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AP US History Period 4, AP US History - Period 3 (1754 - 1800) Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11

12172120417	Second Great Awakenings	Religious movement that began in the early decades of the 19th century. Reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. In the northern states it touched off social reform.	0
12172120498	market revolution	Starting in the early 19th century, produced vast economic growth, mass produced goods.	1
12172120499	Thomas Jefferson	Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809.	2
12172120500	Battle of New Orleans	General Andrew Jackson won this in 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.	3
12172120501	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics.	4
12172120418	Jacksonian Democracy	The time period 1829 to 1837, also known as the Age of the Common Man.	5
12172120502	Indian Removal Act	President Andrew Jackson supported this. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.	6
12172120503	Romanticism in art and literature	Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent.	7
12172120504	Nullification Crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina.	8
12172120505	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.	9
12172120506	cotton gin	This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from plant fibers.	10
12172120507	War Hawks	Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.	11
12172120419	William Lloyd Garrison	Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."	12
12172120420	Lucretia Mott	Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.	13
12172120508	Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.	14
12172120421	Sectionalism: The North	Largely urban population that worked in factories.	15
12172120422	Sectionalism: The South	Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.	16
12172120423	Sectionalism: The West	Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.	17
12172120424	Democratic-Republicans	Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.	18
12172120425	Federalists	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.	19
12172120426	National Republicans	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.	20
12172120427	Whigs	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.	21
12172120428	Impressment	Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.	22
12172120429	Treaty of Ghent	Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.	23
12172120430	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Battle of Lake Erie.	24
12172120431	Frances Scott Key	Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.	25
12172120509	Monroe Doctrine	Warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas.	26
12172120510	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay; prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30.	27
12172120432	King Andrew	Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.	28
12172120511	Nat Turner Rebellion	In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.	29
12172120433	Marbury v. Madison	Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review.	30
12172120512	American System	Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements	31
12172120513	The Lowell Mill Factory	The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills. They were housed in company dormitories near the mills.	32
12172120514	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848 women's rights movement wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.	33
12172120515	Transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature.	34
12172120516	Trail of Tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.	35
12172120517	Hartford Convention (1814)	A meeting was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812; some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected.	36
12172120434	Panic 1837	Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.	37
12172120435	Martin Van Buren	Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.	38
12172120436	Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!	William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.	39
12172120437	Tecumseh	He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.	40
12172120438	The Prophet	Advocated relocation rather than fighting Americans westward progression in order to preserve remnants of Native culture.	41
12172120439	The Embargo of 1807	Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.	42
12172120440	Macon's Bill no. 2	Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first.	43
12172120441	Adams-Onis Treaty	Grave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens.	44
12172120442	Old Hickory	Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.	45
12172120443	Treaty of 1818	Granted the United States join occupation of Oregon with Great Britain.	46
12172120444	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States.	47
12172120445	John Q. Adams	Elected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay.	48
12172120446	The Tariff of 1828	Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing.	49
12172120447	Force Bill	Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.	50
12172120448	Increased Voter Turnout	-elimination of landownership, -increased news circulation, -increased education/literacy -changes to candidate selection	51
12172120449	Henry Clay	Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks.	52
12172120450	Virginia Dynasty	Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe	53
12172120451	Results of the War of 1812	-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party	54
12172120452	The French and Indian War	1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years	55
12172120453	The Proclamation of 1763	Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains	56
12172120454	Stamp Act	1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.	57
12172120455	The Coercive Acts	punitive acts applied to Massachusetts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party; referred to by colonists as the Intolerable Acts	58
12172120456	Common Sense	1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	59
12172120457	The Declaration Of Independence	1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.	60
12172120458	Battle of Saratoga	American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.	61
12172120459	French American Alliance	pact signed by the Americans and the French after the Battle of Saratoga, paving the way for French support of the colonial war for independence and binding the two countries together long-term	62
12172120460	Treaty of Paris	1783 treaty ending the Revolutionary War	63
12172120461	Articles of confederation	first government of the United States; extremely weak government that gave most of the power to states	64
12172120462	The Northwest Ordinance of 1787	a law that established a procedure for the admission of new states to the Union and set the boundary for slavery at the Ohio River	65
12172120463	Shay's Rebellion	A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes	66
12172120464	The Constitution	document which spells out the principles by which the US government runs and the fundamental laws that govern society	67
12172120465	The Great Compromise	a compromise between the New Jersey and Virginia plans that created the Senate and the House of Representatives; each state received equal number of senators, states received representatives based on population	68
12172120466	The Three-Fifths compromise	Agreement at the creation of the Constitution that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes	69
12172120467	The Federalists papers	This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison; explained the importance of a strong central government; published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution	70
12172120468	Federalists	Supported the ratification of the Constitution and a strong federal government	71
12172120469	Anti-federalists	early opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification; opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control	72
12172120470	The Bill of rights	First ten amendments to the Constitution, drafted by Madison, created limitations on government and protects natural rights.	73
12172120471	Alexander Hamilton	1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt; strong federalist	74
12172120472	Washington's farewell address	He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances.	75
12172120473	XYZ Affair	A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats	76
12172120474	Alien and Sedition Acts	Series of four laws enacted in 1798 to reduce the political power of recent immigrants and limit political opposition to the federalists	77
12172120475	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional; claimed that states have the authority to nullify federal laws	78
12172120476	Enlightenment	A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.	79
12172120477	John Locke	English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property.	80
12172120478	Ben Franklin	A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies.	81
12172120479	Abolition	The movement to make slavery and the slave trade illegal; begun by Quakers in England in the 1780s	82
12172120480	representation	A basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers	83
12172120481	Sugar Act of 1764	An act that raised tax revenue in the colonies for the crown. It also increased the duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies.	84
12172120482	Quartering Act of 1765	Act forcing colonists to house and supply British forces in the colonies; created more resentment; seen as assault on liberties.	85
12172120483	Declaratory Act	Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the Stamp Act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."	86
12172120484	Townshend Acts	A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on lead, glass, paint, and tea	87
12172120485	Thomas Jefferson	Wrote the Declaration of Independence; 3rd President of the United States	88
12172120486	Second Continental Congress (1775)	Managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence - finally adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776.	89
12172120487	Sons of Liberty	A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. Leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.	90
12172120488	Patriots	(also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs) were those colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution and declared the United States of America as an independent nation in July 1776.	91
12172120489	Tories/Loyalists	Colonists who favored remaining under British control	92
12172120490	Constitutional Convention	A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution	93
12172120491	Republican Motherhood	The idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate "civic virtue" in their children	94
12172120492	Pinckney's Treaty (1795)	This treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi River and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans	95
12172120493	Quasi War (1798-1800)	undeclared war fought mostly at sea between the French Republic and the United States, caused by the signing of Jay's Treaty between the UK and the US	96
12172120494	Jay's Treaty	Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. and Britain; intended to strengthen trade relations between the US and Britain; British agreed to abandon outposts in the Northwest Territory but would not guarantee the non-impressment of American sailors	97
12172120495	Northwest Ordinance	a law passed by Congress in 1787 that specified how western lands would be integrated into the Union	98
12172120496	The Gaspee	A British ship which Rhode Island colonists boarded, looted, then burned and sank it in 1772.	99
12172120497	Revolution of 1800	Electoral victory of Democratic Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.	100

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AP Psychologists Flashcards

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9558909980	Alfred Adler	Neo-Freudian but disagreed with Freud's emphasis on the unconscious, instinctual drives, and the importance of sexuality and had a more positive view. Believed we are social creatures governed by social urges, we strive for superiority. Talked about how people attempt to compensate for their shortcomings.	0
9558909981	Mary Ainsworth	Secure attachment- stable and positive Anxious-Ambivalent- desire to be with a parent and some resistance to being reunited. Avoidant- tendency to avoid reunion with parent	1
9558909982	Gordon Allport	Trait Theorist Central- the core traits that characterize an individual personality Secondary- traits that are inconsistent or relatively superficial Cardinal- so basic that all of a person's activities relate to it	2
9558909983	Solomon Asch	Studied conformity- subjects were shown lines of different lengths and asked which of the lines matched an example line that they were shown, his accomplices gave the wrong answer to see how the actual subject would react to finding that their opinion differed from the group opinion, subjects confirmed in about 1/3 of the trials.	3
9558909984	Albert Bandura	Studied observational learning in children using a Bobo Doll	4
9558909985	John William Atkinson	Pioneered the study of human motivation, achievement, and behavior	5
9558909986	Sandra Bem	Bem Sex Role Inventory to study femininity, masculinity, androgyny Rigid gender stereotypes greatly restrict behavior Studied gender roles	6
9558909987	Eric Berne	Transactional Analysis- has elements of cognitive, humanist, and psychoanalytic approaches	7
9558909988	Alfred Binet	Designed the first intelligence test made up of "intellectual" questions and problems, results were based on average scores for children in each age group. His test was revised by Lewis Terman and others at Stanford and made into the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, which were used in North America	8
9558909989	Bowlby	Child development Attachment theory	9
9558909990	James Cattell	The first professor of psychology in the US, helped establish psychology as a legitimate	10
9558909991	Raymond Cattell	16 Trait personality inventory Surface traits appear in clusters, 16 source traits Factor Analysis	11
9558909992	Jean-Martin Charcot	Known as the founder of modern neurology, taught and influenced Freud	12
9558909993	Noam Chomsky	Proposed an innate language acquisition device	13
9558909994	John Dollard & Neal Miller	Habits make up the structure of personality and are governed by drive, cue, response and reward	14
9558909995	Hermann Ebbinghaus	Forgetting curve	15
9558909996	Paul Ekman	Pioneer of the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions Developmental psychologist	16
9558909997	Albert Ellis	Cognitive therapist, founder of rational emotive behavioral therapy which attempts to change irrational beliefs that cause an emotional problem	17
9558909998	Erik Erikson	Proposed that development occurs in stages, each stage confronts a person with a new developmental task Trust v. Mistrust, autonomy v. shame and doubt, initiative v. guilt, industry v. inferiority, identity v. role confusion, intimacy v. isolation, generativity v. stagnation, integrity v. despair	18
9558909999	Hans Eysenck	Trait theorist Big 3- melancholic, choleric, phlegmatic	19
9558910000	Leon Festinger	Cognitive dissonance	20
9558910001	Frankl	Existential therapist Logotherapy- emphasized the need to find and maintain meaning in life	21
9558910002	Anna Freud	Neo-Freudian Disagreed with Freud's theories about women	22
9558910003	Sigmund Freud	Founder of psychoanalysis Id, Ego, Superego Many of our behaviors are driven by unconscious motives/desires	23
9558910004	John Garcia	Studied taste aversion in rats with radiation, decided there was an evolutionary element to taste aversion	24
9558910005	Howard Gardner	Theorized that there are actually eight different kinds of intelligence Language, logic and math, visual and spatial thinking, music, bodily-kinesthetic kills, intrapersonal skills, interpersonal skills, naturalist skills	25
9558910006	Carol Gilligan	Created a theory of moral development in women because male psychologists were overly focused on defining moral maturity in terms of justice and autonomy. She pointed out that there is also an ethic of caring about others that is a major element of moral development.	26
9558910007	G.Stanley Hall	Founded the American Journal of Psychology	27
9558910008	Harry Harlow	Separated baby rhesus monkeys from their mothers at birth, placed with surrogate mothers either made of wire/metal or cloth, studied mother-infant relationships and discovered Contact Comfort	28
9558910009	Heider	Gestalt Balance theory, attribution theory	29
9558910010	Hilgard	Researched hypnosis and its effectiveness as an analgesic "hidden-observer" effect	30
9558910011	Karen Horney	Neo-Freudian Among the first to challenge the obvious male bias in Freud's theories, also disagreed with his cause of anxiety- believed that people feel anxious because they feel isolated and helpless in a hostile world, believed causes are rooted in childhood	31
9558910012	Clark L. Hull	Drive theory Modern study of hypnosis	32
9558910013	Izard	Believes the infants can express several basic emotions as early as 10 weeks of age	33
9558910014	William James	Wrote Principles of Psychology and helped established psychology as a serious discipline, regarded consciousness as a stream or flow of image and sensations.	34
9558910015	Mary Jones	Pioneer of behavior therapy Unconditioned a fear of rabbits in a three year old named Peter	35
9558910016	Carl Jung	People are either introverts or extroverts Collective unconscious- mental storehouse fir unconscious ideas and images shared by all humans, such universals create archetypes Anima (female principle) & Animus (male principle) exist in everyone	36
9558910017	Kagan	showed face masks to 2-year-olds and found they were fascinated when they saw faces with features in the wrong places	37
9558910018	Grace Helen Kent	Kent-Rosanoff free association test- psychiatric screening tool using objective scoring and norms	38
9558910019	Alfred Kinsey	Studied human sexuality	39
9558910020	Kurt Koffka	Co-founder of Gestalt psychology	40
9558910021	Wolfgang Kohler	Co-founder of Gestalt psychology Studied insight learning in chimpanzees	41
9558910022	Lawrence Kohlberg	Studied moral development in men preconventional- stage 1: punishment orientation stage 2: pleasure-seeking orientation conventional- stage 3: good boy/ good girl orientation stage 4: authority orientation postconventional- stage 5: social-contract orientation stage 6: morality of individual principles	42
9558910023	Elizabeth Kubler-Ross	Thanatologist- one who studies death Reactions to impending death- denial and isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance	43
9558910024	Elizabeth Loftus	Along with John Palmer showed people a filmed automobile accident, asked how fast cars were going when they smashed or bumped or contacted, asked if they had seen broken glass in the film (there was none) to study the tendency of people to construct memories based on how they are questioned	44
9558910025	Konrad Lorenz	Discovered the principle of imprinting Studied instinctive behavior in animals	45
9558910026	Marcia	Studied adolescent psychological development, elaborated on Erikson's theories Theory of Identity achievement	46
9558910027	Abraham Maslow	Humanist Self-Actualization was important Hierarchy of human needs- physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, esteem and self-esteem, self actualization	47
9558910028	William Masters & Virginia Johnson	Directly studied sexual intercourse and masturbation in nearly 700 males and females Sexual response can be divided into four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution	48
9558910029	McClelland	Believes that IQ is of little value in predicting real competence to deal effectively with the world IQ predicts school performance, not success in life	49
9558910030	Margaret Mead	Anthropologist who observed the Tchambuli people of New Guinea, where gender roles are the opposite of those in America	50
9558910031	Franz Mesmer	Austrian physician who believed he could cure disease with magnets His treatments were based on the power of suggestion, not really magnetism and he was later rejected as a fraud The term "mesmerize" comes from his name, his treatments sparked interests in hypnosis	51
9558910032	Wolfgang Metzger	Gestalt psychologist	52
9558910033	Stanley Milgram	Studied obedience Two subjects("teacher" and "learner") but the "learner" was actually an actor. The teacher was told to shock the learner every time they answered a question incorrectly to see how far they were willing to go	53
9558910034	Walter Mischel	delayed gratification "the Marshmallow test"	54
9558910035	Ivan Pavlov	Studied classical conditioning pairing a bell with food to make dogs salivate	55
9558910036	Fritz Perls	Originator of Gestalt therapy Considered most dreams a special message about what's missing in our lives, what we avoid doing, or feelings that need to be "re-owned" Believed that dreams are a way of filling in gaps in personal experience Method of analyzing dreams involved speaking for characters and objects in your dreams	56
9558910037	Jean Piaget	Child development occurs in stages Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operations	57
9558910038	Robert Zajonc	Social Facilitation - social psychological theory that deals with the ways in which people perform tasks differently when they're in front of other people than when they're alone.	58
9558910039	Vilayunar S. Ramachandran	mirror neurons invention of the mirror box and the introduction of mirror visual feedback (mirror therapy) as a treatment for phantom limb paralysis.	59
9558910040	Rescorla	Stated that the predictive value of a conditioned stimulus is critical, contingencies are important	60
9558910041	Carl Rogers	Humanists Emphasized the human capacity for human peace and happiness People need ample amounts of love and acceptance from others	61
9558910042	Herman Rorschach	Created the Rorschach inkblot test, a projective test of personality	62
9558910043	Julian Rotter	locus of control	63
9558910044	Daniel Schacter	Research has focused on psychological and biological aspects of human memory and amnesia, with a particular emphasis on the distinction between conscious and nonconscious forms of memory and, more recently, on brain mechanisms of memory and brain distortion, and memory and future simulation.	64
9558910045	Stanley Schachter	Emotion occurs when we apply a particular label to general physical arousal- we have to interpret our feelings	65
9558910046	Roy Schafer	began to present traditional psychoanalytical concepts not as scientific principles but as interpretative storylines. In this view there is no single correct interpretation of a life story; rather, like other narrative constructions, such as poems or novels, the account lends itself to various understandings each of which can legitimately claim to be true while emphasizing another way of looking at it	66
9558910047	Margaret Singer	Studied and aided hundreds of former cult members Cults use a powerful blend of guilt, manipulation, isolation, deception, fear, and escalating commitment	67
9558910048	Martin Seligman	Prepared fear theory- we are prepared by evolution to readily develop fears to certain biologically relevant stimuli, such as snakes and spiders	68
9558910049	Hans Selye	Studied stress- the body responds in the same way to any stress (infection, failure, embarrassment, a new job, trouble at school etc.) General Adaptation Syndrome- a series of bodily reactions to prolonged stress (alarm, resistance, exhaustion)	69
9558910050	B.F. Skinner	studied operant conditioning with rats and pigeons Created a Skinner Box	70
9558910051	Charles Spearman	Theory of Intelligence- argued that general intelligence formed the bedrock from which all other mental abilities developed.	71
9558910052	Robert Sternberg	Triangular theory of love- love is made up of intimacy, passion and commitment which can combine to produce seven types of love (romantic, liking, fatuous, infatuation, companionate, empty, consummate) Believed insight involved selective encoding, selective combination, and selective comparison	72
9558910053	Szasz	argued throughout his career that mental illness is a metaphor for human problems in living, and that mental illnesses are not "illnesses" in the sense that physical illnesses are; and that except for a few identifiable brain diseases, there are "neither biological or chemical tests nor biopsy or necropsy findings for verifying DSM diagnoses not anti-psychiatry but was rather anti-coercive psychiatry	73
9558910054	Lewis Terman	Revised Binet's intelligence test to help create the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales for use in North America, appropriate for people ages 2-90	74
9558910055	Edward L. Thorndike	Learning theorist Law of Effect- the probability of a response is altered by the effect is has, acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated	75
9558910056	L.L. Thurstone	Theory of Primary Mental Abilities Developed the statistical technique of multiple-factor analysis intelligent behavior does not arise from a general factor, but rather emerges from seven independent factors that he called primary abilities: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, number facility, associative memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed	76
9558910057	Edward Titchener	Carried Wundt's ideas into the US and called them structuralism	77
9558910058	Tolman & Honzik	studied latent learning in rats with mazes	78
9558910059	Torrey	believed that severe mental illness is due to biological factors and not social factors founder of the Treatment Advocacy Center (TAC), a nonprofit organization whose principal activity is promoting the passage and implementation of outpatient commitment laws and civil commitment laws and standards in individual states that allow people diagnosed with mental illness to be forcibly committed and medicated easily throughout the United States.	79
9558910060	Endel Tulving	two kinds of memory: episodic memory is used to recall events we have personally experienced or witnessed, while semantic memory taps into mental stores of general facts and knowledge Episodic = remembering Semantic = knowing	80
9558910061	Lev Vygotsky	sociocultural theory children's thinking develops through dialogues with more capable persons, children actively seek to discover new principles Zone of proximal development- range of tasks a child cannot yet master alone but that she or he can accomplish with the guidance of a more capable partner	81
9558910062	John B. Watson	behaviorist objected to the study of the mind or conscious experience, thought introspection was unscientific observed stimuli and response, adopted Pavlov's concept of conditioning	82
9558910063	David Wechsler	Intelligene testing	83
9558910064	Max Wertheimer	First to advance the Gestalt viewpoint, thought it was a mistake to break psychological experiences down into smaller pieces to analyze	84
9558910065	Benjamin Lee Whorf	an advocate for the idea that differences between the structures of different languages shape how their speakers perceive and conceptualize the world. This principle has frequently been called the "Sapir-Whorf hypothesis", after him and his mentor Edward Sapir, but he called it the principle of linguistic relativity, because he saw the idea as having implications similar to Einstein's principle of physical relativity	85
9558910066	Wilhelm Wundt	Father of psychology- set up the first psychological laboratory to study conscious experience Introspection	86
9558910067	Yerkes & Dodson	Yerkes Dodson law- the ideal level of arousal depends on the complexity of a task: if the task is more complex your performance will be better at lower levels of arousal if the task is simple it is best for arousal level to be high	87
9558910068	Philip Zimbardo	Stanford prison experiment students volunteered to play roles of prisoners and guards, experiment had to called off after 6 days, rather than the planned 2 weeks because the guards had become so sadistic that four of the ten prisoners suffered severe emotional issues	88

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AP English Literature Flashcards

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14267996376	plaintive (adj.)	sounding sad and mournful	0
14268023054	portend (v.)	be a sign or warning that something is likely to happen	1
14268071094	portentous (adj.)	of or like a portent	2
14268037339	semblance (n.)	the outward appearance, unreal appearance	3
14268047829	penury (n.)	extreme poverty; destitution	4
14268080501	desolate (adj.)	uninhabited, bleak, deserted and dismal; unhappy or lonely	5
14268103596	desolate (v.)	make bleakly, and depressingly empty or bare; make unhappy	6
14268203959	ascetic (adj)	suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons	7
14268211681	ascetic (n.)	person who practices severe self-discipline and abstention	8
14268234271	sullen (adj.)	bad-tempered and sulky, gloomy; (of the sky) full of dark clouds	9
14268241476	sullen (n.)	a sulky or depressed mood	10
14268245812	peremptory (adj.)	insisting on immediate attention or obedience; not open to appeal or challenge	11
14268289090	soporific (adj.)	tending to induce drowsiness or sleep; sleepy or drowsy; tediously boring	12
14268301782	soporific (n.)	drug or other agent that induces sleep	13
14268308362	ludicrous (adj.)	so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing; ridiculous	14
14268314715	facade (n.)	the face of a building that looks onto a street or open space; a deceptive outward appearance	15
14268337821	approbation (n.)	approval or praise	16
14268341690	interminable (adj.)	endless (often used hyperbolically)	17
14268356692	calumny (n.)	the making of false and defamatory statements in order to damage someone's reputation; a false and slanderous statement	18
14268367771	acquiesce (v.)	accept something reluctantly but without protest	19
14268396204	propitious (adj.)	giving or indicating a good chance of success; favorable	20
14268443453	venerate (v.)	regard with great respect; revere	21
14268452841	phlegmatic (adj.)	having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition	22
14268459213	enigma (n.)	a person/thing that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand	23
14268466381	deprecate (v.)	to express disapproval of	24
14268477582	noxious (adj.)	harmful, poisonous, lethal	25
14268487204	assiduous (adj.)	showing great care and perseverance	26
14268498316	solicitous (adj.)	characterized by or showing interest or concern; eager or anxious to do something	27
14268513683	fastidious (adj.)	very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail; very concerned about matters of cleanliness	28
14268524325	insipid (adj.)	lacking flavor; lacking vigor or interest	29
14268536161	inveterate (adj.)	having a particular habit, activity, or interest that is long-established and unlikely to change	30
14268551071	enervate (v.)	cause (someone) to feel drained of energy or vitality; weaken	31
14268556536	enervate (adj.)	lacking in energy or vitality	32
14268561602	trepidation (n.)	a feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen; trembling motion	33
14268570271	intrepid (adj.)	fearless, adventurous	34
14268576612	evince (v.)	reveal the presence of (a quality or feeling); be evidence of; indicate	35
14268584347	engender (v.)	cause or give rise to (a feeling, situation, or condition)	36
14268592218	capricious (adj.)	given to sudden and unaccountable changes of mood or behavior	37
14268600286	countenance (n.)	a person's face or facial expression; support	38
14268611225	countenance (v.)	admit as acceptable or possible	39
14268615133	conjecture (n.)	an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information; unproven mathematical or scientific theorem; suggestion or reconstruction of a reading of a text not present in the original source	40
14268631350	conjecture (v.)	form an opinion or supposition about (something) on the basis of incomplete information; propose	41
14268644084	inexorable (adj.)	impossible to stop or prevent; (of a person) impossible to persuade by request	42
14268664452	sardonic (adj.)	grimly mocking or cynical	43
14268669018	impetuous (adj.)	acting or done quickly and without thought or care; moving forcefully or rapidly	44
14268674948	equivocal (adj.)	open to more than one interpretation; ambiguous; uncertain or questionable in nature	45
14268683976	transitory (adj.)	not permanent	46
14268688631	ephemeral (adj.)	lasting for a very short time	47
14268693094	ephemeral (n.)	short-lived plant	48
14268704657	obscure (adj.)	not discovered or known about; uncertain; not clearly expressed; not important or well known; vague; not sharply defined	49
14268717045	obscure (v.)	keep from being seen; conceal; make unclear and difficult to understand; overshadow	50
14268726490	sanguine (adj.)	optimistic or positive, especially in a bad situation; blood-red; bloody or bloodthirsty	51
14268741089	sanguine (n.)	a blood-red color; a blood-red stain used in blazoning	52
14268745427	prodigal (adj.)	spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant; having or giving something on a lavish scale	53
14268762373	prodigal (n.)	a person who spends money in a recklessly extravagant way	54
14268783399	discern (v.)	to recognize; distinguish with difficulty by sight or with the other senses	55
14268806144	profligate (adj.)	recklessly extravagant/wasteful in the use of resources; licentious; dissolute	56
14268816166	profligate (n.)	a licentious, dissolute person	57
14268820804	languid (adj.)	displaying/having a disinclination for physical exertion/effort; slow and relaxed; pleasantly lazy and peaceful; weak or faint from illness or fatigue	58
14268837833	sententious (adj.)	given to moralizing in a pompous manner, self-righteous	59
14268842657	disposition (n.)	a person's inherent qualities of mind and character; inclination or tendency; way in which something or people is placed or arranged, especially in relation to other things; action of distributing or transferring property or money to someone; the power to deal with something as one pleases	60
14268872584	apoplexy (n.)	unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral hemorrhage or stroke; incapacity or speechlessness cause by extreme anger	61
14268881593	insuperable (adj.)	impossible to overcome	62
14268884973	indefatigable (adj.)	persisting tirelessly	63

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AP Language 6 Flashcards

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11069155812	effusive	expressing feelings of gratitude, pleasure, or approval in an unrestrained or heartfelt manner:	0
11069155813	nuance	a subtle difference in meaning, expression, or sound.	1
11069155814	facet	one side of something that is many-sided.	2
11069155815	candid	truthful and straightforward; frank.	3
11069155816	terse	sparing in the use of words; abrupt.	4
11069155817	bolster	to support or strengthen; prop up.	5
11069155818	culpable	deserving blame.	6
11069155819	delineate	to describe or portray something precisely.	7
11069155820	zealot	a person who is fanatical and uncompromising in pursuit of their religious, political, or other ideals.	8
11069155821	insinuate	to suggest or hint (something bad or reprehensible) in an indirect and unpleasant way.	9
11069155822	irreverent	lacking proper respect or seriousness.	10
11069155823	invaluable	extremely useful; indispensable:	11
11069155824	idiosyncrasy	a mode of behavior or way of thought peculiar to an individual:	12
11069155825	idiom	a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words:	13
11069155826	vociferous	marked by or given to vehement insistent outcry.	14

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AP Computer Science A Flashcards

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10481334713	algorithm	a set of instructions for a task	0
10481334714	operating system	a program that manages system-level tasks a computer performs	1
10481334715	Interactive Development Environment (IDE)	a programming environment that includes an editor, debugger, and compiler	2
10481334716	user interface	the way a user interacts with a computer program	3
10481334717	String literal	one or more characters enclosed in double quotation marks	4
10481334718	operand	a value or variable that is operated on in an arithmetic expression	5
10481334719	operator	a symbol specifying a mathematical or logical operation	6
10481334720	modulus	the remainder after performing division when the % sign is used in an arithmetic expression	7
10481334721	concatenation	an operation which combines two strings into one	8
10481334722	assignment operator	the = symbol which is used to store a value in a variable	9
10481334723	variable	a symbol that represents a value and identifies its storage location in memory	10
10481334724	primitive data types	a data type defined by a programming language; e.g. int, double	11
10481334725	instance	a specific realization of any object	12
10481334726	int data type	a primitive data type that represents integer values. Ranges from -2147483648 to 2147483648	13
10481334727	data type declaration	declares the data type of a variable; e.g. int a;	14
10481334728	base-2 representation	binary -- (0, 1)	15
10481334729	base-8 representation	octal -- (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)	16
10481334730	base-10 representation	decimal -- (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)	17
10481334731	base-16 representation	hexadecimal -- (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, a, b, c, d, e, f); begins with 0x	18
10481334732	double data type	a primitive data type that represents floating point decimal values	19
10481334733	char data type	stores single keyboard characters	20
10481334734	boolean data type	restricted to logical values (true/false)	21
10481334735	Java primitive data types	1) double 2) int 3) float 4) long 5) short 6) boolean 7) byte 8) char	22
10481334736	casting	the process of changing the value of one data type into a value of another data type	23
10481334737	evaluation	the process of determining the value of an expression	24
10481334738	floor	the greatest integer less than or equal to the floating point number	25
10481334739	byte	a sequence of 8 bits used to encode a single character	26
10481334740	assignment conversion	occurs when a value with less precision is assigned to a variable with greater precision; widening conversion (narrowing conversion is not possible w/ this method) e.g. double x = 100;	27
10481334741	arithmetic promotion	occurs automatically in an expression of mixed types; e.g. double x = 3.14 * 10 * 10; (10s become 10.0s)	28
10481334742	arithmetic demotion	narrowing conversion; e.g. int x = (int)3.14; truncation	29
10481334743	overflow condition	occurs when a calculation whose exact result lies outside of the Java integer range	30
10481334744	underflow condition	occurs when a calculation whose exact result is a number of smaller absolute value than is acceptable	31
10481334745	increment operator	instructs Java to add one to a variable's current value and reassign the result to the variable; ++	32
10481334746	decrement operator	instructs Java to subtract one from a variable's current value and reassign the result to the variable; --	33
10481334747	pseudocode	a pre-programming technique for representing an algorithm in English-like statements	34
10481334748	character literals	represented by a single keyboard character and are enclosed in single quotes	35
10481334749	ASCII	the American Standard Code for Information Interchange which defines values for letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and some non-printable functions	36
10481334750	object-oriented progamming	a program design technique based on modeling the interaction between classes of objects	37
10481334751	index	indicates the position of a character in a string, i.e. in the string abcde, a has an index of 0 and b of 1	38
10481334752	.length( );	the total number of characters in a string	39
10481334753	escape sequence	a pair of symbols beginning with a backslash that has a special meaning within a print statement	40
10481334754	Java API	documentation for all of Java's classes (API = Application Programming Interface)	41
10481334755	Instance variables	attributes of an object defined within a class	42
10481334756	constructors	a statement that instantiates an object and initializes the object's private instance variables	43
10481334757	bits	a single binary digit (0 or 1)	44
10481334758	conditional	a statement involving a binary decision	45
10481334759	relational operators	an operator used to compare two values, variables, or expressions	46
10481334760	flow of control	the order in which statements are executed (sequential, looping, branching, etc.)	47
10481334761	identity operator	==; tests whether its operands are the same	48
10481334762	block of code	segment of code between a pair of opening and closing curly braces ({ and })	49
10481334763	identity equality	refers to whether two objects are actually the same object	50
10481334764	logical operators	an operator that can be applied to boolean values or expressions ( && , \|\| )	51
10481334765	loop	program statements that cause a segment of code to be repeated until a terminating condition is met	52
10481334766	negation	the use of the logical operator ! (not) to reverse the evaluation of a Boolean expression from true to false or from false to true	53
10481334767	nested loop	a loop which appears within the body of another loop	54
10481334768	data structure	a collection of data that is referred to by one name such as arrays and array lists	55
10481334769	array	a data structure containing a single type of data (e.g. ints, Strings, etc.) which is accessed by index positions	56
10481334770	class	a data-type in object-oriented programming that consists of a group of objects with the same properties and behaviors and that is arranged in a hierarchy with other such data types	57
10481334771	object	an instance of a class; has a state and a behavior	58
10481334772	method	a method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an operation and can be invoked at any point in the program by utilizing its name	59
10481334773	Unified Modeling Language (UML)	a standard for visually representing the design and documentation of a computer program	60
10481334774	class diagram	a diagram that depicts use and inheritance relationships between classes	61
10481334775	overloading	the process that allows multiple methods to share the same name as long as their parameter lists differ	62
10481334776	accessors	methods that access private instance variables but do not change them	63
10481334777	mutators	methods that change (or mutates) the values of private instance variables	64
10481334778	getters	methods that return a value to an invoking statement	65
10481334779	setters	methods that only assign values to variables or objects	66
10481334780	class hierarchy	a class hierarchy displays classes in a hierarchy; the hierarchy is a specialized form of the class above it	67
10481334781	inheritance	the process by which a class automatically contains the variables and methods defined in its superclass	68
10481334782	polymorphism	the ability of being able to assign a different usage to a method and/or object	69
10481334783	extends	Keyword used to determine the inheritance of the Superclass and subclass	70
10481334784	public	when a variable, method, or class is public, it can be seen and used by any other class	71
10481334785	superclass	the parent class of a subclass; a class that has been extended by another class. It allows the class extending it to inherit its state and behaviors.	72
10481334786	subclass	derived from a superclass; it inherits the public methods and variables from the class it extends	73
10481334787	abstract class	a type of class that is not meant to be instantiated and cannot be instantiated	74
10481334788	interface	a Java keyword that defines a set of abstract methods to be implemented by a specific class; objects of this type cannot be instantiated.	75
10481334789	traversal	iteration through an array or ArrayList	76
10481334790	insertion sort	A simple sorting algorithm that builds the final sorted array one item at a time. It essentially inserts the current number into the appropriate spot in the sorted section of the array.	77
10481334791	selection sort	A sorting algorithm that divides the array into two parts: sorted and unsorted. It will swap array values to find the min value and move it to the sorted part of the array.	78
10481334792	merge sort	works by using a divide and conquer method to split the array apart until there are 1 element sets; these sets are then merged back together in sorted order; after all the merges are complete, the array is sorted	79
10481334793	precondition	an assertion that should be true at the moment when the method is called	80
10481334794	postcondition	an assertion that should be true when the method completes execution	81
10481334795	.length;	Returns the length of an array	82
10481334796	.size( );	Returns the length of an ArrayList	83
10481334797	super	A keyword in java which is used to refer to the immediate parent class object.	84
10481334798	recursion	A programming technique in which a method will call itself to solve a problem. It breaks down the problem into similar sub-problems of the same format.	85
10481334799	Merge Sort	A recursive algorithm that divides the input array each time the method is called. It will divide the array completely, put the data in order, and then merge the array back together.	86
10481334800	ArrayList	A dynamic array that change adjust its size by easily adding and removing objects to the array	87
10481334801	Linear Search	Given a list and an element to search for, return the index of that element in the list.	88
10481334802	Binary Search	This algorithm ( O (log (n)) finds the position of a specified value, or key, within a sorted array. Eliminates half of the array with each iteration of the loop to find the target quickly.	89
10481334803	2D Array	An array that holds a set of arrays. Its data is organized by rows and columns, and usually represents grids, tables, or matrices.	90
10481334804	HashMap	O (n) A data structure that maps a key to a value or multiple values.	91
10481334805	Hashing Algorithm	An algorithm that calculates a unique number based on a key. That number is then used to determine the index where the data is stored.	92
10481334806	Collision	When two keys have the same value in a HashMap.	93

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AP US History Period 4 (1800-1848) Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11

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12407600998	Second Great Awakenings	Religious movement that began in the early decades of the 19th century. Reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment. In the northern states it touched off social reform.	0
12407601033	market revolution	Starting in the early 19th century, produced vast economic growth, mass produced goods.	1
12407601034	Thomas Jefferson	Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809.	2
12407601035	Battle of New Orleans	General Andrew Jackson won this in 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.	3
12407601036	Era of Good Feelings	Term to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics.	4
12407600999	Jacksonian Democracy	The time period 1829 to 1837, also known as the Age of the Common Man.	5
12407601037	Indian Removal Act	President Andrew Jackson supported this. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.	6
12407601038	Romanticism in art and literature	Evoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent.	7
12407601039	Nullification Crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina.	8
12407601040	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.	9
12407601041	cotton gin	This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from plant fibers.	10
12407601042	War Hawks	Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun; argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.	11
12407601000	William Lloyd Garrison	Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."	12
12407601001	Lucretia Mott	Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.	13
12407601043	Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.	14
12407601002	Sectionalism: The North	Largely urban population that worked in factories.	15
12407601003	Sectionalism: The South	Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.	16
12407601004	Sectionalism: The West	Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.	17
12407601005	Democratic-Republicans	Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.	18
12407601006	Federalists	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.	19
12407601007	National Republicans	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.	20
12407601008	Whigs	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.	21
12407601009	Impressment	Practice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.	22
12407601010	Treaty of Ghent	Ended the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.	23
12407601011	Oliver Hazard Perry	"We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Battle of Lake Erie.	24
12407601012	Frances Scott Key	Wrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.	25
12407601044	Monroe Doctrine	Warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas.	26
12407601045	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay; prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30.	27
12407601013	King Andrew	Nickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.	28
12407601046	Nat Turner Rebellion	In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.	29
12407601014	Marbury v. Madison	Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review.	30
12407601047	American System	Henry Clay proposed this to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements	31
12407601048	The Lowell Mill Factory	The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills. They were housed in company dormitories near the mills.	32
12407601049	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848 women's rights movement wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.	33
12407601050	Transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature.	34
12407601051	Trail of Tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.	35
12407601052	Hartford Convention (1814)	A meeting was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812; some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected.	36
12407601015	Panic 1837	Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.	37
12407601016	Martin Van Buren	Became President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.	38
12407601017	Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!	William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.	39
12407601018	Tecumseh	He said, "They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.	40
12407601019	The Prophet	Advocated relocation rather than fighting Americans westward progression in order to preserve remnants of Native culture.	41
12407601020	The Embargo of 1807	Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.	42
12407601021	Macon's Bill no. 2	Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first.	43
12407601022	Adams-Onis Treaty	Grave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens.	44
12407601023	Old Hickory	Nickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.	45
12407601024	Treaty of 1818	Granted the United States join occupation of Oregon with Great Britain.	46
12407601025	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States.	47
12407601026	John Q. Adams	Elected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay.	48
12407601027	The Tariff of 1828	Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing.	49
12407601028	Force Bill	Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.	50
12407601029	Increased Voter Turnout	-elimination of landownership, -increased news circulation, -increased education/literacy -changes to candidate selection	51
12407601030	Henry Clay	Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks.	52
12407601031	Virginia Dynasty	Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe	53
12407601032	Results of the War of 1812	-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party	54

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AP US History Ch. 1 Flashcards

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14718900907	Vasco Núñez de Balboa	1st to see the Pacific ocean by crossing Panama	0
14718900908	Black Legend	Idea that Spainish was more oppressive toward Indians than other Europeans, used as a justification for English imperial expansion	1
14718900909	John Cabot	English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage	2
14718900910	Cahokia	Along Mississippi River 1200AD. Largest settled community until the 1800s. Had 10,000-30,000 people	3
14718900911	Samuel de Champlain	Founded Qubec	4
14718900912	Chistopher Columbus	Found the Americas while looking for a faster route to India	5
14718900913	Columbian Exchange	Exchange of good between Old world and New world	6
14718900914	Encomienda System	Spanish gained ownership of Indian land	7
14718900915	Henry Hudson	English navigator claimed the New York region for Dutch West India Company	8
14718900916	Ferdinand Magellan	First person to circumnavigate the globe	9
14718900918	Peninsulares	Persons of European birth	10
14718900919	Francisco Pizarro	Conquered Inca	11
14718900920	Pueblo Revolt	Led by a Native American, Pope, destroyed Spainish settlement	12
14718900921	Hernando de Soto	First European to see the Mississippi River	13
14718921661	Joint-Stock Company	a company whose stock is owned jointly by the shareholders.	14
14718921662	Treaty of Tordesillas	set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.	15

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Unit 2 AP Psychology Flashcards

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13714567439	biological psychologists	the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.	0
13714567440	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	1
13714567441	dendrites	the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.	2
13714567442	axon	the neuron extension that passes and electrical messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.	3
13714567443	myelin sheath	a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	4
13714567444	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.	5
13714567445	refractory period	a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.	6
13714567446	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.	7
13714567447	all-or-nothing response	a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing.	8
13714567448	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.	9
13714567449	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.	10
13714567450	reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.	11
13714567451	endorphins	"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	12
13714567452	Agonist	A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.	13
13714567453	Antagonists	Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.	14
13714567454	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.	15
13714567455	Central nervous system (CNS)	the brain and the spinal cord	16
13714567456	Peripheral nervous system (PNS)	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body	17
13714567457	nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.	18
13714567458	sensory (afferent) neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.	19
13714567459	motor (efferant) neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.	20
13714567460	interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.	21
13714567461	Somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)	22
13714567462	Autonomic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It's sympathetic system arouses and parasympathetic calms.	23
13714567463	Sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (If you get scared)	24
13714567464	Parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (Your PARents come home and calm you down)	25
13714567465	Reflexes	simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response	26
13714567466	Endocrine system	the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	27
13714567467	Hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues	28
13714567468	Adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress	29
13714567469	Pituitary gland	"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	30
13714567470	Lesion	tissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues	31
13714567471	Electroencephalogram (EEG)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	32
13714567472	CT (computed tomography) scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representaion of a slice through the body. Aslo called a CAT scan	33
13714567473	(PET) Positron emission tomography scan	A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.	34
13714567474	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a TECHNIQUE THAT USES MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE COMPUTER generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues.	35
13714567475	fMRI (functional MRI)	A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.	36
13714567476	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of brain. AKA reticular formation, or reticular activating system. In charge of automatic survival functions	37
13714567477	Medualla	The base of the brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.	38
13714567478	Pons	sleep and arousal	39
13714567479	Thalamus	the brains 'sensory switch board' Located at top of brainstem; directs messages to the sensory areas and transmits them to cerebellum and medulla.	40
13714567480	Reticular Formation	Plays an important role in controlling arousal.	41
13714567481	Cerebellum	"little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions including processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.	42
13714567482	Limbic system	A system of neural structures at the border of brainstem. Associated with emotions like fear, agression, and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the Hippocampus, Amygdala and hypothalamus.	43
13714567483	Amygdala	2Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion. Includes rage and fear.	44
13714567484	Hippocampus	Limbic system. Learning and memory matcher.	45
13714567485	hypothalamous	A neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	46
13714567486	Cerebral cortex	Fabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.	47
13714567487	Glial Cells	Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.	48
13714567488	Frontal Lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.	49
13714567489	Parietal lobes	The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. Receives sensory input for touch and body position.	50
13714567490	Occipital lobes	the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual feild.	51
13714567491	Temporal lobes	The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.	52
13714567492	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.	53
13714567493	somatosensory cortex	the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.	54
13714567516	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	55
13714567494	Plasticity	The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.	56
13714567495	Neurogenesis	Formation of new neurons	57
13714567496	Corpus Callosum	Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.	58
13714567497	Split Brain	A conditioning resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.	59
13714567498	Consciousness	our awareness of ourselves and our environment.	60
13714567499	Cognitive Neuroscience	The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. (including perception, thinking, memory and language.)	61
13714567500	Dual Processing	a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes, The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks	62
13714567501	behavior genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	63
13714567502	environment	every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.	64
13714567503	chromosomes	threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes	65
13714567504	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) .	(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	66
13714567505	genes	the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein	67
13714567506	genome	the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes	68
13714567507	identical twins (monozygotic)	twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms	69
13714567508	fraternal twins (dizygotic)	twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment	70
13714567509	molecular geneticists	subfield of biology that study the molecular structure and function of genes	71
13714567510	heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; this may vary depending on population range and the environment being studied	72
13714567511	interaction	the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)	73
13714567512	epigenetics	The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.	74
13714567513	evolutionary psychologists	The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.	75
13714567514	natural selection	the principle that, among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations	76
13714567515	mutations	A random error in gene replication that leads to a change	77

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AP Government Chapter 3 Flashcards

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14965539759	Federalism	Government authority shared by national and local governments	0
14965539760	"necessary and proper" clause	Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution.	1
14965539761	dual federalism	Doctrine holding tht the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate	2
14965539762	unitary system	sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government, so that the states and localities are dependent on its will	3
14965539763	Confederation	states are sovereign and the national government is allowed to do only that which the states permit	4
14965539764	categorial grants	federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport	5
14965539765	mandates	terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants	6
14965539766	intergovernmental relations	The workings of the federal system- the entire set of interactions among national, state, and local governments.	7
14965539767	Supremacy Clause	Article VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.	8
14965539768	Tenth Amendment	Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states	9
14965539769	McCulloch v. Maryland	Supreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government	10
14965539770	enumerated powers	The powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution.	11
14965539771	implied powers	Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions.	12
14965539772	Elastic Clause	The final paragraph of Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out the enumerated powers.	13
14965539773	Gibbons v. Ogden	Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity.	14
14965539774	full faith and credit	A clause in Article IV of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of all other states.	15
14965539775	Extradition	The legal process by which a fugitive from justice in one state is returned to that state	16
14965539776	privileges and immunities	The provision of the Constitution according citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of other states.	17
14965539777	Cooperative Federalism	A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly.	18
14965539778	Devolution	Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments.	19
14965539779	Fiscal Federalism	The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations with state and local governments.	20
14965539780	project grants	Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications	21
14965539781	formula grants	Federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or in administrative regulations.	22
14965539782	block grants	Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in areas such as community development and social services	23
14965539783	New Federalism	A policy in 1969, that turned over powers and responsibilities of some U.S. federal programs to state and local governments and reduced the role of national government in domestic affairs (states are closer to the people and problems)	24
14965614162	Decentralization	Degree to which decision-making authority is given to state government instead of federal.	25
14965614163	revenue sharing	the distribution of a portion of federal tax revenues to state and local governments.	26
14965614164	U.S. v. Lopez (1995)	Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress' authority to regulate interstate commerce.	27

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AP Unit 1 Biochemistry Flashcards

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14816211762	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	0
14816213961	polar covalent bond	A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally	1
14816215894	hydrogen bond	Attraction of opposite partial charges of neighboring molecules	2
14816226157	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	3
14816230942	surface tension	A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid	4
14816242061	specific heat	The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius	5
14816244337	heat of vaporization	The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas	6
14816247679	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	7
14816250350	Hydrophilic	Attracted to water	8
14816252853	hyrdrophobic	(water fearing) molecules that repel water	9
14816257309	Macromolecules	A very large organic molecule composed of many smaller molecules	10
14816260573	Polymer	A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.	11
14816264133	Monomer	A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers	12
14816268237	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	13
14816270267	Hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	14
14816272200	Carbohydrate	compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body	15
14816282745	Monosaccharides	Single sugar molecules	16
14816284412	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.	17
14816286972	Polysaccharides	Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides	18
14816289240	Starch	A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.	19
14816291435	Glycogen	An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.	20
14816293727	Cellulose	Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.	21
14816297299	Lipid	macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes	22
14816301704	fatty acid	hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid	23
14816309205	Triglycerides	an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.	24
14816311589	saturated fats	hydrocarbon chain of a lipid having no double or triple bonds; fats that are solid at room temperature	25
14816320129	unsaturated fats	hydrocarbon chain of a lipid having 1 or more double or triple bonds; liquid at room temperature	26
14816327108	Phospholipids	a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group; main component of the cell membrane	27
14816333592	catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction	28
14816341655	Polypeptide	A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.	29
14816341656	Protein	A three dimensional polymer made of monomers of amino acids.	30
14816343632	amino acids	monomers of proteins	31
14816345423	primary structure of protein	the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide chain	32
14816348258	secondary structure of protein	alpha helix and beta pleated sheet formed by the hydrogen bonding of the polypeptide backbone	33
14816357374	tertiary structure of protein	3D shape of functional protein folded by the interactions of the R side chain	34
14816373109	Denaturation	In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation (shape), thereby becoming biologically inactive.	35
14816379086	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.	36
14816380995	RNA	A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages	37
14816385610	Pyrimidines	nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids; cytosine, thymine, uracil	38
14816388911	Purines	nitrogenous bases of nucleic acids; Adenine and Guanine	39
14816393025	antiparalell	This term describes the fact that the two strands of a DNA molecule run in opposite directions; one strands runs 5'-3' while the complementary strand runs 3'-5'	40
14816409734	Carbohydrate		41
14816416976	Lipid (triglyceride)		42
14816421161	Lipid (Phospholipid)		43
14816423501	nucleic acid		44
14816426210	Protein		45

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