822424072	Ku Klux Klan	A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War	119
9822432928	League of Nations	An association of nations established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace	120
9822443857	Louisiana Purchase	The 1803 purchase by the United States of France's Territory - extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains - for $15 million.	121
9822453396	Lowell Textile Mills	19th century mills for the manufacture of cloth, located in Massachusetts, that mainly employed young women	122
9822460420	Loyalist	A colonist who supported the British government during the American Revolution	123
9822465175	Lusitania	A British passenger ship that was sunk by a german U-boat in 1915	124
9822471026	Manhattan Project	The U.S. program to develop an atomic bomb for use in World War II	125
9822477257	Manifest Destiny	The 19th-century belief that the United States would inevitably expand westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican Territory	126
9822508291	Market Revolution	The major change in the U.S. economy produced by people's beginning to buy and sell goods rather than make them for themselves	127
9822522473	McCarthyism	The attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950s	128
9832583156	Medicaid	A federal program, established in 1965, that provides health insurance for people on welfare	129
9832588715	Medicare	A federal program, established in 1965, that provides hospital insurance and low-cost medical insurance to Americans aged 65 and over.	130
9832633410	Melting Pot	A mixture of people from different culture and races who blend together by abandoning their native languages and cultures	131
9832641642	Mercantilism	wealth is generated via trade and commerce with the colonizing nation	132
9832663723	Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry	133
9832666677	Middle Passage	The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America	134
9832676587	Moral Majority	A political alliance of religious groups, consisting mainly of evangelical and fundamentalist Christians, that was active in the 1970s and 1980s	135
9832690141	Muckraker	Journalists of the 1900s who exposed corrupt business practices	136
9832698046	NAACP	An organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality	137
9832706758	NAFTA	1993 treaty that lowered tariffs and brought Mexico into the free-trade zone established by the United States and Canada	138
9832711705	Napalm	A gasoline-based bomb that set fire to the jungle	139
9832714637	Nationalism	A devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation.	140
9832717447	National Labor Relations Board	An agency created in 1935 to prevent unfair labor practices and to mediate disputes between workers and management	141
9832721436	Nativism	Favoring the interests of native born people over foreign born people	142
9832726771	NAWSA	organization founded in 1890 to gain the vote for women	143
9832734505	Nazism	Extreme nationalism, racism and militaristic expansionism used by Hitler	144
9832738497	New Deal	FDR's program to provide relief, economic recovery and financial reform	145
9832745379	New Federalism	Nixon's program to turn some power of the Federal Government over to the state and local governments	146
9832756546	New Frontier	Kennedy's programs to provide medical care for the elderly, to rebuild blighted urban areas, to aid education, to bolster the national defense, to increase international aid, and to expand the space program.	147
9832767956	Niagara Movement	Founded by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1905 to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts	148
9832773206	Nullification	A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional.	149
9832776104	Nuremberg Trials	The court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes	150
9832780460	Ohio Gang	A group of close friends and political supporters who President Warren G. Harding appointed to his cabinet	151
9832783957	OPEC	The organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries-an economic association of oil-producing nations that is able to set oil prices.	152
9832786133	Operation Desert Storm	A 1991 military operation in which UN forces, led by the United States, drove Iraqi invaders from Kuwait	153
9832789092	Oregon Trail	A route from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon, used by pioneers traveling to the Oregon Territory	154
9832791560	Panama Canal	An artificial waterway cut through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, opened in 1914	155
9832794616	Patronage	An office holder's power to appoint people - usually those who have helped him or her get elected - to positions in government	156
9832799408	Peace Corps	An agency established in 1961 to provide volunteer assistance to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America	157
9832803553	Perestroika	the restructuring of the economy and the government instituted in the Soviet Union in the 1980s	158
9832817345	Political Machine	An organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support	159
9832820384	Poll Tax	An annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some Southern states by anyone wishing to vote	160
9832824583	Popular Sovereignty	A system in which the residents vote to decide the issue	161
9832829601	Populism	A late-19th-century political movement demanding that people have a greater voice in government and seeking to advance the interests of farmers and laborers.	162
9832833840	Progressive Movement	Movement seeking to return control of the government to the people and correct injustices	163
9832842679	Prohibition	The banning of all alcoholic beverages	164
9832850926	Protective Tariff	A tax on imported goods	165
9832856832	Pueblo	A group of Native American peoples - descendants of the Anasazi - inhabiting the deserts of the Southwest	166
9832859565	Puritan	A member of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and traditions in the Church of England	167
9832865352	Quaker	A member of the Society of Friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th-century England	168
9832867729	Quota System	A system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries a nation will admit each year	169
9832870751	Ratification	The official approval of the Constitution or an amendment by the states	170
9833304201	Reaganomics	The economic policies which were focused on budget cuts and the granting of large tax cuts in order to increase private investment	171
9833311089	Recall	A procedure for removing a public official from office by vote of the people	172
9833316402	Reconstruction	The period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union.	173
9833319336	Referendum	A procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people	174
9833323352	The Reformation	A religious movement in 16th century Europe, growing out of a desire for reform in the Roman Catholic Church and leading to the establishment of various protestants churches.	175
9833326974	The Renaissance	A period of European history lasting from about 1400-1600, during which renewed interest in classical culture led to far-reaching changes in art, learning, and views of the world.	176
9833330815	Reparations	The compensation paid by a defeated nation for the damage or injury it inflicted during war	177
9833335178	Republic of California	The nation proclaimed by American settlers in California when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846	178
9833339277	SALT I	A five-year agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, signed in 1972, that limited the nations' numbers of intercontinental ballistic missiles and submarine-launched missiles	179
9833346651	Satellite Nation	A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation	180
9833350908	Scalawag	A white Southerner who joined the Republican Party after the Civil War	181
9833358083	Scopes Trial	A sensational 1925 court case in which the biology teacher John T. Scopes was tried for challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution	182
9833360888	Search and Destroy Mission	A U.S. military raid on a South Vietnamese village, intended to root out villagers with ties to the Vietcong but often resulting in the destruction of the village and the displacement of its inhabitants	183
9833368038	Secession	The formal withdrawal of a state from the Union	184
9833374963	Security and Exchange Commission	An agency, created in 1934, that monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds	185
9833382097	Seneca Falls Convention	A women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848	186
9833389829	Settlement House	A community center providing assistance to residents—particularly immigrants	187
9833393572	Shanty Town	A neighborhood in which people live in makeshift shacks	188
9833398449	Shays Rebellion	An uprising of debt ridden Massachussetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787	189
9833414796	Sit Ins	A form of demonstration used by African Americans to protest discrimination, in which the protesters sit down in a segregated business and refuse to leave until they are served.	190
9833419653	Social Darwinism	An economic and social philosophy- supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection- holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest	191
9833423430	Social Gospel Movement	A 19th-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty	192
9833428279	Speakeasy	A place where alcoholic drinks were sold and consumed illegally during prohibition.	193
9833430367	Speculation	A risky business transaction that usually involved borrowing money to invest	194
9833434436	Square Deal	President Theodore Roosevelt's program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big businesses	195
9833440813	Supply Side Economics	The idea that a reduction of tax rates will lead to increases in jobs, savings, and investments, and therefore to an increase in government revenue	196
9833444707	Tenement	A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary	197
9833447292	TET Offensive	A massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities early in 1968	198
9833454156	Tiananmen Square	The site of 1989 demonstrations in Beijing, China in which Chinese students demanded freedom of speech and a greater voice in government	199
9833461703	Gulf of Tonkin Resolution	A resolution adopted by Congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam	200
9833467007	Trail of Tears	The marches in which the cherokee people were forcibly removed from Georgia to the Indian Territory in 1838-1840, with thousands of Cherokee dying on the way	201
9833470311	Transcendentalism	A philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s that emphasized living a simple life and celebrated the truth found in nature and in personal emotion and imagination	202
9833473381	Transcontinental Railroad	A railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869	203
9833477924	Trench Warfare	Military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield.	204
9833480815	Triangle Trade	The transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.	205
9833486968	Tuskegee Institute	Founded in 1881, and led by Booker T. Washington, to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in the trades and agriculture	206
9833491048	Underground Railroad	A system of routes along which runaway slaves were helped to escape to Canada or to safe areas in the free states	207
9833495127	United Nations	An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development.	208
9833499170	USS Maine	A U.S. warship that mysteriously exploded and sank in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, on February 15, 1898	209
9833501976	U-2 Incident	downing of a U.S. spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960	210
9833504959	V-E Day	A name given to May 8, 1945, "Victory in Europe Day" on which General Eisenhower's acceptance of the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany marked the end of World War II in Europe	211
9833509138	Vertical Integration	A company's taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product	212
9833512959	Vietcong	the South Vietnamese Communists who, with North Vietnamese support, fought against the government of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War.	213
9833517798	Vietminh	An organization of Vietnamese Communists and other nationalist groups that between 1946 and 1954 fought for Vietnamese independence	214
9833521229	Vietnamization	President Nixon's strategy for ending U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, involving the gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops and their replacement with South Vietnamese forces	215
9833525099	Warren Commission	A group, headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren, that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy and concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was alone responsible for it.	216
9833532590	Warren Court	The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech	217
9833535585	Watergate	A scandal arising from the Nixon administration's attempt to cover up its involvement in the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex.	218
9833540535	WAAC	The Women's Auxiliary Army Corps was a US army unit created during World War II to enable women to serve in noncombat positions.	219
9833544207	Woodstock	A free music festival that attracted more than 400,000 young people to a farm in upstate New York in August 1969	220
9833548810	XYZ Affair	A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from US diplomats	221
9833551792	Yellow Journalism	The use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers	222
9833554999	Zimmerman Note	A message sent in 1917 by the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico, proposing a German-Mexican alliance and promising to help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona is the United States entered world War I.	223

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Chemical Bonding Flashcards

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11051310872	Valence Electrons	electrons located in the outermost shell (valence shell) of the atom, that can be transferred to or shared with another atom	0
11051310873	Covalent Bond	a chemical bond resulting from the sharing of an electron pair(s) between atoms	1
11051310874	Ionic Bond	a chemical bond resulting from electrical attraction between cations and anions	2
11051310875	Non-Polar Covalent Bond	a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms	3
11051310876	Electronegativity	a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons	4
11051310877	Bond Energy	the energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral isolated atoms	5
11051310878	Bond Length	The distance between bonded atoms	6
11051310879	Chemical Formula	a formula that indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a chemical compound by using chemical symbols and numerical subscripts	7
11051310880	Binary Compound	a compound composed of only two elements	8
11051310881	Diatomic Molecule	a molecule containing only two atoms	9
11051310882	Lewis Structure	a diagram in which chemical symbols represent nuclei and inner-shell electrons, dot pairs or dashes between two chemical symbols represent shared electron pairs, and dots adjacent to only one chemical symbol represent unshared electron pairs	10
11051310883	Lone Pair	a pair of electrons that is not involved in bonding	11
11051310884	Molecule	a neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent bonds	12
11051310885	Single Bond	a bond produced by the sharing of one pair of electrons between two atoms. represented in lewis structures by a straight line.	13
11051310886	VSEPR Theory	Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory: repulsion between the sets of valence level electrons surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart as possible	14
11051310887	Polar Covalent Bond	having an uneven distribution of electrical charge	15
11051310888	Oxidation Number	a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost or gained by an atom of that element in the compound.	16
11051310889	Cation	a positively charged ion	17
11051310890	Anion	a negatively charged ion	18
11051310891	Monatomic Ion	an ion made of only one element	19
11051310892	Polyatomic Ion	a charged group of covalently bonded atoms	20
11051310893	Double Bond	bond produced by the sharing of two pairs of electrons (4 electrons) between two bonded atoms. Represented in lewis structures as two straight lines.	21
11051310894	Triple Bond	bond produced by the sharing of three pairs of electrons (6 electrons) between two bonded atoms. represented in lewis structures by three straight lines.	22
11051310895	bond strength	determined by bond energy and related to bond length, the stronger the bond, the shorter its length.	23
11051310896	atomic radius	a measure of the size of an atom.	24
11051310897	ionization energy	a measure of the amount of energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom.	25
11053820500	lattice energy	the energy required to separate one mole of the ions of an ionic compound, which is directly related to the size of the ions bonded and is also affected by the charge of the ions	26
11053851678	Electrolyte	An ionic compound whose aqueous solution conducts an electric current	27
11053904196	delocalized electrons	the electrons involved in metallic bonding that are free to move easily from one atom to the next throughout the metal and are not attached to a particular atom	28
11053912532	metallic bond	the attraction of a metallic cation for delocalized electrons	29

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 4, AMSCO AP US History Chapter 6, AMSCO AP US History Chapter 5 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 4 Imperial Wars and Colonial Protest, 1754-1774

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14784988300	Patrick Henry	Young Virginian lawyer who coined the phrase "No taxation without representation" in his speech to the House of Burgesses. (p. 73)	0
14784988301	Stamp Act Congress	Representatives from nine colonies met in New York in 1765 and decided that only their own elected representatives had the power to approve taxes. (p. 73)	1
14784988302	Sons and Daughters of Liberty	Secret society organized to intimidated tax agents. Sometimes they destroyed revenue stamps and tarred and feathered tax collectors. (p. 73)	2
14784988304	Committees of Correspondence	Initiated by Samuel Adams in 1772, these letters spread news of suspicious or threatening acts by the British throughout the colonies. (p. 74)	3
14784988305	Intolerable Acts	Colonist name for the Coercive Acts of 1774, a series of acts created to punish the colonists for the Boston Tea Party. (p. 75)	4
14784988306	salutary neglect	Period when Great Britain exercised little direct control over the colonies and did not enforce its navigation laws. This changed after the French and Indian War, as the British adopted more forceful policies for taking control of the colonies. (p. 71)	5
14784988307	Pontiac's Rebellion	In 1763, American Indian chief led a major attack against the colonial settlements on the western frontier. The British did not rely on colonial forces, but instead sent their army to deal with the rebellion. This led to the creation of the Proclamation of 1763. (p. 72)	6
14784988308	Proclamation Act of 1763	This proclamation prohibited colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British hoped it would prevent violence between Native Americans and colonists. The colonists were angry and disobeyed the law, moving to the west of the imaginary boundary in large numbers. (p. 72)	7
14784988309	Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)	War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)	8
14784988310	Albany Plan of Union	The British government called for representatives from several colonies to meet in Albany, New York in 1754, to provide for an inter-colonial government to recruit troops and collect taxes. Each colony was too jealous of its own taxation powers to accept the plan. (p. 70)	9
14784988311	Edward Braddock	In 1755, this general led an army from colonial Virginia, to attack the French near Ft. Duquesne. More than 2,000 of his British and colonial troops were defeated by a smaller force of French and American Indians. (p. 70)	10
14784988312	George Washington	He led a small militia from the Virginia colony, to halt the completion of the French fort in the Ohio River Valley, Fort Duquesne. In July 1974, he was forced to surrender to a superior force of Frenchmen and their American Indian allies. This was the beginning of the French and Indian War. (p. 70)	11
14784988313	Peace of Paris	Peace treaty signed to end the French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) in 1763. Great Britain gained French Canada and Spanish Florida. France gave Spain its western territory. (p. 71)	12
14784988314	Sugar Act	A 1764 British act which placed duties on foreign sugar and other luxuries. Its primary purpose was to raise money for the English Crown. (p. 72)	13
14784988382	Quartering ACT	This 1765 act required the colonists to provide food and living quarters for British soldiers. (p. 72)	14
14784988315	Stamp Act	This 1765 act required that revenue stamps be placed on almost all printed paper, such as legal documents, newspapers, and pamphlets. This was the first tax paid directly by the colonists, rather than merchants. Boycotts were effective in repealing this act. (p. 72)	15
14784988316	Declaratory Act	In 1766, Parliament declared that it had the right to tax and make laws for the colonies in all cases whatsoever. (p. 73)	16
14784988317	Townshend Acts	In 1767, Parliament enacted new taxes to be collected on imports of tea, glass, and paper. It also created the writs of assistance, which was a general license to search for smuggled goods anywhere. (p. 73)	17
14784988383	Writs of Assistance	A general license to search anywhere. (p. 73)	18
14784988318	Tea Act	In 1773, Parliament passed this act which taxed imported tea. The result was that British tea was even cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea. (p. 75)	19
14784988384	Coercive Acts	In 1774, after the Boston Tea Party, Great Britain created four Coercive Acts to punish the people of Boston and Massachusetts. (p. 75)	20
14784988319	Quebec Act	In 1774, this act organized the Canadian lands gained from France (Quebec). It established Roman Catholicism as the official religion, set up a government without a representative assembly, and set the Quebec border further south, at the Ohio River. (p. 75)	21
14784988320	Deism	Believe that God established natural laws in creating the universe, but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal. (p. 77)	22
14784988321	Rationalism	Trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society; emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity. (p. 77)	23
14784988322	Jean-Jacques Rousseau	French philosopher who had a profound influence on educated Americans in the 1760s and 1770s. (p. 77)	24
14784988385	Ohio River Valley	The point of contention that sparked the French and Indian War because it was claimed by both the French and the British. The rivers and fertile farmland made the area very valuable.	25
14784988386	Boston Massacre	The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd of angry colonists, killing five Americans.	26
14784988387	Boston Tea Party	Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor.	27
14784988388	British East India Company	A joint stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. Britain gave them exclusive rights to sell tea in the colonies, prompting colonists to rebel.	28
14784988323	James Madison	One of the major authors of the Virginia Plan and is known as the Father of the Constitution. He was later elected president in 1808, and served for two terms. (p. 104)	29
14784988324	Alexander Hamilton	One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was George Washington's Secretary of the Treasury. (p. 106)	30
14784988325	Constitutional Convention delegates	These 55 men met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104)	31
14784988326	Federalists	Favored a strong central government, and a Constitution to improve on the Articles of Confederation. They were most common along the Atlantic coast and in the large cities. (p. 106)	32
14784988327	Anti-Federalist	Argued that the proposed Constitution contained no protection of individual rights, and that it gave the federal government too much power. They tended to be small farmers and settlers on the western frontier. (p. 106)	33
14784988328	The Federalist Papers	Series of essays, later published as a book, written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. They argued effectively in favor of Constitution. (p. 106)	34
14784988329	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added to protect the rights of individual citizens, and adopted in 1781. (p. 108)	35
14784988330	Washington's Farewell Address	In late 1796, George Washington wrote this address for publication in newspapers. It warned Americans: not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances in foreign affairs, not to from political parties, and not to fall into sectionalism. (p. 115)	36
14784988331	Alien and Sedition Acts	Acts by the Federalists, which authorized the president to deport dangerous aliens, and detain enemy aliens in wartime. Made it illegal for newspaper editors to criticize the president or Congress. (p. 117)	37
14784988332	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	In 1799, two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. (p. 117)	38
14784988333	national bank	This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He favored a bank for depositing government funds, assuming state debts, and printing banknotes that could provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency. (p. 110)	39
14784988334	Constitutional Convention	In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates from the thirteen states, excluding Rhode Island, met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation. They ended up creating the Constitution which would replace the Articles of entirely. (p. 104)	40
14784988335	checks and balances	So that one one branch of government could not dominate, the Constitution divided the government into three branches: 1) executive branch led by the president, 2) legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives 3) judicial branch lead by the Supreme Court (p. 109)	41
14784988336	Virginia Plan	James Madison's proposal at the Constitutional Convention, which favored the large states. (p. 105)	42
14784988337	New Jersey Plan	The counter proposal to the Virginia plan at the Constitutional Convention, it favored the small states. (p 105)	43
14784988338	Great Compromise	The compromise solution that was adopted at the Constitutional Convention. It was created by Roger Sherman of Connecticut, it provided for a two house Congress. In the Senate, states would have two senators each, but in the House of Representatives, each state would be represented according to the size of its population. (p. 105)	44
14784988339	Three Fifths Compromise	At the Constitutional Convention it was agreed that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of determining a state's level of taxation and representation. (p. 105)	45
14784988340	electoral college system	This system would determine the president of the United States. Each state was given a number of electors equal to the total of their number of representatives and senators. These electors would then vote to determine the president. (p. 106)	46
14784988341	Congress	The legislative branch consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. (p. 105)	47
14784988342	Washington's cabinet	George Washington organized new departments of the executive (law-enforcing) branch. These appointments had to be confirmed by the Senate. Ex: Secretary of Treasury, Secretary of State, etc. (p. 110)	48
14784988343	Judiciary Act (1789)	In 1789, this act established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices. The Supreme Court was able to rule on the constitutionality of state courts. It provided for a system of thirteen district courts and three courts of appeals. (p. 110)	49
14784988344	Supreme Court	The only court mentioned in the Constitution. Although, other federal courts were created. (p. 110)	50
14784988345	national debt	This was part of Federalist Alexander Hamilton's economic plan. He insisted that the federal government assume the war debts of the states and pay off the national debt at face value. This would build the nation's credit, giving other countries the confidence to lend the U.S. more money. (p. 110)	51
14784988346	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, a group of farmers in western Pennsylvania, refused to pay a federal excise tax (tax on a specific product) on whiskey they were producing. President Washington responded by using 15,000 militiamen to stop the rebellion with almost no bloodshed. (p. 113)	52
14784988347	Democratic-Republican Party	Political party that were against the Federalists. They opposed strong central government and favored states rights. They were led by Thomas Jefferson. (p. 114)	53
14784988348	Revolution of 1800	In the 1800 election, Democratic-Republicans came into power in both the executive and legislative branches of government. They defeated the Federalists and peacefully took power, which was an uncommon event at that time in history. (p. 118)	54
14784988349	Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)	In 1793, President George Washington issued a proclamation the U.S. would remain neutral in the war between Britain and France. (p. 111)	55
14784988350	Jay Treaty (1794)	In 1794, this unpopular treaty with Britain, was negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay. The U.S. wanted Britain to stop seizing U.S. ships and impressing our sailors. However, the treaty said nothing about ship seizures, and Britain only agreed to evacuate posts on the U.S. frontier. (p. 111)	56
14784988351	Pinckney Treaty (1795)	In 1795, Thomas Pinckney, the U.S. minister to Spain, negotiated this treaty with Spain. Spain agreed to open the lower Mississippi and New Orleans to trade. The right of deposit was granted to Americans so they could transfer cargos in New Orleans without paying duties. It was agreed that Spain would only control area south of the 31st parallel. (p 112)	57
14784988352	XYZ Affair	President John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to negotiate over U.S. merchant ships being attacked by French ships. French ministers, known as X, Y, and Z, because there names were never revealed, requested bribes. President Adams resisted a call for war, by sending a new delegation to France. (p. 116)	58
14784988389	Commercial Compromise	Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce yet prohibited any tariffs on exported goods. This agreement incorporated the needs of both the Anti-Federalists and the Federalists to some degree.	59
14784988390	Ratification of the Constitution	The Constitution required 9 out of 13 states to approve it in order for it to become officially binding. This was achieved in June 1788.	60
14784988391	Public Land Act (1796)	established orderly procedures for dividing and selling federal lands at reasonable prices	61
14784988353	First Continental Congress	In September 1774 all of the colonies except Georgia sent delegates to a convention in Philadelphia. The purpose was to determine how the colonies should react to the threat to their rights and liberties caused by Intolerable Acts. (p. 85)	62
14784988354	Samuel Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He started Committees of Correspondence and the Sons of Liberty.	63
14784988355	Patrick Henry	Radical delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. (p. 85)	64
14784988356	John Adams	Radical delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress. He was on the drafting committee for the Declaration of Independence & helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris in France.	65
14784988357	George Washington	Moderate delegate from Virginia to the Continental Congress. He was nominated by the Second Continental Congress to be the leader of the continental army.	66
14784988358	John Dickinson	Moderate delegate from Pennsylvania to the Continental Congress. He wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania".	67
14784988359	Suffolk Resolves/Declaration of Rights and Grievances	Created by the Massachusetts legislature, it rejected the Intolerable Acts and called for their repeal; they also urged the colonies to make military preparations and organize boycotts. (p. 86)	68
14784988360	Declaration & Resolves	The First Continental Congress passed this resolutions urging the king to make right colonial grievances and restore colonial rights. (p. 86)	69
14784988361	Lexington and Concord	On April 18, 1775 British soldiers in Boston were sent to this town to seize colonial military supplies. This is where the first shot of the Revolutionary War was fired. The British then moved on to this second town. (p. 86)	70
14784988362	Minutemen	Members of the colonial militia who got their nickname by being ready to grab their guns and fight on a minute's notice. (p. 86)	71
14784988363	Battle of Bunker Hill or Breed's Hill	On June 17, 1775 a colonial militia lost this battle to British on the outskirts of Boston. However, the British suffered heavy casualties in this first true battle of the war. (p. 87)	72
14784988364	Second Continental Congress	In May 1775 representatives met in Philadelphia. They became the informal governing body for the colonies during the war. (p. 87)	73
14784988365	Olive Branch Petition	In July 1775 the Second Continental Congress tried a last effort for peace. Colonists pledged their loyalty and asked the king to go to Parliament to secure peace and protect their colonial rights. (p. 87)	74
14784988366	Common Sense	In January 1776 Thomas Paine wrote this pamphlet that argued in clear and forceful language that the colonies should break with Britain. (p. 88)	75
14784988367	Prohibitory Act (1775)	In August 1775 King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, ordered a blockade of colonial ports, and declared the colonies were in rebellion. (p. 87)	76
14784988368	Declaration of Independence	This declaration, written by Thomas Jefferson, declared independence and expressed the basic principles of the revolution. It was ratified on July 4th 1776. (p. 88)	77
14784988369	Thomas Jefferson	Member of the Continental Congress from Virginia who became the main author of the Declaration of Independence	78
14784988370	Patriots	Colonists who supported freedom and independence for America(p. 88)	79
14784988371	Loyalists/Tories	Those who wanted to remain British and loyal to the crown. The majority of this group tended to be wealthy and conservative; many were clergy and government officials. (p. 89)	80
14784988372	Valley Forge	Washington's troops spent the harsh winter of 1777-1778 here after losing Philadelphia to the British. (p. 89)	81
14784988373	Battle of Saratoga	In October 1777 General John Burgoyne's British forces were defeated by American Generals Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnolds army. This was a turning point of the war because it led to the French joining the war against Great Britain. (p. 90)	82
14784988374	Battle of Yorktown	In 1781 the last key battle of the Revolutionary War was fought and the colonist army prevailed. (p. 90)	83
14784988375	Treaty of Paris	In 1783 this treaty stated that: 1. Britain would recognize the existence of the US. 2. The Mississippi River would be the western border of the US. 3. Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada. 4. Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist claims for property confiscated during the war. (p. 91)	84
14784988376	Articles of Confederation	Adopted by Congress in 1777, it created a central government with limited powers, and it was replaced by the Constitution in 1788. (p. 91)	85
14784988377	Northwest Ordinance of 1787	Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for creating new states. Granted limited self-government and prohibited slavery in the region. (p. 93)	86
14784988378	Shay's Rebellion	Daniel Shays led other farmers in this uprising against high state taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. (p. 93)	87
14784988379	Land Ordinance of 1785	A policy that established surveying and selling of western lands. Part of the Articles of Confederation. (p. 93)	88
14784988380	Unicameral Legislature	A legislature which consists of one chamber or house.	89
14785022319	French and Indian War	(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.	90
14785146253	Abigail Adams	Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.	91
14785152160	Annapolis Convention	A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention	92
14785158184	Framers of the Constitution	In the summer of 1787, 55 delegates met in Philadelphia to create a federal constitution. As a group they were wealthy, white, male, educated and most were heavily involved in state governments. (p. 104)	93
14785160399	Citizen Edmond Genet	French government representative asking for assistance for the French Revolution. Sparked support for the French Revolution and led to the creation of the Democratic-Republican party	94
14785170755	Tariffs	Taxes on imported goods for the purpose of protecting American business.	95

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

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15754703484	Election of 1800	(AKA Revolution of 1800) election that led to a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalist party to the Democratic Republican Party	0
15754703485	Hartford Convention, 1814	Meeting of Federalists during the War of 1812 discuss strategy to gain more power in government; viewed as unpatriotic by many; as a result, the Federalist Party was no longer a significant force in American politics	1
15754703486	Era of Good Feelings	Term used to describe the time period after the 2nd Party System in the United States after the Federalist Party fell from the national stage, leaving only the Democratic Party; associated with the presidency of James Monroe	2
15754703487	Democrats	Political party that brought Andrew Jackson into office in 1829; part of the 2nd Party System of the United States; supported Jeffersonian ideas of limited government and individualism; drew its support from the "common Man"	3
15754703488	Whig Party	Political Party created in 1834 as a coalition of anti-Jackson political leaders and dedicated to internal improvements funded by the national government	4
15754703489	Andrew Jackson	Leader of the Democrats who became the seventh president of the US (1829-1837); known for his opposition to the 2nd Bank of the US, the Indian Removal Act, and opposition to nullification	5
15754703490	Henry Clay	Leader of the Whig Party who proposed an "American System" to make the United States economically self-sufficient, mostly through protective tariffs; worked to keep the Union together through political compromise	6
15754703491	Nullification Crisis (1832-1833)	After South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void, President Jackson obtained a Force Bill to use military actions against South Carolina; ended with a compromise to lower tariffs over an extended time; overall significance was the challenge of states to ignore federal law (later on with laws regarding slavery).	7
15754703492	John C. Calhoun	South Carolina political leader who defended slavery as a positive good and advocated the doctrine of nullification, a policy in which state could nullify federal law.	8
15754703493	John Marshall	Appointed to the Supreme Court by John Adams in 1801; served as a chief justice until 1835; legal decisions gave the Supreme Court more power, strengthened the federal government, and supported protection of private property.	9
15754703494	Cotton Belt	Southern region in the US where most of the cotton is grown/deep; stretched from South Carolina to Georgia to the new states in the southwest frontier; had the highest concentration of slaves	10
15754703495	Judicial Review	The power of the Supreme Court to review the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress	11
15754703496	Market Economy	Economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services; prices are determined by the forces of supply and demand	12
15754703497	Panic of 1819	Financial panic that began when the Second Bank of the US tightened credit and recalled government loans after the price of cotton dropped	13
15754703498	Second Bank of the United States (1816)	Privately owned bank that operated as both a commercial and fiscal agent for the US government; established in 1816 under a charter that was supposed to last 20 years; Andrew Jackson was critical of the bank and its potential for corruption; ended when Jackson vetoed the extension of its charter and won reelection in the process	14
15754703499	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US history; designed primarily to help America's textile industry	15
15754703500	Tariff of Abominations 1828	Tariff with such high rates that it set off tension between northerners and southerners over tariff issues (called the Nullification Crisis)	16
15754703501	Panic of 1837	Economic collapse caused primarily by President Jackson's destruction of the Second Bank of the United States	17
15754703502	Slave Codes	Laws that established the status of slaves denying them basic rights and classifying them as the property of slaveholders	18
15754703503	Second Great Awakening	An upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings; led to several reform movements (temperance, abolition) designed to perfect society with religious morals	19
15754703504	Charles Finney	Presbyterian minister who is credited and is known as the "Father of modern Revivalism"; advocated the abolition of slavery and equal education for women and African Americans	20
15754703505	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	Advocate of women right's, including the right to vote; organized (with Lucretia Mott) the first women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY	21
15754703506	Dorothea Dix	Pioneer in the moment for special treatment for the mentally ill	22
15754703507	Horace Mann	Massachusetts educator who called for publicly funded education for all children; called the "Father of Public Education in America"	23
15754703508	Utopian Communities	Idealistic reform movement based on the belief that a perfect society could be created on Earth; significant Utopian experiments were established at New Harmony, Indiana, Book Farm, Massachusetts and the Oneida Community in New York; usually such attempts were short-lived	24
15754703509	American Colonization Society (established 1817)	Organization established to end slavery gradually by helping individual slave owners liberate their slaves and then transport the freed slaves to Africa (Liberia)	25
15754703510	William Lloyd Garrison	Radical abolitionist in Massachusetts who published the liberator, an antislavery newspaper	26
15754703511	Sojourner Truth	Former slave (freed in 1827) who became a leading abolitionist and feminist	27
15754703512	Hudson River School 1825-1875	The first native school of painting in the US; painted primarily landscapes; themes included deep nationalism, grandeur of nature, and transcendentalism	28
15754703513	Transcendentalism	Philosophical and literary movement that believed God existed within human being and nature; believed intuition was the highest source of knowledge; advocated for introspection by surrounding oneself with nature	29
15754703514	Ralph Waldo Emerson	Philosopher, writer, and poet who became a central figure in the Transcendalist movement in American	30
15754703515	Henry David Thoreau	Writer and naturalist; with Ralph Waldo Emerson, he was one of America's best known transcendentalists	31
15754703516	Richard Allen	African American minister who established the first independent African American denomination in the US, the African Methodist Episcopalian Church	32
15754703517	Samuel Slater	Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution"; brought British textile technology to the United States to create the first factory	33
15754703518	John Deere	Invented the steel plow in 1837, which revolutionized farming; the steel plow broke up soil without the soil getting stuck to the plow	34
15754703519	Lowell System	Method of factory management that evolved in the textile mills of Lowell, MA	35
15754703520	Erie Canal (1817-1825)	350 mile canal built by the state of NY that stretched from Buffalo to Albany; the canal revolutionized shipping in NY and opened up new markets (evidence of the Market Revolution)	36
15754703521	National Road (1811)	AKA Cumberland Road; first significant road built in the US at the expense of the federal government; stretched from the Potomac River to the Ohio River	37
15754703522	Mason-Dixon Line	Boundary between PA and MD that marked the division between free and slave states before the Civil War	38
15754703523	Cult of Domesticity	The belief that a woman's proper role in life was found in domestic pursuits (raising children, taking care of the house); strongly believed by many throughout the 19th century	39
15754703524	Louisiana Purchase (1803)	U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River	40
15754703525	War of 1812	1812-1815, War between the U.S. and Great Britain caused primarily by the perceived British violation of American neutral rights on the high seas (impressment); ended with an agreement of "status quo ante" (a return to how things were before the war)	41
15754703526	Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)	Treaty between the U.S. and Spain that ceded Florida to the U.S	42
15754703527	Monroe Doctrine (1823)	President Monroe's unilateral declaration that the Americas would be closed to further European colonization and that the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere; in return the U.S. pledged to stay out of European conflicts and affairs; significant foreign policy state that lasted through most of the 19th century	43
15754703528	Oregon Treaty of 1846	After years of conflict over ownership of the Pacific Northwest, the U.S. and England established the boundary at 49° latitude, essentially splitting the Oregon Country down the middle	44
15754703529	Manifest Destiny	Popular belief amongst early-19th century Americans that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent, that this belief was obvious, and that God willed it to take place	45
15754703530	Tecumseh	Shawnee leader who attempted to establish an Indian confederacy among tribes from around the continent that he hoped would be a barrier to white expansion; defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 by U.S. forces led by General William Henry Harrison, slowing the momentum of Pan-Indian unity	46
15754703531	Indian Removal Act (1830)	Law that provided for the removal of all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi and the purchase of Indian lands for white resettlement	47
15754703532	Worcester v. Georgia (1832)	A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson	48
15754703533	Trail of Tears (1838)	Forced march of the Cherokee people from Georgia to Indian Territory in the winter; a large percentage of Cherokee died on the journey	49
15754703534	American Anti-Slavery Society	Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison - included Frederick Douglass as a significant leader of the society	50
15754703535	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement characterized by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature, preferring the medieval rather than the classical	51
15754703536	The American System	Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts: (1) a tariff to protect and promote American industry; (2) a national bank to foster commerce; (3) federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other "internal improvements" to develop profitable markets for agriculture; supported heavily by Henry Clay	52
15754703537	Missouri Compromise (1820)	Admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states in representation in the federal government; established a geographic line that would determine whether new states (made from the western territories) would be added to the union as slave or free states	53
15754703538	Spoils System	Public offices given as a reward for political support. Most iconically used by Andrew Jackson after his first election, which then became a precedent for future federal leaders.	54
15754703539	Marbury v. Madison (1803, Marshall)	The Court established its role as the arbiter of the constitutionality of federal laws, the principle is known as judicial review.	55
15754703540	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, Marshall)	The Court ruled that states cannot tax the federal government, i.e. the Bank of the United States; the phrase "the power to tax is the power to destroy"; confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.	56
15754703541	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831, Marshall)	"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. . .(they were a) domestic dependent nation." Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.	57
15754703542	interchangeable parts	Parts that were identical and which could be substituted for one another; developed by Eli Whitney for the manufacturing of muskets; became a hallmark of the American factory system	58
15754703543	tariff	A tax imposed on imported goods and services. Tariffs are used to restrict trade, as they increase the price of imported goods and services, making them more expensive to consumers.	59
15754703544	embargo	A government order prohibiting commerce in or out of a port	60
15754703545	nationalism	A strong devotion to the nation as the central political entity, often in a narrow or aggressive fashion; usually involves feelings of superiority over other nations or ideaologies	61
15754703546	internal improvements	The basic public works, such as roads and canals, that create the structure for economic development.	62

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AP Literature Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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13420569916	Allusion	A reference in literature or art to a previous literature, history, mythology, pop culture/current events, or the Bible	0
13420588287	Anachronism	a thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists, especially a thing that is conspicuously old-fashioned.	1
13420596608	Anapest	The poetic foot that follows the pattern unstressed, unstressed, stressed. Ex: I am MONarch of ALL i surVEY.	2
13420619633	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	3
13420627353	Anticlimax	a disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events	4
13420632970	Antihero	Central character who lacks all the qualities traditionally associated with heroes. may lack courage, grace, intelligence, or moral scruples.	5
13420635992	Aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life. Ex: "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise."	6
13420639884	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. The subject is not expected to answer.	7
13420647456	Apotheosis	Raising to god status	8
13420654024	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds Ex: "How now brown cow."	9
13420654025	Aubade	A love lyric in which the speaker complains about the arrival of the dawn, when he must part from his lover.	10
13420657738	Blank verse	unrhymed iambic pentameter (five feet of two syllables each--unstressed and stressed). The rhythm of a sonnet. Ex: "When honour's at the stake. How stand I then, That have a father kill'd, a mother stain'd..."	11
13420667448	Cacophony	A harsh, discordant mixture of sounds Ex: "And squared and stuck there squares of soft white chalk, And with a fish-tooth, scratched a moon on each."	12
13420681337	Chiasmus	A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed. Ex: I like the idea; its execution, I don't.	13
13420691606	Colloquial	Characteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing. Ex: "Howdy Y'ALL. Yee haw bruther. Build that there uh'wall"	14
13420699554	Conciet	a far-fetched comparison between two seemingly unlike things; an extended metaphor that gains appeal from its unusual or extraordinary comparison Ex: "My lover and I are fleas in the bed of love."	15
13420708799	Dactyl	foot of poetry with three syllables, one stressed and two short or unstressed. Kinda like the rhythm in "Favorite Things" (or 7 Rings by Ms. Grande) Ex: "Just for a handful of silver he left us."	16
13420734560	Denouement	the outcome or clarification at the end of a story or play; the winding down from climax to ending. Basically the resolution	17
13420739486	Didactic	A story, speech, essay or play in which the author's primary purpose is to instruct, teach, or moralize. Typical folktales usually follow this.	18
13420751203	Enjambment	In poetry, the running on of a sentence from one verse or stanza to the next, with little or no pause. Ex: "And stop and feed itself at Tanks-- And then, a prodigious step Around a pile of Mountains."	19
13420761476	Epigram	a short, clever poem with a witty turn of thought	20
13420764820	Epigraph	A brief quotation found at the beginning of a literary work, reflective of theme.	21
13420774012	Epistolary novel	a novel in letter form written by one or more of the characters Ex: The Color Purple	22
13420777536	Euphony	the quality of being pleasing to the ear, especially through a harmonious combination of words. Ex: "The gray sea and long black land And the yellow half-moon large and low."	23
13420780282	Farce	A kind of comedy that depends on exaggerated or improbable situations, physical disasters, and sexual innuendo to amuse the audience. Ex: Dumb and Dumber	24
13420787861	Heroic couplet	In poetry, a rhymed couplet written in iambic pentameter (five feet, each with one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable).	25
13420790948	Hubris	insolence, arrogance, or pride. Typically a tragic flaw in mythology	26
13420795332	Iambic pentameter	a five-foot line made up of an unaccented followed by an accented syllable	27
13420798702	In medias res	In literature, a work that begins in the middle of the story. Ex: The Odyssey	28
13420804025	Italian sonnet	Fourteen-line poem divided into two parts: the first is eight lines and the second is six	29
13420808634	Litotes	Affirmation of an idea by using a negative understatement. The opposite of hyperbole. Ex: "He was not averse to taking a drink. She is no saint."	30
13420811179	Lyric poem	A fairly short, emotionally expressive poem that expresses the feelings and observations of a single speaker.	31
13420815415	Meter	the rhythmical pattern of a poem	32
13420819930	Metonymy	a figure of speech that replaces the name of a thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated Ex: "the president" and "the White House"	33
13420836936	Slant rhyme	A rhyme based on an imperfect or incomplete correspondence of end syllable sounds	34
13420850525	Parable	a short story illustrating a moral or religious lesson	35
13420853103	Paradox	A statement or situation that at first seems impossible or oxymoronic, but which solves itself and reveals its meaning. Ex: "Fair is foul, and Foul is Fair."	36
13420863998	Pastoral	A poem, play, or short story that celebrates and idealizes the simple life of shepherds and shepherdesses. Can also mean an ideal life or lifestyle	37
13420878586	Periodic sentence	A sentence that delivers its point at the end; usually constructed as a subordinate clause followed by a main clause. Ex: "At the piano, she practices scales."	38
13420884474	Quatrain	Four-line stanza	39
13420887215	Sestet	A six-line stanza of poetry; also, the last six lines of a sonnet.	40
13420894576	Stock character	the stereotyped character in which he is immediately known from typical characters in history Ex: the evil stepmother	41
13420901441	Synecdoche	A figure of speech where one part represents the entire object, or vice versa. Ex: "All hands on deck." "Lend me your ears."	42
13420904258	Syntax	the way in which words are put together to form phrases, clauses, or sentences	43

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APES Flashcards

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16309335454	What are the four parts of natural selection and how do they lead to evolution?	1. Genes mutate 2. Individuals are selected 3. Populations evolve 4. species tend to over-reproduce	0
16309405292	Define adaptations.	Adaptation is any heritable trait that improves the ability of an individual organism to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals in a population are able to do under prevailing environmental conditions.	1
16309424436	What are the general principles of how islands are colonized?	The closer the island to another land mass, the higher the probability of colonization. The older the island, the more likely it will be colonized. The larger the island, the more species are likely to be established. Geographic isolation reduces gene flow between populations.	2
16309434249	Why are organisms on islands generally specialists instead of generalists?	A generalist species is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different resources (for example, a heterotroph with a varied diet). A specialist species can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet.	3
16309446738	Describe the three types of biodiversity.	Species diversity- The number and abundances of species present in different communities Genetic diversity-the variety of genetic material within a species or population Ecosystem diversity- the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on earth Functional diversity- the biological and chemical processes such as energy flow and matter recycling needed for survival of species, communities and ecosystems.	4
16309465872	What are the two criteria for an area to be categorized as a biodiversity hotspot?	Contain at least 1,500 species of vascular plants found nowhere else on Earth (known as "endemic" species). Have lost at least 70 percent of its primary native vegetation.	5
16309479140	How and why do we measure biodiversity?	Biodiversity is a measure that combines richness and evenness across species Measured because high biodiversity is with ecosystem health. ... some species work together so that both can survive (called commensalism) and therefore, diverse communities can be more stable.	6
16309492845	How does habitat destruction impact biodiversity?	Biodiversity is reduced in this process when existing organisms in the habitat are displaced or destroyed	7
16309507616	How can species be distributed? What is the most common form of distribution? Because of the way species are distributed, what should we keep in mind when we are developing land for human use such as housing?	Groups of species with low dispersal capability contain more native species. Endemic species are vulnerable to disturbance as their entire area of distribution may be altered. The most common form of distribution is clumped distribution. We should keep in mind to build in less populated areas.	8
16309520266	What are habitats and niches?	Niche- it is a species way of life in a community and includes everything that affects its survival and reproduction, such as how much water and sunlight it needs, how much space it requires, what it feeds on, what feed on it, and the temperatures and other conditions it can tolerate. Habitats-is the place where it lives. (It niche is its pattern of living.)	9
16309538870	Every species has their ecological tolerances for all conditions in the environment. How does the combination of these tolerances make up their fundamental and realized niche?What is primary and secondary succession? In what circumstances would you find each?	primary ecological succession- involves the gradual establishment of communities of different species in lifeless areas where there is no soil in a terrarium ecosystem or no bottom sediment in an aquatic ecosystem. secondary ecological succession- in which a series of communities or ecosystems with different species develop in places containing soil or bottom sediment..	10
16309551643	How is fire good for ecosystems? How have humans made fires more intense?	Forests missing young trees because some seeds need fire to germinate. Buildup of dead plant material prevents seeds from reaching soil.Too much plant cover shades new seedlings. Less nutrients in the soilInvasive plants continue to grow	11
16309566244	What are ecosystem services? Give examples of each.	Such as nutrient cycling, primary production, soil formation, habitat provision and pollination. These services make it possible for the ecosystems to continue providing services such as food supply, flood regulation, and water purification.	12
16309584928	Define invasive species. What are some traits that invasive species tend to have? What problems can invasive species cause in an ecosystem?	Nonnative species-introduced and domesticated plant species such as food crops and flowers and animals such as cattle, and fish from around the world are beneficial to us. Fast growth. Rapid reproduction. High dispersal ability. capable of causing extinctions of native plants and animals, reducing biodiversity, competing with native organisms for limited resources, and altering habitats.	13
16309600917	The main factors that lead to a decrease in biodiversity are included in the acronym HIPPCO. What does each stand for?	H- habitat loss I- Invasive Species P- Population growth (human) P-Pollution C- Climate Change O- Over Harvested.	14
16309673049	Describe the steps scientists generally go through when designing an experiment.	First scintents have to identify a question. Then next they have to form a hypothesis, then they have to conduct the experiment. Finally they have to collect the data and publish their findings.	15
16309694126	Explain independent variable, dependent variable, control group, experimental group, and why it is important to control the variables in an experiment.	Independent variable - variable being tested changed Dependent variable - variable being measured change due to the independent variable Control the variables (hold variables constant) - all other possible differences need to be held consistent It is important because it makes it easier to reproduce the experiment and to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables	16
16309739964	Describe the criteria for a strong hypothesis.	A possible and testable answer to a scientific question or explanation to what scientist observe in nature	17
16309793934	Food Chain	A sequence of organisms each of which serves as a source of nutrients of energy for the next.	18
16309820612	Food Web	organisms in most ecosystems form a complex network of interconnected food chains	19
16309887987	Level	biologists assign every type of organism in an ecosystem to a feeding level depending on its source of food and nutrients	20
16309915383	What is the 10% rule?	10% of the energy is lost as heat as you move up the energy pyramid	21
16309934416	Use the 1st and 2nd laws of thermodynamics in your answer.	1st law of thermodynamics- Energy can neither be created nor destroyed in an isolated system 2nd law of thermodynamics- When energy is changed from one form to another, it always goes from a more useful form to a less useful form.	22
16309978838	Why are there only three or four trophic levels in terrestrial ecosystems?	There are only three to four trophic levels because the energy lost from level to level would be greater than 100%	23
16310001169	Predator/prey	feeds directly on all or part of a living organism as part as the food web. Prey is what the predator feeds on.	24
16310019771	Interspecific Competition	which occurs when members of two or more species interact with the same limited resources such as food, water, light and space.	25
16310043380	Mutualism	two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food shelter or some other resource.	26
16310055952	Parasitism	occurs when one species (the parasite) feeds on another organism (the host) usually by living on or inside the host.	27
16310075082	Commensalism	is an interaction that benefits one species but has little if any beneficial or harmful effect on the other.	28
16310088092	Describe bottom up and top down population control in an ecosystem.	From "The Green World Hypothesis" the number of herbivores needs to be controlled from the top down (preditors keeping their numbers in balance) as well as from the bottom up (number of plants available to eat)	29
16310103984	All levels of a trophic level diagram will often be drawn with an arrow towards decomposers. Why?	Because decomposers are important to the nutrient cycle without them there would be a lot of litter, waste, animal waste, etc. And they are essential to beginning a new cycle.	30
16310971701	Organisms reduce competition by using resource partitioning. Describe this.	'It occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolved specialized traits that allow them to share resources by using the parts of them, using them at different times or using them in different ways.	31
16310994922	What is net and gross primary productivity?	Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) is the rate at which an ecosystems producers convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of biomass found in their tissues. Net Primary Productivity (NPP) is the rate in the total amount of chemical energy (glucose) created from the sunlight an area receives minus how much carbon dioxide the plants release during [cellular] respiration	32
16317899414	Matter cycles and energy flows through feeding relationships in an ecosystem. What does this mean?	How much energy is transferable from trophic level	33
16317915189	What are biomes? What two major factors determine terrestrial biomes? Why do we usually just talk about the plants in a biome, not the animals?	Large terrestrial regions each characterized by a certain type of climate and a certain combination of dominant plant life. The factors that are most important are the latitude, elevation. Because resources are limited.	34
16317987388	What factors determine the aquatic biomes?	light availability, depth, stratification, temperature, currents, and tides.	35
16318012971	Estuarie	is where river meets the sea.	36
16318032214	Coastal wetland	coastal land areas covered with water all or part of the year	37
16318049702	Rocky and sandy shores	characterized by the life that lives in the intertidal zone is the area between the high tide and low tide water levels. Life on rocky shores is tough.	38
16318060326	Coral reefs	they are among the world's oldest and most diverse and productive ecosystems. Aquatic diversity are the marine equivalent of tropical rainforests with complex interactions among their diverse populations of species.	39
16318079323	Open Ocean	the sharp increase in water depth at the edge of the continental shelf separates the coastal zone from vast volume of the ocean.	40
16318108341	Ocean floor	it is very dark and very cold. There is no sunlight for photosynthesis and this zone has little dissolved oxygen	41
16318122852	Carbon	Various parts compounds of carbon circulate through the biosphere, the atmosphere and parts of the hydrosphere. The carbon cycle is based on carbon dioxide	42
16318146787	Hydrologic	The cycle through which water in the hydrosphere moves; includes such processes as evaporation, precipitation, and surface and groundwater runoff	43
16318158607	Nitrogen	a continuous series of natural processes by which nitrogen passes successively from air to soil to organisms and back to air or soil involving principally nitrogen fixation, nitrification, decay, and denitrification.	44
16318187495	Phosphorus	Compounds of phosphorus circulate through water, the earth's crust and living organisms	45
16318308834	Generalists and specialists different? Advantage of each?	Generalist species- have broad niches. They can live in many different places, eat various foods, and often tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions Specialist species- occupy narrow niches. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, use just one or only a few types of food, or tolerate a narrow range of climate and other environmental conditions. Advantages of specialists species they thrive when conditions are just right and These species usually survive for very long periods because they deal with unanticipated risks better. Advantages of being a generalists species- they can survive in almost every conditions and habitat etc.	46
16318379580	. Characteristics of k-species	K- selected (koala humans) Few offspring Long gestation time Much energy invest into offspring High probability of surviving into the default Do not disperse widely Late maturity onset	47
16318407100	r-selected species	R- selected (rats) Early maturity Short generation span Little energy invested into their offspring Low probability of surviving into adulthood Generally small body size Ability to disperse widely	48
16318424043	Density dependent and density independent limiting factors		49
16318435545	Density Independent	Weather Storms Heat waves Drought	50
16318459927	density dependent factors	Everything else Access to clean water Food available Disease	51
16318477348	What is exponential growth compared to logistic growth?	Exponential growth has no upper limit and populations grow very quickly. Logistic growth, a population's per capita growth rate gets smaller and smaller as population size approaches a maximum imposed by limited resources in the environment, known as the carrying capacity ( K ).	52
16318494132	What factors slow down population growth?	Economic development- The improvement of living standards by economic growth. Empowering women- - education, paying jobs and ability to control fertility Family planning-provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when.	53
16318513341	How have human survivorship curves changed over time? Describe how the living conditions have changed.	A graph that shows how the likelihood of death for members of a population varies with age.	54
16318528479	Environmental Impact is based on population size, affluence and technology. Why?	Increased consumption significantly increases human environmental impact. This is because each product consumed has wide-ranging effects on the environment.	55
16318551131	Describe the demographic transition model and the four phases that countries are placed in? How have these conditions changed in each stage of the demographic transition?		56
16318557640	Preindustrial stage	High birth rates Slow pop. growth and High Death Rate	57
16318583374	Transitional stage	Low Death Rate High birth Rate and improved food & health	58
16318595741	Industrial	Both Birth & Death rates drop and Improved food production health and education	59
16318610087	Postindustrial	Population Levels off declines as birth rates equal & falls below death rates	60
16318639447	Describe the three shapes of population pyramids. Where on the demographic transition model would each be found? What are the conditions like in those countries?		61
16318645477	Xmas tree	Transitional/Developing (lots of kids and death rates are dropping)	62
16318668728	Box	Industrial economics (replacement level fertility)	63
16318687982	Cup	Post-Industrial ( not many kids )	64
16318726261	Tropical grasslands (savanna)	This biome is found in tropical Africa, South America, and Australia. It has steady high temperatures and a clear rain/dry season. It is home to plants such as tall grasses and trees and animals such as lions, giraffes, and elephants.contains widely scattered clumps of trees. This biome usually has warm temperatures year round alternating between wet and dry	65
16318759013	Temperate grasslands (prairies)	winters can be brutally cold and summers are hot and dry. There is an annual precipitation is fairly sparse and falls unevenly throughout the year.	66
16318782040	Cold grasslands (arctic tundra)	line south of the arctic polar ice cap. During most of the year these treeless plains are bitterly cold swept by frigid winds and covered with ice and snow. Winters are long with few hours of daylight and the secant precipitation falls primarily when it snows.	67
16318800961	Tropical desert	are hot and dry and have low rainfall and varying averages of temperature. They have few plants	68
16318824711	Temperate desert	temperatures are high in summer and low in winter and there is more participation than in tropical desserts.	69
16318844529	Cold desert	Winters are cold, summers warm or hot and precipitation is low	70
16318864413	Tropical rainforests	are found near the equator where hot moisture laden air rises and dumps its moisture.	71
16318879307	Temperate deciduous forest	they have cooler temperatures and fewer decompers than tropical rainforests theses forests also have a slower rate of decomposition. As a result they accumulate a thick layer of decaying leaf litter which becomes a storehouse of nutrients.	72
16318891612	Northern coniferous forest (boreal, taiga)	these forests are found just south of the arctic tundra in northern regions across North America. Winters are long and extremely cold; in the northernmost taigas, winter sunlight is only available 6-8 hours a day. Summers are short with cool to warm temperatures and the sun shines as long as 19 hours a day during mid summer.	73

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