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AP Literature Vocab 8 Synonyms Flashcards

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16206449904aberrationdeviation, irregularity0
16206449905ad hocmakeshift1
16206456168banespoiler, bete noire2
16206459544bathosmawkishness, mush3
16206464439cantankerouscranky, testy, peevish, irascible, ornery4
16206470427casuistryquibbling5
16206474829de factoin actuality, in point of fact6
16206482530depredationlooting, outrage7
16206486978empathysympathy, compassion8
16206493431harbringer(n) precursor, (v) presage9
16206502540hedonismpleasure seeking, sensuality10
16206511590lacklustervapid, insipid, drab, flat11
16206516054malcontent(adj) dissatisfied, disgruntled; (n) grumbler12
16206527695mellifluouseuphonious13
16206527696pander(v) indulge; (n) pimp, procurer14
16206539663peccadillolapse15
16206543780piece de resistancecenterpiece, chef d'oeuvre16
16206552413remandremit, return17
16206555635syndromecomplex, pattern18
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 15 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 15 Reconstruction, 1863-1877

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12275615609Civil Rights Act of 1866This act declared that all African Americans were U.S. citizens and also attempted to provide a shield against the operation of the Southern states' Black Codes. (p. 295)0
1227561561014th AmendmentRatified in 1868, this Constitutional amendment, declares that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens, and it obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law". Other parts of the amendment related to Congress' plan for Reconstruction. (p. 295)1
12275615611equal protection of the lawsPart of the 14th amendment, it emphasizes that the laws must provide equivalent "protection" to all people. (p. 295)2
12275615612due process of lawPart of the 14 Amendment, it denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property. (p. 295)3
1227561561315h AmendmentRatified in 1870, this Constitutional amendment, prohibited any state from denying or abridging a citizen's right to vote "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." (p. 297)4
12275615614Civil Rights Act of 1875The last major piece of Reconstruction legislation, this law prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodation and transportation. It also prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. However, the law was poorly enforced. (p. 297)5
12275615615Jay GouldIn 1869, this Wall Street financier obtained the help of President Grant's brother in law, to corner the gold market. The Treasury Department broke the scheme, but after he had already made a huge profit. (p. 300)6
12275615616Credit MobilierIn this affair, insiders gave stock to influential members of Congress, to avoid investigation of the huge profits they were making from government subsidies for building the transcontinental railroad. (p. 300)7
12275615617William (Boss) TweedThis New York City politician, arranged schemes that allowed he and his cronies to steal about $200 million dollars from New York. He was eventually sentenced to prison in 1871. (p. 301)8
12275615618spoilsmenIn the 1870s, political manipulators such as Senator Roscoe Conkling and James Blaine, used patronage - giving jobs and government favors to their supporters. (p. 300)9
12275615619patronageTerm for one of the key inducements used by party machines. A job, promotion, or contract that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence. (p. 300)10
12275615620Thomas NastNew York Times political cartoonist who exposed the abuses of the "Boss" Tweed ring. Tweed was eventually arrested and imprisoned in 1871. (p. 310)11
12275615621Liberal RepublicansIn 1872, this party advocated civil service reform, an end of railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the South, reduced tariffs, and free trade.12
12275615622Horace GreeleyIn the presidential election of 1872, both the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats made this newspaper editor their nominee. He lost the election to Ulysses S. Grant, he died just days before the counting of the electoral vote count. (p. 301)13
12275615623Panic of 1873Economic panic caused by over speculation by financiers and over building by industry and railroads. In 1874, President Grant sided with the hard-money bankers who wanted gold backing of the money supply. He vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenbacks. (p. 302)14
12275615624greenbacksName given to paper money issued by the government, so called because the back side was printed with green ink. They were not redeemable for gold. (p 302)15
12275615625redeemersBy 1877, these Southern conservatives had taken control of state governments in the South. Their foundation rested on states rights, reduced taxes, reduced social programs, and white supremacy. (p. 302)16
12275615626Rutherford B. HayesHe won the presidential election of 1876, which was a highly contested election. He was a Republican governor from Ohio. (p. 302)17
12275615627Samuel J. TildenIn the presidential election of 1876, this New York reform governor was the Democrat nominee. He had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes, but was defeated by Rutherford B. Hayes, when all of the electoral votes from the contested states of South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana went to Hayes. (p. 303)18
12275615628Compromise of 1877This informal deal settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Republican) and Samuel Tilden (Democrat). It was agreed that Hayes would become president. In return, he would remove all federal troops from the South and support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad. (p. 303)19
12275615648presidential reconstructionPresident Abraham Lincoln believed that the Southern states could not leave the Union and therefore never did leave. He consider them a disloyal minority. After Lincoln's assassination, President Andrew Johnson attempted to carry out Lincoln's plan for reconstruction. (p. 292)20
12275615629Proclamation of Amnesty and ReconstructionIn 1863, President Lincoln's proclamation set up a process for political reconstruction, creating state governments in the South so that Unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. It include a full presidential pardon for most Confederates who took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S. Constitution, and accepted the emancipation of slaves. It also reestablished state governments as soon as at least 10 percent of the voters in the state took the loyalty oath. In practice, the proclamation meant that each Southern state would need to rewrite its state constitution to eliminate existence of slavery. (p. 292)21
12275615630Wade-Davis BillIn 1864, this harsh Congressional Reconstruction bill stated that the president would appoint provisional governments for conquered states until a majority of voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. It required the abolition of slavery by new state constitutions, only non-Confederates could vote for a new state constitution. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned. (p. 292)22
12275615631Andrew JohnsonThe 17th President of the United States from 1865 to 1869. This Southerner from Tennessee was Lincoln's vice president, and he became president after Lincoln was assassinated. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. (p. 297)23
12275615632Freedmen's BureauIn March 1865, an organization created at end of Civil War, which provided aid to the both black and whites in the South. It provided food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the Civil War. (p. 292)24
12275615633Black CodesSouthern state legislatures created these codes after the Civil War. They restricted the rights and movements of newly freed African Americans. 1) prohibited blacks from either renting land or borrowing money to buy land, 2) placed freemen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts, 3) prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in court. (p. 294)25
12275615649Congressional ReconstructionIn the spring of 1866, many in Congress were unhappy with President Andrew Johnson's policies and this led to the second round of reconstruction. Its creation was dominated by Congress and featured policies that were harsher on Southern whites and more protective of freed African Americans. (p. 295)26
12275615634Radical RepublicansIn the 1860s, this was the smaller portion of the Republican party than the moderates. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported various programs that were most beneficial to the newly freed African Americans in the South. (p. 295)27
12275615650Charles SumnerThe leading Radical Republican in the Senate from Massechusetts. (p. 295)28
12275615635Thaddeus StephensThis Pennsylvania Congressman was a Radical Republican. He hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise their civil rights, receive education, and receive lands confiscated from planter class. (p. 295)29
12275615636Benjamin WadeRadical Republican who endorsed woman's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks. (p. 295)30
12275615637Reconstruction ActsIn 1867, Congress passed three acts which placed the South under military occupation. They created five military districts in the former Confederate states, each under control of the Union army. To rejoin the Union, ex-Confederate states were required to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in their state constitution that all adult males of all races would be guaranteed the right to vote. (p. 296)31
12275615638Tenure of Office ActIn 1867, this act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander, without the approval of the Senate. The purpose of the law was purely political, to protect the Radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet from dismissal. (p. 297)32
12275615651Edwin StantonHe was President Andrew Johnson's secretary of war. President Johnson believed the new Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional and he challenged the law, by dismissing him from his position. This led to Johnson's impeachment. (p. 297)33
12275615639impeachmentPresident Johnson was the first president impeached, for the charge of High Crimes and Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868. One of the articles of impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. He had removed Edwin M. Stanton, the Secretary of War, from office. The impeachment failed, falling just one vote short. (p. 297)34
12275615640scalawagsThe term for White Republican Southerners who cooperated with and served in Reconstruction governments. (p. 298)35
12275615641carpetbaggersThe term for Northern newcomers who came to the South during Reconstruction. (p. 298)36
12275615642Blanche K. BruceDuring the Reconstruction era, he represented Mississippi as a Republican U.S. Senator, from 1875 to 1881. He was the first black to serve a full term in the Senate. (p. 298)37
12275615643Hiram RevelsDuring the Reconstruction era, this black politician, was elected to the Mississippi senate seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis before the Civil War. (p. 298)38
12275615644sharecroppingCommon form of farming for freed slaves in the South. They received a small plot of land, seed, fertilizer, tools from the landlord who usually took half of the harvest. It evolved into a new form of servitude. (p. 300)39
12275615645Ku Klux KlanFounded in 1867, by ex-Confederate general, Nathaniel Bedford Forrest. This organization of white supremacists used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the South. (p. 302)40
12275615646Force Acts (1870, 1871)These act passed in 1870 and 1871, gave power to federal authorities to stop Ku Klux Klan violence and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the South. (p. 302)41
12275615647Amnesty Act of 1872This act removed the last of the restrictions on ex-Confederates, except for the top leaders. Allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of state governments. (p. 302)42
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AP US History Ch. 17 Flashcards

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8551209258Alexander Graham BellWho invented the telephone?0
8551214408Thomas Edison, able to send two telegrams at the same timeWho invented the diplex, and how did it increase the value of the telegraph industry?1
8551216847Thomas EdisonWho was the most productive American inventor of all time?2
8551217916The electric light bulb; brought electric lights to various cities and buildingsWhat was Thomas Edison's most important invention?3
8551219887Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse; was much more efficient way to transmit electricity than direct current and began powering much of the nationWho discovered alternating current? What was the importance of alternating current?4
8553853246Cheaper and clean than horse-drawn carriages or steam carsWhat were the advantages of electric street cars?5
8553874333Transformed it, made it cleaner, brighter, and more efficientHow did the many inventions during this time period impact modern life?6
8553877373Led to the creation of the automobile industryExperimentation with gas-powered vehicles led to what?7
8553882202Henry FordWho helped revolutionize automobile production through the invention of the assembly line and interchangeable parts?8
8553885392Aircrafts were still extremely dangerousWhy was the aircraft industry not as successful as the automobile industry?9
8553934449Early American Corporations served the public for public benefit while post-war corporations were much larger and more powerfulHow were post-civil war corporations different from early American corporations?10
8553948216Gilded AgeTerm applied to America in the late 1800s that refers to the shallow display and worship of wealth characteristic of the period, term coined by Mark Twain11
8553952373Cooke convinced many investors to invest in the Northern Pacific Railroad that would connect the breadbasket region to shipping across the Pacific and the Atlantic. Investments began pouring in but the railroads weren't making enough profits. The Franco Prussian War caused grain prices to drop and led to reduced profit on rail lines transporting wheat. Confidence in rail investments was undermined and in 1873 Cooke declared bankruptcyHow did Jay Cooke almost destroy the American economy in the 1870s?12
8553988082Panic of 1873A major economic downturn, launched when the country's leading financier Jay Cooke went bankrupt during which thousands lost their jobs and from which the country took years to recover13
8553995177Showed the boom and bust cycle of the new economy and how banking and railroads connected all aspects of the economyWhat did the Panic of 1873 show?14
8554013797Cornelius VanderbiltWho profited the most after the Panic of 1873?15
8554031951Through his global steamship empire and the purchasing of railroads such as New York & Harlem Railroad, the Hudson River Railroad, and the New York Central RailroadHow did Vanderbilt gain so much of his wealth?16
8554043657RichestBy 1877 Vanderbilt was the _______ man in America17
8554062079By becoming corporate pirates, watering the stock, and trying to control the nation's gold supply through buying and hoarding gold to increase the demandHow did Daniel Drew, Jay Gould, and Jim Fisk gain their wealth?18
8554074793Ordered the government to sell $4 million in gold to bring the price back down but the group sold their gold as well and became very wealthy.What did President Grant do after he learned of Drew, Gould, and Fisk's scheme to control the nation's gold supply?19
8554083460Severely hurt the economy and ruined those who had invested in goldWhat was the impact of Drew, Gould, and Fisk's scheme to control the gold supply?20
8554107574By refining oil with his own refineries, dominating the Cleveland refining market by using local crude oil supplies and rail lines running through Cleveland, and keeping costs of oil lowHow did John D. Rockefeller gain his wealth?21
8554120834Standard Oil Company and the Standard Oil TrustWhat companies did John D. Rockefeller establish?22
8554127220To buy out rival refineriesWhat was the purpose of Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust?23
8554130835Horizontal IntegrationThe merger of competitors in the same industry. Became a horizontal monopoly where all of the industry was integrated24
8554153394By producing his own tank cars and leasing them to railraodsHow did Rockefeller make it hard for his competitors to transport oil?25
8554180106Standard OilIn the 1890s, what company was the largest oil producer and refiner in America?26
8554183784Anti-monopoly lawsLack of what allowed Rockefeller to build his empire?27
8554187312A bigger resource and more importantAs more industries increased the demand for oil, Oil became what?28
8554189973Through the increasing importance of steelHow did Andrew Carnegie hope to dominate American commerce?29
8554217555CostsCarnegie's constant focus on what, allowed him to dominate the steel industry?30
8554220679Carnegie SteelBy the 1890s what was the largest single company in the steel business?31
8554220680Vertical IntegratonThe consolidation of numerous production functions, from the extraction of the raw materials to the distribution and marketing of the finished products, under the direction of one firm32
8554246411Political influence and powerCorporation leaders used their money to ensure what?33
8554253644Single corporations or trusts that dominated the market for its product, creating monopolies by eliminating competitionFree enterprise began being replaced by what?34
8554259391John Pierpont MorganDuring this time period, who had the greatest economic power in the US?35
8554286167To reduce competitionWhat was JP Morgan's main goal in the railroad industry?36
8554297046Helped him gain other seats on other boards and gave him more knowledge about American industriesMorgan's seat on the board of directors on New York Central helped him in what way?37
8554314459Showed his true powerThe Panic of 1893 did what for Morgan?38
8554316437National Cordage Company produced more rope than needed and issued too many promissory notes and going bankrupt. The company's bankruptcy resulted in a drop in many areas of the economy and caused many other companies to go bankrupt as well.What was the cause of the Panic of 1893?39
8554349385Withdraw gold in the US banksAs a result of the depression of 1893, what did European investors begin to do?40
8554352502The Bankruptcy of the governmentEuropean investors continuous withdrawals almost caused what?41
8554356997To put full faith and credit of the House of Morgan behind the government by giving the government $65 million in gold in exchange for 30 year government bondsWhat was Morgan's solution to the crisis of 1893?42
8554374877Until the Federal Reserve bank was created in 1916House of Morgan served as the federal bank until what?43
8554432996Corporation that brought together Carnegie's assets and Illinois Steel and Rockefeller's iron mines. Created by JP Morgan and was the largest corporation at this timeWhat was the US Steel Corporation?44
8554441475Giant Monopoly corporationsWhat was a dominant feature of the US economy?45
8554444345The Middle ClassWhat class began to emerge during the Gilded Age?46
8554448240Redesign many major American cities such as Washington DC, Cleveland, San Francisco, and ChicagoThe city beautiful movement planned to do what?47
8554517609Daniel BurnhamWhat architect was a leader in the city beautiful movement?48
8554522630Redesigning them to make them more livableSome architects focused on doing what for urban areas?49
8554525298WaterWhat was the healthiest aspect of city living?50
8554533102White and ProtestantMost of the middle class was _______ and ___________.51
8554535341Individualistic and optimisticWhat was the style of preaching during the Gilded Age?52
8554551965Electoral politcsWhat dominated middle class interests?53
8554553537Republican and DemocratWhat were the two major parties of this era?54
8554555374Corporate leaders and Protestants outside the SouthThe Republican Party was the voice of what group?55
8554557511Divided between those who were still connected to antislavery efforts of the original Party and those who wanted to embrace the Gilded AgeHow was the Republican Party divided?56
8554567226StalwartsA faction of the Republican Party in the 1870s and 1880s who wanted the party to stay true to its earlier support for Reconstruction in the South and who were less connected to the emerging big business interests than others57
8554569694James GarfieldWho did the Republican party nominate for the 1880 election?58
8554570920James GarfieldWho won the election of 1880?59
8554575598He was shot and killed, and his vice president Chester A. Arthur became presidentWhat happened 3 months after James Garfield's inauguration?60
8554647690James BlaineWho did the Republican party nominate for the 1884 election?61
8554658197Grover ClevelandWho did the Democratic Party nominate for the 1884 election?62
8554659849Grover ClevelandWho won the election of 1884?63
8554662894He opposed annexation of Hawaii and expansionHow was Grover Cleveland different from other Republican presidents?64
8554668784Grover ClevelandWho was the only president in history to serve nonconsecutive terms?65
8554696099Missionary trips to foreign countriesAmerican influence around the world grew during the Gilded Age as a result of what?66
8554699095Western values and American commercialism interestsWhat ideas did missionary trips bring to foreign countries?67
8554717801An important player in the world marketThe increasing industrialization and population of the US made the US what?68
8554732432The risks of the rapid growth in the US industrial productivity.After the Panic of 1873, many began to worry about what?69
8554745188To find foreign markets to sell American goods toSince the US only depended on domestic markets, what seemed to be the solution to prevent the US economy from falling?70
8554752409CubaWhat Caribbean island country did the US have a long time interest in?71
8554760565Merchants took advantage of the situation by buying sugar plantations, mines, and ranchesIn 1868, when Cuba rebelled against Spain and destroyed their economy, what did US merchants do?72
8554767176DominantBy 1890, the US was a __________ economic force on Cuba.73
8554780662Gave Mexican revolutionaries a supply of weapons which helped them overthrow the governmentWhen Napoleon III sent French troops to Mexico and appointed Austrian Archduke Maximilian rule of Mexico, what did the US do?74
8554787783Porfirio DíazWho took control of Mexican rule after the revolutionaries overthrew Maximilian?75
8554791713US bought railroads, mines, and oil companies and invested $500 million in Mexico making Mexico a major trading partner and giving US major influence in the countryHow did US investment in Mexico expand after Porfirio Díaz took control?76
8554807968After bad harvests in Europe, the demand for American food increased, but European countries were nervous about growing dependency on American products and claimed US meat was unsafe to eat causing American outrage and a boycott of French and German goods.How did the growth of US exports almost cause a trade war between the US, Britain, Germany and France?77
8554839958Because of push and pull factors pushing them out of their home countries and pulling them to the USWhy were immigrants motivated to move?78
8554852145PogromsGovernment-directed attacks against Jewish citizens, property, and villages in tsarist Russia beginning in the 1880s; a primary reason for Russian Jewish migration to the US79
8554862241Violence and poverty as a result of Italy's unification in 1871, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroying much farmlandWhy did Italians want to leave Italy?80
8554866996Settled in major citiesWhere did Italian immigrants settle?81
8554874338Overpopulation, political upheaval, violence and persecutionWhat factors contributed to increasing immigration to the US from Europe?82
8554876865Chinese Exclusion ActFederal legislation that suspended Chinese immigration, limited the civil rights of resident Chinese and forbade their naturalization83
8554886834If they proved they had educational, economic, or diplomatic skills worthy enough to be accepted into the countryWhat was the only way for Chinese immigrants to enter the US?84
8554902911The emperor of Japan had ended a ban on emigration and increased taxesWhy did the number of Japanese immigrants to the US increase?85
8554907211Because of revolutionary violenceWhy many Mexicans move to the US?86
8554911920Because of stories of wealth and opportunity, and while the conditions in America were better than the conditions of their home country, immigrants were often disappointed by what they found.Why did many immigrants come to America?87
8554928603New York with Ellis Island as the immigration centerWhat city was the main entry point for immigration?88
8554932756Melting PotAn often popular idea that somehow immigrants from other countries should quickly lose their culture and language and "melt" into being just like other Americans. However many immigrants wanted to hold onto their cultural identity89
8554940542Lower East Side of ManhattanWhere was the heart of the Jewish community?90
8554944599Creation of standard sizes of clothing for men and eventually women. Allowed for the development of mass-produced clothing and allowed the garment trade to shift from made-to order clothing to mass production clothingDemand for uniforms for the Union Army led to what?91
8554950447SweatshopsSmall, poorly ventilated shops or apartments crammed with workers, often family members, who pieced together garments92
8554960792BarriosExtensions of Mexican communities stretching along the border, offered familiar comforts to immigrants like traditional foods, clothing, holidays, and festivals93
8554969751Formed their own tight-knit ethnic communitiesImmigrants often formed what in their new home?94
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AP Spanish Literature Vocabulary - Drama Flashcards

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9786657622actoCada una de las partes en que se divide una obra teatral. En el Siglo de Oro frecuentemente se le llama jornada. Ejemplo: • La casa de Bernarda Alba de Federico García Lorca tiene tres actos; El hombre que se convirtió en perro de Osvaldo Dragún consta de uno.0
9786657623comediaEn general se refiere a una obra teatral, y más específicamente una obra teatral con un final feliz.1
9786657624diálogoUna conversación entre dos o más personajes que constituye una obra entera o una parte de la misma. El diálogo puede aparecer en todos los géneros literarios. Ejemplo: -¿Eres la que vende palabas?-preguntó. -Para servirte-balbuceó ella oteando enla penumbra para verlo mejor. (Dos palabras)2
9786657625escenaEn una obra teatral, una de las partes en las que se divide el acto y en las que están presentes los mismos personajes. Ejemplos: En la única escena de El hombre que se convirtió en perro (Osvaldo Dragún) aparecen una actriz y tres actores.3
9786657626escenarioEspacio donde se representa una obra teatral. Puede ser natural o construido y puede añadir al ambiente de la obra. Ejemplo: • La acción de La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca) tiene lugar dentro de la misma casa, pero cada acto se adentra más.4
9786657627monólogoUna obra, o parte de ella, en la que habla en voz alta un personaje que aparece solo en el escenario expresando sus pensamientos. A veces se llama soliloquio. Ejemplo: • Al final de la primera jornada de El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (Tirso de Molina) se encuentra un extendido monólogo narrado de Tisbea en los versos 986 a 1031: "¡Fuego, fuego! ¡que me quemo! ... ¡Amor, clemencia, que se abrasa el alma".5
9786657628teatroLugar en que se realiza una acción ante espectadores o participantes.6
9786657629acción dramáticaExpresión de los movimientos que se producen en los niveles internos y externos de los personajes. Ejemplos: • En El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (Tirso de Molina) la acción dramática gira en torno a las burlas de don Juan, pero se desarrolla en diferentes lugares y en tres jornadas diferentes. En La casa de Bernarda Alba (García Lorca) la acción dramática se centra en el enfrentamiento de la autoridad rígida y convencional de Bernarda y el deseo de libertad de María Josefa y Adela.7
9786657630tragediaObra teatral caracterizada por personajes gobernados por las pasiones, y cuyas acciones desembocan en un fin catastrófico. Algunos críticos opinan que La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca) es una tragedia.8
9786657631exposiciónParte de la trama que informa acerca de los personajes, antecedentes o causas de la acción. Generalmente se sitúa al principio del texto teatral.9
9786657632nudo o clímaxPunto culminante en una obra, habitualmente el momento de mayor emoción o tensión que complica la trama. Ejemplo: • En La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca) el punto culminante aparece al final del segundo acto. LA PONCIA: La hija de la Librada, la soltera, tuvo un hijo no se sabe con quién. ADELA: ¿Un hijo? LA PONCIA: Y para ocultar su vergüenza lo mató y lo metió debajo de unas piedras; pero unos perros, con más corazón que muchas criaturas, lo sacaron y como llevados por la mano de Dios lo han puesto en el tranco de su puerta. Ahora la quieren matar. La traen arrastrando por la calle abajo, y por las trochas y los terrenos del olivar vienen los hombres corriendo, dando unas voces que estremecen los campos.10
9786657633desenlaceParte de una obra tras el punto culminante o clímax en que se resuelven los hilos del argumento. Ejemplo: • En el tercer acto de La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca), Martirio declara que Adela viene con "las enaguas llenas de trigo", prueba de que ha pasado parte de la noche en el establo con Pepe el Romano. Adela se rebela contra la autoridad de Bernarda y rompe el bastón de su madre. Bernarda decide sacar una escopeta para matar a Pepe. No lo logra, pero Adela cree que Pepe ha muerto y ella se suicida.11
9786657634acotacionesNotas incluidas en la obra teatral al principio de la obra o entre paréntesis a lo largo de ella, para avisar y explicar todo lo relativo a la acción: gestos, movimientos de los personajes, modulación de la voz, decorado, efectos de sonido, etc. Ejemplo: • Estas acotaciones indican el movimiento de los personajes o la acción, y el modo de hablar los personajes: ACTOR 3. (Observándolo.) Soy ex director de la perrera, y esto me parece fenomenal. Llegó ladrando como un perro (requisito principal); y si bien conserva el traje, es un perro, a no dudar. ACTOR 2. (Tartamudeando) S-s-soy el v-veter-r-inario. El hombre que se convirtió en perro. (Osvaldo Dragún)12
9786657635aparteTécnica teatral en la que un personaje hace un comentario escuchado por el público, no por los otros personajes, que necesita comunicar para revelar sus ideas y pensamientos interiores. Esta técnica es menos frecuente en el teatro contemporáneo. Ejemplo: • JUAN: Fingí ser el duque Octavio. PEDRO: No digas más. ¡Calla! ¡Baste! (Perdido soy si el rey sabe este [Aparte] caso. ¿Qué he de hacer? Industria me hade valer en un negocio tan grave.) El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (Tirso de Molina), Jornada primera, vv. 71-7613
9786657636dramaturgoAutor de obras dramáticas. En el Siglo de Oro se le llamaba "ingenio" o "poeta". Ejemplos: • Osvaldo Dragún, autor de la obra en un acto El hombre que se convirtió en perro y Federico García Lorca, autor de La casa de Bernarda Alba.14
9786657637teatro del absurdoObra dramática basada en una situación sin sentido, en la que los personajes se enfrentan a situaciones que muestran la insensatez de la vida en un mundo deshumanizado. Ejemplo: • El hombre que se convirtió en perro (Osvaldo Dragún)15
9786657638catarsisSentimiento de purificación o liberación suscitado por algunas obras o vivencias. Ejemplo: • En El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra (Tirso de Molina) la justicia poética que justifica la muerte de don Juan ("Ésta es justicia de Dios / Quien tal hace, que tal pague") produce alivio en el espectador.16
9786657639falla trágicaError fatal del protagonista de una obra del que se deriva un daño irreparable. Ejemplo: • la desgana por parte de Bernarda de ver la hostilidad entre sus hijas y el consiguiente suicidio de Adela, es una falla trágica manifestada en La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca).17
9786657640ironía dramáticaCircunstancia en la que el lector o espectador sabe algo desconocido por un personaje y sabe o sospecha lo que ocurrirá antes de que lo sepa el personaje. Ejemplo: • En La casa de Bernarda Alba, en Acto Tercero Bernarda manda a que dejen salir al "caballo garañón" a que "se revuelque" con las potras en la caballeriza. Los espectadores nos damos cuenta que es como si le estuviera dando permiso a Pepe a engañar a Adela y Angustias por ser hombre macho.18
9786657641pathosEn la tragedia griega y en otras, es el afecto que inclina al espectador hacia el personaje trágico; desemboca en la catarsis, por medio de la cual el espectador se identifica con el personaje. Ejemplo: • En La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca), la opresión bajo la que viven las hijas de Bernarda provoca en los espectadores el afecto por las mujeres, la conmiseración por sus sufrimientos, el deseo de rebelión y el sentimiento de simpatía por esos personajes.19
9786657642tres unidadesRegla teatral que pretende que solo haya una acción principal (unidad de acción), que esta acción no dure más de un día (unidad de tiempo) y que toda la acción se desarrolle en un mismo sitio (unidad de lugar). Ejemplo: • En La casa de Bernarda Alba (Federico García Lorca) aunque la acción dura más de un día, por lo que no se cubren las tres unidades, solo hay una acción principal y toda ella se desarrolla dentro de la casa de Bernarda (unidades de acción y lugar).20
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AP US History Historical Figures Flashcards

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10532257472John SmithA leader at the Jamestown settlement on September 10, 1608. Mapped the coast from Penobscot Bay to Cape Cod. Wrote "A Description of New England" (1616), a counterpart to his "Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country" (1612); "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles" (1624); and "The True Travels, Adventures, and Observations of Captain John Smith in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America" (1630). BRITISH EXPLORER0
10532278840John RolfeThe husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the Indian chief Powhatan. About 1612 he began to experiment with growing tobacco: imported to the English and it was a success BRITISH COLONIAL OFFICIAL1
10532284793William BradfordPLYMOUTH COLONY GOVERNOR (30 years) Helped shape and stabilize the political institutions of the first permanent colony in New England. Contribution in nurturing the fledgling colony's democratic institutions (at least for fellow believers), such as the franchise and town meeting, thus helping establish those traditions of self-government that would set the pattern for national political development in years to come.2
10532317108John WinthropAMERICAN COLONIAL GOVERNOR First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the chief figure among the Puritan founders of New England. In the early 1630s, he did his most creative work, guiding the colonists as they laid out a network of tightly organized towns, each with its church of self-professed saints3
10532325453Roger WilliamsAMERICAN RELIGIOUS LEADER Founder of the colony of Rhode Island and pioneer of religious liberty. Williams' notion of a "wall of separation" between church and state inspired the founders of the United States, who incorporated it into the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights. He and his fellow Rhode Islanders framed a colony government devoted to protecting individual "liberty of conscience." Roger Williams founded the first Baptist church in America and edited the first dictionary of Native American languages.4
10532325454Anne HutchsinsonA dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island5
10532325455William PennFounded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance.6
10532325761Samuel AdamsA key role in the defense of colonial rights. He had been a leader of the Sons of Liberty and suggested the formation of the Committees of Correspondence. Adams was crucial in spreading the principle of colonial rights throughout New England and is credited with provoking the Boston Tea Party..7
10532325762Thomas PaineA passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.8
10532326205Alexander HamiltonHamilton emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government's Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.9
10532326206John RayHe helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain, ending the American Revolution. Appointed by Washington, Jay negotiated a settlement when was w/ Britain threatened due to controversies over the Treaty of Paris: it became known as Jay's Treaty.10
10532332492James MadisonThe author of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Madison was also the father of the Federalist party and the fourth President of the United States. He was President during the war of 1812 and was also Vice-President under Jefferson. He was a great statesman but was not a strong president.11
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AP World History Chapter 8 Flashcards

HHS World civilizations textbook.

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14801639002stateless societiesAfrican societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states.0
14801639003sahelExtensive grassland belt at South edge of Sahara desert, point of exchange between forests of South and North Africa1
14801639004juulaManlike merchants, formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout the Mali Empire, eventually spread throughout West Africa.2
14801639005shariaIslamic law, defined among other things that patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance3
14801639006AlmoravidsPutanicle reformist movement among the Islamic Berber tribes of North Africa; controlled gold trade across Sahara, conquered Ghana in 1076. Moved Southward against African kingdoms of the Savanna and Westward into Spain.4
14801639007AlmohadisReformist movement among the Islamic Berberss of Northern Africa, later then the Almoravids, penetrated into Sub-Sahara Africa.5
14801639008Ibn BatutaArabic traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records.6
14801639009Muhammad The GreatExtended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire, Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century.7
14801639010Suddinc statesKingdoms that developed during the height of Ghana's power in the region based at Takrur on the Senegal River to the West of Gao on the Niger River to the East; included Mali and Songhay.8
14801639011MaliEmpire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.)9
14801639012TimbuktuPort city of Mali, located just off flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River. It has a population of 50,000, contained a library and university.10
14801639013SonghaySuccessor state to Mali, dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao, reached imperial status under Sunni Ali.11
14801639014YorubaCity state developed in Northern Nigeria c. 1200 c.e; Ile-Ife featured artistic style possibly related to earlier Nok culture; agricultural societies supported by peasentry and dominated by ruling family and aristocracy.12
14801639015BeninPowerful city-state which came into contact with the Portugese in 1985, but remained relatively free of European influence and was an important commercial and political entity until the 19th century.13
14801639016Kongoagricultural kingdom; formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century, capital at Mbanza Kongo, ruled by hereditary monarchy.14
14801639017Great ZimbabweBantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Limpopo and Zambezi rivers. Developed after 9th century and featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by the 15th century, king took title of Mwene Mutapa15
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AP world history chapter 6 Flashcards

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14323882787Nomadreally early people whose sole focus was to satisfy their basic needs: shelter and food0
14323882788Foraging societieshunter-gatherer clans that depended on nature to supply their needs1
14323882789Pastoral societiesdomesticated animals and cultivated plants2
14323882790Cuneiforma form of writing Sumerians developed3
14323882791Polythesisticworshiping more than one god (Sumerians)4
14323882792Ziggurattemple (built by Sumerians)5
14323882793Code of Hammurabifirst ever code of laws (developed by King Hammurabi of Babylon)6
14323882794Pharaohsrulers of Egypt7
14323882795Hieroglyphicssystem of writing consisting of pictures that represented letters and words created by Egyptians8
14323882796Mummificationprocess of preserving dead bodies9
14323882797Pyramidsenormous tombs for afterlife10
14323882827River valley-rivers that provided water and good soil, where most civilizations lived11
14323882798Calendar12 month calendar that was developed by Sumerians12
14323882799Hinduismwhat early Aryan beliefs became the basis of13
14323882800The Vedas and Upanishadswhat the Aryans recorded their polytheistic beliefs and traditions in14
14323882801Brahmansthe priest class in the Aryan social structure15
14323882802Patriarchyfamily led by the eldest male16
14323882803Mandate of Heavenwhat the Zhou Dynasty believed in; heaven would grant the Zhou power as long of the rulers governed justly and wisely17
14323882828Bureaucracy, bureau-a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives18
14323882829Migration-movement of people from one place to another19
14323882804Zhou Dynastyestablished by Wu Wang after the demolition of the Shang in 1100 BCE20
14323882805Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)8000 BCE-3000 BCE: transition period when groups of people moved from nomadic lifestyles to agricultural lifestyles21
14323882806Bronze Agewhen people figured out how to combine copper with tin to make bronze and advanced the development of tools and weapons22
14323882807Mesopotamiameans between the rivers (tigris and euphrates), part of Fertile Crescent23
14323882808Sumerian civilizationfirst major Mesopotamian civilization; was in the southern part of Mesopotamia24
14323882809Tigris and Euphrates Riversbetween them was Mesopotamia, flooded unpredictably and washed away many early settlements25
14323882810Babyloncity in Mesopotamia26
14323882811Hittitesruled the region because they learned how to use iron in their weapons, invaded Babylon27
14323882812Assyrianslearned to use iron in less than a century; army was highly disciplined but cruel28
14323882813NebuchadnezzarChaldean king that rebuilt Babylon; defeated the Assyrians with the help of the Medes29
14323882814Persian Empirenew civilization that took over the new Babylon30
14323882815Egyptian civilizationdeveloped along the Nile River; most Egyptians lived in smaller towns31
14323882816King Menesunited the entire river valley32
14323882817Queen Hatshepsutfemale pharaoh that ruled for 22 years during the New Kingdom33
14323882818Indus Valleya civilization built 900 miles along the Indus River and huge mountains; not much connection outside34
14323882819Fertile Crescenta land with pretty good soil in which Mesopotamia was in35
14323882820Khyber Passprovided a connection to the Indus Valley36
14323882821Harappa and Mohenjo-Daromajor cities of the Indus Valley, home to more than 100,000 people each37
14323882822Aryansnomadic tribes from north of the Caucasus Mountains; defeated Indus Valley with horses and advanced weaponry38
14323882823Shang Chinarose in the Hwang Ho River Valley; militarily quite powerful, but limited contact with the outside39
14323882824Bantu migrations(1500 BCE) farmers in the Niger and Benue River valleys in West Africa began migrating south and east, spreading their knowledge of languages, agriculture, and metallurgy; continued for 2,000 years40
14323882825Olmecearly civilization in what is now Mexico (1500-4000 BCE)41
14323882826Chavinearly civilization in the Andes (900- 200 BCE)42
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