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AP Chemistry Flashcards

13721359020	Avogadro's number	6.02 x 10^23	0
13721361482	Ideal Gas Law	PV=nRT P = pressure V = volume n = moles of gas R = gas constant: .0821 Latm/molK T = temperature (K)	1
13721375558	STP	P = 1 atm T = 273K 1 mole = 22.4 L	2
13721384512	Percent Composition	the percent by mass of each element in a compound mass of element/total molar mass of the substance	3
13721405305	Empirical Formula	a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound 1) assume 100 gram sample (percentage-->gram) 2) convert the gram amount to mol of element 3) take the lowest mol amount and divide each number by that value 4) round to the nearest whole number 5) these values become the subscript	4
13721432840	Molecular Formula	A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule, but not the arrangement of the atoms. 1) find molar mass of the empirical formula 2) molar mass of MF/molar mass of EF 3) multiply all the subscript in the empirical formula by that value	5
13721466372	Aufbau Principle	the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first	6
13721470194	Pauli Exclusion Principle	states that a maximum of two electrons can occupy a single atomic orbital but only if the electrons have opposite spins	7
13721474793	Hund's Rule	states that single electrons with the same spin must occupy each equal-energy orbital before additional electrons with opposite spins can occupy the same orbitals	8
13721486107	Coulomb's Law	E=kq1q2/r^2 E = energy k = Coulombs Constant: 8.98810^9 Nm^2/C^2 q1 (+) = magnitude of the positive charge (nucleus) q2 (-) = magnitude of the negative charge (electron) r = distance between the charges the greater charge of the nucleus the more energy an electron will have	9
13721523183	Quantum Theory	describes mathematically the wave properties of electrons and other very small particles quantum: E = hv	10
13721535493	The Bohr model	model of the atom in which electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in paths called orbits * the closer the energy level is to the atom the less energy electrons that level has	11
13730998731	Energy and Electromagnetic Radiation	△E = hv = hc/λ △E = energy change h = planck's constant: 6.63x10^-34 joulesec v = frequency of radiation λ = wavelength of radiation c = speed of light: 3.00x10^8 m/sec high frequency and shorter wavelength lead to more energy	12
13731022520	Frequency and Wavelength	c = λv c = speed of light: 3.00x10^8 m/sec λ = wavelength of radiation v = frequency of radiation	13
13731032861	Ionization Energy	The amount of energy required to remove an electron from an atom	14
13731039833	Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)	energy measurement of electrons emitted from solids, gases or liquids by the photoelectric effect, in order to determine the binding energies of electrons in a substance *decreases from left to right	15
13731051094	Electron Configuration	the arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom	16
13731053673	Dalton's Atomic Theory	1) elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) elements can mix together 4) atoms only change when mixed with other elements	17
13731061952	J.J. Thomson's Model	Plum pudding model *atoms are composed of positive and negative charges. negative charges are called electrons and they are sprinkled throughout the positively charged atom	18
13731068832	Ernest Rutherford	Gold foil experiment *positive charge in an atom is concentrated in the center and the atom is mostly empty space...positive charged nucleus (mass) and negatively charged electrons travel around the nucleus	19
13731076991	Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time	20
13731079184	Periodic Trend: Atomic Radius	increases left and down increases left less protons so weaker attraction increases down because more electrons are added to the electron shells	21
13731323455	Periodic Trend: Ionization Energy	increase right and up increases to the right because more protons so stronger attraction increases up because less shielding so more attraction	22
13731328515	Periodic Trend: Electronegativity	increases right and up increases to the right because more protons so stronger attraction increases up because less shielding so more attraction	23
13731332983	Periodic Trend: Electron Affinity	increases right and up *energy releases or absorbed when the electron is added in th eatom	24
13731333698	Periodic Trend:Ionic Radius	increase left and down *more electrons the larger the radius	25
13734711391	Isoelectronic	having the same number of electrons *largest will be element with less protons	26
13734736525	Exception for Ionization Energy	Between Be B and N and O further away more shielding so less attraction O has to electrons in one orbital so there electron-electron repulsion	27
13737927533	Bonding	transfer or sharing of electrons	28
13737930749	Ionic Bonds	the electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic compounds metal and none metal (electrons are NOT shared) cation--gives up and electron and becomes positively charged anion--accepts and electron and becomes negatively charged solid at room temp and have high MP and BP	29
13737964300	Lattice Energy	the energy required to separate 1 mol of the ions of an ionic compound greater charge = greater lattice energy = high MP small ion(radius) = high MP	30
13737980777	Metallic Bonds	a bond formed by the attraction between positively charged metal ions and the electrons around them *malleable, ductile, good conductors of electricity	31
13737990469	Interstitial Alloy	an alloy whose component atoms are different sizes	32
13737993106	Substitutional Alloy	an alloy whose component atoms are similar in size	33
13737997558	Covalent Bonds	bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms first covalent bond between two atoms is called a sigma (σ) bond and additional bonds are called pi (π) bonds double and triple bonds are stronger and shorter than single bonds	34
13738029893	Network Covalent Bonds	atoms held together in lattice of covalent bonds (diamond); hard with high melting point	35
13738077503	Polarity	molecules having an uneven distribution of charges *the most electronegative atoms exerts the most pull	36
13738115509	Intermolecular Forces	forces that exist between molecules in a covalently bonded substance need to be broken to change phases when ionic substances change phase the bonds between the individual ions are broken *when covalent substances change phase the bonds between the individual atoms remain but the forces that hold the molecules to other molecules breaks	37
13740188728	Dipole-Dipole Forces	forces of attraction between polar molecules molecules with greater polarity will have a greater dipole moment--higher MP and BP relatively weak and low MP and BP	38
13740197766	Hydrogen Bonds	a special type of dipole-dipole moment. positive hydrogen atom attracted to negatively charged element (NOF)	39
13740204904	London Dispersion Forces	occur between all molecules. the intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles. *since LD depends on the random motion of electrons--more electrons = more LD	40
13740219835	Bond Strength	ionic--solids at room temp covalent--liquids at room temp (low MP and BP) metallic--often involves one type of atom, very strong(high MP and BP) network covalent--strongest type of bonding so extremely difficult to melt	41
13740232060	Bonding and Phases	phase of a substance if directly related to the strength of its IMF. weak IMF=gas at room temp. strong IMF=liquid at room temp. ionic substances do no experience IMF (phase determined by ionic bonding (STRONG))=solid at room temp. solids--packed together liquid--loose gas--spread apart	42
13740255873	Vapor Pressure	molecules within a liquid are in constant motion but if the molecules hit the surface with enough KE they can break their IMF and become gas. strong IMF=low vapor pressure bc of high temp required	43
13740266672	Lewis Dot Structure	diagram of a molecule using dots to represent valence electrons	44
13740270315	Resonance Structure	one of the two or more equally valid electron dot structures of a molecule or polyatomic ion	45
13740273232	Bond Order		46
13740283098	Incomplete Octet	These elements are stable with fewer than eight electrons in their valence shell and include hydrogen (2), helium (2), lithium (2), beryllium (4), and boron (6).	47
13740282163	Expanded Octet	An exception to the octet rule that permits atoms in d block or lower on the periodic table to have more than eight electrons in a Lewis structure.	48
13740329788	Formal Charge	used to determine which resonance structure is more likely. # of valence electrons - ( # lone pairs + # bonds) (each lone pair is 2 and each bond is one) charges should at up to total molecule charge the most electronegative element should possess the negative charge if there is one	49
13740355089	Molecular Geometry	electrons repel each other so when atoms come together they will assume a shape that keeps its electron pairs far apart valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VESPR) double and triple bonds are treated the same way as a single bond when predicting molecular geometry *molecules with lone pairs will have reduced angles	50
13740379837	Hybridization: 2 electron pairs	sp	51
13740379838	Hybridization: 3 electron pairs	sp^2	52
13740381627	Hybridization: 4 electron pairs	sp^3	53
13740382346	Hybridization: 5 electron pairs	dsp^3	54
13740383346	Hybridization: 6 electron pairs	d^2sp^3	55
13740383863	Kinetic Molecular Theory	based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion *the greater the temperature the greater average kinetic energy of gas molecules	56
13740391171	The Average Kinetic Energy of a Single Gas Molecule	KE = 1/2 mv^2 or v = √(3RT)/(m) KE = kinetic energy m = mass v = volume R = gas constant (.0821) T = temperature	57
13740456007	Maxwell-Botzmann Diagrams	a diagram that shows the range of velocities for molecules of a gas. molecules at a given temperature are not all moving at the same velocity *higher temperature of gas-->larger range for velocity (higher KE)	58
13740803354	Boyle's Law	P1V1=P2V2	59
13740803355	Charles Law	V1/T1=V2/T2	60
13740806620	Combined Gas Law	P1V1/T1=P2V2/T2	61
13740807089	Gay-Lussac's Law	P1/T1=P2/T2	62
13740807959	Dalton's Law	total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the sum of all the partial pressure P total=P1+P2+P3...	63
13740812947	Partial Pressure	Pa = (P total)(Xa) Xa = (moles of gas A/total moles of gas)	64
13740816971	Density	D = m/v D = density m = mass of gas in grams v = volume occupied by gas in liters D = P(MM)/RT MM = D(RT)/P	65
13740824089	Molarity	expresses the concentration of a solution in terms of volume. the number of moles of solute per liter of solution M = moles of solute/liters of solution	66
13740827809	Mole Fraction	The ratio of the moles of solute in solution to the total number of moles of both solvent and solute Mole Fraction (X) = moles of substance S/total number of moles in the solution	67
13740829581	Solutes and Solvents	LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE AKA polar or ionic solutes like salt will dissolve in polar solvents like water. non polar dissolves non polar.	68
13740831182	Dissociation	the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves	69
13740832566	Paper Chromatography	method of separating a mixture of different colors. The liquid soaks through the paper and carries the mixture with it. Some substances are carried faster than others so the substances are separated along the paper	70

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AP - quiz 7 - Heart Flashcards

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14454623175	pulmonary semi-lunar ( s/l - prevent backflow from pulmonary trunk to right ventricle)	0
14454623702	right atrium (pumps blood to right ventricle)	1
14454625522	tricuspid valve (prevents backflow from right ventricle to right atrium)	2
14454625891	right ventricle (pumps deoxygenated (deO2) blood to pulmonary trunk)	3
14454626225	capilary muscle (pulls on chordae tendinae)	4
14454626456	left ventricle (pumps oxygenated (O2) blood to aorta)	5
14454626977	chordae tendinae (prevents prolapse of atrioventricular (a/v) valves)	6
14454627495	bicuspid valve (prevents bloodflow from left ventricle to left atrium)	7
14454629386	aortic semi-lunar valve ( s/l - prevents backflow from aorta to left ventricle)	8
14454630099	left atrium (pumps blood to left ventricle)	9

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AP Literature Vocabulary Practice Flashcards

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10473805345	Flat Characterization	a character who does not change in personality over the course of the story and is relatively uncomplicated.	0
10473805346	Round Characterization	A character who undergoes some form of significant character development and are generally much more complex.	1
10473805347	Indirect Characterization	Indirect characterization reveals the personality of a character, but not explicitly. Instead, the personality is revealed through speech, thoughts, effect on others, actions, and looks.	2
10473805348	Direct Characterization	Direct characterization reveals the personality of a character directly, explicitly stating it within the text.	3
10473805349	Protagonist	The protagonist is the character which the audience follows, and is often the hero of the story (although he or she does not have to be).	4
10473805350	Antagonist	The antagonist is the character in conflict with the protagonist of the story.	5
10473805351	Foil Character	In literature, a foil character is a character whose personality contrasts with that of the protagonist, helping to highlight that particular quality of the protagonist.	6
10473805352	Bildungsroman	A bildungsroman is a novel dealing with one person's formative years or spiritual education. This is the period of time that deals with that person's psychological development.	7
10473805353	1st Person Singular Perspective	A perspective in which the narrator relays events from his or her own point of view. It uses words such as "I".	8
10473805354	1st Person Plural Perspective	A perspective still in the first-person, except no individual speaker is identified. It uses words such as "we".	9
10473805355	3rd Person Omniscient Perspective	A perspective where the narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all the characters in the story. It is important not to confuse this perspective with "head-hopping".	10
10473805356	3rd Person Limited Perspective	A perspective in which the narrator knows only the thoughts and feelings of one character, and that one character is often the protagonist of the story.	11
10473805357	2nd Person Perspective	A perspective in which the narrator tells the story to another character. It uses the word "you" to achieve this point of view.	12
10473805358	Foreshadowing	Refers to the use of word or phrases that are hints which set the stage for a story to unfold. Foreshadowing gives the reader a hint of something that will happen later.	13
10473805359	In Media Res	"In Media Res" is latin for "into the middle of things" and refers to a narrative that begins in the middle of a story rather than the beginning.	14
10473805360	Internal Monologue	Internal monologue refers to a person's inner voice that provides a running monologue. In literature, this refers to the "thinking" of the narrator that other characters do not hear.	15
10473805361	Stream of Consciousness	The stream of consciousness is a narrative mode or method that attempts to depict the thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind.	16
10473805362	Theme	A literary theme can be either direct or indirect. It refers to the main idea underlying the entire work, or some special meaning revealed through the text.	17
10473805363	Motif	A motif is a recurring image, idea, or symbol that helps to develop the theme of the work.	18
10473805364	Allusion	An allusion is an expression designed to call another literary work to mind without mentioning it explicitly. It is sort of like an indirect reference.	19
10473805365	Dramatic Irony	Dramatic irony is irony in which the audience knows about the ironic situation taking place, but the characters in the story do not.	20
10473805366	Situational Irony	Situational irony is irony in which the audience expect one thing to happen, but then a completely different thing takes place. Unlike dramatic irony, the twist was not known.	21
10473805367	Sarcasm	Sarcasm is an ironic tool in which text appears to be praising someone, but is actually insulting or taunting that person.	22
10473805368	Juxtaposition	Juxtaposition is placing two elements or words side by side in order to let the reader compare them. Juxtaposition can be excellent at displaying irony, humor, or sadness.	23
10473805369	Catharsis	Catharsis is an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal, or at least achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress.	24
10473805370	Pathos	Pathos refers to writing which appeals to the reader's sense of emotion.	25
10473805371	Satire	Satire is a genre of literature in which vices and follies are held up to ridicule. It is meant to emphasize the foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society.	26
10473805372	Parody	Parody is a form of satire in which the text is written in a similar manner to the character that the writer intends to expose. The physical writing parodies a similar type of writing.	27
10473805373	Invective	Invective is abusive, reproachful, or venomous language used to express blame or censure. The term refers to speech which aims to attack or insult some person or organization.	28
10473805374	Verisimilitude	Verisimilitude describes the extent to which the literary text is believable or the extent to which it imitates reality. It is the likeness to which the text exemplifies truth.	29
10473805375	Connotation	Connotation refers to the meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly. It is the actual meaning of a word or phrase, not the given form.	30
10473805376	Metaphor	A metaphor makes a comparison between two things without using the words "like" or "as" in order to make that connection.	31
10473805377	Simile	A simile makes a comparison between two things using the words "like" or "as".	32
10473805378	Conceit	Conceits are a type of metaphor that compare two very unlike things in an extremely clever way. Most of the time, conceits take the form of extended metaphors.	33
10473805379	Analogy	An analogy is a comparison in which an idea or physical object is described in terms of another object, which is often quite different then that idea or physical object.	34
10473805380	Euphemism	Euphemism refers to polite or indirect expressions which are used to replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite.	35
10473805381	Imagery	Imagery is text which appeals to the reader's sense of smell, sight, taste, touch, or even hearing. Imagery is often used in conjunction with other devices, such as similes or metaphors.	36
10473805382	Non Sequitur	Non Sequitur is the use of statements, statements, sayings, or conclusions in literature which do not follow the fundamental principles of logic or reasoning. Non Sequitur means "it does not follow."	37
10473805383	Oxymoron	An oxymoron occurs when two contradictory words are together in one phrase. This is different from a fallacy in that the definitions of the words themselves are opposite.	38
10473805384	Paradox	A paradox is a statement which appears nonsensical at first, but which nonetheless has some truth behind it. Paradoxes contradict themselves and appear impossible.	39
10473805385	Symbolism	A figure of speech where an object, person, or situation has another deeper meaning other than its literal meaning. Often, that meaning connects back to the theme of the work.	40
10473805386	Dramatic Monologue	A poem written in the form of a speech of an individual character which includes a lot of psychological insight into that character. It involves an imagined speaker addressing a listener.	41
10473805387	Sonnet	A fourteen-line poem often written in iambic pentameter. The poem is often written in either a CDCDCD or CDEEDE rhyme scheme, but the exact rhyme scheme does not matter.	42
10473805388	Free Verse	A poem free from the limitations of a regular meter or rhythm. The poem contains no specific guidelines for its lines, allowing for a lot of artistic expression.	43
10473805389	Blank Verse	A poem written with a regular meter (often iambic pentameter) but unrhymed lines.	44
10473805390	Ode	A formal, ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea. It is typically written in first person, and expresses personal emotions and feelings.	45
10473805391	Elegy	An ancient Greek poem that usually responds to the death of a person or organization. Elegies are often depressing in nature and include details about that person's life.	46
10473805392	Pastoral	An older genre of poetry which deals with the lives of shepherds. The pastoral tradition refers to works which idealize rural life and landscapes.	47
10473805393	Ballad	A poem written like a plot-driven song, with one or more characters hurriedly unfurling events to a dramatic conclusion. It flows like a chain of events, constructed with quatrain stanzas.	48
10473805394	Epic	A long, book-length narrative written in verse form that retells the heroic journey of an individual. Famous examples include Odyssey and Iliad.	49
10473805395	Panegyric	A formal public speech written in verse form, delivered in high praise of a person or thing. It is related to a eulogy, but not expected to be critical.	50
10473805396	Stanza	A stanza is a grouped set of lines within a poem, usually set off from other stanzas by a blank line or indentation. Stanzas may have rhyme schemes, but are not required to.	51
10473805397	Refrain	A refrain is a phrase, line, or stanza repeated at multiple intervals throughout a poem. It is most recognizable in songs, but many poems contain some sort of recurring line.	52
10473805398	Couplet	A two-line stanza, often written with the lines in the same meter.	53
10473805399	Quatrain	A four-line stanza, often written with the lines in the same meter.	54
10473805400	Setset	A six-line stanza, often written with the lines in the same meter.	55
10473805401	Octave	A eight-line stanza, often written with the lines in the same meter.	56
10473805402	Anaphora	Anaphora is the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect. It is the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of clauses.	57
10473805403	Apostrophe	An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which the poet addresses an absent person, a thing, or an abstract idea. It is often used to address a dead or absent person.	58
10473805404	Caesura	A caesura is a "natural" pause in a line that is formed by the rhythms of speech rather than meter. Often, caesuras are found in the middle of a line of poetry, but can occur elsewhere.	59
10473805405	Enjambment	Enjambment is the running-over of a sentence or phrase from one poetic line to the next without the use of terminal punctuation. The meaning carries from the first to the second line.	60
10473805406	Metonymy	Metonymy is the use of a linked term to stand in for an object or concept. It is a figure of speech in which a related term is substituted for the word itself.	61
10473805407	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something stands for the whole. Put in other terms, one aspect of an object or person is used to refer to the entire entity.	62
10473805408	Onomatopoeia	Onomatopoeia is the use of words and text that portray a certain sound. Bam!	63
10473805409	Carpe Diem	Carpe diem means "seize the day" in Latin. A frequent theme of love poems, carpe diem expresses the fleeting nature of life and the need to embrace its pleasures with haste.	64
10473805410	Soliloquy	A soliloquy is a monologue in which a character in a play expresses thoughts and feelings while being alone stage. Soliloquies tend to be longer than asides and go on for some time.	65
10473805411	Iamb	A word in which the first syllable is unstressed and the second syllable is stressed.	66
10473805412	Trochee	A word in which the first syllable is stressed and the second syllable is unstressed.	67
10473805413	Spondee	A word in which the first syllable is stressed and the second syllable is equally stressed.	68
10473805414	Dactyl	A word in which the first syllable is stressed, and the last two syllables are unstressed.	69
10473805415	Anapest	A word in which the first two syllables are stressed, and the last syllable is unstressed.	70
10473805416	Renaissance	rebirth of classical ideas and artistic works, praising of the old	71
10473805417	Transcendentalism	divinity pervades all nature and humanity, going beyond the human-self	72
10473805418	Victorian	earnest writings, serialized novels, devoid of any satire	73
10473805419	Gothic	emphasis on the dark-side of humanity, horror and gloom	74
10473805420	Romanticism	emotional writings, not necessarily love, heavy inspiration from nature	75
10473805421	Realism	represent familiar things as familiar things, based entirely in reality	76
10473805422	Magic Realism	expressing a primarily realistic view on the world while incorporating fantasy	77
10473805423	Harlem Renaissance	emphasized the culture of African Americans, no societal norms	78
10473805424	Modernism	self-conscience break from the traditional ways of writing, new styles	79
10473805425	Postmodernism	reliance on fragmentation, paradox, unreliable narrators, and impossible plots	80
10473805426	Existentialism	emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice	81
10473805427	Theatre of the Absurd	focuses on the fact that the human situation is absurd and devoid of purpose	82
10473805428	Avant-Garde	refers to works that are experimental and which push the known boundaries (modern)	83
10473805429	New Critic	New Criticism emphasizes close reading (usually of poetry) in order to discover how a particular work of literature functioned as a self-contained aesthetic object	84
10473805430	Structuralist	Structuralism aims to relate a work of literature to a larger structure, which might be a particular genre, a range of connections, or a pattern of certain themes and motifs.	85
10473805431	Post-Structuralist	Poststructuralism is based on the idea that every aspect of human experience depends on language and the text which we utilize to explain our ideas. Reality is created through text.	86
10473805432	Deconstructionist	Deconstructionism is a critique of the relationship between text and meaning. The theory is "ruthless" to a certain degree and aims to reveal the contradictions in weak arguments.	87
10473805433	Feminist	Feminism aims to understand the connections between women's place in society and how women are portrayed in literature. The Feminist theory aims to point out flawed social norms.	88
10473805434	Psychoanalytic	A psychoanalytic approach to studying text expresses the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author. It argues that literature is a manifestation of the author's true feelings.	89
10473805435	Marxist	Marxist literary criticism based on socialist and dialectic theories. Marx believed that whenever an author wrote a work of literature, he or she was doing so to promote some cause.	90
10473805436	Post-Colonialist	Postcolonialism emphasizes the effect that colonization and imperialism has had on literary works. Its about the anguish of the colonized who have to deal with the aftermath of it.	91
10473805437	Minority Discourse	Often associated with minority groups within a more dominant cultural tradition. The theory emphasizes a movement away from differences between different cultures.	92

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AP Flashcards

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14582827057	Himalayas	Bulubundukin, pinakamataas sa buong mundo	0
14582827058	Ural	Bulubundukin, pagitan ng Europa at Asya, pinakamayaman sa mineral sa mundo	1
14582827059	Everest	Bundok, pinakamataas sa mundo,	2
14582827060	K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen)	Bundok, pangalawang pinakamataas, makikita sa Pakistan, China	3
14582827061	Kanchenjunga	Bundok, pangatlong pinakamataas, India	4
14582827062	Kinabalu	Bundok, pinakamataas sa timog-silangan asya	5
14582827063	Apo	Bundok, pinakamataas sa pilipinas	6
14582827064	Krakatoa	Bulkan, pinakamataas, indonesia	7
14582827065	Tibetan,	Talampas, pinakamataas, "Roof of the World"	8
14582827066	Deccan,	Malaking talampas sa India	9

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Electrostatics and Magnetism MCAT Flashcards

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9258927047	Fe = kq1q2/ (r^2)	Electric FORCE formula	0
9612330457	Coulomb's law	____________'s Law gives the magnitude of the electrostatic force vector between 2 charges.	1
9612343810	electric field	Every charge exerts a(n)__________ _______ (____) which can exert forces on other charges.	2
9612809515	J/C	Voltage = what units	3
9612730639	E; N/C = V/m	Electric FIELD variable and units	4
9612777155	U = kQq/r	Electric Potential energy formula	5
9622460696	decreases by factor of 2 (x1/2)	How does the potential ENERGY change when SEPARATION DOUBLES (x2)?	6
9622477585	decreases by factor of 2 (x1/2)	How must the DISTANCE change in order to DOUBLE potential ENERGY (x2)?	7
9622531809	like charges	Graph where Ue approaches 0 as distance increases is for what kind of charges?	8
9622695968	furthest away	LIKE charges have LOWEST Potential ENERGY when _____________ from/to each other	9
9622704170	closest	OPPOSITE charges have LOWEST Potential ENERGY when _____________ from/to each other	10
9622542552	positive	Ue (Potential Energy) for LIKE charges is ALWAYS ______________	11
9258940376	q1 and q2	Electric force is directly proportional to	12
9258946924	r^2	Electric force is inversely proportional to ____	13
9622816651	lower	Attractive FORCE between UNlike charges and repulsive FORCE between like charges work to ____________ Potential ENERGY	14
9612458766	positive	Electric field lines radiate OUTward from a _________ source charge	15
9612464163	negative	Electric field lines radiate INward from a ____________ source charge	16
9612489819	Electric potential energy (U)	The amount of WORK required to bring the test charge from infinitely far away to a given position in the vicinity of a source charge.	17
9622337960	decreases	Test charges will move SPONTANEOUSLY in a direction the _____________ their Electric POTENTIAL ENERGY	18
9612518453	increases	What happens to Electric potential energy when 2 LIKE charges move TOWARD each other and 2 OPPOSITE charges move further APART?	19
9612528554	decreases	What happens to Electric potential energy when 2 OPPOSITE charges move TOWARD each other and 2 LIKE charges move further APART?	20
9612543542	Electric Potential (V)	______________ ____________ (V) is the Electric Potential ENERGY per unit of CHARGE	21
9612565977	Potential difference (voltage)	_____________ _____________ (_____________): the change in potential that accompanies the movement of a test charge from one position to another	22
9622883702	-10J	A system of two charges has a potential energy of -5 joules. Which of the following is a possible potential energy for the system after it has been permitted to accelerate for a few seconds? -5 J, +5J, 0 J, -10J (acceleration spontaneously will be in direction to DECREASE Potential Energy)	23
9624125745	no	When charge is moved along SAME equipotential line, ________ work is done	24
9622933165	Positive and decreasing	In alpha decay, the electric potential energy of the He2+ that is emitted from a californium nucleus is always: _____________ and ______________ing (as it moves away from + nucleus)	25
9623144669	resistivity	All of the following are measures of potential energy change EXCEPT: -ionization energy -electron affinity -bond enthalpy -resistivity	26
9612585133	potential difference (voltage)	This is pathway INDEPENDENT (only depends on initial and final positions)	27
9258963488	decreases	INCREASING distance (radius) between 2 charges __________ the electric force?	28
9622362278	not spontaneous	A process with a POSITIVE (+) change in ENERGY (+Usystem) signifies that it is	29
9622376755	spontaneous	A process with a NEGATIVE (-) change in ENERGY (-Usystem) signifies that it is	30
9612611703	decrease in their electric potential energy	Test charges will move spontaneously in whichever direction results in a(n) ____________ in their ____________ ___________ ___________	31
9612635738	high to low	Positive test charges will move spontaneously from ______ potential to _____ potential	32
9612640908	low to high	Negative test charges will move spontaneously from ______ potential to _____ potential	33
9258970432	Increases by factor of 4	If the distance between 2 charges is halved, what happens to electric force?	34
9259057679	coulomb	A proton and an electron each have 1 ____________ of charge- although the proton is (+) and electron is (-)	35
9259084221	coulomb; e = 1.60 x 10^-19	fundamental unit of charge is known as the ___________; __ = ________	36
9259110400	negatively; evenly;	When you shuffle your feet (which are originally electrically neutral), you acquire NEGATIVE charge as a result of friction. ________ charged particles are transferred from the carpet to your feet. These charges spread out _________ over the total surface of your body. The shock that occurs when your hand gets close enough to a metal doorknob allows that excess charge to jump off your fingers to the door knob.	37
9259141137	ground; means of returning the charge to earth	When you touch a metal doorknob and experience a "shock," the metal doorknob is acting as a __________, or a means of _________ the charge to __________	38
9259148949	drier	Static charge buildup or STATIC ELECTRICITY is MORE SIGNIFICANT in what kind of air?	39
9259162559	easier; separated	DRIER AIR (less humidity) makes it ___________ for charges to become and remain __________.	40
9259186718	distribute; transfer; nonmetals	An INSULATOR will NOT easily ___________ charge over its surface and will NOT ________ charge to another neutral object very well. Most __________ are insulators.	41
9259195341	dieelectric; prevent grounding	INSULATORS serve as ___________ materials in capacitors; also serve to isolate electrostatic experiments from the environment to ____________ ___________.	42
9259228424	distribute evenly; transfer and transport	When a CONDUCTOR is given a charge, the charges will distribute ___________ upon the surface of the conductor. CONDUCTORS can _______ and _______ charges and are often used in circuits or electrochemical cells.	43
9259244797	conductors	______________ are only LOOSELY associated with the positive charge	44
9259260200	free electrons	CONDUCTORS are conceptualized as nuclei surrounded by a sea of _______ ________ that are able to move rapidly throughout the material and are only loosely associated with the positive charge	45
9259268306	metals; electrolyte	CONDUCTORS are usually _________ although IONIC ___________ solutions are also effective conductors	46
9259295157	greater	The PROTON has a much ________ mass than the electron	47
9259385700	Q- source charge; q- test charge	Q is the ________ charge; q is the _______charge.	48
9259390627	E = Fe/q = kQ/(r^2)	Equation for ELECTRIC FIELD (E)	49
9612383119	electric field (E)	What is the ratio of the FORCE that is exerted on a TEST charge to the MAGNITUDE of that charge?	50
9259649801	positively; greater	Given the electric field lines for QA and QB shown below, which of the following statements is true? Both are ________ charged and QA is __________ than QB.	51
9612361928	positive	Electric field lines Radiate OUTWARD from ___________ source charges.	52
9259675503	decreasing; repulsive; force decreases --> acceleration decreases	Uranium NUCLEUS undergoes fission, as one fragment moves away from the other fragment, it has __________ acceleration. Since both fragments are (+), they experience a ___________ force, moving away from each other (DISTANCE btwn the fragments INCREASES) --> Electric FORCE ___________ --> ACCELERATION	53
9260023367	cancel out	2 EQUAL magnitude OPPOSITE direction ELECTRIC FIELDS ___________ ________ midway between each other.	54
9260065503	direction	When calculating net Efield ADD OR SUBTRACT based on ___________ of each Efield	55
9259766287	72: 18: 8	If the electric field at a distance r away from charge Q is 72 N/C, what is the ratio of the electric fields at r, 2r, and 3r?	56
9259886833	Potential	Conservative forces can store ____________ energy	57
9259897335	+q- greater potential energy (U); more work	A POSITIVE (+) test charge (+q) has __________ __________energy (__) than a negative (-) test charge when brought into the vicinity of a POSITIVE (+) SOURCE CHARGE (Q), because it takes ________ ________ to bring 2 repelling charges together.	58
9259712973	r^2 increases; electric force decreases; if force decreases, acceleration decreases; velocity is still increasing	Uranium problem: (FE = kqQ/r^2); Two + charges REPULSIVE force, as they move away from each other What happens to r^2, electric force, acceleration, and velocity? (a = Fnet/m) --> If __________ force _________, ACCELERATION _________ (even though velocity is still _________)	59
9259288732	electrons	When placed one meter apart from each other, which will experience a GREATER ACCELERATION: 1 Coulomb of electrons or 1 Coulomb of protons?	60
9259323779	greater acceleration; same force; smaller mass	1 C of electrons will experience ___________ ACCELERATION than 1 C of protons 1 meter away, b/c they are subject to the SAME ________, but electrons have a _________ mass.	61
9259340449	conductors: blood, copper, iron, sulfuric acid	blood, hair, copper, glass iron, sulfuric acid, distilled water- Which are conductors?	62
9259472836	positive	If the E field lines point AWAY (radiate OUTWARD) from the SOURCE charge, the source charge must be __________.	63
9259628945	unchanged	If we double the test charge (q), how will the electric FIELD due to Q change?	64
9259618619	left	If we put a positive test charge to the right of the NEGATIVE SOURCE charge, in which direction will it feel a force?	65
9259481555	negative	If the E field lines point INWARD (TOWARD) a SOURCE charge, the source charge must be __________.	66
9259612055	N/C	Units of Electric FIELD	67
9259492861	closer together = stronger	Where field lines are __________ __________, the electric field is STRONGER.	68
9259495554	further apart	Where field lines are __________ __________, the electric field is WEAKER.	69
9259577983	starting radiating out from positive; terminating on negative	You can also think of electric field lines STARTING at (radiating out from) __________ charges and ENDING at (terminating on) ____________ charges.	70
9259587644	density	______________ indicates strength of electric fields.	71
9259524265	same	If the TEST CHARGE within a field is POSITIVE, the Electric FORCE vector will be in the ___________ direction as the Electric FIELD vector. (*Remember E Field lines point in the direction a POSITIVE TEST CHARGE would move in the presence of a source charge)	72
9259528438	opposite	If the TEST CHARGE within a field is NEGATIVE, the Electric FORCE vector will be in the ___________ direction as the Electric FIELD vector. (*Remember E Field lines point in the direction a POSITIVE TEST CHARGE would move in the presence of a source charge)	73
9259456651		Since E Field lines point in the direction a POSITIVE TEST CHARGE would move in the presence of a source charge, a POSITIVE SOURCE charge would cause the test charge to experience a _________ force and accelerate ________ from the positive source charge. Therefore, POSITIVE CHARGES have field lines radiate _________ (that point ________) from the (+) charge.	74
9259445933	repulsive force; accelerate away; radiate outward (point away)	A POSITIVE SOURCE charge would cause the test charge to experience a _________ force and accelerate ________ from the positive source charge. Therefore, POSITIVE CHARGES have field lines radiate _________ (that point ________) from the (+) charge. (E Field lines point in the direction a POSITIVE TEST CHARGE would move in the presence of a source charge)	75
9259407729	positive test charge	By convention, the DIRECTION of the ELECTRIC FIELD vector is given as the direction a _________ test charge would move in the presence of the source charge.	76
9259342394	hair, glass, distilled water	blood, hair, copper, glass iron, sulfuric acid, distilled water- Which are insulators?	77
9623028256			78
9623725223			79
9622832101	(N s)/(m C) = N/(m A)	1 Tesla =	80
9624342086	10^4	1 Tesla = _________gauss	81
9624348714	vector sum	FIELD lines (electric and magnetic) NEVER cross, because they are a _________ ______	82
9624353412	moving charge	Magnetic fields are created by any __________ __________ (or magnetized object)	83
9624581007	rate; change in charge/ change in time; I = deltaq/deltat	Current (I) = flow __________ of + charge = change in ________/ change in _________; I =	84
9624601859	A = C/s	Current (I) is measured in _____, which = ______	85
9627986094	v and B are parallel or antiparallel	When will a wire NOT feel a magnetic force?	86
9627995961	B; v and Fb	v must have PERPENDICULAR component to ______; v and ___ must always be PERPENDICULAR	87
9628004975	qv	RHR for magnetic FORCE: what direction does the THUMB point?	88
9628011617	B field	RHR for magnetic FORCE: what direction do your FINGERS point in (what do they mimic)?	89
9628019507	positive	RHR for magnetic FORCE: the PALM represents the direction of Magnetic FORCE felt by ___________ charge q	90
9628021757	negative	RHR for magnetic FORCE: the BACK of palm represents the direction of Magnetic FORCE felt by ___________ charge q	91
9628024265	Fb = qvB sintheta	Fb formula for MOVING CHARGE:	92
9628027120	v and B	theta is smallest angle between	93
9628032384	Fb = ILB sin theta	Fb formula for current-carrying WIRE:	94

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Physics Olympiad Flashcards

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8552956933	1. Law of Inertia		0
8552958606	Specific Heat Capacity	- Amount of heat energy needed to raise 1kg of a substance by 1K - Joules per kelvin per kilogram	1
8552969838	Snell's Law		2
8553004942	Weight	- Force on an object due to gravity - mass x gravitational acceleration - Newtons (N)	3
8559533569	Luminosity	Amount of electromagnetic energy a body radiates per unit of time	4
8611278963	Density =	Mass / Volume	5
8611305968	Superposition	When two or more waves of the same type cross, their amplitudes are combined.	6
8611313842	Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressure of each individual gas. (If the gases do not react)	7
8611324974	Ionisation Energy	Energy needed to remove an electron from an atom.	8
8611346568	Fractional Distillation	Separation of a liquid mixture into fractions of different boiling points (and hence chemical composition). i.e. Substances with a high boiling point cool first and so on.	9

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All AP Physics Concepts 226 Flashcards

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11256712830	What two entities comprise a vector?	Magnitude and direction	0
11256712831	What do you do with any vector that is not on either the x or y axis?	Break it up into x and y components using trig, add up the components.	1
11256712832	How are velocity and speed different?	Velocity has a direction and speed does not have direction.	2
11256712833	What quantity is calculated from slope of the displacement versus time graph?	velocity	3
11256712834	What does upward slope on a displacement versus time graph imply about the velocity.	The velocity is positive	4
11256712835	What is acceleration?	How quickly you change velocity.	5
11256712836	What is the area under the velocity time graph?	Displacement	6
11256712837	What is the y intercept of the velocity time graph?	The initial velocity, (Vo in the formulas)	7
11256712838	What is the area under the acceleration versus time graph?	The CHANGE in velocity.	8
11256712839	What is the horizontal acceleration of projectiles?	ZERO	9
11256712840	What direction controls time in falling body and projectile motion problems?	Vertical direction	10
11256712841	What do you know about two objects that are launched at different horizontal velocities?	They fall, vertically, the by the same amount in the same time.	11
11256712842	What equation describes the distance that a dropped object falls "t" seconds after it started moving?	x=(1/2)at^2 Remember, the word "dropped" implies no initial velocity.	12
11256712843	What equation describes the distance that a horizontally launched projectile falls t seconds after it started moving?	x=(1/2)at^2 ...Horizontal velocity does not affect the time of fall.	13
11256712844	What equation describes the speed of a dropped object "t" seconds after it started moving?	V=Vo + at ...The word "dropped" means no initial velocity.	14
11256712845	What equation describes the speed in the x-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?	Vx=(Vxo)t ...Recall that there is no acceleration in the horizontal direction.	15
11256712846	What equation describes the speed in the y-direction of a projectile "t" seconds after it started moving?	Vy=Vyo + gt ...Watch the signs.	16
11256712847	What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the x direction?	The body is moving at a constant velocity	17
11256712848	What is implied when an object is not accelerating in the y direction?	g=zero so h=(Vyo)t	18
11256712849	When is sum of force (net force) zero.	When a body is moving at a constant velocity or not moving at all.	19
11256712850	When is sum of force (net force) NOT zero.	When a body's speed is changing.	20
11256712851	What force is always present, and what is its equation?	Weight ...w=mg	21
11256712852	How is sum of force (net force) depicted in a free body diagram?	It is an arrow that DOES NOT touch the body. Recall that the net force is the answer when all the forces are added up.	22
11256712853	When is a normal force present, what is its direction?	When the body rests on a surface.	23
11256712854	What is the component of "mg" parallel to a slope?	(mg)sin(angle)	24
11256712855	What is the general equation for motion down a slope and how does it change if the object is going up the slope?	x=Vo + ((1/2)g)sin(angle)t^2	25
11256712856	In uniform circular motion, how is tangential velocity calculated?	2(pi)R/T ...Circumference/Period	26
11256712857	What is the direction of the centripetal force?	The centripetal force points along the radius towards the center of the circle.	27
11256712858	What is the direction of the centripetal acceleration?	The centripetal acceleration points along the radius towards the center of the circle. (Just like the centripetal force.)	28
11256712859	How is the centripetal force represented in a free body diagram?	It is the net force pointing towards the center.	29
11256712860	A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the top edge of the bowl?	It is towards the center and downwards a little. It is the sum of the normal force perpendicular to the bowl and the weight downwards.	30
11256712861	A ball rolls inside a salad bowl. The ball is released along the top edge and rolls down before climbing to the same height on the opposite side of the bowl. What is the direction of the acceleration of the ball when it at the bottom of the bowl?	The acceleration is towards the center. It is supplied by the normal force and points towards the center.	31
11256712862	Mathematically what does centripetal force represent and how is centripetal force calculated?	The centripetal force is the net force. It's magnitude is calculated from F=ma where "a" is the centripetal force.	32
11256712863	How is a force's direction oriented compared to a bodies direction of motion to get a circular (curved) path of motion?	The force is perpendicular to the motion to get a circular path of motion. (Think about centripetal force.)	33
11256712864	How much work is the work done on an object moving in a circle? Why?	Zero. Because the displacement is perpendicular to the force (centripetal force.)	34
11256712865	If you double the mass of one planet, triple the mass of another, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction between them?	The new force is 2/4 or 1/2 times the old force. ...Because the force of gravity varies directly with the masses and inverse squared to the distance apart.	35
11256712866	What is the derived equation for the ACCELERATION of gravity in terms of m and "r" squared?	G(M:earth)/r^2 ...force of gravity = G(M:earth)(M:body)/r^2	36
11256712867	How can total momentum be calculated?	Adding the momentum of all the bodies.	37
11256712868	What is the difference between elastic and inelastic collisions? State the relevant equations for each.	kinetic energy is conserved for an elastic collision and not for an inelastic collision. ELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1'+m1v2': INELASTIC: m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m1)v	38
11256712869	What is impulse?	Impulse is the change in momentum	39
11256712870	How does impulse relate to force?	Impulse is (force)(time)	40
11256712871	What is a key requirement in order for work to be done?	A displacement must occur. ( W=Fd)	41
11256712872	Work is the area under which curve?	The graph of force vs displacement	42
11256712873	What is work energy theorem and what is its significance?	Work is the change in kinetic energy. Work transfers energy to and from a body	43
11256712874	What is conservation of energy and what is its significance?	Sum of all the energy forms before a condition equals the sum of all the energy forms after the condition.	44
11256712875	What is the energy equation if you see a height difference between two points in the problem?	Potential energy stored in gravity (PE = mgh)	45
11256712876	What is the energy equation if you see a particle accelerated perpendicular to two charged plates, or the problem states that the particle is accelerated through a potential difference?	W=qV where "W" is the work, "q" is the charge and "V" is the potential difference measured in Volts.	46
11256712877	What is Kinetic Energy lost and how is it calculated?	Lost kinetic energy is work. It is calculated from Fd or KE:final - KE:initial	47
11256712878	What is the energy equation for the change in temperature if it results from a loss in KE?	KE=(3/2)kT where k is Boltzman's constant	48
11256712879	What is the energy equation if a force (friction) through a distance results in heat and thus a change in temperature?	KE=Work	49
11256712880	What is the relationship that describes the rate that work is done, or that energy is used?	Power ... Power equals the change in energy over time.	50
11256712881	In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PE and KE at the equilibrium position?	Displacement is zero because it is measured from equilibrium position. KE and velocity are at a maximum and it is the lowest point so PE due to gravity is at zero.	51
11256712882	In a pendulum or spring, what are the displacement, velocity, PES, and K at maximum displacement?	This is the highest point of the swinging motion. PE is at a maximum. Displacement is the greatest from equilibrium. KE and Velocity are zero.	52
11256712883	What do the period of pendulums and springs each depend on?	Pendulums depend on the length of the arm and the pull of gravity. springs depend on mass and the spring constant.	53
11256712884	What is temperature?	The measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules.	54
11256712885	What is internal energy?	The motion of the molecules in gas.	55
11256712886	What is an indication of a change in the internal energy?	A change in the gas' temperature.	56
11256712887	What is heat?	The transfer of thermal energy	57
11256712888	What is meant by the terms system and environment?	system is the gas being studied. Environment is the surroundings outside the gas.	58
11256712889	What are the two forms of the ideal gas law?	PV=nRT and PV=kT	59
11256712890	What is the 1st law of thermodynamics as applied to gases.	dU = Q+W ...dU:of the environment = Q:from the environment + W:by the environment	60
11256712891	What is an isothermal process, and what is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics?	The PVT conditions change for a gas without changing the temperature.	61
11256712892	What is the impact on the first law of thermodynamics for an isothermal process?	dU = zero. The change in temperature of the gas is zero.	62
11256712893	What is an adiabatic process?	An adiabatic process is where no thermal energy is transfered between the system and its surroundings.	63
11256712894	What is its impact on the first law of thermodynamics of an adiabatic process?	Q=0 because thermal energy is not transfered between the system and its surroundings	64
11256712895	What is the area under any PV curve?	Work done "BY" the gas.	65
11256712896	Under what conditions is mechanical work positive?	Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.	66
11256712897	Under what conditions is mechanical work negative?	Work is positive when the force and displacement point in the same direction.	67
11256712898	Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) positive?	Work by a system is positive when the gas expands. (The volume increases.)	68
11256712899	Under what conditions is work by a system ( gas) negative?	Work by a system is negative when the gas contracts. (The volume decreases.)	69
11256712900	Under what conditions is heat positive?	Heat, (the "Q" variable), is POSITIVE when thermal energy is being ADDED to a system.	70
11256712901	Under what conditions is heat negative?	Heat, (the "Q" variable), is NEGATIVE when thermal energy is being REMOVED from a system.	71
11256712902	How is the net work of a system (gas) measured?	The NET work BY a system is the area enclosed in a cycle on a PV diagram.	72
11256712903	What is the second law of thermodynamics?	Statistically speaking, energy flows from hot to cold.	73
11256712904	Describe the relationship between Qh, Qc, and W in a heat engine?	Work of a system is equal to 1-Qc/Qh	74
11256712905	How can you tell when an engine is a Carnot Engine?	The engine's efficiency is 1-Tc/Th. It is defined by the temperature's in the reservoirs and not the thermal energy flowing from them.	75
11256712906	Under what conditions does entropy increase?	Entropy always increases.	76
11256712907	What are 2 key differences between electric force and gravitational force?	The electric force (Coulomb's Law) can attract and repel and it depends on charge. Universal Gravity depends on mass and always attracts.	77
11256712908	In electrostatics, what takes the place of m and g in the formulae?	"m" is replaced by "q," and "g" is replaced by "E." W=mg is replaced by F=qE. The second formula describes the force on a charged particle in uniform electric field.	78
11256712909	If you have two charges, and you double one charge and triple the other, and move them twice as far apart, what happens to the force of attraction / repulsion between them?	According to Coulomb's Law, the new force is 6/4 times the old charge.	79
11256712910	What is the derived equation for the electric field in terms of q and r^2 ?	E=kq/r^2 This is the electric field's magnitude at a point in space.	80
11256712911	What is the difference between the variable "q" and "Q?"	"q" is a single particle's charge and "Q" is the sum of all the charges. Q=q1+q2+q3+q4...	81
11256712912	What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical CONDUCTOR?	Zero.	82
11256712913	What is the electric field's magnitude inside of a container made from an electrical INSULATOR?	Something other than zero.	83
11256712914	What does the term potential difference mean?	Potential difference is the change in energy of a charged particle divided by its charge.	84
11256712915	What is the potential energy of a charge in an electric field?	V=kq/R	85
11256712916	What does the term electric potential energy mean?	Electric potential is the potential energy associated with the electric force F=qE	86
11256712917	What are three ways to increase the capacitance of a capacitor?	C=kEA/d: Increase the area of the plates, decrease the distance between the plates,and increase the dielectric constant between the plates.	87
11256712918	What forces charges to move?	The electric field forces charges to move.	88
11256712919	What do batteries and generators produce?	A potential difference and a flow and energized charges.	89
11256712920	What is the actual movement of charges, and how is it measured?	The movement of charges is the current and it is measures by the number of charges per second at a point.	90
11256712921	What causes resistance?	Obstacles in the path of the flow of charges.	91
11256712922	How does a wires composition effect resistance?	But placing more obstacles in the path of the charge's flow.	92
11256712923	How length effect resistance?	The longer the length of wire, the higher the resistance.	93
11256712924	How does thickness effect resistance?	The thicker the wire, the lower the resistance.	94
11256712925	How does temperature effect resistance?	The higher the temperature the higher the resistance. They are proportional to each other.	95
11256712926	What is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance?	Ohm's Law: V=IR	96
11256712927	What is the relationship between power, voltage and current?	P=IV	97
11256712928	What quantity stays the same for resistors in series?	Current stays the same for resistors in series.	98
11256712929	What quantity ADDS for resistors in series	Resistance: R=R1+R2+R3+...	99
11256712930	What stays the same for resistors or capacitors in parallel?	Change in voltage across the resistor or capacitor.	100
11256712931	What stays the same for capacitors in series?	The charge on each capacitor.	101
11256712932	What kind of capacitor circuit adds to find the total capacitance?	Parallel. Because the plates are shared.	102
11256712933	What is the path of a charged particle in a magnetic field?	The particle travels in a circle. Radius=momentum/qB	103
11256712934	How is the force on a charged particle in a magnetic field creating the path calculated?	The force is perpendicular to the motion. This always results in a curved path. (Open right hand rule)	104
11256712935	What is the work done on a charged particle by the magnetic field? Why?	ZERO. Because the force is perpendicular to the displacement . (Open right hand rule.)	105
11256712936	How is the magnitude of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?	F=Bilsin(theta) ...F=Force (N), B:=magnetic field (T), i=current (A), l=length of wire in the field (m), theta is the acute angle between the field and current's directions.	106
11256712937	How is the direction of the force on a current carrying wire calculated?	Open right hand rule	107
11256712938	What is electromagnetic induction?	Electromagnetic induction is the generation of an Emf by moving a conductor through a magnetic field. emf=change in flux/dt	108
11256712939	What is needed for electromagnetic induction to occur?	Electromagnetic induction occurs when a conductor is moved through a magnetic field such that a component of the fields is perpendicular to the current;s direction.	109
11256712940	What is the difference between emf and voltage?	Emf is the maximum available energy per charge at the terminal of a power source. Voltage is the actual available energy per charge at the terminals of a power source. Some energy is lost due to the source internal resistance.	110
11256712941	What is the formula relating emf and voltage?	V=E - IR V=terminal voltage (Volts), E = emf: electromotiveforce (Volts), IR = Internal drop in energy per charge (Volts)	111
11256712942	How does the closed right hand rule work in electromagnetic induction?	It is used in Lenz's Law to determine the change in flux of a conductor.	112
11256712943	What is the difference between a motor and a generator?	A motor uses energy to spin the coils in a magnetic field. A generator spins the coils to create an potential difference.	113
11256712944	What are the differences and similarities between transverse and longitudinal waves?	Transverse waves: The displacement is perpendicular to the wave's motion. Longitudinal waves: The displacement is in the direction of the wave's motion.	114
11256712945	Give an example of a transverse and a longitudinal wave.	Longitudinal Wave: Sound wave, Transverse Wave: Light wave, "The Wave" in a a crowd at a porting event.	115
11256712946	What is the relationship between speed, frequency, and wavelength?	wave speed = (wavelength)(frequency)	116
11256712947	What is the relationship between energy, frequency, and wavelength in any wave?	E=hf=hc/(wavelength)	117
11256712948	How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is opened on both ends?	Only 1/2 a wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/2	118
11256712949	How is tube length and wavelength related for a tube that is closed on ONE end?	Only 1/4 wavelength fits in the tube. L=wavelength/4	119
11256712950	What cause an electromagnetic wave, and what makes the wave propagate indefinitely even in a vacuum?	The interaction between an oscillating electric magnetic fields that are oriented 90° to each other. It propagates indefinitely because the wave takes its own medium.	120
11256712951	What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?	Radio, Infrared, Visible, UltraViolet, X-Rays, Gamma Rays.	121
11256712952	What is the order of the visible range electromagnetic spectrum?	ROY-G-BIV: Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet	122
11256712953	What is the difference between reflection, refraction, and diffraction?	Reflection is the bouncing of waves. Refraction is the bending of waves. Diffraction bends waves around small objects and causes interference from a coherent sources.	123
11256712954	Define reflection	The bouncing of light	124
11256712955	Define Refraction	The bending of light	125
11256712956	Define diffraction	Bends waves around small objects and the interference of waves from a coherent sources.	126
11256712957	What is the law of reflection?	The Law of reflection states that the incident angle of a wave is equal to the reflected angle.	127
11256712958	Define Snell's law.	(n1)sin(theta1) = (n2)sin(theta2)	128
11256712959	What happens at the critical angle?	The refracted light ray is bent 90°. (Parallel to the interface surface.)	129
11256712960	When light travels from LESS dense to a MORE dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.	LESS to MORE dense, the refracted ray bends TOWARDS the normal line.	130
11256712961	When light travels from MORE dense to LESS dense mediums, how does the refracted ray bend in relation to the normal line.	MORE to LESS dense, the refracted ray bends AWAY from the normal line.	131
11256712962	How must the mediums light is traveling through be arranged so that the condition for the critical angle can exist?	Light must travel from more to less dense so the refracted ray can bend away from the normal.	132
11256712963	What doesn't change (speed, frequency, or wavelength), when light moves from one medium to another?	frequency (Think of the color as not changing.)	133
11256712964	What conservation law dictates that the frequency of light cannot change as it travels between mediums?	Conservation of Energy ... because E=hf	134
11256712965	What conditions are necessary to change the reflected ray's phase by 180°?	A reflected ray's phase is changes by 180° when the ray is bounced as it tries to travel from a lower to higher index of refraction. It is also changed y 180° when it bounces off of shiny surfaces.	135
11256712966	What shapes are converging lenses?	Lenses that are fatter in the middle than on the edges.	136
11256712967	What shape is a diverging lenses?	Lenses that are thinner in the middle than on the edges.	137
11256712968	What shape is a converging mirrors?	Concave mirrors are converging mirrors.	138
11256712969	What shape is a diverging mirror?	convex mirrors are diverging mirrors.	139
11256712970	Which type of lenses have a POSITIVE focal length?	Converging lenses have a positive focal length.	140
11256712971	Which type of lenses have a NEGATIVE focal length?	Diverging lenses have a negative focal length.	141
11256712972	What are the two rules for ray tracing in lenses that work all the time?	(1) Straight through the vertex. (2) Parallel then through the primary focus.	142
11256712973	What are the three rules needed for mirrors, since not all three work every time?	(1) Bounced off the vertex. (2) Parallel the through the focus. (3) Through the focus and parallel.	143
11256712974	Which kind of lens always has a virtual image?	Diverging	144
11256712975	Which kind of mirror always has a virtual image.	Convex	145
11256712976	Which kind of mirror can show a real image?	Concave	146
11256712977	Which kind of mirror cannot magnify an image?	Convex	147
11256712978	What makes an image "real?"	The light travels through the image.	148
11256712979	When are f, p, q, ho, hi, and M positive for mirrors?	When the object is beyond the focus for a concave mirror.	149
11256712980	What kind of image do you get when the object is placed at the focus?	No image.	150
11256712981	What kind of mirror has a positive focus?	Concave	151
11256712982	What is an object placed when the distance between it and the mirror is positive?	In front of the mirror, in the light.	152
11256712983	What two things must be true for a positive magnification?	(1) The image is larger than the object: ho>hi. (2) image is upright.	153
11256712984	When is the image negative for mirrors?	When it is on the "dark" side of the mirror. Opposite the light.	154
11256712985	When is the image negative for a lens?	When it is on the same side as the image?	155
11256712986	What is Huygen's Principle?	Every point on a wave front is a secondary source.	156
11256712987	State the significance of Young's Experiment.	Provided experimental proof of the wave property of light.	157
11256712988	What does the pattern look like in a Young's Double Slit diffraction pattern?	Dark in the middle and alternating light and dark spots after that.	158
11256712989	What does the pattern look like in a Young's Single Slit diffraction pattern?	Broad bright spot in the middle and alternating dark and light spots to the sides.	159
11256712990	What did Thompson discover?	The electron	160
11256712991	What did Rutherford discover?	The nucleus	161
11256712992	What is the Bohr Model of the atom?	That the orbits of the electrons are like planets around the Sun.	162
11256712993	What is the energy of a photon?	E=hf ...E=energy of a single photon (J), h = Plank's constant, f=frequency (Hz)	163
11256712994	What is mass energy equivalence?	Energy and mass are equated by E=mc^2.	164
11256712995	What does light absorption involve?	The incoming light (electromagnetic wave) has the same frequency as some of the electrons.	165
11256712996	What does light emission involve?	Electromagnetic wave exits the electrons to a higher orbital. When the electron relaxes, a wavelength of light is given off.	166
11256712997	What is ionization energy and how does it compare to the work function?	The work function is a minimum amount of energy needed to release a photon from a collection in the surface of a material. The ionization energy is the energy needed to release an electron from a single, free-floating, molecule. the ionization energy is higher than the wave function.	167
11256712998	What is the photoelectric effect?	It is the release of photoelectrons released by photons with an energy (E=hf) above the work function.	168
11256712999	What is the difference between atomic number and atomic mass number?	Atomic number is the number of protons. Atomic mass number is the number of nucleons, (protons and neutrons.)	169
11256713000	How do you find the number of neutrons in an atom?	Atomic mass number minus atomic number.	170
11256713001	What is an isotope?	Same number of protons by a different number of neutrons. e.g. Carbon-12 versus Carbon-14	171
11256713002	What is the binding energy?	The energy required to remove an electron or nucleon from a molecule.	172
11256713003	What is the strong force?	THe force that holds the nucleus together.	173
11256713004	What causes radioactivity?	The release of a particle or photon from an UNSTABLE nucleus.	174
11256713005	What is transmutation?	It is when a nucleon changes properties. Like a neutron changing into a proton.	175
11256713006	What are the three types of radiation?	Alpha, Beta, and Gamma	176
11256713007	What comprises alpha radiation?	The release of a Helium nuclei, 4,2 He2+	177
11256713008	What comprises beta radiation?	The release of an electron and antineutrino or the release of a positron and a neutrino.	178
11256713009	What comprises gamma decay?	The release of an energetic photon from an overly excited molecule.	179
11256713010	Which type of radiation has the lowest energy?	Alpha	180
11256713011	Which type of radiation has the highest energy?	Gamma	181
11256713012	What is half life?	It is the time for 1/2 a substance to decay by radioactive processes.	182
11256713013	What is force times the perpendicular distance?	Torque	183
11256713014	What is force times the parallel diplacement?	Work	184
11256713015	What is force times time?	Impulse	185
11256713016	What is the name given to the distance between the pivot point and applied perpendicular force?	Moment arm	186
11256713017	Define mass in terms of density.	m=(rho)V	187
11256713018	S.I. unit of pressure	Pascal	188
11256713019	This is the gauge pressure when under water.	(rho)gh	189
11256713020	Continuity equation	a1v1=a2v2	190
11256713021	How does the speed change when the pressure is decreased?	Speed ups	191
11256713022	Pressure of an open container at the opening.	atmospheric pressure	192
11256713023	This is used to determine the speed of a fluid when the pipe slopes up or down.	Bernoulli's equation	193
11256713024	Flow Rate	Volume/time	194
11256713025	Flow Rate	(Cross-sectional Area)(Velocity)	195
11256713026	Buoyancy	Force lifting a body when it is in a fluid.	196
11256713027	The "V" is (rho)Vg	The volume under water	197
11256713028	Force in terms of pressure	Force= Pressure/Area	198
11256713029	Condition for no rotation	Sum of the torques equal zero.	199
11256713030	The speed of a ball when it lands at the same height it was thrown from.	initial velocity	200
11256713031	S.I. unit of torque	N•m	201
11256713032	S.I. unit of flux	Weber	202
11256713033	S.I. unit of Flow rate	m^3/s	203
11256713034	S.I. unit of work	Joule	204
11256713035	S.I. unit of every kind of energy	Joule	205
11256713036	S.I. unit of power	Watt	206
11256713037	S.I. unit of momentum	kg•m/s	207
11256713038	Unit that means the same thing as Nm	Joule	208
11256713039	S.I. unit of centripetal force	Newton	209
11256713040	S.I. unit of frictional force	Newton	210
11256713041	S.I. unit of gravitational force	Newton	211
11256713042	S.I. Unit of electric force	Newton	212
11256713043	S.I. unit of magnetism	Tesla	213
11256713044	Formula for work by a car that changes speed on a horizontal road.	W = KE:final - KE:initial	214
11256713045	Formula for work as a charged particle travels across two charged plates	W=qV	215
11256713046	Formula for the electric force felt by a charged particle in an electric field.	F=qE	216
11256713047	Formula for the electric field between a pari of charged plates.	E=V/d	217
11256713048	Unit of electric field	N/C	218
11256713049	Unit of energy for electricity.	V ... Volt is a Joule/Coulomb	219
11256713050	Energy of a SINGLE photon	E=hf	220
11256713051	Average kinetic energy of an ideal gas's SINGLE molecule.	KE = (3/2)kT	221
11256713052	Gauge Pressure	pgh ..thats ("rho")(gravity's acceleration)(height)	222
11256713053	Formula for the potential difference of a point charge as compared to infinity.	V=kq/R	223
11256713054	Formula for the electric field at point in space for a single point charge.	E=kq/R^2	224
11256713055	Electric force felt by a charge due to another charge.	F=kq1q2/R^2	225

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AP physics formula review Flashcards

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13665801136	Equivalent capacitance (series)	Ceq=(C₁⁻¹+C₂⁻¹+C₃⁻¹)⁻¹	0
13665801137	Equivalent capacitance (parallel)	Ceq= C₁+C₂+C₃	1
13665801138	Total charge for capacitors in parallel	Qtotal = Q₁ + Q₂ + Q₃	2
13665801139	Magnification of an image (2 eq)	m=Hi/H₀ = -Di/D₀	3
13665801140	mass-energy equivalence	E = mc²	4
13665801141	Momentum of a photon (3 eq)	P= E/c = hf/c = h/λ	5
13665801142	Work Function	Φ=hf₀	6
13665801143	Photoelectric effect (including stopping potential)	Ephoton=Φ+qv	7
13665801144	Photoelectric effect (including Kmax)	Ephoton=Φ+Kmax	8
13665801145	Energy of a photon (2 eq)	E = hf = hc/λ	9
13665801146	Emf of moving bar in a magnetic field	ε=BlV	10
13665801147	Faraday's Law of Induction	E = -∆Φ/∆t	11
13665801148	Magnetic Flux	Φ = NBA = NBAcosθ	12
13665801149	Thin Lens equation	1/ƒ = 1/do + 1/di	13
13665801150	Snell's Law	n₁sinθ₁=n₂sinθ₂	14
13665801151	index of refraction	n = c/v	15
13665801152	Critical angle	sinθc=n₂/n₁	16
13665801153	Thin membrane interference	2nt = ___λ	17
13665801154	Total Resistance (series)	Rt= R₁+R₂+R₃	18
13665801155	Total resistance (parallel)	Rt=(R₁⁻¹+ R₂⁻¹ +R₃⁻¹)	19
13665801156	Charge including time	Q=IT	20
13665801157	Resistance in a wire of length L and area A	Rwire=ρL/A	21
13665801158	Pressure exerted on an area A	P=F/A	22
13665801159	Absolute Pressure	P = Patm + ρgh	23
13665801160	guage pressure	Pguage=ρgh	24
13665801161	Volume Flow Rate	A₁V₁=A₂V₂	25
13665801162	Buoyant Force	Fb=ρvg	26
13665801163	Density	ρ=m/v	27
13665801164	Bernoulli's Equation	P₁+ρgh+1/2ρv²=P₂+ρgh+1/2ρv²	28
13665801165	Force on a charge(q) moving parallel to a magnetic field	0N	29
13665801166	Force on a current carrying wire oriented ⊥ to a magnetic field	F=BIL	30
13665801167	Force between two parallel current carrying wires	F=(µ₀I₁I₂L)/(2πr)	31
13665801168	Limits of Human Sight	750nm-400nm	32
13665801169	The wave equation	v=ƒλ	33
13665801170	Magnetic Field a distance r from a current carrying wire	Bwire=(µ₀I)/(2πr)	34
13665801171	New wavelength	λ₂=n₁λ₁/n₂	35
13665801172	Capacitance if area of plates is known	C = kε₀A/d	36
13665801173	Electric potential around q	V=KQ/r	37
13665801174	Force on a charge in an electric field	F=qE	38
13665801175	Coulomb's Law	Fe=k\|q¹q²\|/r²	39
13665801176	Charge on a capacitor	Q=CV	40
13665801177	Energy stored in a capacitor (3 eq)	Ucap= 1/2CV² = 1/2QV = 1/2 (Q²/C)	41
13665801178	Formula definition of Work	W = F ⋅ d	42
13665801179	electric potential energy	Ue = qV	43
13665801180	Electric field a distance from a charge	E=k\|Q\|/r²	44
13665801181	Ohm's Law	V=IR	45
13665801182	Total charge for capacitors in series	Qt = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 etc...	46
13665801183	Terminal voltage if Rext is known	Vab=IRext	47
13665801184	Terminal voltage if EMF is known	V=ε-Irint	48
13665801185	Voltage across the plates of a capacitor	V=ED	49
13665801186	Electric Energy (3 eq)	E = VIT = I²R = (V²/R)t	50
13665801187	Electric Power (3 eq)	P= IV = I²R = V²/R	51
13665801188	Force on a charge moving perpendicularly through a magnetic field	F= qvB	52
13665801189	Work to move a point charge a distance away from another charge	W=k(qQ)/r	53
13665801190	Change in heat during an isovolumetric process	Q = nCv∆T	54
13665801191	Frequency of a spring mass	ƒ=1/(2π√m/k)	55
13665801192	Period of a pendulum	T(p) = 2∏√(ℓ/g)	56
13665801193	Frictional Force	Ff = Fn µ	57
13665801194	Frictional Force on an incline	Ff = mgcosθµ	58
13665801195	Acceleration	a=∆v/∆t	59
13665801196	Average Speed	S=∆d/∆t	60
13665801197	Velocity	v=∆x/∆t	61
13665801198	Average Velocity of a molecule of gas	V = √((3kT) / m)	62
13665801199	Change in internal energy during a cyclic process	∆U=0J	63
13665801200	first law of thermodynamics	∆U = ∆Q + ∆W	64
13665801201	Acceleration of a mass sliding UP an incline, with friction	a=gsinθ+gcosθµ	65
13665801202	Acceleration of a mass sliding DOWN an incline, with friction	a=gcosθµ-gsinθ	66
13665801203	Heat required to raise the temp of a substance	∆Q=mc∆T	67
13665801204	Heat required to vaporize a substance	∆Q=MLv	68
13665801205	Heat required to melt a substance	∆Q=MLf	69
13665801206	Forgotten power equation	P=FV	70
13665801207	Energy of a spring-mass when spring is neither at maximum displacement, nor at the equilibrium point	1/2KA²=1/2Kx²+1/2mv²	71
13665801208	Ideal Efficiency	(Th - Tl) / Th	72
13665801209	Newton's Second Law of Motion	∑F = ma	73
13665801210	Torque	T = rFsinθ	74
13665801211	Ideal gas law (2 eq)	PV=nRT, PV=nKT	75
13665801212	Boyle's Law	P₁V₁=P₂V₂	76
13665801213	Heat of an isobaric process	∆Q = nCp∆T	77
13665801214	Work (thermodynamics)	W= -PΔV	78
13665801215	Internal energy of an ideal gas	U=3/2nRT	79
13665801216	Actual efficiency	εactual = \|Wnet\|/Qin	80
13665801217	kinetic energy	KE = ½mv²	81
13665801218	gravitational potential energy	Fg=mgh	82
13665801219	Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation	Fg = G (m1m2)/r²	83
13665801220	centripetal acceleration	ac = v²/r	84
13665801221	acceleration due to gravity at the surface of a planet mass M and diameter d	g=G(M/(d/s)²)	85
13665801222	Momentum	P=mv	86
13665801223	Impulse (2 eq.)	J= Ft = mv-mv₀	87
13665801224	Weight	W=mg	88
13665801225	First Kinematic	V=V₀+at	89
13665801226	Second Kinematic	Δx = V₀t + ½at²	90
13665801227	Third Kinematic	V² = V₀² + 2aΔx	91
13665801228	Beat frequency	f(beat) = \|f₁-f₂\|	92
13665801229	Length of a string producing the fundamental frequency	L=v/2ƒ	93
13665801230	Natural frequency of a closed tube of length l	ƒ=v/(4l)	94
13665801231	Wavelength in an open tube	λ=2L	95
13665801232	Frequency of a pendulum	f = 1/2π√g/l	96
13665801233	Velocity of waves on a string if tension is known	V = √(T/(m/l))	97
13665801234	Period of a spring-mass	T = 2π√(m/k)	98
13665801235	Charles' Law	V₁/T₁=V₂/T₂	99
13665801236	Gay-Lussac's Law	P₁/T₁=P₂/T₂	100
13665801237	Work done during an isovolumetric process	∆W=0J	101
13665801238	Change in internal energy during an isothermal process	∆U=0J	102
13665801239	Spring Potential Energy	Us = ½kx²	103
13665801240	Heat due to friction on an incline	Q = mgcosθµd	104
13665801241	Heat due to friction on a level surface	Q = Fnµd	105
13665801242	Speed	S=d/t	106
13665801243	First Angular Kinematic	ω = ω₀ + αt	107
13665801244	Second Angular Kinematic	∆θ = ω₀t + ½αt²	108
13665801245	Third angular kinematic	ω² = ω₀² + 2α∆θ	109
13665801246	Centripetal acceleration with linear quantities and angular quantities	ac=v²/r & ac=w²r	110
13665801247	Moment of Inertia of a point	I=mr²	111
13665801248	Center of mass	x = (m₁x₁ + m₂x₂ + m₃x₃ + ...) /(m₁ + m₂ + m₃ + ...)	112
13665801249	Centripetal acceleration in radians of the second hand of a clock	ac= 4π²r/60sec	113
13665801250	Rotational Kinetic Energy	Krot = ½Iω²	114
13665801251	Net torque	Στ=Iα	115
13665801252	Angular momentum for a 3-D object rotating	L=Iw	116
13665801253	position as a function of time using angular quantities	w=θ/t	117
13665801254	conservation of angular momentum when a ball strikes the bar and causes rotation	I= (mr²+1/3mL²)w	118
13665801255	Energy of a spring mass	Us=½KA²	119
13665801256	Height of block in terms of theta and L	∆y=L - Lcosθ	120
13665801257	Units of power (not watts)	Watt = J/sec	121
13665801258	Units of Current (not Amps)	Amp=c/sec	122
13665801259	Three formulae for power	P = FV = E/t = VI	123
13665801260	Combined Gas Law	P₁V₁÷T₁ = P₂V₂÷T₂	124
13665801261	Limits of human hearing	20-20111Hz	125
13665801262	Diameter of a hydrogen atom	1E-10m	126
13665801263	Units of electric field (2)	V/m(capacitor) & N/C (point charge)	127
13665801264	Units of momentum	kg m/s	128
13665801265	Units of energy	Joule or eV	129
13665801266	Units of the spring constant k	N/m	130
13665801267	R.A. Millikan	elemental charge (e) - oil drop experiment	131
13665801268	Thomas Young	Light is a wave - Double Slit	132
13665801269	Davisson and Germer	electrons are waves	133
13665801270	JJ Thompson	q/m ratio for electron - Cathode Ray Tubes	134
13665801271	Ernest Rutherford	Nucleus is small & ⊕ - gold foil	135
13665801272	Niels Bohr	quantized energy levels which explained bright line spectra	136

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