Unit 1 AP Gov Flashcards
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| 10643958385 | Block Grants | A grant for general purposes instead of a specific purpose. Ex: Healthcare | 0 | |
| 10684337041 | Categorical Grants | Grant given out by congress for a Specific Purpose with specific rules. | 1 | |
| 10684593278 | Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power. | 2 | |
| 10684596140 | Commerce Clause | The clause in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 1) that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations. | 3 | |
| 10684601091 | Concurrent Powers | Powers shared by the national and state governments. | 4 | |
| 10684603434 | Constitutional Convention | Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. | 5 | |
| 10684612714 | Necessary and Proper Clause | The "implied powers" clause located in Article I, Section 8, Clause 18 of the Constitution. It states that aside from the enumerated powers given to the federal government, it also has the power to pass any law that can be traced back to those powers "delegated" in the Constitution. | 6 | |
| 10684616232 | Electoral College | A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president. | 7 | |
| 10684727888 | Elite Democracy | A political system in which the privileged classes acquire the power to decide by a competition for the people's votes and have substantial freedom between elections to rule as they see fit. | 8 | |
| 10684754932 | Enumerated/Expressed Powers | The seventeen powers granted to the national government under Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution. These powers include taxation and the regulation of commerce as well as the authority to provide for the national defense. | 9 | |
| 10732921045 | Faction | A small, organized, dissenting group within a larger one, especially in politics. | 10 | |
| 10732936208 | Federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments. | 11 | |
| 10732941204 | Great (Connecticut) Compromise | Compromise that satisfied both large states and smaller states. Senate: 2 per state House: By population | 12 | |
| 10732954730 | Importation Compromise | Waited until 1808 to debate about taxing the slave trade. | 13 |
AP Psychology Unit 9 Flashcards
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| 12532868876 | developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span Example: studying newborn reflexes | 0 | |
| 12532868877 | zygote | the fertilized egg: it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo Example: refer to te image |  | 1 |
| 12532870747 | embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month Example: refer to the image |  | 2 |
| 12532870748 | fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth Example: refer to the image |  | 3 |
| 12532874674 | teratogens | (literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Example: smoking, drinking, etc. | 4 | |
| 12532876292 | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking: in severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-protportion head and abnormal facial features Example: refer to the image |  | 5 |
| 12532876293 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation: as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner Example: at first, a new ringtone will distract you, and then you get used to it so it becomes less distracting | 6 | |
| 12532878573 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience Example: a girl growing taller before she starts high school | 7 | |
| 12532878574 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Example: learning, testing, etc. | 8 | |
| 12532880229 | schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Example: a little girl knows what a horse is because it has four legs, fur, and a tail and then sees a cow and assumes its a horse because it fits her image of a horse | 9 | |
| 12532880230 | assimilation | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Example: the little girl thinks the cow is a horse because it fits her schema for a horse | 10 | |
| 12532882077 | accommodation | adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Example: the little girl learns that the cow is not a horse and is called a cow | 11 | |
| 12532882078 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Example: a child sucking their finger on accident and then intentionally repeating this behavior | 12 | |
| 12532884840 | object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Example: when placing a toy under a blanket in front of a baby, the child thinks that the object is gone, until they learn that the object does not disappear | 13 | |
| 12532887955 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Example: a child pretending that a broom is a horse | 14 | |
| 12532890147 | conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Example: the juice experiment | 15 | |
| 12532890148 | egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view Example: a child giving her mother her comfort blanket thinking it will comfort her mom too | 16 | |
| 12532892966 | theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict Example: a person that pities themself | 17 | |
| 12532892967 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Example: a child learning that A=B and B=C but not comprehending that A=C | 18 | |
| 12532895525 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Example: the ability to do calculus | 19 | |
| 12532895526 | scaffold | a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking Example: when words for a classes spelling test slowly get harder and harder to spell | 20 | |
| 12532899633 | autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors Example: a person who struggles to recognize facial expression and communicate clearly | 21 | |
| 12532899634 | stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age Example: a child being scared when a stranger tries to hug them | 22 | |
| 12532902081 | attachment | an emotional tie with another person: shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation Example: when a young child cries when his mother leaves the room | 23 | |
| 12532902082 | critical period | an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development Example: a person thinking they have a certain time to have kids lasting from puberty until decline | 24 | |
| 12532903940 | imprinting | the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life Example: when ducklings follow their mother around all the time | 25 | |
| 12532907090 | strange situation | a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment: a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed Example: refer to the image |  | 26 |
| 12532907091 | secure attachment | demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return Example: refer to the image |  | 27 |
| 12532909658 | insecure attachment | demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness Example: refer to the image |  | 28 |
| 12532909659 | temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Example: a child who is slow to warm up to | 29 | |
| 12532911860 | basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy: said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers Example: when a baby trusts their mother that she will feed them and rock them to sleep | 30 | |
| 12532911861 | self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" Example: I view myself as a joyful, committed, responsible person | 31 | |
| 12532914759 | sex | in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female Example: the genitals of a male versus the genitals of a female | 32 | |
| 12532916836 | gender | in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman Example: refer to the image |  | 33 |
| 12532916837 | aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally Example: a person punching someone in the stomach because the other person was cheating on his sister | 34 | |
| 12532920914 | relational aggression | an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing Example: a girl tells her crush who is dating another girl that his girlfriend is cheating on him | 35 | |
| 12532922789 | role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave Example: a women is supposed to cook and clean for her family, a man is supposed to grill and take out the trash | 36 | |
| 12532922790 | gender role | a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females Example: a girl is expected to play with barbies and wear bows in her hair | 37 | |
| 12532924630 | gender identity | our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two Example: I am female | 38 | |
| 12532924631 | social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Example: parents putting their child in timeout to teach them that they can't his their brother | 39 | |
| 12532929028 | gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role Example: how a chid is give a gender based on the clothes they wear or the toys they play with | 40 | |
| 12532929029 | androgyny | displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics Example: a hermaphrodite | 41 | |
| 12532931618 | transgender | an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex Example: Jazz from TLC | 42 | |
| 12532931619 | adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence Example: identity versus role confusion | 43 | |
| 12532933163 | puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing Example: a girl starts her period, a boy's voice deepens, both sexes grow pubic hair, etc. | 44 | |
| 12532933164 | identity | our sense of self: according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles Example: I am a high schooler trying to figure out where to go to college and how I should present myself to others | 45 | |
| 12532933165 | social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept: the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships Example: the wealth of someone, the car they drive, the football team they root for | 46 | |
| 12532935449 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships: a primary developmental task in young adulthood Example: a girl in high school who wants a boyfriend to satisfy this need for a close relationship | 47 | |
| 12532935450 | emerging adulthood | a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults Example: when people first start getting jobs and apartments but haven't taken on all responsibilities of adults | 48 | |
| 12532937510 | X chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both males and females: females typically have two X chromosomes: males typically have one: an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child Example: refer to the image (pink) |  | 49 |
| 12532937511 | Y chromosome | the sex chromosome typically found only in males: when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child Example: refer to the image (blue) | | 50 |
| 12532937512 | testosterone | the most important male sex hormone: both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty Example: not relative to the term | 51 | |
| 12532940540 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible Examples: ovaries, testes, external genitalia | 52 | |
| 12532940541 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair Example: breasts, hips, voice pitch, body hair, etc. | 53 | |
| 12532943845 | spermarche | the first ejaculation Example: not relative to the term | 54 | |
| 12532945981 | menarche | the first menstrual period Example: not relative to the term | 55 | |
| 12532945982 | intersex | a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy: possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes Example: not relative to the term | 56 | |
| 12532951524 | AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections Example: not relative to the term | 57 | |
| 12532951525 | sexual orientation | our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation): variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual orientation) Example: not relative to the term | 58 | |
| 12532953871 | menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation: also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines Example: not relative to the term | 59 | |
| 12532953872 | cross-sectional study | research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time Example: a study that compares memory between 50 year olds and 70 year olds at the same time | 60 | |
| 12532957633 | longitudinal study | research which follows and retests the same people over time Example: a study where babies from six months old are tested each month to discover how they develop from 6 months to 2 years old | 61 | |
| 12532962362 | neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) | acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits: often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse: in older adults, neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia Example: not relative tot he term | 62 | |
| 12532964679 | Alzheimer's disease | a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities Example: not relative to the term | 63 | |
| 12532964680 | social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement Example: a person should be married by 25, have kids by 30, and retire by 65 | 64 |
Flashcards
AP Statistics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14022678960 | How do you check if there is outliers? | calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier | 0 | |
| 14022678961 | If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | median; it is resistant to skews and outliers | 1 | |
| 14022678962 | If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers | 2 | |
| 14022678963 | What is in the five number summary? | Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum | 3 | |
| 14022678964 | Relationship between variance and standard deviation? | variance=(standard deviation)^2 | 4 | |
| 14022678965 | variance definition | the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean | 5 | |
| 14022678966 | standard deviation | the standard deviation is the square root of the variance | 6 | |
| 14022678967 | What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated? | IQR | 7 | |
| 14022678968 | What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated? | standard deviation | 8 | |
| 14022678969 | What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent? | Q3-Q1; 50% | 9 | |
| 14022678970 | How do you calculate standard deviation? | 1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it | 10 | |
| 14022679150 | What is the formula for standard deviation? |  | 11 | |
| 14022678971 | Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables | Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values | 12 | |
| 14022678972 | If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier? | No | 13 | |
| 14022678973 | Things to include when describing a distribution | Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range) | 14 | |
| 14022678974 | Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable? | Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction. | 15 | |
| 14022678975 | What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution? | shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1 | 16 | |
| 14022678976 | What is a density curve? | a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1 | 17 | |
| 14022678977 | Inverse Norm | when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation) | 18 | |
| 14022678978 | z | (x-mean)/standard deviation | 19 | |
| 14022678979 | pth percentile | the value with p percent observations less than is | 20 | |
| 14022678980 | cumulative relative frequency graph | can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution | 21 | |
| 14022678981 | How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot | STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON | 22 | |
| 14022678982 | r | tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers | 23 | |
| 14022678983 | r^2 | the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line | 24 | |
| 14022678984 | residual plot | a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN | 25 | |
| 14022678985 | regression line | a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x. | 26 | |
| 14022678986 | residual formula | residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y | 27 | |
| 14022678987 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial? | BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 28 | |
| 14022678988 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric? | BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 29 | |
| 14022678989 | n | number of trials | 30 | |
| 14022678990 | p | probability of success | 31 | |
| 14022678991 | k | number of successes | 32 | |
| 14022678992 | Binomial Formula for P(X=k) | (n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k) | 33 | |
| 14022678993 | Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | binompdf(n,p,k) | 34 | |
| 14022678994 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | binomcdf(n,p,k) | 35 | |
| 14022678995 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1) | 36 | |
| 14022678996 | mean of a binomial distribution | np | 37 | |
| 14022678997 | standard deviation of a binomial distribution | √(np(1-p)) | 38 | |
| 14022678998 | Geometric Formula for P(X=k) | (1-p)^(k-1) x p | 39 | |
| 14022678999 | Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | geometpdf(p,k) | 40 | |
| 14022679000 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | geometcdf(p,k) | 41 | |
| 14022679001 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-geometcdf(p,k-1) | 42 | |
| 14022679002 | Mean of a geometric distribution | 1/p=expected number of trials until success | 43 | |
| 14022679003 | Standard deviation of a geometric distribution | √((1-p)/(p²)) | 44 | |
| 14022679004 | What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number? | Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1) | 45 | |
| 14022679005 | how do you enter n choose k into the calculator? | type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k" | 46 | |
| 14022679006 | μ(x+y) | μx+μy | 47 | |
| 14022679007 | μ(x-y) | μx-μy | 48 | |
| 14022679008 | σ(x+y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) | 49 | |
| 14022679009 | What does adding or subtracting a constant effect? | Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape. | 50 | |
| 14022679010 | What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect? | Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b). | 51 | |
| 14022679011 | σ(x-y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance | 52 | |
| 14022679012 | calculate μx by hand | X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK) | 53 | |
| 14022679013 | calculate var(x) by hand | (X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k)) | 54 | |
| 14022679014 | Standard deviation | square root of variance | 55 | |
| 14022679015 | discrete random variables | a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers) | 56 | |
| 14022679016 | continuous random variables | -x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis) | 57 | |
| 14022679017 | What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y? | (σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent. | 58 | |
| 14022679018 | mutually exclusive | no outcomes in common | 59 | |
| 14022679019 | addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B) | P(A)+P(B) | 60 | |
| 14022679020 | complement rule P(A^C) | 1-P(A) | 61 | |
| 14022679021 | general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B) | P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 62 | |
| 14022679022 | intersection P(A n B) | both A and B will occur | 63 | |
| 14022679023 | conditional probability P (A | B) | P(A n B) / P(B) | 64 | |
| 14022679024 | independent events (how to check independence) | P(A) = P(A|B) P(B)= P(B|A) | 65 | |
| 14022679025 | multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B) | 66 | |
| 14022679026 | general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B|A) | 67 | |
| 14022679027 | sample space | a list of possible outcomes | 68 | |
| 14022679028 | probability model | a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome | 69 | |
| 14022679029 | event | any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space) | 70 | |
| 14022679030 | What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely? | P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space) | 71 | |
| 14022679031 | Complement | probability that an event does not occur | 72 | |
| 14022679032 | What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes? | 1 | 73 | |
| 14022679033 | What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events? | P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B) | 74 | |
| 14022679034 | five basic probability rules | 1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B) | 75 | |
| 14022679035 | When is a two-way table helpful | displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly | 76 | |
| 14022679036 | In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"? | could have either event or both | 77 | |
| 14022679037 | When can a Venn Diagram be helpful? | visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events | 78 | |
| 14022679038 | What is the general addition rule for two events? | If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 79 | |
| 14022679039 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 80 | |
| 14022679040 | What does the union of two or more events mean? | either event A or event B (or both) occurs | 81 | |
| 14022679041 | What is the law of large numbers? | If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome | 82 | |
| 14022679042 | the probability of any outcome... | is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions | 83 | |
| 14022679043 | How do you interpret a probability? | We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials | 84 | |
| 14022679044 | What are the two myths about randomness? | 1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome | 85 | |
| 14022679045 | simulation | the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation | 86 | |
| 14022679046 | Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation | 1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest | 87 | |
| 14022679047 | What are some common errors when using a table of random digits? | not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation | 88 | |
| 14022679048 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 89 | |
| 14022679049 | sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population | 90 | |
| 14022679050 | population | In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information | 91 | |
| 14022679051 | sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. | 92 | |
| 14022679052 | convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 93 | |
| 14022679053 | bias | The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes. | 94 | |
| 14022679054 | voluntary response sample | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 95 | |
| 14022679055 | random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 96 | |
| 14022679056 | simple random sample (SRS) | every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 97 | |
| 14022679057 | strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 98 | |
| 14022679058 | stratified random sample | To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample. | 99 | |
| 14022679059 | cluster sample | To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 100 | |
| 14022679060 | inference | Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand. | 101 | |
| 14022679061 | margin of error | Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling. | 102 | |
| 14022679062 | sampling frame | The list from which a sample is actually chosen. | 103 | |
| 14022679063 | undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 104 | |
| 14022679064 | nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error. | 105 | |
| 14022679065 | wording of questions | The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters. | 106 | |
| 14022679066 | observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 107 | |
| 14022679067 | experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 108 | |
| 14022679068 | explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. | 109 | |
| 14022679069 | response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 110 | |
| 14022679070 | lurking variable | a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable. | 111 | |
| 14022679071 | treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables. | 112 | |
| 14022679072 | experimental unit | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 113 | |
| 14022679073 | subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 114 | |
| 14022679074 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this | 115 | |
| 14022679075 | random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups. | 116 | |
| 14022679076 | replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 117 | |
| 14022679077 | double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 118 | |
| 14022679078 | single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 119 | |
| 14022679079 | placebo | an inactive (fake) treatment | 120 | |
| 14022679080 | placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one | 121 | |
| 14022679081 | block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 122 | |
| 14022679082 | inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 123 | |
| 14022679083 | inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 124 | |
| 14022679084 | lack of realism | When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest. | 125 | |
| 14022679085 | institutional review board | A basic principle of data ethics. All planned studies must be approved in advance and monitored by _____________ charged with protecting the safety and well-being of the participants. | 126 | |
| 14022679086 | informed consent | A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing. | 127 | |
| 14022679087 | simulation | a model of random events | 128 | |
| 14022679088 | census | a sample that includes the entire population | 129 | |
| 14022679089 | population parameter | a number that measures a characteristic of a population | 130 | |
| 14022679090 | systematic sample | every fifth individual, for example, is chosen | 131 | |
| 14022679091 | multistage sample | a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined | 132 | |
| 14022679092 | sampling variability | the naturally occurring variability found in samples | 133 | |
| 14022679093 | levels | the values that the experimenter used for a factor | 134 | |
| 14022679094 | the four principles of experimental design | control, randomization, replication, and blocking | 135 | |
| 14022679095 | completely randomized design | a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment | 136 | |
| 14022679096 | interpreting p value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 137 | |
| 14022679097 | p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread | center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2) | 138 | |
| 14022679098 | probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1) | plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability | 139 | |
| 14022679099 | Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula | (p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)) | 140 | |
| 14022679100 | When do you use t and z test/intervals? | t for mean z for proportions | 141 | |
| 14022679151 | Significance test for difference in proportions | 142 | ||
| 14022679101 | What is a null hypothesis? | What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho. | 143 | |
| 14022679102 | What is an alternative hypothesis? | the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha | 144 | |
| 14022679103 | When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided? | Ha less than or greater than | 145 | |
| 14022679104 | When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided? | Ha is not equal to | 146 | |
| 14022679105 | What is a significance level? | fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant". | 147 | |
| 14022679106 | What is the default significance level? | α=.05 | 148 | |
| 14022679107 | Interpreting the p-value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 149 | |
| 14022679108 | p value ≤ α | We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true. | 150 | |
| 14022679109 | p value ≥ α | We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true. | 151 | |
| 14022679110 | reject Ho when it is actually true | Type I Error | 152 | |
| 14022679111 | fail to reject Ho when it is actually false | Type II Error | 153 | |
| 14022679112 | Power definition | probability of rejecting Ho when it is false | 154 | |
| 14022679113 | probability of Type I Error | α | 155 | |
| 14022679114 | probability of Type II Error | 1-power | 156 | |
| 14022679115 | two ways to increase power | increase sample size/significance level α | 157 | |
| 14022679116 | 5 step process: z/t test | State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho | 158 | |
| 14022679152 | Formula for test statistic (μ) |  | 159 | |
| 14022679117 | Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null) | (p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n) | 160 | |
| 14022679118 | probability of a Type II Error? | overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf | 161 | |
| 14022679119 | when do you use z tests? | for proportions | 162 | |
| 14022679120 | when do you use t tests? | for mean (population standard deviation unknown) | 163 | |
| 14022679121 | finding p value for t tests | tcdf(min, max, df) | 164 | |
| 14022679122 | Sample paired t test | state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion | 165 | |
| 14022679123 | What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem? | The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance | 166 | |
| 14022679124 | When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do? | check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2) | 167 | |
| 14022679125 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Level | In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context). | 168 | |
| 14022679126 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval | We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 169 | |
| 14022679127 | What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval? | random, normal, independent | 170 | |
| 14022679128 | C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process | State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z*, then p hat +/- z* Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 171 | |
| 14022679153 | What's the z interval standard error formula? |  | 172 | |
| 14022679129 | How do you find z*? | InvNorm(#) | 173 | |
| 14022679130 | How do you find the point estimate of a sample? | subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends) | 174 | |
| 14022679131 | How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval? | Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends | 175 | |
| 14022679132 | Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to: | use p hat=.5 | 176 | |
| 14022679133 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *known* | x bar +/- z*(σ/√n) | 177 | |
| 14022679134 | Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known) | starts normal or CLT | 178 | |
| 14022679135 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *unknown* (which is almost always true) | x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n) | 179 | |
| 14022679136 | degrees of freedom | n-1 | 180 | |
| 14022679137 | How do you find t*? | InvT(area to the left, df) | 181 | |
| 14022679138 | What is the standard error? | same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating) | 182 | |
| 14022679139 | a point estimator is a statistic that... | provides an estimate of a population parameter. | 183 | |
| 14022679140 | Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller. | Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases | 184 | |
| 14022679141 | Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter? | NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter | 185 | |
| 14022679142 | Sx and σx: which is which? | Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population | 186 | |
| 14022679143 | How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval? | you are not given the population standard deviation | 187 | |
| 14022679144 | Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown) | Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers) | 188 | |
| 14022679145 | How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15 | plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution) | 189 | |
| 14022679146 | t* confidence interval, 5 step process | State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t*, then do x bar +/- t*(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 190 | |
| 14022679147 | margin of error formula | z* or t* (standard error) | 191 | |
| 14022679148 | When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data? | x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given | 192 | |
| 14022679149 | What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value? | z/t* interval | 193 |
AP Government Chapter 11 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12652010888 | Incumbents | Those already holding office. In congressional elections, these people usually win. | 0 | |
| 12652010889 | Casework | Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals, particularly by cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get. | 1 | |
| 12652010890 | Pork Barrel | Federal projects, grants, and contracts available to state and local governments, businesses, colleges, and other institutions in a congressional district. | 2 | |
| 12652010891 | Bicameral Legislature | A legislature divided into two houses. The US Congress and all state legislatures except Nebraska's are this. | 3 | |
| 12652010892 | House Rules Committee | The committee in the House of Representatives that reviews most bulls coming from a House committee before they go to the full House. | 4 | |
| 12652010893 | Filibuster | A strategy unique to the Senate whereby opponents of a piece of legislation use their right to unlimited debate to prevent the Senate from ever voting on a bill. Sixty members present and voting can halt a filibuster. | 5 | |
| 12652010894 | Speaker of the House | An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen inn practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant. | 6 | |
| 12652010895 | Majority Leader | The principal partisan ally of the Speaker of the House, or the party's manager in the Senate. The majority leader is responsible for scheduling bills, influencing committee assignments, and rounding up votes on behalf of the party's legislative positions. | 7 | |
| 12652010896 | Whips | Party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party | 8 | |
| 12652010897 | Minority Leader | The principal leader of the minority party in the House of Representatives or in the Senate. | 9 | |
| 12652010898 | Standing Committees | Separate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas. | 10 | |
| 12652010899 | Joint Committees | Congressional committees on a few subject-matter areas with membership drawn from both houses. | 11 | |
| 12652010900 | Conference Committees | Congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different form. Party leadership appoints members from each house to iron out the differences and bring back a single bill. | 12 | |
| 12652010901 | Select Committees | Congressional committees appointed for a specific purpose, such as the Watergate Investigation. | 13 | |
| 12652010902 | Legislative Oversight | Congress's monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings. | 14 | |
| 12652010906 | Committee Chairs | The most important influences of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house. | 15 | |
| 12652010907 | Seniority System | A simple rule for picking committee chairs, in effect until the 1970's. The member who had served on the committee the longest and whose party controlled the chamber became chair, regardless of party loyalty, mental state or competence. | 16 | |
| 12652010908 | Caucus (congressional) | A group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characteristic. Many are composed of members from both parties and from both houses. | 17 | |
| 12652010909 | Bill | a proposed law, drafted in legal language. anyone can draft a bill, but only a member of the House of Representatives or the Senate can formally submit a bill for consideration. | 18 |
AP Government JUDICIAL Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9321537839 | Defendant | The accused criminal or the person being sued | 0 | |
| 9321537840 | Prosecution | The legal team that tries to prove the guilt of accused criminals | 1 | |
| 9321537841 | Civil Case | Laws that relate to disputes between parties not covered by criminal law | 2 | |
| 9321537842 | Litigation | Another term for lawsuits | 3 | |
| 9321537844 | Indict | When a grand jury decides there is enough evidence to bring a person to trial, they will draw up charges, this is called an indictment. | 4 | |
| 9321537847 | Plea Bargaining | Admitting guilt to a lesser charge to avoid a harsher punishment. 90% of cases are plea bargained. | 5 | |
| 9321537848 | Felony | Crimes that are of a more serious nature | 6 | |
| 9321537853 | Habeas Corpus | Guarantees that detained persons be told what they are being held for and charged with a crime or let go. | 7 | |
| 9321537856 | Jurisdiction | Power of a court to hear a case | 8 | |
| 9321537857 | Standing to Sue | Requirement that the person bringing the lawsuit can show that they have a personal stake in the outcome of this case, that the enforcement or implementation of this law somehow harms them or will harm them. | 9 | |
| 9321537858 | Senatorial Courtesy | Unwritten tradition whereby nominations for lower federal district positions are not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee will serve. | 10 | |
| 9321537859 | Amicus Curiae | "Friends of the court" legal brief filed in court by a party interested but not directly involved in the case. They are trying to persuade the judges to see it from their point of view. | 11 | |
| 9321537861 | Judicial Review | Authority of courts to determine constitutionality of all laws and actions of the President-established in Marbury v Madison | 12 | |
| 9321537862 | Original Jurisdiction | Power to hear a case first with a trial | 13 | |
| 9321537863 | Strict Constructionist | The view that judges should decide cases on the basis of the language of the Constitution, not a broad interpretation-a NARROW interpretation, looking at the "letter of the law", not the intent of the law. | 14 | |
| 9321537864 | Broad Constructionist | The view that the judge should decide cases using a BROAD interpretation of the Constitution. They will look at the context and purpose of the LAW. | 15 | |
| 9321537865 | Judiciary Committee | In the SENATE, the conduct hearings for all judicial nominees. | 16 | |
| 9321537866 | Appellate Jurisdiction | Authority to review the decisions of lower courts | 17 | |
| 9321537870 | Federal District Court | Lowest federal court. Known as a trial court. Has original jurisdiction. Can review any court's case if the constitutionality of a law is in question. | 18 | |
| 9321537871 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Piece of legislation that created the STRUCTURE of the Federal Court System. The Constitution only says there will be a Supreme Court and lower courts that Congress creates, thus Congress created the court system with this legislation. | 19 | |
| 9321537872 | Stare Decisis | Judicial precedent; previous court decisions that are the basis for later rulings. To stand on the decided cases. | 20 | |
| 9321537873 | Writ of certiorari | Granted when at least four Supreme Court justices agree to hear a case-it directs the lower court to send up the case to the Supreme Court. | 21 | |
| 9321537874 | Solicitor General | 3rd ranking official in the Department of Justice. He/she decides what cases the federal government will appeal from the lower courts and will argue for the Federal Government when the federal government is party to a case. | 22 | |
| 9321537876 | Circuit Court of Appeals | 13 nationwide Courts who hear appeals from the federal district courts. These courts sit in panels of 3 judges. Their job is to determine if the trial court made a procedural error. There is no jury and no testimony. They review the transcripts of the trial court. | 23 | |
| 9321537877 | Affirmed | The Court upholds the lower court's decision | 24 | |
| 9321537878 | Remanded | The case will be sent back to the court that originally heard the case for a new trial. | 25 | |
| 9321537879 | Majority Opinion | A court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges. If the Chief Justice is in the majority, he will write the opinion for the Court. | 26 | |
| 9321537880 | Judicial Activism | The tendency of judges to interpret the constitution in a way that brings about broad sweeping social change, to right the wrongs of society. | 27 | |
| 9321537881 | Judicial Restraint | Assumes the Court should defer to the elected officials (Congress and the President) and not try to "legislate" from the bench. | 28 | |
| 9321537883 | Oral arguments | Verbal arguments presented by lawyers to an appellate court arguing why the Court should rule in their favor. | 29 | |
| 9321537884 | Class Action lawsuit | Lawsuit filed by an individual seeking damages for "all people in similar circumstances." | 30 | |
| 9321537885 | Concurring Opinion | Brief written by a justice who agrees with the final opinion of the Court but for different reasons | 31 | |
| 9321537886 | Dissenting Opinion | Brief written by a Justice who does not agree with the majority opinion. Important because it often shapes the argument used years later if the Court reverses a previous decision and sets a new precedent. | 32 | |
| 9321537887 | Federal Judges | They are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. They serve for life or during good behavior. | 33 | |
| 9321537888 | Equal Protection Clause | Part of the 14th amendment that says states must also provide rights to all persons within the United States jurisdiction. It opened the door for incorporation (applying the bill of rights to the states as well). | 34 | |
| 9322290839 | Rule of Four | Procedure in which four Supreme Court justices have to agree to hear a case. | 35 |
Flashcards
AP Psychology Unit 5 Flashcards
Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 11592124981 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment. | 0 | |
| 11592124982 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. | 1 | |
| 11592124983 | REM (rapid eye movement) sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. | 2 | |
| 11592124984 | alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. | 3 | |
| 11592124985 | sleep | periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.) | 4 | |
| 11592124986 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. | 5 | |
| 11592124987 | delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. | 6 | |
| 11592124988 | NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. | 7 | |
| 11592124989 | insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. | 8 | |
| 11592124990 | narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. | 9 | |
| 11592124991 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. | 10 | |
| 11592124992 | night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. | 11 | |
| 11592124993 | dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. | 12 | |
| 11592124994 | manifest content | according to Freud, the story of the dream. | 13 | |
| 11592124995 | latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). | 14 | |
| 11592124996 | REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). | 15 | |
| 11592124997 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. | 16 | |
| 11592124998 | posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. | 17 | |
| 11592124999 | dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. | 18 | |
| 11592125000 | psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. | 19 | |
| 11592125001 | tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect. | 20 | |
| 11592125002 | withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. | 21 | |
| 11592125003 | physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. | 22 | |
| 11592125004 | psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions. | 23 | |
| 11592125005 | addiction | compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. | 24 | |
| 11592125006 | depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. | 25 | |
| 11592125007 | barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. | 26 | |
| 11592125008 | opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. | 27 | |
| 11592125009 | stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. | 28 | |
| 11592125010 | amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes. | 29 | |
| 11592125011 | methamphetamines | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. | 30 | |
| 11592125012 | Ecstacy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. | 31 | |
| 11592125013 | hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. | 32 | |
| 11592125014 | LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). | 33 | |
| 11592125015 | near-death experiences | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. | 34 | |
| 11592125016 | THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. | 35 |
Flashcards
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