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| 14645816046 | North America |  | 0 | |
| 14645819227 | Latin America |  | 1 | |
| 14645820483 | North Africa |  | 2 | |
| 14645825493 | West Africa |  | 3 | |
| 14645828077 | Central Africa |  | 4 | |
| 14645832702 | South Africa |  | 5 | |
| 14645834558 | East Africa |  | 6 | |
| 14645836276 | Middle Eastern |  | 7 | |
| 14645837392 | South Asia |  | 8 | |
| 14645838604 | East Asia |  | 9 | |
| 14645841594 | Central Asia |  | 10 | |
| 14645842867 | Southeast Asia |  | 11 |
| 10929136523 | Patrick Henry | A lawyer who often spoke moving speeches in the House of Burgesses against British policies | 0 | |
| 10929136524 | Stamp Act Congress | A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance. | 1 | |
| 10929136525 | Sons and Daughters of Liberty | Organizations that led protests, helped American soldiers, instated a boycott, and generally resisted the British. | 2 | |
| 10929136526 | John Dickenson | Philadelphia lawyer; reacted to "external" duties of Townshend Acts in Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer with argument that external taxation was legal only when designed to regulate trade, not raise a revenue | 3 | |
| 10929136527 | Samuel Adams | American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence | 4 | |
| 10929136528 | James Otis | A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act. | 5 | |
| 10929136529 | Massachusetts Circular Letter | A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter | 6 | |
| 10929136530 | Committees of Correspondence | Group organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. | 7 | |
| 10929136531 | Intolerable Acts | series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party | 8 | |
| 10929136532 | Whigs | conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. | 9 | |
| 10929136533 | Parliament | Britain's law-making assembly | 10 | |
| 10929136534 | Salutary Neglect | An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies | 11 | |
| 10929136535 | Lord Frederick North | New prime minister of Britain, urged Parliment to repeal the Townshend Acts | 12 | |
| 10929136536 | Pontiac's Rebellion | 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. | 13 | |
| 10929136537 | Proclamation of 1763 | the British government forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. | 14 | |
| 10929136538 | Seven Years War | It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions. | 15 | |
| 10929136539 | Albany Plan of Union | plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown | 16 | |
| 10929136540 | Edward Braddock | A British commander during the French and Indian War. He attempted to capture Fort Duquesne in 1755. He was defeated by the French and the Indians. At this battle, He was mortally wounded. | 17 | |
| 10929136541 | George Washington | Led Virginia troops in first battle of the French and Indian War | 18 | |
| 10929136542 | Peace of Paris (1763) | Ended the Seven Year's War, France had to abandon all claim to North America; Great Britain received Canada and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, Spain got back the Philippine Islands and Cuba, but had to cede East and West Florida to England | 19 | |
| 10929136543 | Sugar Act | (1764) British deeply in debt after the French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses | 20 | |
| 10929136544 | Quartering Act | 1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies. | 21 | |
| 10929136545 | Stamp Act | 1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. | 22 | |
| 10929136546 | Declaratory Act | Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever." | 23 | |
| 10929136547 | Townshend Acts | A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea | 24 | |
| 10929136548 | writ of assistance | legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled | 25 | |
| 10929136549 | Tea Act | 1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party. | 26 | |
| 10929136550 | Coercive Acts | 1. port act closed the port of boston until the tea was paid for. 2. MA Gov't act reduced the power of the MA legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. 3. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. 4. expanded the quartering act to enable british troops to be quartered in private homes--applied to all colonies. | 27 | |
| 10929136551 | Quebec Act | Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies. | 28 | |
| 10929136552 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | 29 | |
| 10929136553 | Deism | A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. | 30 | |
| 10929136554 | Rationalism | A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response | 31 | |
| 10929136555 | John Locke | 17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. | 32 | |
| 10929136556 | Jean-Jacques Rousseau | A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy | 33 |
| 15312538272 | Judiciary Act of 1789 | Established a federal district court in each state and 3 circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say. | 0 | |
| 15312538273 | Bill of Rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution, officially ratified in 1791. The amendments safeguard fundamental personal rights, including freedom of speech and religion, and mandate legal procedures, such as trial by jury. | 1 | |
| 15312538274 | Report on the Public Credit | Alexander Hamilton's 1790 report recommending that the federal government should assume all state debts and fund the national debt — that is, offer interest on it rather than repaying it — at full value. Hamilton's goal was to make the new country creditworthy, not debt-free. | 2 | |
| 15312538275 | Bank of the United States | A bank chartered in 1790 and jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. A. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government fund, and issuing bills of credit. | 3 | |
| 15312538276 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal by treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton in 1791 calling for the federal government to urge the expansion of American manufacturing while imposing tariffs on foreign imports. | 4 | |
| 15312538277 | Proclamation of Neutrality | Issued in 1793 by President Washington, this allowed US citizens to trade with all belligerents of the european war. As neutral carriers, American merchant ships claimed a right to pass through Britain's naval blockade of French ports and American firms quickly took over the lucrative sugar trade between France and its West Indian Islands. | 5 | |
| 15312538278 | Whiskey Rebellion | A protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government; Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy (led an army to put down the rebellion) | 6 | |
| 15312538279 | Jay's Treaty | A 1795 treaty between the US and Britain that accepted Britain right to stop neutral ships. In return, Americans were allowed to submit claims for illegal seizures. Britain withdrew form the Northwest Territory. | 7 | |
| 15312538280 | XYZ Affair | A 1797 incident which American negotiators in France were rebuffed for refusing to pay a substantial bribe. the incident led to an undeclared war that curtailed American trade with the French West Indies. | 8 | |
| 15312538281 | Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts | Three laws passed in 1798: The Naturalization Act lengthened the residency requirement for citizenship, The Alien Act authorized the deportation of foreigners, and The Sedition prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or Congress. | 9 | |
| 15312538282 | Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Resolutions of 1798 condemning the Alien and Sedition Acts that were submitted to the federal government by the Virginia and Kentucky state legislatures. The resolutions tested the idea that state legislatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify them. | 10 | |
| 15312538283 | Treaty of Greenville | A 1795 treaty between the United States and various Indian tribes in Ohio. American negotiators acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and, in return for various payments, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio to the United States. | 11 | |
| 15312538284 | Marbury vs. Madison | A Supreme Court case that established the concept of judicial review in finding that parts of the Judiciary Act of 1789 were in conflict with the Constitution. | 12 | |
| 15312538285 | Louisiana Purchase | 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. | 13 | |
| 15312538286 | Embargo Act of 1807 | An act of Congress that prohibited U.S. ships from traveling to foreign ports and effectively banned overseas trade in an attempt to deter Britain from halting U.S. ships at sea. The embargo caused grave hardships for Americans engaged in overseas commerce. | 14 | |
| 15312538287 | Battle of Tippecanoe | Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812. | 15 | |
| 15312538288 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | 16 | |
| 15312538289 | McCulloch vs. Maryland | 1819 Supreme Court decision that established the supremacy of the national government over state governments; in deciding this case, Chief Justice John Marshall and his colleagues held that Congress had certain implied powers in addition to enumerated powers found in the Constitution | 17 | |
| 15312538290 | Adams-Onis Treaty | Settled border disputes with Spain, US got Florida, US gave up claims to what is now northern Texas, clarified boundary of Louisiana Territory | 18 | |
| 15312538291 | Monroe Doctrine | A declaration by the President in 1823 that warned European powers to keep out of the Western Hemisphere and pledged that the United States would not intervene in the internal affairs of Europe. | 19 | |
| 15312755766 | French Revolution | A 1789 revolution in France that was initially welcomed by most Americans because it abolished gradualism and established a constitutional monarchy, but eventually came to seem too radical for many...created controversy over the First French Republic | 20 | |
| 15312755767 | Jacobins | A political faction in the French Revolution...many Americans embraced the democratic ideology of the radical Jacobins and, like them, formed political clubs and began to address one another as "citizen' | 21 | |
| 15312755768 | Haitian Revolution | The 1791 conflict involving diverse Haitian participants and armies from three European countries. At its end, Haiti became a free, independent nation in which former slaves were citizens. | 22 |
AP Microeconomics vocab from 5 Steps to a 5 Book
| 13429986650 | Economics | The study of how people, firms, and societies use their scarce productive resources to best satisfy their unlimited material wants. | 0 | |
| 13429986651 | Resources | Factors of production, 4 categories: labor, physical capital, land/natural resources, and entrepreneurial ability | 1 | |
| 13429986652 | Scarcity | The imbalance between limited productive resources and unlimited human wants | 2 | |
| 13429986653 | Opportunity Cost | The most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision | 3 | |
| 13429986654 | Marginal Benefit (MB) | The additional benefit received from the consumption of the next unit of a good or service | 4 | |
| 13429986655 | Marginal Cost (MC) | The additional cost incurred from the consumption of the next unit of a good or a service | 5 | |
| 13429986656 | Marginal Analysis | The rational decision maker chooses an action if MB ≥ MC | 6 | |
| 13429986657 | Law of Increasing Costs | The more of a good that is produced, the greater the opportunity cost of producing the next unit of that good | 7 | |
| 13429986658 | Absolute Advantage | Exists if a producer can produce more of a good than all other producers | 8 | |
| 13429986659 | Comparative Advantage | Exists if a producer can produce a good at lower opportunity cost than all other producers | 9 | |
| 13429986660 | Specialization | When firms focus their resources on production of goods for which they have comparative advantage | 10 | |
| 13429986661 | Productive Efficiency | Production of maximum output for a given level of technology and resources. All points on the PPF are productively efficient | 11 | |
| 13429986662 | Allocative Efficiency | Production of the combination of goods and services that provides the most net benefit to society. The optimal quantity of a good is achieved when the MB = MC of the next unit and only occurs at one point on the PPF | 12 | |
| 13429986663 | Economic Growth | Occurs when an economy's production possibilities increase. This can be a result of more resources, better resources, or improvements in technology. | 13 | |
| 13429986664 | Market Economy (Capitalism) | An economic system based upon the fundamentals of private property, freedom, self-interest, and prices | 14 | |
| 13429986665 | Law of Demand | Holding all else equal, when the price of a good rises, consumers decrease their quantity demanded for that good | 15 | |
| 13429986666 | Absolute prices | The price of a good measured in units of currency | 16 | |
| 13429986667 | Relative Prices | The number of units of any other good Y that must be sacrificed to acquire good X. Only relative prices matter | 17 | |
| 13429986668 | Substitution Effect | The change in quantity demanded resulting from a change in the price of one good relative to other goods | 18 | |
| 13429986669 | Income Effect | The change in quantity demanded that results from a change in the consumer's purchasing power (or real income) | 19 | |
| 13429986670 | Determinants of Demand | Consumer income, prices of substitute and complementary goods, consumer tastes and preferences, consumer speculation, and number of buyers in the market all influence demand | 20 | |
| 13429986671 | Normal Goods | A good for which higher income increases demand | 21 | |
| 13429986672 | Inferior Goods | A good for which higher income decreases demand | 22 | |
| 13429986673 | Substitute Goods | Two goods are consumer substitutes if they provide essentially the same utility to consumers | 23 | |
| 13429986674 | Complementary Goods | Two goods are consumer complements if they provide more utility when consumed together than when consumed separately | 24 | |
| 13429986675 | Law of Supply | Holding all else equal, when the price of a good rises, suppliers increase their quantity supplied for that good | 25 | |
| 13429986676 | Determinants of Supply | Costs of inputs, technology and productivity, taxes/subsidies, producer speculation, price of other goods that could be produced, and number of sellers all influence supply | 26 | |
| 13429986677 | Market Equilibrium | Exists at the point where the quantity supplied equals the quantity demanded | 27 | |
| 13429986678 | Shortage | Excess demand; a shortage exists at a market price when the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied | 28 | |
| 13429986679 | Surplus | Excess supply; exists at a market price when the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded. | 29 | |
| 13429986680 | Total Welfare | The sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus | 30 | |
| 13429986681 | Consumer surplus | The difference between your willingness to pay and the price you actually pay. It is the area below the demand curve and above the price | 31 | |
| 13429986682 | Producer surplus | The difference between the price received and the marginal cost of producing the good. It is the area above the supply curve and under the price | 32 | |
| 13429986683 | Price elasticity | Ed = (%dQd)/(%dP). Ignore negative sign | 33 | |
| 13429986684 | Price elastic demand | Ed > 1, meaning consumers are price sensitive | 34 | |
| 13429986685 | Price inelastic demand | Ed < 1 | 35 | |
| 13429986686 | Unit elastic demand | Ed = 1 | 36 | |
| 13429986687 | Perfectly inelastic | Ed = 0, no response to price change | 37 | |
| 13429986688 | Perfectly elastic | Ed = ∞, infinite change in demand to price change | 38 | |
| 13429986689 | Determinants of elasticity | Substitutes, cost as percentage of income, and time to adjust to price changes all influence price elasticity | 39 | |
| 13429986690 | Total Revenue | TR = P * Qd | 40 | |
| 13429986691 | Total Revenue Test | Total revenue rises with a price increase if demand is price inelastic and falls with a price increase if demand is price elastic | 41 | |
| 13429986692 | Income Elasticity | Ei = (%dQd good X)/(%d Income) | 42 | |
| 13429986693 | Luxury | Ei > 1 | 43 | |
| 13429986694 | Necessity | 0 < Ei < 1 | 44 | |
| 13429986695 | Cross-Price Elasticity of Demand | Ex,y = (%dQd good X) / (%d Price Y). If Ex,y > 0, goods X and Y are substitutes. If Ex,y < 0, goods X and Y are complementary | 45 | |
| 13429986696 | Price Elasticity of Supply | Es = (%dQs) / (%dPrice) | 46 | |
| 13429986697 | Excise Tax | A per unit tax on production results in a vertical shift in the supply curve by the amount of the tax | 47 | |
| 13429986698 | Incidence of Tax | The proportion of the tax paid by the consumers in the form of a higher price for the taxed good is greater if demand for the good is inelastic and supply is elastic | 48 | |
| 13429986699 | Dead Weight Loss | The lost net benefit to society caused by a movement away from the competitive market equilibrium | 49 | |
| 13429986700 | Subsidy | Has opposite effect of an excise tax, as it lowers the marginal cost of production, forcing the supply curve down | 50 | |
| 13429986701 | Price floor | A legal minimum price below which the product cannot be sold. If a floor is installed at some level above the equilibrium price, it creates a permanent surplus | 51 | |
| 13429986702 | Price Ceiling | A legal maximum price above which the product cannot be sold. If a floor is installed at some level above the equilibrium price, it creates a permanent shortage | 52 | |
| 13429986703 | Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility | The marginal utility from consumption of more and more of that item falls over time | 53 | |
| 13429986704 | Constrained Utility Maximization | For one good, constrained by prices and income, a consumer stops consuming a good when the price paid for the next unit is equal to the marginal benefit received | 54 | |
| 13429986705 | Utility Maximizing Rule | MUx / Px = MUy/Py or MUx/MUy = Px/Py | 55 | |
| 13429986706 | Accounting Profit | The difference between total revenue and total explicit costs | 56 | |
| 13429986707 | Economic Profit | The difference between total revenue and total explicit and implicit costs | 57 | |
| 13429986708 | Explicit costs | Direct, purchased, out-of-pocket costs paid to resource suppliers provided by the entrepreneur | 58 | |
| 13429986709 | Implicit costs | Indirect, non-purchased, or opportunity costs of resources provided by the entrepreneur | 59 | |
| 13429986710 | Short run | A period of time too short to change the size of the plant, but many other, more variable resources can be changed to meet demand | 60 | |
| 13429986711 | Long Run | A period of time long enough to alter the plant size. New firms can enter the industry and existing firms can liquidate and exit | 61 | |
| 13429986712 | Production function | The mechanism for combining production resources, with existing technology, into finished goods and services | 62 | |
| 13429986713 | Fixed inputs | Production inputs that cannot be changed in the short run. Usually this is the plant size or capital | 63 | |
| 13429986714 | Variable inputs | Production inputs that the firm can adjust in the short run to meet changes in demand for their output. Often this is labor and/or raw materials | 64 | |
| 13429986715 | Total Product of Labor (TPL) | The total quantity, or total output of a good produced at each quantity of labor employed | 65 | |
| 13429986716 | Marginal Product of Labor (MPL) | The change in total product resulting from a change in the labor input. MPL = dTPL/dL, or the slope of total product | 66 | |
| 13429986717 | Average Product of Labor (APL) | Total product divided by labor employed. APL = TPL/L | 67 | |
| 13429986718 | Total Fixed Costs (TFC) | Costs that do not vary with changes in short-run output. They must be paid even when output is zero. | 68 | |
| 13429986719 | Total variable costs (TVC) | Costs that change with the level of output. If output is zero, so are TVCs. | 69 | |
| 13429986720 | Average Fixed Cost (AFC) | AFC = TFC/Q | 70 | |
| 13429986721 | Average Variable Cost (AVC) | AVC = TVC/Q | 71 | |
| 13429986722 | Average Total Cost (ATC) | ATC = TC/Q = AFC + AVC | 72 | |
| 13429986723 | Economies of Scale | The downward part of the LRAC curve where LRAC falls as plan size increases. This is the result of specialization, lower cost of inputs, or other efficiencies of larger scale. | 73 | |
| 13429986724 | Constant Returns to Scale | Occurs when LRAC is constant over a variety of plant sizes | 74 | |
| 13429986725 | Diseconomies of Scale | The upward part of the LRAC curve where LRAC rises as plant size increases. This is usually the result of the increased difficulty of managing larger firms, which results in lost efficiency and rising per unit costs. | 75 | |
| 13429986726 | Perfect competition | Characterized by many small price-taking firms producing a standardized product in an industry in which there are no barriers to entry or exit | 76 | |
| 13429986727 | Profit Maximizing Rule | All firms maximize profit by producing where MR = MC | 77 | |
| 13429986728 | Break-even Point | The output where ATC is minimized and economic profit is zero | 78 | |
| 13429986729 | Shutdown Point | The output where AVC is minimized. If the price falls below this point, the firm chooses to shut down or produce zero units in the short run | 79 | |
| 13429986730 | Perfectly competitive long-run equilibrium | Occurs when there is no more incentive for firms to enter or exit. P=MR=MC=ATC and profit = 0 | 80 | |
| 13429986731 | Normal Profit | Another way of saying that firms are earning zero economic profits or a fair rate of return on invested resources | 81 | |
| 13429986732 | Constant cost industry | Entry (or exit) of firms does not shift the cost curves of firms in the industry | 82 | |
| 13429986733 | Increasing Cost Industry | Entry of new firms shifts the cost curves for all firms upward | 83 | |
| 13429986734 | Decreasing Cost industry | Entry of new firms shifts the cost curves for all firms downward | 84 | |
| 13429986735 | Monopoly | The least competitive market structure, characterized by a single producer, with no close substitutes, barriers to entry, and price making power | 85 | |
| 13429986736 | Market power | The ability to set the price above the perfectly competitive level | 86 | |
| 13429986737 | Natural Monopoly | The case where economies of scale are so extensive that it is less costly for one firm to supply the entire range of demand | 87 | |
| 13429986738 | Monopoly long-run equilibrium | Pm > MR = MC, which is not allocatively efficient and dead weight loss exists. Pm > ATC, which is not productively efficient. Profit > 0 so consumer surplus is transferred to the monopolist as profit | 88 | |
| 13429986739 | Price discrimination | The practice of selling essentially the same good to different groups of consumers at different prices | 89 | |
| 13429986740 | Monopolistic competition | A market structure characterized by a few small firms producing a differentiated product with easy entry into the market | 90 | |
| 13429986741 | Monopolistic competition long-run equilibrium | Pmc < MR = MC and Pmc > minimum ATC so outcome is not efficient, but profit = 0. | 91 | |
| 13429986742 | Excess Capacity | The difference between the monopolistic competition output Qmc and the output at minimum ATC. Excess capacity is underused plant and equipment | 92 | |
| 13429986743 | Oligopoly | A very diverse market structure characterized by a small number of interdependent large firms, producing a standardized or differentiated product in a market with a barrier to entry | 93 | |
| 13429986744 | Four-firm concentration ratio | A measure of industry market power. Sum the market share of the four largest firms and a ratio above 40% is a good indicator of oligopoly | 94 | |
| 13429986745 | Non-collusive oligopoly | Models where firms are competitive rivals seeking to gain at the expense of their rivals | 95 | |
| 13429986746 | Collusive oligopoly | Models where firms agree to mutually improve their situation | 96 | |
| 13429986747 | Cartel | A group of firms that agree not to compete with each other on the basis of price, production, or other competitive dimensions. Cartel members operate as a monopolist to maximize their joint profits | 97 | |
| 13429986748 | Marginal Revenue Product (MRP) | Measures the value of what the next unit of a resource (e.g., labor) brings to the firm. MRPL = MR x MPL. In a perfectly competitive product market, MRPL = P x MPL. In a monopoly product market, MR < P so MRPm < MRPc. | 98 | |
| 13429986749 | Marginal Resource Cost (MRC) | Measures the cost the firm incurs from using an additional unit of input. In a perfectly competitive labor market, MRC = Wage. In a monopsony labor market, the MRC > Wage | 99 | |
| 13429986750 | Profit Maximizing Resource Employment | The firm hires the profit maximizing amount of a resource at the point where MRP = MRC | 100 | |
| 13429986751 | Demand for Labor | Labor demand for the firm is MRPL curve. The labor demanded for the entire market DL = ∑MRPL of all firms | 101 | |
| 13429986752 | Derived Demand | Demand for a resource like labor is derived from the demand for the goods produced by the resource | 102 | |
| 13429986753 | Determinants of Labor Demand | Product demand, productivity, prices of other resources, and complementary resources | 103 | |
| 13429986754 | Least-Cost Rule | The combination of labor and capital that minimizes total costs for a given production rate. Hire L and K so that MPL / PL = MPK / PK or MPL/MPK = PL/PK | 104 | |
| 13429986755 | Monopsonist | A firm that has market power in the factor market (a wage-setter) | 105 | |
| 13429986756 | Private goods | Goods that are both rival and excludable. Only one person can consume the good at a time and consumers who do not pay for the good are excluded from consumption | 106 | |
| 13429986757 | Public goods | Goods that are both nonrival and nonexcludable. One person's consumption does not prevent another from also consuming that good and if it is provided to some, it is necessarily provided to all, even if they do not pay for that good | 107 | |
| 13429986758 | Free-Rider Problem | In the case of a public good, some members of the community know that they can consume the public good while others provide for it. This results in a lack of private funding and forces the government to provide it | 108 | |
| 13429986759 | Spillover benefits | Additional benefits to society not captured by the market demand curve from the production of a good, result in a price that is too high and a market quantity that is too low. Resources are underallocated to the production of this good | 109 | |
| 13429986760 | Positive externality | Exists when the production of a good creates utility for third parties not directly involved in the consumption of production of the good | 110 | |
| 13429986761 | Spillover costs | Additional costs to society not captured by the market supply curve from the production of a good, result in a price that is too low and a market quantity that is too high. Resources are overallocated to the production of this good | 111 | |
| 13429986762 | Negative externality | Exists when the production of a good imposes disutility upon third parties not directly involved in the consumption or production of the good | 112 | |
| 13429986763 | Marginal Productivity Theory | The philosophy that a citizen should receive a share of economic resources proportional to the marginal revenue product of his or her productivity | 113 | |
| 13429986764 | Marginal tax rate | The rate paid on the last dollar earned. This is found by taking the ratio of the change in taxes divided by the change in income | 114 |
| 12190728579 | 75-50 BCE Marble Museo Torlonia, Rome Extremely realistic, full of experience and wisdom. | Head of Roman Patrician |  | 0 |
| 12190728580 | 500-29 BCE Many of the most important buildings were located near the Forum. Temple of Jupiter Basilica In Pompeii, Italy Where business was conducted in ancient Rome. | Aerial View of the Forum |  | 1 |
| 12190728581 | In the House of the Vettii (2nd century - 1st century BCE) Stone and Fresco Pompeii, Italy Open to sky so it gets natural light. | Atrium |  | 2 |
| 12190728582 | Characterized by painted rectangles. Goal was to imitate marble panels. | First Pompeian Wall Painting Style |  | 3 |
| 12190728583 | Characterized by large mythological scenes and/or landscapes. Goal was to create an illusionary 3-D world. | Second Pompeian Wall Painting Style |  | 4 |
| 12190728584 | Characterized by small scenes set in a field of color and framed by delicate columns of tracery. | Third Pompeian Wall Painting Style |  | 5 |
| 12190728585 | Painted Marble of the First Style at the base. Large Scenes of the Second Style. Small Scenes of the Third Style. | Fourth Pompeian Wall Painting Style |  | 6 |
| 12190728586 | 70-79 CE 1' 11" X 1' 8.5" Museo Nazionale, Naples Depicts them both as Educated. He holds a scroll and she holds a writing utensil. | Portrait of a Husband and Wife |  | 7 |
| 12190728587 | 62-79 CE Fourth Style 1' 2" X 1' 1.5" From Herculaneum, Italy At Museo Nazionale, Naples Showed the illusionary effect that artists tried to create. | Still Life with Peaches |  | 8 |
| 12190728588 | 20 BCE 6' 8" Had a bronze original. Vatican Museums, Rome From Primaporta, Italy Breastplate depicted a victory in battle. Copies are marble | Portrait of Augustus as General |  | 9 |
| 12190728589 | 90 CE From Rome, Italy 2' 1" high Marble Museo Capitolino, Rome Projects idealized beauty. | Portrait of a Flavian Woman |  | 10 |
| 12190728590 | 13-9 BCE Panel from the East Facade of the Ara Pacis Augustae Rome, Italy Marble 5' 3" | Female Personification (Tellus?) |  | 11 |
| 12190728591 | 13-9 BCE Detail of the south Frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae Rome, Italy Marble 5' 3" | Procession of the Imperial Family |  | 12 |
| 12190728592 | Built under Augustus 16 BCE Nimes, France An aqueduct Bridge used to carry water from the mountains to cities on the Tiber River. | Pont-du-Gard |  | 13 |
| 12190728593 | 70-80 CE "Flavian Amphitheater" Rome, Italy Built under Vespasian Titus completed it Barrel Vaults and Groin Vaults | Arial view of the Colosseum |  | 14 |
| 12190728594 | After 81 CE Rome, Italy Composite Style (Mix of Ionic and Corinthian Styles) "Triumphal Arch" | Arch of Titus |  | 15 |
| 12190728595 | After 81 CE Rome, Italy Marble 7' 10" Depicts Roman soldiers taking spoils from the Temple of Jerusalem. | Spoils of Jerusalem |  | 16 |
| 12190728596 | 112 CE Rome, Italy Contained: Temple of Trajan, Column of Trajan, Libraries, Basilica Ulpia, Equestrian statue of Trajan. Extremely large Forum dedicated by Trajan Architect was Apollodorus of Damascus | Forum of Trajan |  | 17 |
| 12190728597 | 112 CE Forum of Trajan Rome, Italy 128' high Used to be topped with a nude Trajan Now it is Saint Peter A spiral frieze wraps up the entire column, depicting various scenes with Trajan. | Column of Trajan |  | 18 |
| 12190728598 | 118-125 CE Rome, Italy Built under Hadrian Dome's top is 142 feet high Oculus was 30 feet wide at the top of the dome. Coffers were used to maintain the structural integrity of the dome. | Pantheon |  | 19 |
| 12190728599 | Oculus is the only light source Coffers were spaced throughout the inside of the dome. | Interior of the Pantheon |  | 20 |
| 12190728600 | 175 CE Rome, Italy originally Bronze 11' 6" high Musei Capotolini, Rome | Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius |  | 21 |
| 12190728601 | 211-217 CE Marble 1' 2" Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Accurately depicted the ruthlessness of Caracalla | Portrait of Caracalla |  | 22 |
| 12190728602 | 305 CE From Constantinople Porphyry 4' 3" Saint Mark's, Venice | Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs |  | 23 |
| 12190728603 | 312-315 CE Built under Constantine Took inspiration from Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius Rome, Italy | Arch of Constantine |  | 24 |
| 13870322664 | lament | a passionate expression of grief or sorrow. |  | 0 |
| 13870322665 | contentious | causing or likely to cause an argument; controversial. |  | 1 |
| 13870322666 | celestial | belonging or relating to heaven or space |  | 2 |
| 13870322667 | incongruous | not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something. |  | 3 |
| 13870322668 | opulence | great wealth or luxuriousness. |  | 4 |
| 13870322669 | fecund | producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertile. |  | 5 |
| 13870322670 | austere | severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance. |  | 6 |
| 13870322671 | sublime | of such excellence, grandeur, or beauty as to inspire great admiration or awe; Romantic period authors were obsessed with it. |  | 7 |
| 13870322672 | idyllic | extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque. |  | 8 |
| 13870322673 | pastoral | (especially of land or a farm) used for or related to the keeping or grazing of sheep or cattle. |  | 9 |
| 13870322674 | aversion | a strong dislike or disinclination. |  | 10 |
| 13870322675 | rumination | a deep or considered thought about something. |  | 11 |
| 13870322676 | approbation | approval or praise. |  | 12 |
| 13870322677 | fervent | having or displaying a passionate intensity. |  | 13 |
| 13870322678 | acquiescence | the reluctant acceptance of something without protest. |  | 14 |
| 13870322679 | reprieve | cancel or postpone the punishment of (someone, especially someone condemned to death). |  | 15 |
| 13870322680 | obdurate | stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action. |  | 16 |
| 13870322681 | callous | showing or having an insensitive and cruel disregard for others. |  | 17 |
| 13870322682 | stoic | a person who can endure pain or hardship without showing their feelings or complaining. |  | 18 |
| 13870322683 | aloof | not friendly or forthcoming; cool and distant. |  | 19 |
| 13870322684 | erstwhile | former. |  | 20 |
| 13870322685 | penitent | feeling or showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong; repentant. |  | 21 |
| 13870322686 | benevolent | well meaning and kindly. |  | 22 |
| 13870322687 | fatuous | silly and pointless. |  | 23 |
| 13870322688 | illicit | forbidden by law, rules, or custom. | 24 | |
| 13870322689 | elicit | evoke or draw out (a response, answer, or fact) from someone in reaction to one's own actions or questions. | 25 | |
| 13870322690 | fickle | changing frequently, especially as regards one's loyalties, interests, or affection. |  | 26 |
| 13870322691 | imperious | assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering. |  | 27 |
| 13870322692 | vacillating | alternate or waver between different opinions or actions; be indecisive. |  | 28 |
| 13870322693 | succumb | fail to resist (pressure, temptation, or some other negative force). | 29 | |
| 13870322694 | patronizing | treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority. | 30 | |
| 13870322695 | onerous | (of a task, duty, or responsibility) involving an amount of effort and difficulty that is oppressively burdensome. |  | 31 |
| 13870322696 | illustrious | well known, respected, and admired for past achievements. |  | 32 |
| 13870322697 | pernicious | having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way. |  | 33 |
| 13870322698 | homage | special honor or respect shown publicly. |  | 34 |
| 13870322699 | ignoble | not honorable in character or purpose. |  | 35 |
| 13870322700 | pall | a cloth spread over a coffin, hearse, or tomb. |  | 36 |
| 13870322701 | luminosity | the intrinsic brightness of a celestial object (as distinct from its apparent brightness diminished by distance). |  | 37 |
| 13870322702 | pensive | engaged in, involving, or reflecting deep or serious thought. | | 38 |
| 13870322703 | jocular | fond of or characterized by joking; humorous or playful. |  | 39 |
| 13870322704 | morose | sullen and ill-tempered. |  | 40 |
| 13870322705 | bemusing | puzzle, confuse, or bewilder (someone). |  | 41 |
| 13870322706 | enigmatic | difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious. |  | 42 |
| 13870322707 | misanthrope | a person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society. |  | 43 |
| 13870322708 | estranged | (of a person) no longer close or affectionate to someone; alienated. |  | 44 |
| 13870322709 | nostalgia | a sentimental longing or wistful affection for the past, typically for a period or place with happy personal associations. |  | 45 |
| 13870322710 | artificial | fake |  | 46 |
| 13870322711 | nonchalant | (of a person or manner) feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed; not displaying anxiety, interest, or enthusiasm. |  | 47 |
| 13870322712 | congenial | (of a person) pleasant because of a personality, qualities, or interests that are similar to one's own |  | 48 |
| 13870322713 | fastidious | very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail. |  | 49 |
| 13870322714 | inconspicuous | not clearly visible or attracting attention |  | 50 |
| 13870322715 | unrequited | (of a feeling, especially love) not returned or rewarded. |  | 51 |
| 13870322716 | adversary | one's opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute. |  | 52 |
| 13870322717 | fictitious | not real or true, being imaginary or having been fabricated. |  | 53 |
| 13870322718 | ephemeral | lasting for a very short time. |  | 54 |
| 13870322719 | mercurial | (of a person) subject to sudden or unpredictable changes of mood or mind. |  | 55 |
| 13870322720 | beguile | charm or enchant (someone), sometimes in a deceptive way. |  | 56 |
| 13870322721 | reprove | reprimand or censure (someone). |  | 57 |
| 13870322722 | gaunt | (of a person) lean and haggard, especially because of suffering, hunger, or age. |  | 58 |
| 13870322723 | antagonism | active hostility or opposition. |  | 59 |
| 13870322724 | jilt | suddenly reject or abandon (a lover). |  | 60 |
| 13870322725 | facetious | treating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor; flippant. |  | 61 |
| 13870322726 | self-effacing | not claiming attention for oneself; retiring and modest. |  | 62 |
| 13870322727 | apathetic | showing or feeling no interest, enthusiasm, or concern. |  | 63 |
| 13870322728 | ludicrous | so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing; ridiculous. |  | 64 |
| 13870322729 | incredulous | (of a person or their manner) unwilling or unable to believe something. |  | 65 |
| 13870322730 | remiss | lacking care or attention to duty; negligent. |  | 66 |
| 13870322731 | sardonic | grimly mocking or cynical. |  | 67 |
| 13870322732 | chastise | to scold |  | 68 |
| 13870322733 | allay | diminish or put at rest (fear, suspicion, or worry). |  | 69 |
| 13870322734 | lionize | give a lot of public attention and approval to (someone); treat as a celebrity. |  | 70 |
| 13870322735 | impassioned | filled with or showing great emotion. |  | 71 |
| 13870322736 | subversive | seeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution. | 72 | |
| 13870322737 | aberrant | departing from an accepted standard. | 73 | |
| 13870322738 | maxim | a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct. |  | 74 |
| 13870322739 | pronouncement | a formal or authoritative announcement or declaration. |  | 75 |
| 13870322740 | affluent | rich |  | 76 |
| 13870322741 | ostentatious | showy |  | 77 |
| 13870322742 | didactic | intended to teach, particularly in having moral instruction as an ulterior motive. |  | 78 |
| 13870322743 | dispassionate | not influenced by strong emotion, and so able to be rational and impartial. |  | 79 |
| 13870322744 | inexorable | impossible to stop or prevent. |  | 80 |
| 13870322745 | monotony | lack of variety and interest; tedious repetition and routine. |  | 81 |
| 13870322746 | nativity | the occasion of a person's birth. | 82 | |
| 13870322747 | vitality | the state of being strong and active; energy. |  | 83 |
| 13870322748 | erudite | having or showing great knowledge or learning. |  | 84 |
| 13870322749 | malevolent | having or showing a wish to do evil to others. |  | 85 |
| 13870322750 | reticent | not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily. |  | 86 |
| 13870322751 | minutiae | the small, precise, or trivial details of something. | 87 | |
| 13870322752 | repudiate | refuse to accept or be associated with. |  | 88 |
| 13870322753 | ambivalent | having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone. |  | 89 |
| 13870322754 | tumult | confusion or disorder. |  | 90 |
| 13870322755 | impropriety | a failure to observe standards or show due honesty or modesty; improper language, behavior, or character. |  | 91 |
AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 7 The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816
| 11436245527 | Thomas Jefferson | He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, and carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams. He reduced the size of the military, eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France. (p. 131) | 0 | |
| 11436245528 | Louisiana Purchase | In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The purchase more that doubled the size of the United States, removed a European presence from the nation's borders, and extended the western frontier well beyond the Mississippi River. (p. 133) | 1 | |
| 11436245529 | war hawks | The 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier. (p. 139) | 2 | |
| 11436245530 | Henry Clay | In 1810, he was a Kentucky member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139) | 3 | |
| 11436245531 | John C. Calhoun | In 1810, he was a South Carolina member of the House of Representatives. He was a war hawk who argued for war with Britain. (p. 139) | 4 | |
| 11436245532 | Tecumseh | This Shawnee warrior, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138) | 5 | |
| 11436245566 | Prophet | This Shawnee religious leader, who along with his brother, attempted to unite all American Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River. (p. 138) | 6 | |
| 11436245533 | William Henry Harrison | In 1811, this governor of the Indiana Territory, destroyed Shanee headquarters and put an end to Tecumseh's efforts to form an American Indian confederacy. (p. 138) | 7 | |
| 11436245534 | Battle of Tippecanoe | An 1811 battle, where U.S. troops led by William Henry Harrison did battle against American Indians led by Tecumseh. (p. 138) | 8 | |
| 11436245535 | strict interpretation of Constitution | President Thomas Jefferson was committed to a strict interpretation of the Constitution and rejected Alexander Hamilton's argument that certain powers were implied. When Jefferson made the Louisiana Purchase he was troubled because the Constitution did not state explicitly that a president could purchase foreign land. He finally argued that the president's powers to make treaties allowed for the purchase. (p. 133) | 9 | |
| 11436245536 | John Marshall | This Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court served in the position for 34 years. His decisions in landmark cases generally strengthened the federal government, often at the expense of states rights. (p. 134) | 10 | |
| 11436245537 | judicial review | In 1803, Marbury v. Madison case, the Marshall court established the doctrine of judicial review by ruling that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. From this point on, the Supreme Court could overrule the legislative or executive branches if they believed a law was unconstituional. (p. 134) | 11 | |
| 11436245567 | Marbury v. Madison | A Supreme Court case in 1803 where Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a law passed by Congress was unconstitutional. This established the doctrine of judicial review, where the Supreme Court could overrule actions taken by the legislative and executive branches of the government. (p. 134) | 12 | |
| 11436245538 | Aaron Burr | He was Thomas Jefferson's vice president from 1801 to 1804. A new vice president was chosen for Jefferson's second term. He then organised a failed conspiracy, attempting to unite New England states and secede from the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. In 1806 was tried for treason because of a plan to capture Mexico and possibly unite it with Louisiana. He was acquitted of the charge. (p. 135) | 13 | |
| 11436245539 | Quids | In 1812, they were "Old" Democratic-Republicans who criticized the War of 1812 because it violated the classic Democratic-Republican commitment to limited federal power and the maintenance of peace. (p. 140) | 14 | |
| 11436245540 | Hartford Convention (1814) | In December 1814, a special convention was held in Hartford, Connecticut. Bitterly opposed to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast wanted to secede from the United States, but it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war. (p. 141) | 15 | |
| 11436245541 | Napoleon Bonaparte | In the War of 1812 the United States based their hope for victory on them successfully fighting the British in Europe. However, in the spring of 1814, their losses enabled the British to increase their forces in North America. (p. 141) | 16 | |
| 11436245542 | Toussaint I'Ouverture | He led a rebellion against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo which resulted in heavy French losses. (p. 132) | 17 | |
| 11436245543 | Barbary pirates | The United States had been paying the on the North African coast in exchange for safe passage of U.S. ships in the Mediterranean. President Jefferson stopped paying the tribute, and the U.S. fought the from 1801 to 1805. There was no decisive victory but it did offer some protection to U.S. ships in the region. (p. 136) | 18 | |
| 11436245544 | neutrality | Around 1804, the Napoleonic wars dominated Europe. Britain was seizing U.S. ships, confiscating the cargo and forcing sailors to join the British navy. This made it difficult for President Jefferson to maintain a position of not taking sides in the conflict. (p. 136) | 19 | |
| 11436245545 | impressment | The British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them to serve in the British navy. (p. 136) | 20 | |
| 11436245546 | Chesapeake-Leopard affair | In 1807, the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake. Three U.S. sailors were killed and four were taken captive. Many Americans demanded war but Jefferson used diplomacy and economic pressure in response. (p. 136) | 21 | |
| 11436245547 | Embargo Act (1807) | In 1807, this act prohibited American trading ships from sailing to any foreign port. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels, by depriving them of American trade. The embargo backfired and brought greater economic hardship to the United States than Britain. In 1809 it was repealed. (p 136) | 22 | |
| 11436245548 | James Madison | The fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. A Democrat-Republican and a close friend of Thomas Jefferson. A member of the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, he strongly supported ratification of the Constitution. He was a contributor to The Federalist Papers. His presidency was marked by the War of 1812. (p. 137) | 23 | |
| 11436245549 | Nonintercourse Act (1809) | In 1809, this act provided that America could now trade with all nations except Britain and France. (p. 137) | 24 | |
| 11436245550 | Macon's Bill No. 2 (1810) | When economic hardships continued into 1810, Nathaniel Macon, a member of Congress, introduced a bill that restored U.S. trade with both Britain & France. It also provided that if either France or Britain formally agreed to respect neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with the foe of that nation. (p. 138) | 25 | |
| 11436245551 | War of 1812 | A war between the United States and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. American troops attempted an invasion of Canada, but it was repulsed by British defenders. Numerous naval battles occurred and at one point the British marched through Washington, D.C. and burned the White House. In December 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was reached and territory was returned to the pre-war status. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. (p. 138) | 26 | |
| 11436245552 | Old Ironsides | The nickname for the U.S. warship, Constitution. In 1812, it raised American morale by sinking a British ship off the coast of Nova Scotia. (p. 140) | 27 | |
| 11436245553 | Battle of Lake Erie | Probably the most important U.S. naval victory in the War of 1812. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry led the U.S. to victory against the British. (p. 140) | 28 | |
| 11436245554 | Oliver Hazard Perry | This naval captain won the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. His famous quote was, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." (p. 140) | 29 | |
| 11436245555 | Battle of the Thames River | This naval battle, near Detroit, was led by General William Henry Harrison. The U.S. defeated the British, and the American Indian Tecumseh was killed. (p. 140) | 30 | |
| 11436245556 | Thomas Macdonough | In 1814, this U.S. naval commander defeated a British fleet on Lake Champlain. As a result the British had to retreat and abandon their plan to invade New York and New England. (p. 140) | 31 | |
| 11436245557 | Battle of Lake Champlain | A battle where the British fleet was defeated and was forced to retreat and to abandon their plans to invade New York and New England. (p. 140) |  | 32 |
| 11436245558 | Andrew Jackson | In the War of 1812 this U.S. general defeated the Creek nation at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The British were trying to control the Mississippi River and he defeated them at the Battle of New Orleans. He would later become the seventh president of the United States. (p. 141) | 33 | |
| 11436245559 | Battle of Horseshoe Bend | In March 1814, General Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation, an important British ally. The battle was fought in present-day Alabama and ended American Indian resistance in that area. (p. 141) | 34 | |
| 11436245560 | Creek Nation | This American Indian tribe was an important British ally in the War of 1812 until being defeated by Andrew Jackson. (p. 141) | 35 | |
| 11436245561 | Battle of New Orleans | On January 8, 1815, General Andrew Jackson led U.S. troops that defeated the British at New Orleans. At that time communications were much slower and the armies did not know that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war two weeks earlier. (p. 141) | 36 | |
| 11436245562 | Treaty of Ghent (1814) | The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812. The terms halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to the prewar claimant, and recognized the pre war boundary between Canada and the United States. (p. 141) | 37 | |
| 11436245563 | Lewis and Clark Expedition | In 1804, Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark left St. Louis, Missouri on an expedition to the Pacific coast. They travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. the expedition provided greater scientific knowledge of the region, stronger claims to the Oregon Territory, better relationships with the American Indians, and more accurate maps. (p. 134) | 38 |
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