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Unit 1 AP Review Flashcards

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13592963168Declaration of Independencethe document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain0
13592966172consent of the governedThe idea that government derives its authority from the people.1
13592969788Popular SovereigntyA belief that ultimate power resides in the people.2
13592976098unaleinable rightsLife, liberty and pursuit of happiness3
13592976099Articles of ConfederationA weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.4
13592981121Reasons the Articles of Confederation failedStates had too much power, federal government had no power, federal couldn't tax, no executive5
13592984126U.S. ConstitutionA document that embodies the fundamental laws and principles by which the United States is governed.6
13592991879Electoral CollegeA group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president7
13592995599Commerce ClauseClause stating that Congress can regulate interstate and international commerce.8
13593001963Full Faith and Credit ClauseConstitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state9
13593009475Supremacy ClauseArticle VI of the Constitution, which makes the Constitution, national laws, and treaties supreme over state laws when the national government is acting within its constitutional limits.10
13593028481Anti-FederalistsOpponents of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption.11
13593032471FederalistsA term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.12
13593039954Federalist 10An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic because many interests (factions) exist. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will always be unstable.13
13593047237Brutus 1Essay that argued it is impossible to have a Large republic and have a stable government.14
13593068963Federalisma form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states15
13593071264fiscal ferderalismthe pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government's relations relations with state and local governments16
13593076770Dual FederalismThe belief that having separate and equally powerful levels of government is the best arrangement.17
13593081786Cooperative FederalismA system of government in which powers are shared and blended between states and the national government.18
13593084352block grantsfederal grants-in-aid that allow states considerable discretion in how the funds are spent19
13593089700Category grantsFederal grants that can only be used for specific purposes of state and local spending20
13593092130Judicial ReviewThe power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional21
13593095116Marbury v. MadisonThis case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review22
13593098382McCulloch v. MarylandSupreme Court ruling (1819) confirming the supremacy of national over state government23
13593100590US v. LopezThe Court held that Congress had exceeded its commerce clause power by prohibiting guns in a school zone.24
13593126607Mandatesterms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants25
13593137210Representative Democracya form of democracy in which citizens elect officials to govern on their behalf26
13593144245Pluralismthe theory that all interests are and should be free to compete for influence in the government.27
13593150364elite and class theoryA theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule.28
13593158242Hyperpluralisma theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened29
13593167151policy gridlockA condition that occurs when interests conflict and no coalition is strong enough to form a majority and establish policy, so nothing gets done in government30
13593207555DemocracyA political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them31
13593244215Governmentthe governing body of a nation, state, or community.32
13593247228policy agendaThe issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actively involved in politics at the time.33
13593256852BicameralTwo house legislature34
13593259589Checks and BalancesA system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power35
13593261556Separation of PowersConstitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law36
13593269193U.S. Senatethe upper house of the U.S. Congress with two representatives per state37
13593279141U.S. House of RepresentativesLower House in Congress where its members represent the people of their state, and the total number of representatives is based on the state's population. Has 435 members total.38
13593303450Connecticut CompromiseCompromise agreement by states at the Constitutional Convention for a bicameral legislature with a lower house in which representation would be based on population and an upper house in which each state would have two senators.39
13831028229Civil RightsPolicies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.40
13831034655Political PartiesMain goals are to nominate candidates and win elections41
13831042034Montary PolicyGov's controls nation's money supply and interest rates42
13831047046bureaucratic discretionbureaucrats' use of their own judgement in interpreting and carrying out the laws of Congress43
13831049936judicial activismA judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decisions, even charting new constitutional ground. Advocates of this approach emphasize that the courts can correct pressing needs, especially those unmet by the majoritarian political process.44
13831050947judicial restraintA judicial philosophy in which judges play minimal policymaking roles, leaving that duty strictly to the legislatures45
13831055064incorporation doctrineThe legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its provisions applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.46
13831061835McDonald v. ChicagoSupreme Court case that incorporated the 2nd Amendment right to bear arms to the states47
13831069711Roe vs. Wadethe U.S. supreme Court ruled that there is a fundamental right to privacy, which includes a woman's decision to have an abortion.48
13831072281ReferendumA state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.49
13831075533Amending the ConstitutionNeeds approval of two-thirds of Congress and three-fourths of the states50
13831079069Gideon v. Wainwrighta landmark Supreme Court case that ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.51
13831089421Federalist 51 (Madison)Essay which argued for separation of powers, checks and balances52
13831090989Federalist 78written by Alexander Hamilton; talks about the federal judiciary; judiciary must depend on other two branches to uphold its decisions53
13831096372Federalist 70Essay that argues the US requires a strong, energetic executive; plural executive is dangerous54
13831105674Citizen United v. FECSupreme Court Case that Made it easier for unions and corporations to donate "soft money" because it was protected by the first amendment55
13831114144Shaw vs. Reno1993 SC Decision that struck down redistricting based solely on racial composition56
13831120120Baker vs. CarrThe Supreme Court ruling that all state districts must be equal in population., required that voting district needed to be reapportioned.57
13831123852Engle v. VitaleMandatory prayer in schools is a violation of the establishment clause58
13831126137Wisconsin v. YoderAmish children do not have to go to school until they are 16---they may stop after the 8th grade because in violated the free Exercise Clause59
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AP Spanish Literature - Figuras Literarias Flashcards

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9434735227Epíteto/Pre-adjetivacionColocar delante del nombre un adjetivo que destaca una cualidad suya, ya conocida o supuesta. Ejemplo: oscura noche, blanca nieve, azul cielo0
9434735228RepeticiónEmplear la misma palabra al principio o al final de varias oraciones. Ejemplo: Hay que saber para ver. Hay que sentir para ver.1
9434735229Hipérbole o ExageraciónExagerar las cosas desmesuradamente. Ejemplo: Te lloré todo un rio, te querré hasta el infinito.2
9434735230Personificación o ProsopopeyaDar vida a un ser inanimado o atribuirle cualidades de un ser viviente. Ejemplo: El lápiz gritó al sentir sus gruesos dedos, el cielo y la tierra me sonríen.3
9434735231Antítesis o ContrasteEnfrentar cualidades o hechos opuestos. Ejemplo: Mientras unos trabajaban, otros se divertían.4
9434735232PleonasmoEl uso de más palabras que las necesarias. (verbos) Ejemplo: sube para arriba, baja para abajo, entra para adentro.5
9434735233RetruécanoCombinación y juego de palabras. Estilo característico del estilo de Sor Juana Inés en "Hombres necios" Ej: la que peca por la paga o el que paga por pecar? Ejemplo: El sabio no dice todo lo que planea, pero planea todo lo que dice.6
9434735234HipérbatonInvertir el orden natural de las sintaxis. Ejemplo: De sus ojos lágrimas salían. Volverán del amor en tus oídos las palabras ardientes a sonar;7
9434735235ElipsisSuprimir palabras innecesarias para sobreentender con la practica. Ejemplo: ¡Magnifica tarde! = Hace una tarde magnifica8
9434735236IroníaDecir lo contrario de lo que se siente, pero suponiendo que nuestro interlocutor entiende lo verdadero. (tono) Ejemplo: El maestro a un alumno que llega siempre tarde: Llegaste a tiempo como de costumbre. "buenas noches"9
9434735237ParadojaFigura de pensamiento que consiste en emplear expresiones que aparentemente envuelven contradicción. ""nacer para vivir muriendo" es una paradoja de San Manuel Bueno, mártir10
9434735238PerífrasisHacer un rodeo poético en vez de decirlo con menos palabras. Ejemplo: La primavera de la vida = La juventud11
9434735239Símil o ComparaciónAfirmar que una cosa es parecida a la otra usando tan, como y similar a. Ejemplo: Ella huele como una rosa.12
9434735240MetáforaFigura retórica de pensamiento por medio de la cual una realidad o concepto se expresan por medio de una realidad o concepto diferentes con los que lo representado guarda cierta relación de semejanza. Ejemplo: su cabello de oro, su mirada de león.13
9434735241AliteraciónLa repetición de uno o varios sonidos en una oración o verso, con el fin de imitar un sonido y transmitir una determinada sensación. Ejemplo: En el Silencio Solo Se eScuchaba el SuSurro de la abejaS que Sumbaban Suavemente14
9434735242AnáforaLa repetición de una palabra al inicio de cada frase o de cada verso. Ejemplo: Aquí... Aquí ... Aquí...15
9434735243ParalelismoLa repetición de estructuras sintácticas semejantes. Ejemplo: Era la sed , el hambre, y tu fuiste la fruta. Era el duelo, y las ruinas, y tu fuiste todo.16
9434735244PolisíndetonRepetir las conjuciones en verso o en una oración. Ejemplo: Y sueña, y ama, y vibra. Y es hija del sol.17
9434735245SinécdoqueConsiste en nombrar un fragmento o un sector de algo para la representación del todo. "La parte por el todo y el todo por la parte." Ejemplo: "Lucila cumplió doce primaveras".18
9434735246SinesteciaPercepción de una misma sensación a través de distintos sentidos. Ejemplo: sentí el calor de su mirada. Se hundió en el profundo azul de sus ojos.19
9434735247AlegoríaEs una metáfora extendida y contínua. Ejemplo: La vida son esos ríos que van a dar a la mar, que es el morir.20
9434735248ApóstrofeInvocar seres reales o imaginarios. Ejemplo: ¡Llevadme con vosotras!21
9434735249OnomatopeyaImitación lingüística o representación de un sonido natural o de otro acto acústico. Ejemplo: quack quack, aullar, búho22
9434735250Metonimiala sustitución de un término por otro, basándose en una relación de contigüidad. Ejemplo: Le hizo daño el sol = el calor del sol, ella se compró un Picasso.23
9434735251DisonanciaCombinación de palabras disonantes que resultan desagradables al oído. Ejemplo: tres tristes tigres.24
9434965730San Francisco25
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AP Language Vocab Section 14 Flashcards

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14136222292Blitheadj showing a casual and cheerful indifference0
14136222293Cavalieradj showing a lack of proper concern1
14136222294Culpabilitynoun responsibility for a fault or wrong2
14136222295Excoriateverb criticize severely.3
14136222296Legerdemainnoun deception; trickery. skillful use of hands4
14136222297Noisomeadjective disagreeable; unpleasant. having an extremely offensive smell.5
14136222298Nugatoryadjective useless6
14136222299Pietynoun related to something being religious7
14136222300Procrusteanadjective enforcing uniformity without caring about differences8
14136222301Pyrrhicadjective (of a victory) won at too great a cost to have been worthwhile for the victor.9
14136222302Saturnineadj dark in coloring and moody or mysterious slow and gloomy10
14136222303Sinecurenoun a position requiring little or no work but giving the holder status or financial benefit.11
14136222304Sobriquetnoun a person's nickname12
14136222305Tomenoun a book, especially a large, heavy, scholarly one.13
14136222306Traduceverb speak badly of or tell lies about (someone) so as to damage their reputation.14
14136222307Urbaneadjective suave, courteous, and refined in manner.15
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AP British Literature Flashcards

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14807821067AphorismNoun, Maxim, adage; concise, witty saying0
14807826995FerretVerb intransitive, search around, often doggedly1
14807831145AuspiciousAdjetive, Promising, favorable2
14807833521ImmolateVerb Transitive, sacrifice3
14807834891DisparageVerb Transitive, belittle, slight4
14807836576PerniciousAdjective, destructive, ruinous, injurious5
14807837986AssertiveVerb Transitive, assert; state seriously or positively6
14807847786PlaintiveAdjective, expressing sorrow or melancholy7
14807849395BeguileVerb Transitive, to deceive or delude; charm or divert; pass time pleasantly8
14807861380AntipathyNoun, strong aversion or repugnance9
14807862643commiserateVerb Transitivem sympathize with, console, pity10
14807870877RefectionNoun, food or drink taken for refreshment; a light meal11
14807871491GarretNoun, attic; room just below the sloping roof12
14807873675AugurVerb Transitive/Intransitive, fortell, prophesy13
14807875699LaconicAdjective, using a few words, terse14
14807877776AdjurationNoun, a solemn charge; an ernest entreaty15
14807878434AdmonishVerb Transitive, warn, urge16
14807881781stolidAdjective, having or showing little emotion17
14807882433AdjacentAdjective, lying next to18
14807883121PecuniaryAdjective, involving or pertaining to money19
14807884176OffalNoun, entrails of a butchered animal20
14807886068PorringerNoun, a porridge bowl21
14807886719expostulateVerb Intransitive, reason with someone earnestly, to dissuade or correct22
14807888920LethargyNoun, sluggishness, lack of energy23
14807890090TrepidationNoun, tremulousness; fearful uncertainty or anxiety24
14807891624DeprecateVerb Transitive, feel and express dissapproval of25
14807894029ConvivialAdjective, fond of feasting in good company; sociable26
14807898253MenagerieNoun, a collection of wild animals for display27
14807898741ForayNoun, a sudden attack or raid28
14807899382DebaucheryNoun, extreme indulgence of one's appetites29
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 18 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 18 The Growth of Cities and American Culture, 1865-1900

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15526284055causes of immigrationForces in the United States driving this process were (1) political and religious freedom, (2) economic opportunities in the western U.S. and cities, (3) large steamships offered relatively inexpensive transportation. (p. 361)0
15526284056old immigrantsThrough the 1880s, they came to the United States from northern and western Europe. They were mostly Protestant and had a high-level of literacy. (p. 361)1
15526284057new immigrantsFrom the 1890s to 1914, they came to the United States from southern and eastern Europe. Mostly non-Protestant, poor and illiterate. (p. 361)2
15526284109Statue of LibertyBegan in the 1870's, by the French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi. It opened in New York Harbor, in 1886. (p. 362)3
15526284110Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882It was the first bill regarding immigration. It placed a ban on all new immigrants from China. (p. 362)4
15526284058Immigration Act of 1882In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent. (p. 362)5
15526284059Contract Labor Act of 1885Restricted the immigration of temporary workers, to protect American workers. (p. 362)6
15526284060American Protective AssociationA nativist society that was prejudiced against Roman Catholics. (p. 362)7
15526284111Ellis Island 1892An immigration center opened in 1892 in New York Harbor. (p. 362)8
15526284061melting pot vs. cultural diversityThe historian's term, melting pot, refers to immigrants leaving their old-world characteristics and adopting the United States characteristics. Other historians argue that first-generation immigrants maintained their cultural identity and only the second and third generations were assimilated in the U.S. society. (p. 373)9
15526284062cause of migrationIn the late 1800s, forces driving Europeans to migrate to the United States were (1) Displaced farmworkers by political turmoil and mechanization, (2) Overcrowding due to population boom, (3) Religious persecution. (p. 361)10
15526284063streetcar citiesIn these cities, people lived in residences many miles from their jobs and commuted to work by horse-drawn streetcars. (p. 363)11
15526284064steel-framed buildingsSkyscrapers were made possible by this type of building. The first, was the Home Insurance Company Building in Chicago. It was made possible by a steel skeleton, Otis elevator, and central steam heating system. (p. 363)12
15526284065tenements, povertyAs rich people left residences near the business district, the buildings were often divided into small crowded windowless apartments for the poor. (p. 363)13
15526284066ethnic neighborhoodsDifferent immigrant groups created distinct neighborhoods where they could maintain their distinct identity. (p. 363)14
15526284067residential suburbsBy 1900, suburbs had grown up around every major U.S. city. the United States became the world's first suburban nation. (p. 364)15
15526284112political machines, bossPolitical parties in major cities came under the control of tightly organized groups of politicians, known as political machines. Each machine had its boss, the top politician who gave orders and doled out government jobs. (p. 364)16
15526284068Tammany HallA political machine in New York City, which developed into a power center. (p. 364)17
15526284069urban reformersUrban reformers stated more than 400 settlement houses in the cities. They provided services to help poor immigrants. (p. 365)18
15526284070City Beautiful movementIn the 1890s, this movement included plans to remake America's cities with tree-lined boulevards, public parks, and public cultural attractions. (p. 364)19
15526284113Henry GeorgeA San Francisco journalist who authored "Progress and Poverty" in 1879 that called to attention the failings of laissez-faire capitalism along with the wealth polarization caused by industrialization. (p. 365)20
15526284114Edward BellamyIn 1888, he wrote "Looking Backward", a popular book of social criticism that that envisioned a future that had eliminated poverty, greed, and crime. (p. 365)21
15526284071Jane AddamsIn 1889, she started Hull House in Chicago, which was a settlement house which provide help to immigrants. (p. 365)22
15526284072settlement housesThey provide social services to new immigrants. (p. 365)23
15526284073Social GospelIn the 1880s and 1890s this movement espoused social justice for the poor based on Christian principles. (p. 365)24
15526284115Walter RauschenbuschThe leading figure of the Social Gospel movement, and a New York City minister. (p. 365)25
15526284074Cardinal GibbonsA Roman Catholic leader who supported organized labor. (p. 366)26
15526284116Dwight MoodyHe founded Moody Bible Institute, in 1889. It helped generations of urban evangelists to adapt traditional Christianity to city life. (p. 366)27
15526284117Salvation ArmyImported from England in 1879, this charity provided the basic necessities of life for the homeless and the poor while also preaching Christian Gospel. (p. 366)28
15526284075family size; divorceFamily size continued to drop as more people moved from the farms to the cities. Children were needed to do work on farms, but in the city they did not provide that advantage. Divorce rates increased as the legal grounds for divorce became more lenient. (p. 366)29
15526284076Susan B. Anthony, NAWSAIn 1890, one of the founders of the National American Womens Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which worked to secure voting rights for women. (p. 366)30
15526284077Francis Willard, WCTULeader of the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) which advocated total abstinence from alcohol. (p. 367)31
15526284078Antisaloon LeagueIn 1893, this organization became a powerful political force and by 1916 had persuaded twenty one states to close down all saloons and bars. (p. 367)32
15526284079Carrie NationShe raided saloons and smashed barrels of beer with a hatchet. (p. 367)33
15526284080kindergartenIn the late 1800s, the practice of sending children to kindergarten became popular. (p. 367)34
15526284081public high schoolIn the late 1800s, there was growing support for tax-supported public high schools. (p. 367)35
15526284082college elective systemIn the late 1800s, colleges started reducing the number of required courses and offered more elective courses. These were courses students could choose, and this increased the number of foreign language and science courses. (p. 368)36
15526284083Johns Hopkins UniversityThis university was founded in Baltimore in 1876, the first to specialize in advanced graduate studies. (p. 368)37
15526284084new social sciencesNew fields such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science emerged. (p 368)38
15526284085Richard T. ElyHe attacked laissez-faire economic thought as dogmatic and outdated and used economics to study labor unions and trusts. (p. 368)39
15526284118Oliver Wendell HolmesHe taught that law should evolve with the times and not be bound by previous precedents or decisions. (p. 368)40
15526284119Clarence DarrowA famous lawyer, he argued that criminal behavior could be caused by an environment of poverty, neglect, and abuse. (p. 368)41
15526284086W.E.B. Du BoisA leading black intellectual, he advocated for equality for blacks, integrated schools, and equal access to higher education. (p. 368)42
15526284087realism, naturalismMark Twain became the first realist author and his books often showed the greed, violence, and racism in American society. Authors known for their naturalism focused in how emotions and experience shaped human experience. (p. 369)43
15526284120Mark TwainThe first great realist author, he is famous for his classic "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn". (p. 369)44
15526284121Stephen CraneHe wrote in the 1890s about the human condition. His books included "Maggie: A Girl in the Streets" and the "Red Badge of Courage". (p. 369)45
15526284122Jack LondonHe wrote about the conflict between man and nature in books such as "The Call of the Wild". (p. 369)46
15526284123Theodore DreiserThe author of "Sister Carrie". Notable for its naturalism and controversy, as it ran contrary to the moral undercurrents of 1900. (p. 369)47
15526284124Winslow HomerThe foremost American painter of seascapes and watercolors. (p. 369)48
15526284125Thomas EakinsSpecialized in the painting of the working class and used serial-action photographs to study human anatomy. (p. 369)49
15526284088ImpressionismA painting technique that originating in France. (p. 370)50
15526284126James WhistlerAn American expat, he painted Arrangement in Grey and Black, popularly known as Whistler's Mother. It was a quintessential example of his study of color rather than subject. (p. 370)51
15526284127Mary CassattAn American impressionist painter known as a portrait painter. She spent much of her life in France. (p. 370)52
15526284089Ashcan SchoolAround 1900, they painted scenes of everyday life in poor urban neighborhoods. (p. 370)53
15526284090Armory ShowA New York painting exhibit in 1913 that featured abstract paintings. (p. 370)54
15526284091abstract artNon-representational art, not accepted by Americans until the 1950s. (p. 370)55
15526284128Henry Hobson RichardsonHis architectural designs of the 1870s, based on the Romanesque style, gave a gravity and stateliness to functional commercial buildings. (p. 370)56
15526284092Romanesque styleThis architecture style featured massive stone walls and rounded arches. (p. 370)57
15526284129Louis SullivanHe rejected historical architecture and focused on tall, steel-framed office buildings. He focused on building a form that followed function. A member of the Chicago School. (p. 370)58
15526284093form follows functionThe form of the building flowed from its function. (p. 370)59
15526284130Frank Lloyd WrightThe most famous architect of the 20th century, he developed an organic style that made his buildings fit in with their natural surroundings. (p. 370)60
15526284094organic architectureAn architectural style in which the building was in harmony with its natural surroundings. (p. 370)61
15526284095Frederick Law OlmstedThe originator of landscape architecture, he designed Central Park and grounds of the U.S. Capitol. (p. 371)62
15526284096growth of leisure timeThe growth of leisure time activities was a result of the reduction of work hours, improved transportation, advertizing, and the decline of restrictive values. (p. 371)63
15526284131John Philip SousaHe wrote a series of popular marches played in small town bandstands across the country. (p. 371)64
15526284132jazz, blues, ragtimeA form of music that combined African rhythms and western-style instruments and mixed improvisation with a structured band format. (p. 371)65
15526284097Jelly Roll MortonA famous African American jazz musician from New Orleans. (p. 371)66
15526284133Scott JoplinA black composer notable for his contribution to ragtime. He sold over one million copies of his song "Maple Leaf Rag". (p 371)67
15526284098mass circulation newspapersLarge circulation newspapers had been around since 1830, but the first to exceed one million subscribers was Joseph Pulitzer's New York World. (p. 371)68
15526284134Joseph PulitzerHe established the first newspaper to exceed over one million in circulation by filling it with sensational stories of crime and disaster. (p. 317)69
15526284135William Randolph HearstA newspaper publisher whose introduction of large headlines and sensational reporting changed American journalism. (p. 371)70
15526284099Ladies Home JournalBy the 1880s, advertising and new printing technology lead to this magazine which sold for only 10 cents. (p. 371)71
15526284100circus trainsThe national rail network made possible traveling circuses. (p. 371)72
15526284101Barnum & Bailey, Greatest Show on EarthA traveling circus that was very popular. (p. 371)73
15526284102Buffalo Bill Wild West ShowWilliam F. Cody brought this show to urban populations. (p. 372)74
15526284103spectator sports, boxing, baseballIn the late 19th century professional sports started. (p.372)75
15526284104amateur sports, bicycling, tennisThese were late 19th century sports of the middle and upper classes. (p. 372)76
15526284105social class and discriminationIn the late 19th century, sports such as golf and tennis became popular with wealth members of athletic clubs. The very rich pursued polo and yachting. (p. 372)77
15526284106country clubs, golf, polo, yachtsThese were late 19th century sports of the wealthy. (p. 372)78
15526284107corner saloon, pool hallsIn the late 19th century, young single men often centered their lives around these establishments. (p. 372)79
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AP Bio Ch49 Flashcards

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146897060164 Main Levels Ecologists Work onOrganism, Population,Community,Global0
14689707745Bitoicany living thing1
14689709068Abioticnon living things like the sun, rain,soil,winds2
14689713325How do Ocean Gyres work?The warm water with nutrients floats up and eventually turns cold and carries oxygen back down3
14689717664Lake TurnoverThe yearly rising and sinking of cold and warm water layers in a lake to distribute nutrients4
14689719491Thermoclinea gradient of temperatures5
14689721026Stratficationwhen distinct tempature sections form6
14689728087WinterStratfication occurs and and nutrients are kept on the bottom7
14689731048Springturnover occurs and warm waters move down with oxygen when it becomes densest at 4 degrees C8
14689732915Summerstratification happens again9
14689735518Fallturnover occurs and warm waters move down with oxygen when it becomes densest at 4 degrees10
14689748521Productivityhow much biomass is created11
14689750587Detrirusocean debris made of dead organic matter12
14689752516planktonsmall ocean organisms that supply energy to many organsisms13
14689755961Eustarywhere freshwater and saltwater meets14
14689757870Wetlandan area where the soil is mostly flooded15
14689759022Deserthas very little perciptation and very hot tempatures ecespically in the middle of the year16
14689761635TundraHas very little perciptation and has below freezing tempatures for most of the year17
14689768727GrasslandsHave even percipatation and mild tempatures18
14689770581Rain ForestHas a lot of perciptation in begining of the year and a consistant tempature19
14689774625weathershort term sunlight, rain,and atmospheric changes20
14689776939climatelong term weather conditions in a certian location21
14689779821Bio masstotal mass of organisms22
14689779822NPPNet primary productivity which is the rate producers make energy -amount of energy they use = amount of energy left for other organisms23
14689785755Hadley CellAt equator the air is hot and has water, it goes up into space and gets cold releasing water on the equator rainforests which now have warm air again and can pick up water from the 30 degree deserts24
14689791647Cornelius Effectthe deflection of currents away from their original course as a result of Earth's rotation25
14689795450Why are the poles cold?Poles are cold because sunlight hits them on an angle instead of directly26
14689797485Rain shadowAir coming off oceans collect water and rains on the mountian as its air rises and cools and leaving areas on the other side of the mountain dry(desert)27
14689804391Why are tempatures cooler next to bodies of water?The specfic heat of water is used to control the lands tempature so by living next to a body of water you will feel cooler because the water in the body of water is absorbing your heat28
14689808954Biogeographydistrubution of plants and animals.29
14689810493Thermus aquaticuslives in hot springs because it has evoloved to do that way, that is its niche enviorment30
14689810494NicheFull range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions31
14689813300fitness trade-offtwo traits that cannot be optimized simultaneously, an organism cannot be able to live in both extremes32
14689817921Wallace LineIn sumatara there is a line that divides asian animals and australian animals because before australia broke off of that section, there was a rift where that line was which never complelty froze over and australian animals could not cross it33
14689819244Exotic Speciesnew to an area34
14689819245invasive speciesan exotic species who survived and reproduced35
14689821303Biotic factors limiting dispearlpredators, food competition,mate compititon36
14689826332Abiotic factors limiting dispearlTerrain, precipitation, temperature, atm P37
14689833813photic zonewhere life reaches organisms water38
14689833814aphotic zonewhere life doesnt reach organsisms in water39
14689836034Turbididtycloudiness of water40
14689844507# of Organisms vs. TempBell curve where Organisms will peak at niche41
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AP US History Chapter 8 Flashcards

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15350368410Second Continental Congress-This meeting included delegates from all 13 colonies who met up in Philadelphia to discuss new appeals to the king to go back to the ways before the French and Indian War -In addition, the delegates adopted measures ton raise money and to create an army and a navy0
15350408700George Washington-Given the role of heading the army for the Revolutionary War at the ripe age of forty three -He was a planter from Virginia who had never risen above the rank of a colonel in the militia, but his patience, courage, and self-discipline gave him his new role -The choice was also political as the colonies were already jealous of one another, so having a commander who was already wealthy would not increase overall jealousy1
15350541233Battle of Bunker Hill-The first major battle of the American Revolution that showed that the Americans could hold their own -The battle was actually fought on Breed's Hill, and although the British had more casualties, they stayed in control of the hill2
15350575345Olive Branch Petition-The Continental Congress create this that pleads loyalty to the crown and begged the British to prevent any further hostiles, but King George was completely against it following what had occurred at Bunker Hill that same year3
15350606875Hessians-German troops that had been payed by the British to come support them in the war effort against the Americans -They were called this name by the American colonists, and some were more in it for the money than the fighting and ended up staying in America after the war4
15350695524American Attack on Canada-After rumors that the British were going to use parts of Canada as a base, the Americans decided that they wanted to beat them to it and launched an attack on Quebec with the goal of creating a fourteenth colony -However, the colonists failed after General Richard Montgomery died during the battle and retreated5
15350755672Reasons for Americans Denying Independence-Some Americans felt that they were apart of a transatlantic community with the mother country leading -Open rebellion was very dangerous, with the Irish rebels being hung, slaughtered, and quartered, and they feared that they would be given worse punishment6
15350817608Final Reasons for American Separation from Britain-The British burning Falmouth and Norfolk jolted open the eyes of the Americans that the British were serious about war -Likewise, the British hiring of German Hessians to support the war effort also woke the colonists up to the truth7
15350863050Common Sense-Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that stated that the colonies should separate from Great Britain and not try to reconcile -The pamphlet proved to be very convincing to the colonists that they should want independence, and the ideas overall were the first of American foreign policy8
15350926170Thomas Paine-Author of the pamphlet Common Sense -He was passionate about the idea of republicanism, with power flowing from the people themselves and not a monarch, but some were against it due to it ending hereditary aristocracy9
15355851000Richard Lee's Resolution-"These United Colonies are, and right ought to be, free and independent states" -First thing written down for independence, but needed more10
15355851001Thomas Jefferson-Wrote the Declaration of Independence, despite being young and youthful, and was a brilliant writer -His document would inspire other countries around the world to revolt, "the shout heard around the world"11
15355851002Loyalists-Also called tories, these people were living in the American colonies but supported the British in the war effort -They were usually older and wealthier, and made up about 16% of the American population and least common in New England -African Americans who identified this way were given the opportunity for freedom if they helped the British effort, but some were betrayed and forced back into slavery -Whites who identified this way either moved back to Britain or Canada, but most stayed in America and were considered traitors12
15363357384Loyalist Persecution-Loyalists were persecuted for their beliefs and ideals in the following ways: -Their property was confiscated and sold -Taring and Feathering, handled roughly -Thrown into jail -Sentenced to death, notably hanging13
15376307417Crossing the Delaware-Brilliant strategy by General Washington to move his men away from the impending capture by British forces and set up an attack on Trenton, New Jersey on the early morning of Christmas, capturing lots of Hessians -Overall, shows Washington at his military best14
15376307418Battle of Saratoga-American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution -Allowed the French to want to give foreign aid to the Americans15
15388247016France in the American Revolution-France became an ally for the Americans as a way to get back at the British for winning the French and Indian War -Although originally just supplying weapons and gun powder, the Battle of Saratoga and the Declaration of Independence proved that the Americans were willing to fight, and so they started giving in troops16
15388247017Treaty of Paris 1783-This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, with the British having to recognize America as independent, giving America land all the way to the Mississippi -In addition, the Americans had to promise the British that they would not persecute Loyalists, and recommend to Congress that Loyalist property be restored -Brings forth independence in America, a brand new age for the young country17
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