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AP US History Chapter 11 Flashcards

13862557957	"King Cotton"	due to the cotton gin, states such as alabama, mississippi, louisiana, and texas began creating cotton, the boom of the cotton market	0
13862557958	"deep south"	differentiated as those states most dependent on plantations and slave societies during the pre - Civil War era	1
13862559953	DeBow's Review	a widely circulated magazine of "agricultural, commercial, and industrial progress and resources" in the American south during the upper middle of the 19th century, from 1846 - 1884	2
13862559954	"peculiar institution"	another name for slavery, the owning of african americans for labor purposes	3
13862566044	Slaves Codes	laws meant to restrict the lives of african americans that said that they could marry, stay outside after a certain period of time, could practice their own religion, couldn't socialize, and more	4
13862582875	Manumission	formal emancipation from slavery, release from slavery, an owner freeing his/her slaves	5
13862582876	Amistad	53 illegally purchased African slaves being transported from Cuba aboard the Spanish- built schooner Amistad staged a successful mutiny, intercepted at Long Island and thrown in jail	6
13862588642	"Sambo"	a derogatory term for a black person or a person of mixed race, the name given to the blacks during the slavery era	7
13862591954	Gabriel Prosser	another person who caused the first major slave rebellion in the history of the United States, caused the whites to fear the slaves in the South	8
13862591955	Nat Turner	leader of a slave rebellion that occurred in Virginia, turner led approximately 60 in revolt, first killing the family of his owner and then killing 55 white people in the surrounding neighborhood, turner and his followers were executed	9
13862602947	"Underground railroad"	the system of secret routes that slaves used to escape slavery and to go the north/Canada where slavery was forbidden	10
13862611828	Pidgin	the language that the african americans spoke that was the combination of english and the african american language	11

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AP Euro Absolutism/Constitutionalism Flashcards

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11634948306	Absolutism	the acceptance in absolute belief in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters. The concept was derived from the traditional assumption of power (e.g. heirs to the throne) and the belief in "divine right of kings"	0
11634948307	Sovereignty	Supreme power or authority or a self-governing state.	1
11634948308	Bishop Boussuet- Bishop Jacques	French bishop and theologian, renowned for his sermons and other addresses. He was also most eloquent and influential spokesman for the rights of the French church against papal authority. He was principal advocate of "divine right of kings" in France during the reign of Louis XIV. "Divine Right" meant that the king was placed on throne by God, and therefore owed his authority to no man or group. Advocated divine right of king.	2
11634948309	Divine Right of Kings	Advocated by Bishop Bossuet. A political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God.	3
11634948310	Henry IV (r. 1589-1610)	He laid the foundation for France becoming the strongest European power in 17th century. He strengthened the social hierarchy by strengthening government institutions: parlements (councils of noble judges), the treasury, universities, and the Catholic Church. He was first king to actively encourage French colonization in the New World; this stimulated the Atlantic trade. First king of the Bourbon Dynasty came to king as part of political compromise to end French Civil War. Converted from Calvinism to Catholicism is order to gain recognition from Paris in his reign. He issued Edict of Nantes.	4
11634948311	Bourbon Dynasty	The House of Bourbon is a European Royal House of French origin a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Bourbon kings first ruled France and Navarre in the 16th century.	5
11634948314	Cardinal Richelieu (1585-1642)	Laid the foundation for absolutism in France. he was a politique, like Henry IV, he placed political issues ahead of religious principles.	6
11634948315	Politique	To place political issues ahead of religious principles.	7
11634948316	Intendent System	Used to weaken the nobility-Replaced local officials with civil servants-intendants- who reported directly to the king-Intendants were largely middle-class or minor nobles ("nobles of the robe")- Thus government became more efficient and centrally controlled.	8
11634948318	Louis XIV "Sun King" (r.1643-1715)	Quintessential absolute ruler in European history-he personified the idea that the sovereignty of the state resides in the ruler- "I am the state" - Became known as "Sun KIng" since he was at the center of French power (just as the sun is the center of our solar system)- Believer of the divine right of kings- Longest reign in European history (72 years) - Inherited throne at 5 years old from Louis XIII, his father- France became the undisputed major power in Europe during his reign - French culture dominated Europe- Also became epicenter of literature and the arts till 20th century.	9
11634948319	"L' etat, c'est moi"	Translates to "I am the state" was stated by Louis XIV. "The state is myself."	10
11634948320	The Fronde (mid-late 1640s)	Series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635.	11
11634948321	Cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661)	He controlled France while Louis XIV was a child. Some nobles revolted against Mazarin when Louis was between ages of 5-11. A civil war among various noble factions enabled Mazarin to defeat the nobles. Louis never forgot the humiliation he faced at the hands of the nobles early on and was determined to control the nobility.	12
11634948322	Versailles Palace	Under Louis XIV, the Palace at Versailles became the grandest and most impressive palace in all of Europe. the palace reinforced his image as the most powerful absolute ruler in Europe. Royal court grew from 600 people to 10000 people at Versailles. palace became pleasure prison for the french nobility. Built during Louis XIV reign is the quintessential Baroque structure.	13
11634948323	Edict of Fontainebleau (1685)	Revoked Edict of Nantes. Huguenots lost right to practice Calvinism. 200,000 huguenots fled from France to England, Holland and the English colonies in North America. Huguenots later gave major support of the Enlightenment and its ideas of religious toleration. Louis supported the Jesuits in cracking down on the Jansenists (Catholics who held some Calvinist ideas)	14
11634948324	Jansenists	Catholics who held some Calvinist ideas.	15
11634948325	Balance of Power	A system which emerged in response to the threat posed by Louis. No one country would be allowed to dominate the continent since a coalition of other countries would rally against a threatening power. A situation in which nations of the world have roughly equal power. The power held by a small group when larger groups are of equal strength.	16
11634948326	War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697)	Louis launched another invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1683. In response the League of Augsburg formed in 1686: HRE, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, and the Dutch Republic. This demonstrated the emergence of balance of power. William of Orange (now king of England) brought England in against France. often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg - was a major war of the late 17th century fought between King Louis XIV of France and a European-wide coalition.	17
11634948327	War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713)	Was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea. Charles II, king of Spain, died in 1700 without an heir. In his will he gave the crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou. Cause: The will of Charles II (Spanish Hapsburg king) gave all Spanish territories to the grandson of Louis XIV.	18
11634948328	Treaty of Utrecht (1713)	Most important treaty between the Treaty of westphalia (1648) and the Treaty of Paris (1763). It maintained the Balance of Power in Europe. It ended the expansionism of Louis XIV. It gained the asiento (slave trade) from Spain and the right to send one English ship to trade in Spain's New World Empire. spanish Netherlands was given to Austria.	19
11634948329	Baroque	Began in Catholic Reformation countries to teach in a concrete and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church. It sought to overwhelm the viewer and Versailles Palace typifies Baroque art.	20
11634948334	Constitutionalism	The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks.	21
11634948335	James Stuart/James I	The first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland (r. 1603- 1625) and king of Scotland (r. 1567-1625), he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings (1566-1625)	22
11634948337	Puritans	Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.	23
11634948338	Charles I	(r. 1625-1649) Son of James I. Like James, he claimed "divine right" theory of absolute authority for himself as king and sought to rule without Parliament.	24
11634948339	Long Parliament	This Parliament met for 13 years from 1640-1653 and chose not to implement the taxes that Charles II wanted to defend England against the Scots. This was mostly because they agreed with the Scot's negative opinion of Laud's religious changes and disagreed with the king on many issues. This powerful parliament also executed Charles's chief advisory, the Earl of Strafford.	25
11634948340	Oliver Cromwell	English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.	26
11634948341	Glorious Revolution	A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange. A bloodless revolution.	27
11634948342	William and Mary	King and Queen of England in 1688. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. He was William of Orange.	28
11634948343	English Bill of Rights	King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.	29
11634948344	Dutch Republic (Netherlands)	The first half of the 17th century was the "golden age" of the Netherlands. It developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and to protect traditional rights. The government consisted of an organized confederation of seven provinces, each with representative gov't	30
11634948345	(Dutch) Stadholder	A governor of provinces in the Dutch United Provinces.	31
11635006749	Treaty of Dover 1670	The agreement between Charles II and King Louis XIV of France without the knowledge of Parliament in which he promised religious toleration for English Catholics and his conversion to Roman Catholicism.	32
11635017943	Leviathan (1651)	Thomas Hobbes published this work stating that people needed a ruler	33

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AP US History Period 8, 1945-1980 Flashcards

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13489834978	Cold War	A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.	0
13489834979	authoritarian	A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.	1
13489834980	containment	a foreign policy of collective security, in which economic security was recognized as a major component	2
13489834981	communist	A political system focused on creating a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Purists of the communist movement also advocated for a violent overthrow of the upper class by the lower classes in order to create such a society.	3
13489834982	free-market economy	A system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.	4
13489834983	nuclear	U.S. policy following World War II, was one of maintaining a strong military and building up a ______________ arsenal.	5
13489834984	ICBM	Inter-continental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).	6
13489834985	civil liberties	During the quest to stop the spread of communism in the American ____________ were under threat.	7
13489834986	SALT Talks	Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.	8
13489834987	McCarthy	His investigative tactics found support among many Americans because there was widespread fear of communist infiltration in the United States.	9
13489834988	Tet Offensive	One of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched on January 30, 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam	10
13489834989	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)	A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.	11
13489834990	Martin Luther King, Jr.	An American Baptist minister, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.	12
13489834991	communists	Joseph McCarthy used various methods to root out possible __________ within the United States	13
13489834992	boycott	To withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.	14
13489834993	WWI	The political climate during McCarthy's era had the most in common with the attacks on radicals and immigrants following _________.	15
13489834994	sit-In	A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.	16
13489834995	Executive Order 9981	Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.	17
13489834996	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring the "separate but equal" clause of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling unconstitutional.	18
13489834997	Civil Rights Act of 1964	A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	19
13489834998	The Great Society	A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.	20
13489834999	The Baby Boom	(1946-1964) The period of time when the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size) in the United States.	21
13489835000	social mobility	The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.	22
13489835001	suburb	A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.	23
13489835002	Sun Belt	A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.	24
13489835003	Counterculture	A subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Such opinions became more visible and popular, especially in the 1960s and early 1970s in response to the Vietnam War.	25
13489835004	Asia	The U.S. applied the policy of containment in _________ as well as in Europe.	26
13489835005	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.	27
13489835006	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.	28
13489835007	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.	29
13489835008	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.	30
13489835009	Dwight D. Eisenhower	A World War II hero and former supreme commander of NATO who became U.S. president in 1953 after easily defeating Democratic opponent Adlai E. Stevenson.	31
13489835010	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.	32
13489835011	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology; mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	33
13489835012	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe and encourage loyalty and friendliness to the United States and democracy (instead of influence from the Soviet Union). This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	34
13489835013	Joseph McCarthy	The senator of Wisconsin; he charged 205 State Department employees, and accused them of being communist party members, but they were never proven. Eventually he came across as a bully, and his popularity plunged.	35
13489835014	Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.	36
13489835015	Containment	A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.	37
13489835016	Rosa Parks	The actions of ________ led to the Reverend Martin Luther King becoming a national figure in politics.	38
13489835017	NSC-68	A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.	39
13489835018	Domino Theory	A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.	40
13489835019	Beat Generation	The 1950s literary and cultural movement that rejected the decade's social conformity was called the	41
13489835020	Martin Luther King, Jr.	U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)	42
13489835021	Malcolm X	Minister of the Nation of Islam, urged blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary, more radical than other civil rights leaders of the time.	43
13489835022	Little Rock Nine	In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.	44
13489835023	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	45
13489835024	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	46
13489835025	John F. Kennedy	35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963	47
13489835026	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	48
13489835027	Kent State Shootings	Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.	49
13489835028	Golf of Tonkin Resolution	Bill passed in 1964 that gave President Johnson authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." after an alleged attack on a naval vessel off the coast of Vietnam. It gave Johnson the ability to send over a large amount of combat troops to Vietnam.	50
13489835029	Truman Doctrine of 1947	Its purpose was to prevent communism from spreading further through military aggression	51
13489835030	War Powers Act	1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.	52
13489835031	Richard Nixon	Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.	53
13489835032	New Conservatism	This mostly republican political movement started as a reaction to the New Deal policies of the 1930's. Its goal was to reduce the role of government.	54
13489835033	Iron Curtain	A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.	55
13489835034	Joseph McCarthy	He effectively played on the fears of Americans that communists had infiltrated the State department and other federal agencies	56
13489835035	Fair Deal	An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.	57
13489835036	Rosenberg Trial	The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War.	58
13489835037	House Un-American Activities Committee	The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." Represented the political group associated with McCarthy's anti-communism.	59
13489835038	Interstate Act	The largest public works project in the US history in acted during the Eisenhower administration it was designed for military and economic purposes.	60
13489835039	Suez Crisis	Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.	61
13489835040	Massive Retaliation	The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.	62
13489835041	U-2 Incident	The incident when an American U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The U.S. denied the true purpose of the plane at first, but was forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced the living pilot and the largely intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.	63
13489835042	Operation Wetback	Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Braceros program started during WWII.	64
13489835043	Affluent Society	Term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans joined the middle class and became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs.	65
13489835044	Beats	Young people, many of whom were writers and artists, who discussed their dissatisfaction with the American society of the 1950s.	66
13489835045	Hippies	Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s; rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged conventional sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs.	67
13489835046	Betty Frieden	Author of The Feminine Mystique (1963) she spoke out against women seeking fulfillment solely as wives and mothers and wanted women to "establish goals that will permit them to find their own identity."	68
13489835047	Warren Court	The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.	69
13489835048	bracero	A program in which Mexican workers to come to the U.S. as temporary laborers from the 1940s to the 1960s	70
13489835049	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.	71
13489835050	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional.	72
13489835051	Castro in Cuba, Sputnik, U-2 spy plane	Three crisis points during Eisenhower's presidency	73
13489835052	consumerism	The baby boom generation spurred ___________ as manufacturers produced age-specific products for "boomers."	74
13489835053	SCLC	The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.	75
13489835054	Freedom rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.	76
13489835055	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.	77
13489835056	March on Washington	In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.	78
13489835057	Black Power	A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.	79
13489835058	Black Panthers	A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.	80
13489835059	38th Parallel	Korea was divided at the	81
13489835060	Cesar Chavez	Non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. Unionized Mexican-American farm workers.	82
13489835061	Elvis Presley	1950s; a symbol of the rock-and-roll movement of the 50s when teenagers began to form their own subculture, dismaying to conservative parents; created a youth culture that ridiculed phony and pretentious middle-class Americans, celebrated uninhibited sexuality and spontaneity; foreshadowed the coming counterculture of the 1960s.	83
13489835062	D. Plessy v. Ferguson	The Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka directly contradicted the legal principle established by	84
13489835063	baby boom	The ______________ generation was sometimes referred to as a "pig in a python" because society had to adjust to baby boomers as they passed through various life stages	85
13489835064	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	86
13489835065	Silent Spring	A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.	87
13489835066	Berlin Airlift	the delivery of goods and necessities after a Soviet blockade of West Berlin	88
13489835067	Koren War	Truman's containment policy worked by stopping Communist aggression without allowing the conflict to develop into a world war.	89

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AP US History Period 8 (1945-1980) Flashcards

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13250627712	Cold War	A state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc and powers in the Eastern Bloc. Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but 1947-91 is common.	0
13250627713	authoritarian	A form of government characterized by strong central power and limited political freedoms.	1
13250627714	communist	A political system focused on creating a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. Purists of the communist movement also advocated for a violent overthrow of the upper class by the lower classes in order to create such a society.	2
13250627715	free-market economy	A system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority.	3
13250627716	collective security	A type of coalition building strategy in which a group of nations agrees not to attack each other and to defend each other against an attack from one of the others, if such an attack is made.	4
13250627717	Détente	A French term often used in reference to the general easing of the geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1969, as a foreign policy of U.S. presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford called détente; a "thawing out" or "un-freezing" at a period roughly in the middle of the Cold War.	5
13250627718	ICBM	Inter-continental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile with a minimum range of more than 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).	6
13250627719	SALT Talks	Two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union—the Cold War superpowers—on the issue of armament control. The two rounds of talks and agreements were SALT I and SALT II.	7
13250627720	Tet Offensive	A campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian commands and control centers throughout South Vietnam	8
13250627721	Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)	A student activist movement in the United States that was one of the main representations of the New Left. The organization developed and expanded rapidly in the mid-1960s before dissolving at its last convention in 1969.	9
13250627723	nonviolent resistance	The practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, without using violence. Common examples: Boycotts, Sit-ins	10
13250627724	boycott	To withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.	11
13250627725	sit-In	A form of direct action that involves one or more people occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change.	12
13250627726	Executive Order 9981	Issued by President Harry S. Truman on July 26, 1948. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.	13
13250627727	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954, Warren)	Unanimous decision declaring the "separate but equal" clause of the Plessy v. Ferguson ruling unconstitutional.	14
13250627728	Civil Rights Act of 1964	A landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States[5] that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.	15
13250627729	The Great Society	A set of domestic programs in the United States launched by Democratic President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964-65. The main goal was the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.	16
13250627730	The Baby Boom	(1946-1964) The period of time when the number of annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total population size) in the United States.	17
13250627731	social mobility	The movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between layers or tiers in an open system of social stratification.	18
13250627732	suburb	A residential area or a mixed use area, either existing as part of a city or urban area or as a separate residential community within commuting distance of a city.	19
13250627733	Sun Belt	A region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States). Another rough boundary of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel, north latitude.	20
13250627734	Counterculture	A subculture whose values and norms of behavior differ substantially from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores. Such opinions became more visible and popular, especially in the 1960s and early 1970s in response to the Vietnam War.	21
13250627735	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	Extends to the defendant the right of counsel in all state and federal criminal trials regardless of their ability to pay.	22
13250627736	Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)	Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.	23
13250627737	Miranda v. Arizona (1966)	The court ruled that those subjected to in-custody interrogation be advised of their constitutional right to an attorney and their right to remain silent.	24
13250627738	Roe v. Wade (1973)	The court legalized abortion by ruling that state laws could not restrict it during the first three months of pregnancy. Based on 4th Amendment rights of a person to be secure in their persons.	25
13250627740	Dixiecrats	Conservative southern Democrats who objected to President Truman's strong push for civil-rights legislation. Southern Democrats who broke from the party in 1948 over the issue of civil rights and ran a presidential ticket as the States' Rights Democrats with J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina as a canidate.	26
13250627741	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology; mainly helped Greece and Turkey.	27
13250627742	Marshall Plan	A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe and encourage loyalty and friendliness to the United States and democracy (instead of influence from the Soviet Union). This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.	28
13250627744	Soviet Union	A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991.	29
13250627745	Containment	A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances.	30
13250627746	NSC-68	A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment.	31
13250627747	Domino Theory	A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.	32
13250627751	Voting Rights Act of 1965	A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically.	33
13250627752	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.	34
13250627754	Election of 1960	Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.	35
13250627755	Kent State Shootings	Incident in which National Guard troops fired at a group of students during an antiwar protest at Kent State University in Ohio, killing four people.	36
13250627756	Golf of Tonkin Resolution	Bill passed in 1964 that gave President Johnson authority to take "all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the U.S." after an alleged attack on a naval vessel off the coast of Vietnam. It gave Johnson the ability to send over a large amount of combat troops to Vietnam.	37
13250627757	War Powers Act	1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.	38
13250627759	New Conservatism	This mostly republican political movement started as a reaction to the New Deal policies of the 1930's. Its goal was to reduce the role of government.	39
13250627760	Iron Curtain	A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.	40
13250627761	Fair Deal	An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.	41
13250627762	Rosenberg Trial	The controversial 1951 trial of two Americans, Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, charged with passing atomic secrets to the Soviet Union; the two were sentenced to death and executed in 1953, making them the only American civilians to be put to death for spying during the Cold War.	42
13250627763	Rollback	A strategy that called for liberating countries that were under Soviet dominion.	43
13250627764	House Un-American Activities Committee	The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion." Represented the political group associated with McCarthy's anti-communism.	44
13250627765	Interstate Act	The largest public works project in the US history in acted during the Eisenhower administration it was designed for military and economic purposes.	45
13250627766	Suez Crisis	Nasser took over the Suez Canal to show separation of Egypt from the West, but Israel, the British, Iraq, and France were all against Nasser's action. The U.S. stepped in before too much serious fighting began.	46
13250627767	Massive Retaliation	The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "massive retaliation" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy.	47
13250627768	U-2 Incident	The incident when an American spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The incident worsened East-West relations during the Cold War and was a great embarrassment for the United States.	48
13250627769	Levvitown	Post-WWII Suburban areas that were practically factory made and then put together which each house look the same.	49
13250627770	Operation Wetback	Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Braceros program started during WWII.	50
13250627771	Affluent Society	Term used by economist John Kenneth Galbraith to describe the American economy in the 1950s, during which time many Americans joined the middle class and became enraptured with appliances and homes in the suburbs.	51
13250627775	Warren Court	The Supreme Court during the period when Earl Warren was chief justice, noted for its activism in the areas of civil rights and free speech.	52
13250627776	CORE	Congress of Racial Equality, and organization founded in 1942 that worked for black civil rights.	53
13250627777	NAACP	National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional.	54
13250627778	SCLC	The Southern Christian Leadership Conference is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement.	55
13250627779	Freedom rides	1961 event organized by CORE and SNCC in which an interracial group of civil rights activists tested southern states' compliance to the Supreme Court ban of segregation on interstate buses.	56
13250627780	SNCC	(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement.	57
13250627781	March on Washington	In August 1963, civil rights leaders organized a massive rally in Washington to urge passage of President Kennedy's civil rights bill. The high point came when MLK Jr., gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to more than 200,000 marchers in front of the Lincoln Memorial.	58
13250627782	Black Power	A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.	59
13250627786	Equal Rights Amendment	A constitutional amendment originally introduced in Congress in 1923 and passed by Congress in 1972, stating that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex." Despite public support, the amendment failed to acquire the necessary support from three-fourths of the state legislatures.	60
13250627787	Silent Spring	A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development.	61

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AP World History Chapter 11 Flashcards

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11827648371	Age set	Among the Masai, a group of boys united by a common initiation ceremony, who then moved together through the various "age-grades," or ranks, of Masai life.	0
11827648372	Black Death	Name later given to the massive plague pandemic that swept through Eurasia beginning in 1331; it is usually regarded as an outbreak of bubonic plague	1
11827648373	Chinggis Khan	Title meaning "universal ruler" that was given to the Mongol leader Temujin in 1206 after he united the Mongols.	2
11827648374	fictive kinship	Common form of tribal bonding in nomadic societies in which allies are designated and treated as blood relatives.	3
11827648375	Ghazan Khan	Il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia who ruled from 1295 to 1304; he is noted for his efforts to repair the Mongol damage to Persia.	4
11827648376	Hulegu Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan (ca. 1217-1265) who became the first il-khan (subordinate khan) of Persia.	5
11827648377	Karakorum	Capital of the Mongol Empire.	6
11827648378	Khagan	Supreme ruler of a Turkic nomadic confederation.	7
11827648379	Khanbalik	City of the khan- founded as new capital city for Mongols after their conquest of China; now city of Beijing.	8
11827648380	Khubilai Khan	Grandson of Chinggis Khan ruled China from 1271-1294	9
11827648381	Kipchak Khanate	Name given to Russia by Mongols after conquered and incorporated it into Mongol Empire mid-thirteenth century; known to Russians as "Khanate of the Golden Horde."	10
11827648382	Masai	Nomadic cattle-keeping people in Kenya and Tanzania.	11
11827648383	Modun	Great ruler of Xiongnu Empire (r. 210-174 b.c.e.) created a centralized and hierarchical political system.	12
11827648384	Mongol world war	describes half century of military campaigns, massive killing, and empire building - Chinggis Khan and successors in Eurasia (cf. 1209).	13
11827648385	Pastoralism	People depended on herding of domesticated animals for their food.	14
11827648386	Temujin	Mongol leader's birth name known as Chinggis Khan (1162-1227).	15
11827648387	Turks	from Central Asia - originally nomads, spread westward into Near East and India; created series of nomadic empires (552- 965 C.E.) dominant in Islamic heartland. founded states and empires	16
11827648388	Xiongnu	Mongolian steppe lands north of China formed a large-scale nomadic empire in third and second centuries B.C.E.	17

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Unit 6 AP Psych Flashcards

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15811560274	Learning	a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience	0
15811569471	Habituation	an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it	1
15811589763	associative learning	learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).	2
15811593413	classical conditioning	A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.	3
15811625609	Behaviorism	The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).	4
15811654531	unconditioned response (UR)	In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.	5
15811658220	unconditioned stimulus (US)	in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.	6
15811664628	conditioned response (CR)	in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)	7
15811672193	conditioned stimulus (CS)	in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.	8
15811677069	acquisition	In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.	9
15811706820	higher-order conditioning	a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)	10
15811716985	Extinction	the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.	11
15811745220	spontaneous recovery	the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response	12
15811750136	Generalization	the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses	13
15811753657	Discrimination	in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus	14
15811758248	learned helplessness	the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events	15
15811762340	respondent behavior	behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus	16
15811769679	operant conditioning	a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher	17
15811773370	law of effect	Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely	18
15811782926	operant chamber	in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.	19
15811789040	Shaping	an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior	20
15811792441	discriminative stimulus	in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)	21
15811798389	reinforcer	in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows	22
15811801635	positive reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.	23
15811807431	negative reinforcement	Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)	24
15811812869	primary reinforcer	an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need	25
15811825150	operant behavior	behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences	26
15811833302	conditioned reinforcer	a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer	27
15811837360	continious reinforcement	reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs	28
15811842047	partial (intermittent) reinforcement	reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement	29
15811848482	fixed-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses	30
15811862935	variable-ratio schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses	31
15811866678	fixed-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed	32
15811874867	variable-interval schedule	in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals	33
15811879685	punishment	an event that decreases the behavior that it follows	34
15811882901	cognitive map	a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.	35
15811889980	latent learning	learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it	36
15811892603	insight	a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	37
15811897384	intrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake	38
15811901038	extrinsic motivation	a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment	39
15811907442	Biofeedback	a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension	40
15811921338	Observational learning	learning by observing others. Also called social learning	41
15811932061	modeling	the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior	42
15811932062	mirror neurons	Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.	43
15811941067	prosocial behavior	positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior	44

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AP US History: Documents Flashcards

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10998129708	What saying describes how the documents of English rights relate to the Constitution?	"Past as Prologue"	0
10989015402	When was the Magna Carta written?	June 15, 1215	1
10989015403	When was the Mayflower Compact written?	November 11, 1620	2
10989015404	When was the Petition of Right written?	June 7, 1628	3
10989015405	When was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut written?	January 14, 1639	4
10989015406	When was the Habeas Corpus Act of the English Parliament written?	1679	5
10989015407	When was the English Bill of Rights written?	1689	6
10989015408	When was the Albany Plan of Union written?	July 10, 1754	7
10989015409	From which document does this quote come? "To none will we sell... deny... delay right or justice."	Magna Carta	8
10989015410	From which document does this quote come? "...to enact... just and equal laws... for the general good of the colony..."	Mayflower Compact	9
10989015411	From which document does this quote come? "... no... tax... without common consent by act of Parliament..."	Petition of Right	10
10989015412	From which document does this quote come? "... to maintain the peace... there should be an orderly... government established..."	Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	11
10989015413	From which document does this quote come? "... if any person... shall not be indicted... he shall be discharged from his imprisonment..."	Habeas Corpus Act of the English Parliament	12
10989015414	From which document does this quote come? "... suspending of laws... without consent of Parliament is illegal..."	English Bill of Rights	13
10989015415	From which document does this quote come? "... that... one general government may be formed in America..."	Albany Plan of Union	14
10989015416	Which document states that the English Church should be free from the government?	Magna Carta	15
10989015417	Which document states that no tax may be imposed without the consent of the common council of the kingdom?	Magna Carta	16
10989015418	Which document states that no man may be charged without credible witnesses?	Magna Carta	17
10989015419	Which document states that no man may be prosecuted, except by the lawful judgement of his peers?	Magna Carta	18
10989015420	Which document states that, "To none will we sell, to none will we deny, to none will we delay right or justice?"	Magna Carta	19
10989015421	Which document guarantees freedom of movement?	Magna Carta	20
10989015422	Which document states that it's rights are confirmed "for us and our heirs forever?"	Magna Carta	21
10996227852	Which document was called the Great Charter?	Magna Carta	22
10996235463	Which document set a standard for government?	Magna Carta	23
10996241409	Why did King John sign the Magna Carta?	To appease rebellious nobles angered over his abuse of power	24
10996267527	How does this line from the Magna Carta relate to the Constitution? "... for us and our heir forever..."	The Preamble says: "... to ourselves and our posterity..."	25
10996915400	What does this line in the Magna Carta refer to? ... by the grace of God..."	The divine right of kings	26
10996933614	How does this line from the Magna Carta relate to the Constitution? "That the... Church shall be free, and shall have her whole rights and liberties inviolable..."	Amendment I says: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof..."	27
10997189058	Which document describes the rule of law?	Magna Carta	28
10997189059	What is the "rule of law"?	No one is above or below the law	29
10997208401	Which document summarizes the idea that, "... only under law can men be truly free?"	Magna Carta	30
10997217326	What three main points does the Magna Carta contain?	- Due process of law - Freedom of movement - Taxation only with the consent of the legislature	31
10997245329	Which document limited the power of the king and was the first step in bringing an end to the divine right of kings?	Magna Carta	32
10997254188	Which document was written in Latin during the Dark Ages and was maintained by the monasteries?	Magna Carta	33
10997259560	When was the Constitution written?	1787	34
10997259561	When was the Constitution ratified?	1789	35
10997264269	When was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?	1791	36
10997272163	What is a constitution?	A blueprint for government	37
10997264270	How does the Constitution define the writ of habeas corpus?	A person can only be held for 72 hours without being charged	38
10997264271	How does the Constitution define ex post facto?	A person cannot be charged if the law in question did not exist at the time of the crime	39
10997303033	How does the Constitution define a bill of attainder?	A person cannot be charged by a legislative body as if it were a court	40
10997330555	How did King John sign the Magna Carta?	With the seal of England	41
10997350833	Which part of the Constitution stated that it was the supreme law of the land?	Article VI. Miscellaneous Provisions	42
10997397555	What does "We the People" refer to?	Popular sovereignty	43
10997407394	What is an amendment?	A change to the Constitution	44
10997413152	What is the Bill of Rights?	First 10 amendments to the Constitution	45
10997422704	Who called the Bill of Rights "a marketplace of ideas?"	Thomas Jefferson	46
10997430849	What does the First Amendment guarantee?	Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition	47
10997439166	How many amendments does the Constitution have?	27	48
10997443758	What is the Declaration of Independence?	List of grievances	49
10997449586	What rights does the Declaration of Independence guarantee?	Right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness	50
10997494928	What type of economy does the United States have?	A capitalist, free-market economy	51
10997502494	What are checks and balances?	The system in which it is made sure that no branch has more power than the other.	52
10997528109	How many senators are there?	100	53
10997528110	How long is a Senator's term?	6 years	54
10997530904	How many representatives are there?	435	55
10997540537	What is the number of representatives from each state based on?	Population	56
10997545863	Why do representatives from Washington D.C. not vote?	Because they work for the government	57
10997558160	When does the election of President take place?	November	58
10997563468	Who is the Vice President of the United States?	Mike Pence	59
10997586164	Who is third in line for presidency?	Speaker of the House	60
10997590055	How many justices are on the Supreme Court?	9	61
10997594397	Who is the Chief Justice of the United States now?	John Roberts	62
10997598705	Who is the Commander in Chief?	The President	63
10997700090	Why does the President not wear a military uniform as Commander in Chief?	Because the military is to be controlled by a civilian	64
10997725032	What powers does the government have?	The power to tax and to declare war	65
10997730981	What is the job of the judicial branch?	To uphold the Constitution	66
10997740173	What were some weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?	- Could not print money - Could not raise a military - Did not have a chief executive	67
10997759775	What are some responsibilities of citizens?	Voting and jury duty	68
10997771544	What do the amendments have to do with voting?	Guaranteed voting to African Americans, women, and 18 year-olds and abolished poll taxes	69
10997799374	What do we pledge loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance?	The flag, God, and country	70
10997816547	What do people do when the become citizens?	- Promise to obey the law - Be loyal to the United States - Defend Constitution - Serve in military	71
10997846469	What is the last day to pay income taxes?	April 15	72
10997854423	How old must one be to vote and be drafted?	18	73
10997864980	Why did colonists come to America?	For religious freedom, economic opportunity, and political liberty	74
10997877215	Why did the colonists fight the British?	For self-government	75
10997882198	When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?	July 4, 1776	76
10997914113	How does this line from the Magna Carta relate to the Constitution? "No [tax] shall be imposed in our kingdom, unless by the common council of our kingdom.."	All bills of revenue originate in the House of Representatives	77
10997949012	How does this line from the Magna Carta relate to the Constitution? "... the common council... will cause to be summoned..."	Article I Section 4 says: "Congress shall assemble at least once in every year..."	78
10997996488	How does this line from the Magna Carta relate to the Constitution? "No bailiff... shall put any man to his law... without credible witnesses..."	Amendment VI: "... the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial..."	79
10998030585	How does this line from the Magna Carta relate to the Constitution? "To none will we sell, to none will we deny, to none will we delay right or justice?"	Amendment V: "No person shall... be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law..."	80
10998061829	What does the Sixth Amendment guarantee to those accused of a crime?	A speedy trial and a day in court according to the due process of law	81
10998078844	What did the colonists come to America with?	The rights of Englishmen	82
10998083334	What is a burgess?	A representative	83
10998093163	What was the first representative body in America?	The House of Burgesses	84
10998122564	From which document does this quote come? "... aforesaid liberties, rights, and concessions..."	Magna Carta	85
10989015423	Which document states that its signers have combined themselves "together into a civil body politic?	Mayflower Compact	86
10989015424	Which document states that its signers have undertaken a certain endeavor "for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith?"	Mayflower Compact	87
10989015425	Which document states that its signers are striving towards the "better ordering and preservation and furtherance of the ends aforesaid" ie. furthering the Christian faith and planting a colony in Virginia?	Mayflower Compact	88
10989015426	Which document states that its signers strove "to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices... as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general good of the colony...?"	Mayflower Compact	89
11018211958	Did the Pilgrims have any legal right to settle in New England or establish a government?	No	90
11018220066	What is so important about the Mayflower Compact?	It created "a government based on the consent of the governed."	91
11018261356	What is another term for a government based on the consent of the governed?	Popular sovereignty	92
11018228256	How is the following idea contained in the Mayflower Compact related to the Constitution? "a government based on the consent of the governed"	The Preamble states, "We, the people..."	93
11018280388	Which citizens rights are contained in the main body of the Constitution?	- No ex post facto - Writ of habeas corpus - No bills of attainder	94
11018299619	Which document was signed on Veterans' Day?	Mayflower Compact	95
11018310947	What is a covenant?	An agreement with God	96
11018317503	Which of the documents is a covenant?	Mayflower Compact	97
11018332439	Which document forms its signers into a "civil body politic"?	Mayflower Compact	98
11018350293	How does this line from the Mayflower Compact relate to the Constitution? "... for the general good of the colony..."	The Preamble states, "... domestic tranquility..."	99
11018367968	What is an ordinance?	A local law or rule	100
11018391803	What document reaffirmed the Magna Carta?	Petition of Right	101
11018398411	What does arbitrary mean?	For no good reason	102
11018408925	Which document was passed as a result of the arbitrary actions of Charles I?	Petition of Right	103
11018415681	Which document emphasized the principle of taxation only with the consent of the legislature?	Petition of Right	104
11018453293	Which document states that "... Whereas, It is declared and enacted... that no [tax]... should be levied... without the goodwill and assent... of the Parliament...?"	Petition of Right	105
11018479065	Which document states that, "And Whereas Also, By the statute called the Great Charter of the Liberties of England,... no freeman may be taken or imprisoned... but by the lawful judgement of his peers?"	Petition of Right	106
11018488239	How does this line from the Petition of Right relate to the Constitution? "And Whereas Also, By the statute called the Great Charter of the Liberties of England,... no freeman may be taken or imprisoned... but by the lawful judgement of his peers"	Amendment V and VI state, "indictment of a grand jury" and "impartial jury"	107
11018540377	How does this line from the Petition of Right relate to the Constitution? "... no man... should be imprisoned... without being brought to answer by due process of law."	Amendment VI states, "the right to a speedy and public trial"	108
11018562695	How does this line from the Petition of Right relate to the Constitution? "... soldiers... have been dispersed... and the inhabitants... have been compelled to receive them..."	Amendment III states, "No soldier shall... be quartered in any house..."	109
11018583776	Which document establishes that civil law takes precedent over martial law?	Petition of Right	110
11018603137	Which document emphasizes legal taxation only be consent of Parliament?	Petition of Right	111
11018609286	What are the three main points of the Petition of Right?	- No quartering troops - No taxation without representation - Due process of law	112
11018621581	What document is similar to the Mayflower Compact?	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	113
11018631811	What was the first written constitution in America?	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	114
11018638804	Which document does not mention the king?	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	115
11018653977	How does the idea of sovereign power residing with the freemen in the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut relate to the Constitution?	Preamble states, "We, the people..."	116
11018671543	Which document emphasized that it was an easily understandable constitution which could not be changed by an individual or group?	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	117
11018677866	How many years after Plymouth were The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut written?	19	118
11018683198	Which towns were joined under The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?	Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield	119
11018700018	How does this line from the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut relate to the Constitution? ... the peace and union..."	Preamble states, "... domestic tranquility..."	120
11018719196	How does this line from the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut relate to the Constitution? "... for ourselves and our successors..."	Preamble states, "... posterity..."	121
11018732757	Which document established limits on terms?	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	122
11018744021	Which document established a residency requirement for representatives?	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	123
11018752438	Which document contains the line, "It is ordered..."	The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut	124
11018757803	Which document contains the line, "That..."	English Bill of Rights	125
11018765408	Which document contains the line, "Yet..." or "Whereas..."	Petition of Right	126
11018796152	What is a writ of habeas corpus?	A court order that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention	127
11018808558	What does the phrase, "Book me or let me go" refer to?	The writ of habeas corpus	128
11018816934	The suspension of what writ led to the Revolution?	Habeas corpus	129
11018826909	How long can a person be held without charge?	3 days/72 hours	130
11018843083	How does the Writ of Habeas Corpus relate to the Constitution?	Amendments V and VI state, "No person shall be held... unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury..." and "... the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial... and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation..."	131
11018890723	What document was written after the Glorious Revolution?	The English Bill of Rights	132
11018919185	What does this line in the English Bill of Rights refer to? "That the pretended power of suspending of laws... by regal authority... is illegal?"	No more divine right of kings	133
11018937767	Where do bills of revenue originate?	House of Representatives	134
11018943166	What power does the Senate have?	Advise and consent	135
11018954138	How does this line in the English Bill of Rights relate to the Constitution? "That it is the right of subjects to petition..."	Amendment I states, "freedom to petition..."	136
11018977555	How does this line in the English Bill of Rights relate to the Constitution? "That raising or keeping a standing army... is against law..."	Amendment III	137
11018994584	How does this line in the English Bill of Rights relate to the Constitution? "That the freedom of speech and debates... in Parliament ought not to be... questioned in any court..."	Constitution states that congressmen cannot be charged for anything said on the floor of Congress	138
11019011317	How does this line in the English Bill of Rights relate to the Constitution? "That excessive bail ought not to be required..."	Amendment VIII states, "Excessive bail shall not be required..."	139
11019027401	How does this line in the English Bill of Rights relate to the Constitution? "Parliament ought to be held frequently..."	Congress must meet at least once per year	140

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AP US Period 7 (1890-1945) Flashcards

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9896907016	Spanish American War	In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. As a result, the US acquired Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico.	0
9896907017	Filipino War	1899-1903 conflict in which the U.S. fought to keep the Philippine islands from becoming independent after Admiral Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet on his attack on Manila at the outbreak of the Spanish American War.	1
9896907018	Treaty of Paris, 1898	The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostility. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.	2
9896907019	Open Door Policy, 1899	A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.	3
9896907020	William McKinley	25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist and Teddy Roosevelt becomes president.	4
9896907021	"Souls of Black Folks"	A book of essay's written by W. E. B. DuBois to challenge Booker T. Washington's views on race relations in US. In 1905, Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement as an organized response to Booker T. Washington's policies of accommodation and conciliation. The Niagara Movement aimed to counteract Washington's influence over the black community and in its manifesto declared its intention to "claim for ourselves every single right that belongs to a freeborn American, political, civil and social."	5
9896907022	W. E. B. DuBois	Founded NAACP and argued that African Americans should press for tan immediate end to segregation and economic and political justice; urged for the talented tenth to take the lead. He created the Niagara Movement that paved the way for the Harlem Renaissance.	6
9896907023	National Child Labor Committee, 1904	One of the main issues addressed by the Progressive Movement was labor conditions, especially for children. Muckracking journalism and action from social and labor activists led to the formation of the National Labor Committee in 1904. As part of their charge, the committee investigated labor conditions around the nation. Photos of the investigation by the famed photographer Lewis W. Hine are in the collection of the Library of Congress. The first real effective child labor legislation was passed more than thirty years later during the New Deal.	7
9896907024	Panama Canal	American construction began on the Panama Canal. It took ten years and $352 million dollars to complete. The canal opened in 1914. During the building of the canal, begun under the French in 1879, more than 26,000 workers, many West Indian, died from construction accidents and yellow fever and other diseases.	8
9896907025	Roosevelt Corollary	President Roosevelt announced the Roosevelt Corollary, which extended the Monroe Doctrine and asserted the right of the United States to police the Caribbean.	9
9896907026	Great Migration (1905-1930)	In the first decades of the twentieth century, African Americans left, in greater and greater numbers, the southern states where they had been subject to economic abuses and outright intimidation. The Great Migration, in which about half a million African Americans moved to the urban North from the rural South, began about 1905 and ended around 1930.	10
9896907027	The "Jungle"	This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act.	11
9896907028	Triangle Shirtwaist Factory	March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers inside locked exit doors; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers.	12
9896907029	Titanic Sinks 1911	A tragic disaster, mans' stupidity, thought they built an unsinkable ship, but metallurgy allowed the bolts to pop out, inadequate life boats for the poorer and middle classes on board. Demonstrated the wide gap between rich and poor.	13
9896907030	Woodrow Wilson	1912, 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize	14
9896907031	Imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	15
9896907032	Alfred T Mahan	Author who argued in 1890 that the economic future of the United States rested on new overseas markets protected by a larger navy. Wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"	16
9896907033	Yellow journalists	Journalists who wrote overly sensational articles to sell newspapers	17
9896907034	Cuban Rebellion	This was the revolution during the Spanish American war in which Cuba wanted independence from Spain, however Spain would not grant it. Thus, America intervened, and due to the rising tensions, the Spanish American war started.	18
9896907035	"Remember the Maine"	A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.	19
9896907036	Battle of San Juan Hill	July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill.	20
9896907037	Admiral Dewey	Destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Pacific during the SPAM war.	21
9896907038	Submarine warfare	Used during World War I mainly between German U-Boats and Atlantic supply convoys for Great Britain	22
9896907039	Lusitania	A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.	23
9896907040	Zimmerman Telegram	March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's proximity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.	24
9896907041	Liberty Bonds	Where people bought bonds so the government could get that money now for war. The bonds increased in interest over time.	25
9896907042	Rationing	A limited portion or allowance of food or goods; limitation of use	26
9896907043	Victory gardens	Backyard gardens; Americans were encouraged to grow their own vegetables to support the war effort	27
9896907044	War Industries Board	Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.	28
9896907045	Espionage and Sedition Act	Two laws enacted to impose harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S participation in WW1	29
9896907046	Eugene Debs	Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over.	30
9896907047	Fourteen Points	The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.	31
9896907048	League of Nations	A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.	32
9896907049	Treaty of Versailles	(WWI) 1918, Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air Force. 2) Germany had to pay war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons. Partitioned lands to Britain & France in the mandate system breaking up the Ottoman Empire.	33
9896907050	Red Scare	A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities	34
9896907051	Sacco & Vanzetti	A controversial trial in 1920 charging two Italian anarchist immigrants with the robbing of a shoe factory and the killing of two men within, with the two men arrested several weeks later. Massive protests resulted with the overall opinion that the men were arrested because they were radical immigrants, and while appeals continued to be raised, they were sentenced to death in 1927.	35
9896907052	Immigration Quota Act of 1924	This was passed in 1924 replaced the Quota Act of 1921, cutting quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Different countries were only allowed to send an allotted number of its citizens to America every year.	36
9896907053	18th Amendment	Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages	37
9896907054	19th Amendment	Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.	38
9896907055	Harlem Renaissance	Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes, Louis Armstrong, & rise of jazz and the blues.	39
9896907056	Great Depression	Starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it	40
9896907057	Hoovervilles	Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress	41
9896907058	Causes of Great Depression	Unemployment rising, the dustbowl, overproduction of everything, layoffs, buying on credit, over-speculation	42
9896907059	Dust Bowl	Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.	43
9896907060	Herbert Hoover	(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday".	44
9896907061	Black Tuesday	October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.	45
9896907062	Hoover Dam	Dam on the Colorado River that was built during the Great Depression	46
9896907063	New Deal	A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.	47
9896907064	Alphabet Agencies	In 1933 President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched his New Deal to deal with the Great Depression. The administrative style was to create new agencies. Some were set up by Congress (such as TVA) and others by Roosevelt's Executive Order (such as WPA). The agencies were also referred to as "alphabet soup". FIB, CIA, EPA, etc.	48
9896907065	Social Security	(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health	49
9896907066	Tennessee Valley Authority	A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.	50
9896907067	Lend Lease	Legislation proposed by FDR and adopted by congress, stating that the U.S could either sell or lease arms and other equipment to any country whose security was vital to America's interest -> military equipment to help Britain war effort was shipped from U.S	51
9896907068	Cash and Carry Policy	1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. This benefited the Allies, because Britain was dominant naval power.	52
9896907069	Wagner Act	1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.	53
9896907070	Eleanor Roosevelt	FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women	54
9896907071	Huey Long	"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated	55