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Molecular Genetics Flashcards

13079160998	transformation	A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell.	0
13079160999	bacteriophage	A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage.	1
13079161000	semiconservative model	Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand.	2
13079161001	origins of replication	Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides.	3
13079161002	replication fork	A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing.	4
13079161003	DNA polymerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the DNA molecule.	5
13079161004	lagging strand	A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the replication fork.	6
13079161005	leading strand	The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction.	7
13079161006	Okazaki fragments	Small fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by DNA ligase to form a complete strand.	8
13079161007	primase	An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer using the parental DNA strand as a template.	9
13079161008	Helicase	An enzyme that untwists the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and making them available as template strands.	10
13079161009	topoisomerase	A protein that functions in DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork.	11
13079161010	single-strand binding protein	Binds to and stabilizes single-stranded DNA until it can be used as a template	12
13079161011	nuclease	A DNA cutting enzyme that excises damaged DNA.	13
13079161012	telomeres	Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.	14
13079161013	telomerase	An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.	15
13079161014	Watson and Crick	Developed the double helix model of DNA.	16
13079161015	Hersey-Chase Experiment	Devised an experiment that showed that only the DNA of T2 phages enters a bacterial cell during infection.	17
13079161016	Frederick Griffith	Discovered transformation during an experiment that involved injecting mice with smooth S cells, rough R cells, heat-killed S cells, and heat-killed S cells with living R cells.	18
13079161017	McCarty, Avery, & MacLeod	Confirmed that the transforming agent in Griffith's experiment was DNA.	19
13079161018	one gene-one polypeptide hypothesis	The premise that a gene is a segment of DNA that codes for one polypeptide.	20
13079161019	transcription	Synthesis of an mRNA molecule from a DNA template.	21
13079161020	messenger RNA (mRNA)	Carries genetic message from the DNA to he protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell.	22
13079161021	Erwin Chargaff	Discovered that DNA composition varies, but the amount of adenine is always the same as thymine and the amount of cytosine is always the same as guanine.	23
13079161022	Meselson & Stahl	Determined that DNA replication is semiconservative.	24
13079161023	translation	The synthesis of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of mRNA.	25
13079161024	ribosomes	Complex particles that facilitate the orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains.	26
13079161025	RNA processing	The modification of mRNA before it leaves the nucleus that is unique to eukaryotes.	27
13079161026	primary transcript	The initial mRNA transcript that is transcribed from a protein coding gene. Also called pre-mRNA.	28
13079161027	triplet code	Three-nucleotide long set that specifies a specific amino acid for a polypeptide chain.	29
13079161028	template strand	The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript.	30
13079161029	TATA box	A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.	31
13079161030	promoter	A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA.	32
13079161031	RNA polymerase	Enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription.	33
13079161032	poly-A tail	Modified 3' end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides.	34
13079161033	terminator	In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene.	35
13079161034	5' cap	The 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule modified by the addition of a cap of guanine nucleotide.	36
13079161035	exons	Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.	37
13079161036	anticodon	Specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.	38
13079161037	frameshift mutation	Mutation occuring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in improper grouping of nucleotides into codons.	39
13079161038	missense mutation	Most common type of mutation, a base pair mutation in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid.	40
13079161039	nonsense mutation	A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.	41
13079161040	Gene Expression	process by which DNA directs synthesis of proteins	42
13079161041	Transcription	-synthesis of RNA under direction of DNA -DNA serves as template for assembling complementary RNA molecule -resulting RNA molecule faithful transcript of gene's protein-building instructions -occurs in nucleus	43
13079161042	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	RNA molecule that carries genetic message from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell	44
13079161043	Translation	-synthesis of polypeptide -occurs under direction of mRNA -change in language-cell must translate base sequence of mRnA molecule into amino acid sequence of polypeptide -occurs in cytoplasm	45
13079161044	Ribosomes	-sites of translation -complex particles that facilitate orderly linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains	46
13079161045	Primary Transcript	initial RNA transcript from any gene, including those coding for RNA that is not translated into protein	47
13079161046	Triplet Code	genetic instructions for polypeptide chain written in DNA as series of non-overlapping, 3 nucleotide words	48
13079161047	Template Strand	DNA strand that provides pattern/template for sequence of nucleotides in RNA transcript	49
13079161048	Codons	mRNA base triplets written 5'-3' direction	50
13079161049	Reading Frame	grapings w/ symbols w/ message that needs to be translated to written language	51
13079161050	RNA Polymerase	-pries 2 strands of DNA apart -joins RNA nucleotides as they base pair along DNA template -assemble polynucleotides 5' -> 3' -can start chain from scratch-no primer needed	52
13079161051	Promoter	DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription	53
13079161052	Terminator	sequence that signals end of transcription in bacteria	54
13079161053	Transcription Unit	stretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule	55
13079161054	Transcription Factors	proteins that mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription	56
13079161055	Transcription Initiation Complex	complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase II bound to promoter	57
13079161056	TATA Box	crucial promoter DNA sequence	58
13079161057	RNA Processing	enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA in specific ways before genetic messages dispatched to cytoplasm	59
13079161058	5' Cap	modified form of guanine added onto 5' end after transcription 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	60
13079161059	poly-A Tail	-50-250 more A nucleotides added to 3' end by enzyme 1. facilitates export of mature mRNA from nucleus 2. helps protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. helps ribosomes attach to 5' end of mRNA once mRNA reaches cytoplasm	61
13079161060	RNA splicing	removal of large portions of RNA molecule initially synthesized	62
13079161061	Introns	noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions	63
13079161062	Exons	nucleotide regions that are expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequences	64
13079161063	Spliceosome	interacts w/ certain sites along introns, releasing intron and joining together 2 exons that flanked intron	65
13079161064	Ribozymes	RNA molecules that function as enzymes, can b/c: 1. RNA single stranded, region of RNA molecule may base-pair w/ complementary region elsewhere in same molecule-gives molecule particular 3D structure-essential to catalytic function of ribozymes, just like in enzymatic proteins 2. some RNA bases have functional groups that may participate in catalysis 3. ability of RNA to hydrogen bond w/ other nucleic acid molecules-adds specificity to catalytic activity	66
13079161065	Alternative RNA Splicing	many genes can give rise to 2+ polypeptides, depending on which segments are treated as exons during RNA processing -# different protein products > # genes	67
13079161066	Domains	functional regions part of protein architecture	68
13079161067	Transfer RNA (tRNA)	transfer amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of AA to ribosome	69
13079161068	Anticodon	nucleotide triplet that base pairs of complementary codon of mRNA	70
13079161069	Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetases	-able to bind to different tRNAs that code for specific amino acid -catalyzes covalent attachment to tRNA -> aminoacyl tRNA released from enzyme -available to deliver AA to growing polypeptide chain of ribosome	71
13079161070	Wobble	flexible base pairing at codon position	72
13079161071	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)	made in nucleolus, make up ribosomal subunits	73
13079161072	P Site (peptidyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain	74
13079161073	A Site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)	holds tRNA carrying next AA to be added in chain	75
13079161074	E Site (exit site)	where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome	76
13079161075	Release Factor	protein that binds to stop codon @ A site	77
13079161076	Polyribosomes	-strings of ribosomes trailing along mRNA -enables cells to make many copies of polypeptide quickly	78
13079161077	Signal Peptide	-targets protein to ER -marks if polypeptide of proteins destined for endomembrane system or for secretion	79
13079161078	Signal Recognition Particle (SRP)	brings ribosome to receptor protein into ER membrane	80
13079161079	Signal Mechanism for Targeting Proteins to ER	1. polypeptide synthesis begins on free ribosome in cytosol 2. SRP binds to signal peptide, halting synthesis momentarily 3. SRP binds to receptor proteins in ER membrane (receptor is part of protein complex w/ membrane and signal cleaving enzyme) 4. SRP leaves, and polypeptide synthesis resumes w/ simultaneous translocation across membrane (signal peptide stays attached to translocation complex) 5. signal cleaving enzyme cuts off signal peptide 6. rest of complexed polypeptide leaves ribosome and folds into final conformation	81
13079161080	Mutations	-change into genetic information of cell -responsible for huge diversity of genes found along organisms	82
13079161081	Point Mutations	-chemical changes in a single base pair of a gene -if occurs in a gamete, can be transmitted to offspring and future generations	83
13079161082	Base Pair Substitutions	replacement of one nucleotide and its partner w/ another pair of nucleotides	84
13079161083	Missense Mutations	-change one amino acid to another -new amino acid may have properties similar to replaced amino acid, or may be in region where exact sequence of amino acids not essential to proteins functions	85
13079161084	Nonsense Mutation	-change codon for amino acid into stop codon -causes translation to be terminated prematurely -resulting polypeptide shorter than polypeptide encoded by normal gene	86
13079161085	Insertions	additions of nucleotide pairs in gene	87
13079161086	Deletion	losses of nucleotide pairs in gene	88
13079161087	Frameshift Mutations	-# nucleotides inserted/deleted NOT multiple of 3 -may alter reading frame of genetic message	89
13079161088	Mutagen	physical and chemical agents that interact w/ DNA that cause mutations	90
13079161089	rRNA	makes up 60% of the ribosome; site of protein synthesis	91
13079161090	gene	equals one RNA molecule	92
13079161091	snRNA	small nuclear RNA	93
13079161092	srpRNA	signal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides	94
13079161093	RNAi	Interference RNA	95
13079161094	ribozyme	RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme	96
13079161095	Operator	-off/on "switch" that controls whole cluster of functionally related genes	97
13079161096	Operon	-operate + promoter + genes they control -entire stretch of DNA for enzyme production for tryptophan pathway	98
13079161097	Repressor	-protein that switches operon off	99
13079161098	Regulatory Gene (trpR)	-product of trp repressor	100
13079161099	Corepressor	small molecule that cooperates w/ repressor protein to switch operon off	101
13079161100	Repressible Operon	transcription usually on but can be inhibited when specific small molecule binds allosterically to regulatory protein	102
13079161101	Inducible Operon	transcription usually off but can be stimulated when specific small molecule interacts w/ regulatory protein	103
13079161102	Inducer	specific small molecule, inactivates repressor	104
13079161103	Activator	protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription (ex. CAP)	105
13079161104	Differential Gene Expression	expression of different genes by cells in the same genome	106
13079161105	Histone Acetylation	-attached to lysines in histone tails -> lysines acetylated -> positive charges neutralized -histone tails no longer bind to neighboring nucleosomes	107
13079161106	Control Elements	segments of noncoding DNA that help regulate transcription by binding certain proteins	108
13079161107	Enhancers	-distal control elements -may be thousands of nucleotides upstream/downstream of gene or in intron	109
13079161108	Alternative RNA Splicing	-different mRNA molecules produced from same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as introns and exons -can expand repertoire of eukaryotic genome	110
13079161109	Proteasome	giant protein complex recognize ubiquitin-tagged proteins and degradation	111
13079161110	microRNAs (miRNAs)	-small, single-stranded RNA molecules capable of binding to complementary sequences in mRNA molecules	112
13079161111	RNA interference (RNAi)	injecting double-stranded RNA molecules into cell turned off expression of gene w/ same sequence as RNA	113
13079161112	Small Interfering RNAs (siRNAs)	-similar in size and function to miRNAs -formed by much longer double-stranded RnA molecules -> many siRNAs	114
13079161113	Cell Differentiation	process by which cells become specialized in structure and function	115
13079161114	Morphogenesis	physical processes that give organism its shape	116
13079161115	Cytoplasmic Determinants	maternal substances in egg that influence course of early development	117
13079161116	Induction	changes in target cells caused by signals impinging on embryonic cell from others in vicinity, including contact w/ cell surface molecules on neighboring cells and binding of growth factors secreted by neighboring cells	118
13079161117	Determination	-events that lead to observable differentiation of cell	119
13079161118	Homoeotic Genes	control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult	120
13079161119	Bicoid (two-tailed)	-mutant gene causes lack of front half of body and posterior structure at both ends -essential for setting anterior end	121
13079161120	Morphagen	gradients for substances that establish embryos axis and more	122
13079161121	Oncogenes	-cancer-causing genes	123
13079161122	Proto-Oncogenes	-normal versions of cellular genes -code for proteins that stimulate normal cell growth and division	124
13079161123	Tumor-Supressor Genes	-prevent uncontrolled cell growth -repair damaged DNA -control cell anchorage (absent in cancers)	125
13079161124	Ras Protein	G protein that relays signal from growth factor on plasma membrane	126
13079161125	p53	tumor suppressor gene that codes for specific transcription factor protein that promotes synthesis of cell cycle	127
13079161126	Mutation Effects	-result in cell cycle overstimulated -not inhibited normally	128
13079161127	Virus	A small, non living, infectious particle- not capable of of essential life functions to maintain life, health, and continuation of species like other organisms.	129
13079161128	Viral genomes	Consist of either RNA or DNA ( DNA virus or RNA virus)	130
13079161129	DNA viruses	The viruses that have DNA genomes.	131
13079161130	RNA viruses	Viruses that have RNA genomes.	132
13079161131	Living host cell's genome	Required in viruses in order for them to replicate and carry out protein synthesis.	133
13079161132	Capsids	A protein shell that encloses a wild genome.	134
13079161133	Capsomeres	Protein subunits that make up capsids.	135
13079161134	Membranous envelope (lipid bilayer)	Sometimes surrounds a capsid- comes from the host cells membrane as the capsid exits.	136
13079161135	Viral glycoproteins	Allow viruses to bind to receptor proteins on host cells.	137
13079161136	Adenovirus	- Contain glycoproteins - Ex. Common cold ...	138
13079161137	Influenza virus	- Contain glycoproteins - Ex. The flu ...	139
13079161138	bacteriophages (phages)	- Viruses that infect bacteria only!!! - Do not contain glycoproteins - Have the most complex capsids in viruses	140
13079161139	Elongated capsid head	Enclosed a bacteriophage's genetic material	141
13079161140	Protein tail piece	- Attaches the phage to a host by binding to a receptor - Allows a virus to inject its genetic material into a bacterium	142
13079161141	Obligate intercellular parasites	Theses only replicate using a host	143
13079161142	Host range	The limited number of species host cells a virus can infect — — differs per type of virus	144
13079161143	General replication cycle	1. Viral genetic material enters the host cell 2. A virus uses the host cell's replication machinery (enzymes, ribosomes, tRNA, ATP, etc.) 3. Genes then product the proteins they code for 4. Viral nucleic acids and capsid proteins spontaneously self-assemble into new viruses	145
13079161144	Lytic cycle	- The reproduction of viruses immediately followed by the lysing of the host cell and release of new phages - culminates in the death of the bacterium immediately after new viruses are made - newly made viruses are released to infect other bacteria and repeat the cycle	146
13079161145	Virulent phage	A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle	147
13079161146	Restriction enzymes	Recognize and cut up DNA before replication	148
13079161147	Lysogenic cycle	1. A virus incorporates its genetic material into the host genome and then remains dominant 2. With each host cell division, the viral genetic material is passed onto daughter cells 3. A later event causes the expression of the viral genome producing new phages followed by the lysis of a host cell	149
13079161148	Prophage	- A phage genome inserted and integrated into the circular bacterial DNA chromosome - It is present without causing disruption in the cell	150
13079161149	Environmental signal	Triggers the viral genome in the lysogenic cycle to switch to 'lytic mode'	151
13079161150	Temperate phages	Phages that use the lysogenic cycle to reproduce	152
13079161151	Variables to classify virus that infect animals	- DNA or RNA - Single-stranded or double-stranded genetic material	153
13079161152	ssRNA	Can serve as mRNA, a template for mRNA synthesis, or a template for DNA synthesis	154
13079161153	Retrovirus	A virus that stores its nucleic acid as RNA (ssRNA)	155
13079161154	Reverse transcriptase enzyme	Used ince a retrovirus is inside the host cell in order to produce DNA from its RNA	156
13079161155	Provirus	When the dsDNA of a virus that infects animals is incorporated into the hosts' genome, the retroviral DNA is referred to as this	157
13079161156	HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)	- A retrovirus that causes AIDS - An infectious pathogen the destroys the human immune system -There is not cure for this virus yet	158
13079161157	️AIDS ( acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)	The final stage of the immune system after being effected by HIV, when all of the T4 lymphocytes have lysed	159
13079161158	T4 lymphocytes	The host cells of the HIV virus; they're WBC (white blood cells) which have a major role in the immune system - HIV replicated and then lyses these cells, thus spreading itself through them	160
13079161159	ARVs	A method that may slow the disease of AIDS and its process, as well as its secondary diseases and complications	161
13079161160	Antiretroviral medications	A medication used to treat viruses, but cannot treat HIV	162
13079161161	AIDS related cancers	Cervical cancer, Kaposi sarcoma, and lymphoma; it is common for people with AIDS to die from these	163
13079161162	Free nucleic acids	the material in which viruses most likely evolved from since they only replicate using host cells	164
13079161163	Plasmids	- A piece of small, circular DNA found in bacteria - Separate from and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA - Can be passed from one bacterium to another in cell division	165
13079161164	Transposon/ Transposable element (TE)/ Jumping genes	DNA sequences that move from one location in the genome to another	166
13079161165	Vector	A bacteriophage that transfers genetic material from one cell to another	167
13079161166	DNA technology	methods used to study and/or manipulate DNA, including recombinant DNA technology	168
13079161167	biotechnology	a form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes	169
13079161168	nucleic acid hybridization	the base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to a complementary sequence on another strand	170
13079161169	genetic engineering	process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms	171
13079161170	DNA sequencing	the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a DNA molecule	172
13079161171	DNA cloning	the production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment	173
13079161172	plasmid	a small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria	174
13079161173	recombinant DNA molecule	a DNA molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources	175
13079161174	gene cloning	the production of multiple copies of a single gene	176
13079161175	cloning vector	a DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there	177
13079161176	restriction enzyme	an enzyme that cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides	178
13079161177	restriction site	a specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a cut siteby a restriction enzyme	179
13079161178	restriction fragment	the fragment of DNA that is produced by cleaving DNA with a restriction enzyme	180
13079161179	sticky end	a single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment	181
13079161180	gel electrophoresis	procedure used to separate and analyze DNA fragments by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a porous gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel	182
13079161181	polymerase chain reaction (PCR)	a technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules, and nucleotides	183
13079161182	expression vector	a cloning vector that contains a highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of a restriction site where the eukaryotic gene can be inserted in the correct reading frame	184
13079161183	electroporation	a technique to introduce recombinant DNA into cells by applying a brief electrical pulse to a solution containing the cells. The pulse creates temporary holes in the cells' plasma membrane, through which DNA can enter	185
13079161184	nucleic acid probe	radioactively labeled nucleic acid molecule used to tag a particular DNA sequence	186
13079161185	in situ hybridization	a technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact organism	187
13079161186	reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)	a variant of polymerase chain reaction, that commonly used in molecular biology to detect RNA expression	188
13079161187	complementary DNA (cDNA)	DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase	189
13079161188	DNA microarray assay	a method to detect and measure the expression of thousands of genes at one time	190
13079161189	RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)	a method of analyzing large sets of RNAs that involves making cDNAs and sequencing them	191
13079161190	in vitro mutagenesis	a technique to discover the function of a gene by introducing specific changes into the sequence of a cloned gene, reinserting the mutated gene into a cell, and studying the phenotype of the mutant	192
13079161191	CRISPR-Cas9 system	a technique for editing genes in living cells, involving a bacterial protein called Cas9 associated with a guide RNA complementary to a gene sequence of interest	193
13079161192	genome-wide association study	a large-scale analysis of the genomes of many people having a certain phenotype or disease, with the aim of finding genetic markers that correlate with that phenotype or disease	194
13079161193	single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)	a single base-pair site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the population	195
13079161194	stem cell	unspecialized cell that can give rise to one or more types of specialized cells	196
13079161195	totipotent	stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell	197
13079161196	pluripotent	cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types	198
13079161197	gene therapy	the insertion of working copies of a gene into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder in an attempt to correct the disorder	199
13079161198	transgenic	term used to refer to an organism that contains genes from other organisms	200
13079161199	genetic profile	an individual's unique set of genetic markers	201
13079161200	short tandem repeats (STRs)	sections of a chromosome in which DNA sequences are repeated	202
13079161201	genetically modified organism (GMO)	an organism produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species	203

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Cells Flashcards

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11738358634	Eukaryotic Cell	cell that has a nucleus surrounded by a membrane, contain ER, mitochondria, Golgi Bodies.	0
11738370715	Prokaryotic Cell	a cell from domain Archaea or Bacteria which is usually unicellular and lacks a distinct nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles.	1
11738379333	Nuclear Membrane	a double membrane that encloses the nucleus in which its outer part is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.	2
11738381584	Nucleolus	manufactures the cell ribosomes.	3
11738397139	Chromatin	located in the eukaryotic nucleus; it is composed of DNA double helix wrapped in special proteins called histones.	4
11738404047	Nucleoid	the space in the prokaryotic cell's cytoplasm where genetic information (DNA) is found.	5
11738424778	Ribosomes	site of protein synthesis	6
11738427793	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)	Fatty acid and steroid synthesis (makes lipids); detoxifies toxic substances and contains no ribosomes.	7
11738430114	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	An endomembrane system which functions to compartmentalize the cell providing a site-specific for protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.	8
11738443849	The Golgi-Complex	is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs called cisternae that functions to synthezise and package materials for transport (in vesicles) and the production of lysosomes.	9
11738451034	Mitochondria	have a double membrane, the outside that is smooth and in the inside that is highly convoluted forming folds called cristae (to increase surface area) which contain enzymes important to ATP production.	10
11738466025	Lysosomes	are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of cell's organic materials, and programmed cell death (apoptosis).	11
11738482486	Apoptosis	is an orderly process of programmed cell death in which the cell's contents are packaged into small packets of membrane for "garbage collection" by immune cells. Cancer cells can be eliminated this way along with infected cells. Research suggests that menstruation is signaled to begin with apoptosis.	12
11738502573	Large vacuoles	are present in plants and serve many functions such as storage of pigments and the large central vacuole holds large amounts of water or food.	13
11738518717	vesicles	small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell	14
11738529503	As surface area of a cell increases	volume decreases.	15
11738536255	chloroplasts	organelles containing chlorophyll which is responsible for the green color and are the key light-trapping molecules of photosynthesis. These organelles have a double outer membrane that creates compartmentalization for thylakoids where the chlorophyll is housed to produce ATP and NADPH to fuel carbon-fixing reactions in the stroma where molecules of CO2 are converted to carbohydrates (glucose, C6H12O6).	16
11738574119	Cytoskeleton	network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement. Composed of microtubules that can form flagella or cilia, move chromosomes during nuclear division or provide a pathway for motor proteins to transport vesicles throughout the cell and composed of microfilaments for cell shape and movement.	17
11738600186	stomach cells	- chief cells produce: pepsinogen which forms pepsin enzyme to breakdown protein. - parietal cells produce: HCl. - mucous cells produce: mucous lubricating stomach.	18
11738609048	kidney cells	nephrons: functional unit of the kidney made up of tubules and a glomerulus through which filtrate passes making urine.	19
11738618502	Root cells	cells in the root have root hairs that absorb water from the soil; these cells have no chloroplasts.	20
11738620404	Urinary bladder cells	epithelial cells that are highly elastic to accommodate expansion and contraction.	21
11738652270	small intestinal cells	Cells that secrete enzymes to further hydrolyze the polysaccarides into monosaccharides and these cells absorb these nutrients via villi and microvilli.	22
11738699406	Stem cells	unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells	23
11738702753	Leaf cells	Cells of a plant that have lots of chloroplasts to absorb sunlight	24
11738718517	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.	25
11738721543	dendrites	a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	26
11738722223	cell body	Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm	27
11738723011	axon hillock	the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates	28
11738725502	Axon	A threadlike extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses (ions like Na+ and K+ moving into and out of the axonal membrane) away from the cell body.	29
11738731857	myelin sheath	A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.	30
11738733559	axon terminal end	contain neurotransmitters (chemical released when impulse arrives)	31
11738735243	Synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	32
11738736709	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	33
11738740382	stimulus	a signal to which an organism responds	34
11738743227	types of neurons	sensory, motor, interneurons	35
11738745325	red blood cells (erythrocytes)	contain hemoglobin that transports oxygen	36
11738750134	white blood cells (leukocytes)	respond to injury or infection	37
11738757962	All cells have	cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes	38
11738761966	Action Potential (AP)	an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane	39
11738775116	cells of the alveoli	are very thin and produce a fluid to increase the diffusion of gases between the alveoli air and the blood where CO2 diffuses out of the capillaries and O2 diffuses into the capillaries.	40
11738792647	Plant cell wall	is a protective structure made of cellulose (polysaccharide) fibrils.	41
11738794744	Cell membrane (plasma membrane)	phospholipid bilayer that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell.	42
11738799853	selectively permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot	43
11738802036	Phospholipid molecules	compose the membrane structure; have polar phosphate heads (hydrophilic) and lipid non-polar tails (hydrophobic)	44
11738803957	Phospholipid bilayer	a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane, the hydrophobic lipid ends facing inward and the hydrophilic phosphate ends facing outward.	45
11738808527	Channel proteins	have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions can use as a passageway.	46
11738811165	ion gated channels	proteins responsible for allowing sodium or potassium to diffuse into or out of the axon	47
11738814493	Aquaporins	water channel proteins that allow water to diffuse from regions of high water to regions of low water.	48
11738818120	Plasmolysis (plant cells)	The pulling away of the cytoplasm and plasma membrane from the cell wall due to lack of water	49
11738822309	receptor proteins	Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.	50
11738825970	Cholesterol in membrane	a lipid embedded in the phospholipid bilayer that helps maintain fluidity of the membrane, especially in cold temperatures.	51
11738829208	Diffusion	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.	52
11738830063	facilitated diffusion (passive transport)	Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels without energy (ATP).	53
11738834173	active transport	Energy-requiring (ATP) process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient (from low concentration to high concentration).	54
11738842061	exocytosis	release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.	55
11738844349	Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)	A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.	56
11738848288	Receptor-mediated endocytosis	The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins	57
11738854440	Glucose transport protein	a type of protein molecule that responds to the insulin signal to facilitate glucose uptake from the blood stream into liver cells or skeletal muscle cells.	58
11738857343	insulin	A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by signaling the cells to uptake of glucose from the blood into the cytoplasm of the cell.	59
11738874487	Matrix of the Mitochondria	location of Kreb's cycle in which electron carries like NADH and FADH2 are produced and CO2 waste gas is released, and some ATP is produced.	60
11738882121	Inner membrane space of the mitochondria	is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion where a proton gradient is produced from the pumping of protons from the matrix into this space so this space tends to have a low pH.	61
11738892227	B cells	Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.	62
11738893168	T cells	Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.	63
11738894507	Helper T cells	Activate macrophages, B cells and T cells.	64
11738895959	Virus structure	Contains genetic material either DNA or RNA, and a protein coat.	65
11738929976	osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	66
11738929977	A hypertonic solution surrounding a cell	has a solute concentration greater than that inside the cell whose solution is described as hypotonic; the cell responds with a net flow of water loss.	67
11738937889	A hypotonic solution surrounding a cell	has a solute concentration less than that inside the cell which is described as hypertonic; the cell responds with a net gain of water, swells.	68
11738943198	An isotonic solution surrounding a cell	is a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell which is described as isotonic.	69
11738952207	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. Water potential = solute potential + pressure potential.	70
11738967545	solute potential	This measurement has a maximum value of 0; it decreases as the concentration of a solute increases.	71
11738979064	Equation for solute potential	-iCRT in which i = the ionization constant C = molar concentration (moles/L) R = pressure constant (0.0831 liter bars/mole K) and K is temperature in Kelvin. T = temperature in degrees kelvin = 273 + C'	72
11739011752	What is the solute potential Ψs of a 1.0M sugar solution at 22 degrees Celsius under standard atmospheric conditions Ψp=0 ? Round to the nearest tenth.	-24.5 Bars	73
11739020287	A plant cell has a solute potential of -4.0 bars and a pressure potential of 1.0 bar. What is its water potential to the nearest whole number? If this cell is placed in a solution with a water potential of -5.0 bar. What will happen to this cell?	-3.0 Bars. If this cell is placed in a solution with a water potential of -5.0 bars, the cell will lose water by net flow and shrink.	74

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AP government unit 5 Flashcards

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13864836959	absentee ballot	One that allows a person to vote without going to the polls on Election Day	0
13864836960	apathy	a lack of feeling, emotion, or interest	1
13864836961	linkage institutions	The channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media.	2
13864836962	National Voter Registration Act	"Motor voter Act"- required states to allow voters to register when they get their driver's license	3
13864836963	political efficacy	The belief that one's political participation really matters - that one's vote can actually make a difference	4
13864836964	Preclearance	mandated by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the prior approval by the Justice Department of changes to or new election laws by certain States	5
13864836965	Prospective voting	voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues	6
13864836966	Retrospective voting	voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office	7
13864836967	Provisional ballots	a vote that is cast but not counted until determination is made that the voter is properly registered	8
13864836968	Suffrage	the right to vote	9
13864836969	Voter apathy	The lack of interest among the citizenry in participating in elections.	10
13864836970	Voter registration	A system adopted by the states that requires voters to register well in advance of Election Day. A few states permit Election day registration.	11
13864836971	Voter turnout	the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election	12
13864836972	White primary	the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation	13
13864836973	Voting age population	citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement	14
13864836974	Voting eligible population	citizens who have reached the minimum age to be eligible to vote, excluding those who are not legally permitted to cast a ballot	15
13864836975	Voting blocs	a group of voters that are strongly motivated by a specific common concern or group of concerns to the point that such specific concerns tend to dominate their voting patterns, causing them to vote together in elections	16
13864836976	Conventions	a way in which something is usually done, especially within a particular area or activity.	17
13864836977	Critical elections	An electoral "earthquake" where new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Such periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era.	18
13864836978	Dark ads	type of online advertising visible only to the advert's publisher and the intended target group	19
13864836979	DNC	Democratic National Committee	20
13864836980	RNC	Republican National Committee	21
13864836981	Democratic republicans	Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank	22
13864836982	Divided government	one party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress	23
13864836983	Grand Old Party	known as the GOP, another way of identifying the Republican Party	24
13864836984	Hard money	Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.	25
13864836985	Ideological parties	Parties based on a particular set of beliefs, a comprehensive view of social, economic, and political matters	26
13864836986	Independent expenditures	Expenses on behalf of a political message that are made by groups that are uncoordinated with any candidate's campaign.	27
13864836987	Issues ads	A political advertisement funded and produced by an interest groups rather than by an election campaign.	28
13864836988	McGovern Fraser Commission	A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority groups and others who sought better representation.	29
13864836989	Minor parties	smaller political parties-have little impact on national elections	30
13864836990	New Deal Coalition	coalition forged by the Democrats who dominated American politics from the 1930's to the 1960's. its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals.	31
13864836991	Party chairperson	the chairman of the national committee of the political party who usually acts as the head of the party's permanent organization and has general direction of party strategy especially during election campaigns.	32
13864836992	Party dealignment	the gradual disengagement of people and politicians from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification.	33
13864836993	Party realignment	The displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period.	34
13864836994	Platform	a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions on election issues	35
13864836995	Political action committee	committee formed by a special-interest group to raise money for their favorite political candidates	36
13864836996	Republican party	Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers	37
13864836997	Single issue parties	Parties that concentrate on only one public policy matter	38
13864836999	Soft money	Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.	39
13864837000	Swing states	In a presidential race, highly competitive states in which both major party candidates stand a good chance of winning the state's electoral votes.	40
13864837001	Super Pac	a type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations, unions, and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates.	41
13864837002	Winner take all	An almost obsolete system whereby a presidential aspirant who won the preference vote in a primary automatically won all the delegates chosen in the primary	42
13864837003	Whig Party	An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements	43
13864837004	Superdelegates	National party leaders who automatically get a delegate slot at the Democratic national party convention.	44
13864837005	Third parties	electoral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they rarely win elections.	45
13864837006	Two party system	An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.	46
13864837007	Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act	Banned soft money donations to political parties (loophole from FECA); also imposed restrictions on 527 independent expenditures (issue ads only, not direct advocacy for a candidate). Declared unconstitutional by Citizens United case. Also known as McCain-Feingold Act.	47
13864837008	Blanket Primary	a primary election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties	48
13864837009	Buckley v Valeo	A case in which the Supreme Court of the United States upheld federal limits on campaign contributions and ruled that spending money to influence elections is a form of constitutionally protected free speech. The court also stated candidates can give unlimited amounts of money to their own campaigns.	49
13864837010	Caucasus	a region that straddles the Caucasus Mountains and stretches between the Black and Caspian seas	50
13864837011	Closed primary	A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote	51
13864837012	Coattail effect	The boost that candidates may get in an election because of the popularity of candidates above them on the ballot, especially the president.	52
13864837013	Federal Election Campaign Act	A law passed in 1974 for reforming campaign finances. The act created the Federal Election Commission (FEC), provided public financing for presidential primaries and general elections, limited presidential campaign spending, required disclosure, and attempted to limit contributions.	53
13864837014	Federal Election Commission	A six-member bipartisan agency created by the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974. The federal Election Commission administers and enforces campaign finance laws.	54
13864837015	Front loading	The recent tendency of states to hold primaries early in the calendar in order to capitalize on media attention.	55
13864837016	General election	election in which voters decide which candidates will actually fill elective public offices	56
13864837017	Hard money	Political contributions given to a party, candidate, or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed.	57
13864837018	Incumbent	the current officeholder	58
13864837019	Incumbent advantage phenomenon	the tendency of incumbents to win reelection; incumbents have advantages in media exposure, fundraising, and staff	59
13864837020	Initiative	A procedure by which voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment.	60
13864837021	Invisible primary	The period before any votes are cast when candidates compete to win early support from the elite of the party and to create a positive first impression of their leadership skills.	61
13864837022	Iowa caucuses	held in January of presidential election year	62
13864837023	Midterm election	Elections held midway between presidential elections.	63
13864837024	Open primary	A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place	64
13864837025	Plurality	Candidate or party with the most votes cast in an election, not necessarily more than half.	65
13864837026	Recall	A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.	66
13864837027	Referendum	a legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate	67
13864837028	Soft money	Campaign contributions unregulated by federal or state law, usually given to parties and party committees to help fund general party activities.	68
13864837029	Split ticket	voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election	69
13864837030	Dark money	political money where the donors of the money do not have to be disclosed	70
13864837031	Direct lobbying	direct interaction with public officials for the purpose of influencing policy decisions	71
13864837032	Endorsement	A signature or stamp on the back of a check transferring ownership	72
13864837033	Free rider	a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it	73
13864837034	Grassroots lobbying	indirect lobbying efforts that spring from widespread public concern	74
13864837035	Issue networks	The loose and informal relationships that exist among a large number of actors who work in broad policy areas	75
13864837036	Think tanks	a body of experts providing advice and ideas on specific political or economic problems.	76
13864837037	Affiliates	Local television stations that carry the programming of a national network	77
13864837038	Associated Press	An organization founded for the telegraphic dissemination of news in 1848	78
13864837039	Bandwagon effect	a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public opinion polls report as the front-runner	79
13864837040	Big three networks	The original television broadcast networks: NBC, CBS, and ABC.	80
13864837041	Broadcast networks	collection of radio or TV stations that airs programs throughout the country during designated program times	81
13864837042	Cable News Networks	MSNBC, FOX News, CNN	82
13864837043	Commentary	a series of notes clarifying or explaining something	83
13864837044	Confirmation bias	a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	84
13864837045	Consumer driven media	media whose content is influenced by the actions and needs of consumers	85
13864837046	C Span	Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, shows activity in congress at all times	86
13864837047	Freedom on information act	Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy	87
13864837048	Free press	If a country has a free press, its newspapers, magazines and television and radio stations are able to express any opinions they want, even if these criticize the government and other organisation	88
13864837049	Gatekeeper	A team member who keeps abreast of current developments and provides the team with relevant information.	89
13864837050	Horse race journalism	news coverage that focuses on who is ahead rather than on the issues	90
13864837051	Investigative reporting	Enterprise reporting that reveals new information, often startling; most often these are stories that official sources would rather not have told	91
13864837052	Mainstream media	Media sources that predate the Internet, such as newspapers, magazines, television, and radio.	92
13864837053	Narrowcasting	targeting media programming at specific populations within society	93
13864837054	News bureaus	an office for gathering or distributing news	94
13864837055	Political analysis	the attempt to describe (to answer the what questions) and then to explain politics (to answer the why and how questions)	95
13864837056	Press conference	meetings of public officials with reporters	96
13864837057	Scorekeeper	The role played by the national media in keeping track of and helping make political reputations.	97
13864837058	Soundbites	Short video clips of approximately 10 seconds. Typically, they are all that is shown from a politician's speech on the nightly television news.	98
13864837059	Talk radio	a format featuring conversations and interviews about topics of interest, along with call-ins from listeners	99
13864837060	Watchdog	The role played by the national media in investigating political personalities and exposing scandals.	100

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Physical Change and Chemical Change Flashcards

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16298308828	Physical Change	A change in which no new substances are formed. Its a change in state.	0
16298308829	Chemical change	when the chemical make-up of a substance change, and a new substance or substances are formed	1
16298308830	Properties of Physical Change	Color, shape, size, density, melting point, and boiling point.	2
16298308831	Signs of Chemical Change	Odor, color, temperature, precipitate (solid), bubbles	3
16298308832	Law of Conservation of Matter	Matter can not be created or destroyed, it only changes forms.	4
16298308833	Examples of Physical Change	melting, freezing, vaporization, condensation, sublimation	5
16298308834	Melting	solid to liquid	6
16298308835	Freezing	liquid to solid	7
16298308836	Types of vaporization	boiling, occurs through liquid evaporation top of the liquid evaporates.	8
16298308837	Condensation	gas to liquid	9
16298308838	Sublimation	solid directly to gas	10
16298308839	Product	a new substance produced in a chemical reaction.	11
16298308840	Chemical Properties	the properties that show how a substance reacts when combined with other substances	12
16298308841	Reactant	a substance used up in a chemical reaction	13
16298308842	Chemical reaction	occurs when a substance changes to produce a new substance	14

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Flashcards

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Flashcards

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Articular system Flashcards

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16300470065	Flexion	Decreases the angle of a joint	0
16300478550	Extension	increases the angle of a joint	1
16300488587	Hyperextension	extension beyond anatomical position	2
16300509494	Dorsiflexion	bending of the foot or the toes upward	3
16300516795	Plantar flexion	bends the foot downward at the ankle	4
16300526014	Abduction	Movement away from the midline of the body	5
16300538123	Adduction	Movement toward the midline of the body	6
16300549703	Circumduction	circular movement of a limb at the far end	7
16300560533	Supination	movement that turns the palm up	8
16300589956	Pronation	palm down	9
16300600035	eversion of foot	turn foot outward	10
16300615897	inversion of foot	Turning the sole of the foot inward	11
16300628878	Protraction	moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground	12
16300643558	Retraction	moving a part backward	13
16300718456	Elevation	raising a body part	14
16300728732	Depression	lowers a part of the body	15

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P2- Revision Questions Flashcards

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16300512728	For electrical charge to flow through a closed circuit, what must there be?	Must be a potential difference	0
16300512729	What is Current?	IS the flow of Charge	1
16300512730	What equation links charge flow, current and time?	Charge Flow (C) = Current (A) x Time (S)	2
16300512731	In a series circuit, is the value of the current the same at any point in the loop?	Yes	3
16300512732	What equation links potential difference, current and resistance	Potential Difference (V) = Current (A) X Resistance (Ohms)	4
16300512733	What does potential difference mean the same as?	Voltage	5
16300512734	What does a current through a component depend on?	The resistance of the component and the potential difference across it	6
16300512735	The greater the resistance of the component....	The smaller the current for a given potential difference across the component	7
16300512736	How do you connect an ammeter in a circuit?	You must connect it in series with the current flowing	8
16300512737	How do you connect a voltmeter in a circuit?	You must connect it in parallel with the electrical energy (eg. Bulb)	9
16300512738	What is an ohmic conductor?	A conductor which obeys Ohm's Law, and will have a positive gradient.	10
16300512739	In some resistors, what happens to the value of R?	It remains constant	11
16300512740	What happens to the resistance of a thermistor as the temperature increases?	Decreases	12
16300512741	Give a use of thermistors	Thermostat	13
16300512742	What happens to the resistance of an LDR and the light intensity increases?	Decreases	14
16300512743	Give a use of LDR's in circuits	Switching lights on	15
16300512744	What is ohms law?	The law that states that the current flowing through a resistor at constant temperature is directly proportional to the voltage across the resistor	16
16300512745	Compare Series Circuits vs Parallel Circuits	Series circuit has the same current everywhere, whereas in a parallel circuit the current splits between the branches The potential difference in a series circuit is shared by components, but in parallel circuits, the potential difference is the same everywhere In parallel circuits, the total resistance of 2 resistors is less than the resistance of the smallest individual resistor, but in series circuits, the total resistance is the sum of the resistance of each component equals R1 + R2	17
16300512746	What happens to the total resistance of a circuit as you add more light bulbs? (series and parallel)	The resistance decreases	18
16300512747	Is the main electricity AC or DC?	AC	19
16300512748	In the UK, what is mains frequency/voltage?	Frequency is 50Hz and Voltage is 230V	20
16300512749	What does the live wire carry?	Carries the alternating potential difference from the supply	21
16300512750	What does the neutral wire do?	It completes the circuit	22
16300512751	What is the earth wire?	Is a safety wire to stop the appliance becoming live	23
16300512752	What is the colour of the live wire?	Brown	24
16300512753	What is the colour of the neutral wire?	Blue	25
16300512754	What is the colour of the earth wire?	Green and Yellow	26
16300512755	What are the equations for electrical power?	Power (W) = potential difference (V) x Current (A) Power (W)- Current^2(A) x Resistance (Ohms)	27
16300512756	What is done when charge flows in a circuit?	Work is done	28
16300512757	What equation links energy transferred, charge flow and potential difference?	Energy transferred (J) = Charge Flow (C) x Potential Difference (V)	29
16300512758	What is a power rating of an appliance?	It tells us how much electricity an appliance uses	30
16300512759	What is the national grid?	A system of cables and transformers linking power stations to consumers	31
16300512760	What are the roles of step up transformers	Used to increase the potential difference cables (reduce energy loss)	32
16300512761	What are the roles of step down transformers	Used to decrease the potential difference so it is safe for domestic use	33
16300512762	Why is the national grid system an efficient way to transfer energy?	Step-up transformers produce very high voltages which mean it is easy and quick to transmit electricity, and step-down transformers bring the electricity down to a safe voltage to use.	34
16300512763	Why does the resistance increase in a filament when the temperature increases?	As it does not follow Ohm's law.	35
16300512803	Draw the symbol for a battery.		36
16300512764	What is the difference between a battery and a cell?	A cell is just one, but a battery is more than one cell put together	37
16300512804	Draw the symbol for an ammeter.		38
16300512765	How must an ammeter be placed in a circuit?	Placed in series	39
16300512805	Draw the symbol for a voltmeter.		40
16300512766	How must a voltmeter be placed in a circuit?	Placed in parallel	41
16300512806	Draw the symbol for a lamp.		42
16300512807	Draw the symbol for a diode.		43
16300512808	Draw the symbol for a resistor.		44
16300512809	Draw the symbol for a LED (light emitting diodes).		45
16300512810	Draw the symbol for a variable resistor.		46
16300512811	Draw the symbol for a LDR (light dependent resistor).		47
16300512812	Draw the symbol for a fuse.		48
16300512813	Draw the symbol for a thermistor.		49
16300512814	Draw the symbol for an open switch.		50
16300512815	Draw the symbol for a closed switch.		51
16300512767	What is difference between series and parallel circuits?	Just one wire, but parallel has multiple wires and does not go in a square	52
16300512768	Define charge.	Amount of electricity	53
16300512769	Define current.	Flow of electrons	54
16300512770	What is equation taking charge, current and time?	Charge flow= Current x Time	55
16300512771	What are the units for charge?	Coulombs	56
16300512772	What are the units for current?	Amps	57
16300512773	What are the units for time?	Seconds	58
16300512774	Define potential difference.	What pushes the current around	59
16300512775	Define resistance.	What controls the flow	60
16300512776	What is equation linking potential difference, current and resistance?	Potential Difference = Current x Resistance	61
16300512777	What are the units of potential difference?	Volts	62
16300512778	What are the units for resistance?	Ohms	63
16300512816	Draw the current-potential different graphs for a conductor.		64
16300512817	Draw the current-potential different graphs for lamp.		65
16300512818	Draw the current-potential different graphs for a diode.		66
16300512779	How does resistance of a thermistor change as temperature changes?	Temperature increase causes resistance decrease	67
16300512780	How does resistance of an LDR change as light intensity changes?	Increase in light intensity causes resistance to decrease	68
16300512781	How does current behave in a series circuit?	The same throughout	69
16300512782	How does potential difference behave in a series circuit?	Splits between components	70
16300512783	How does resistance behave in a series circuit?	Add all resisters together to get total resistance	71
16300512784	How does current behave in a parallel circuit?	Splits across branches	72
16300512785	How does potential difference behave in a parallel circuit?	The same throughout	73
16300512786	Calculate resistance in a parallel circuit	1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2	74
16300512787	What is the voltage of mains electricity in the UK?	230 V	75
16300512788	What is the frequency of mains electricity in the UK?	50 Hz	76
16300512789	What is the difference between alternating and direct current?	Direct current goes in one direction, alternating current goes in difference directions	77
16300512790	What are the three wires inside a plug?	Live, Neutral and Earth	78
16300512791	What are the safety features on a plug?	Covered in Plastic, and has a fuse	79
16300512792	What are the units for power?	Watts	80
16300512793	What is the equation linking power, current and resistance?	Power= Current^2 x Resistance	81
16300512794	What is equation linking energy, power and time?	Energy = Power x Time	82
16300512795	What are the units for energy?	J	83
16300512796	What are the units for time?	Seconds	84
16300512797	What is equation linking energy, charge and potential difference?	Energy = Charge x Potential Difference	85
16300512798	What is the National Grid?	A network of cables that send electricity around the UK	86
16300512799	What does step up transformer do?	Increase voltage	87
16300512800	What does a step-down transformer do?	Decrease voltage	88
16300512801	Use of thermistors	Central heating	89
16300512802	2 Uses of LDRS	Street Lights or Security Lights	90

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Physics chapter 4/5 Flashcards

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16300592684	Parallel circuit	An electric circuit with two or more paths through which charge can flow	0
16300592685	Series circuit	An electric circuit with only one path through which charge can flow	1
16300592686	Current	A flow of electric charge.	2
16300592687	Potential difference	Energy per unit charge	3
16300592688	Resistance	The amount of obstruction to charge	4
16300592689	Ammeter	Equipment used to measure current	5
16300592690	Voltmeter	Equipment used to measure potential difference	6
16300592691	Amps	Unit of current	7
16300592692	Volts	Unit of potential difference	8
16300592693	Ohm	Unit of resistance	9
16300592720	I-V Characteristic for Ohmic Conductor		10
16300592721	I-V Characteristic for Filament Lamp		11
16300592722	I-V Characteristic for Diode		12
16300592694	Power	A measure of the rate at which energy is transferred or work is done	13
16300592695	Direct current	A continuous electric current that flows in one direction only. Current supplied by cells and batteries.	14
16300592696	Alternating current	A continues electric current that periodically reverses direction, e.g. mains electricity in the UK	15
16300592697	Electrical potential	The potential difference between the point and some other reference point.	16
16300592698	Efficiency	The ratio or percentage of useful energy out compared to total energy in for a system or device	17
16300592723	Three-pin plug		18
16300592699	Colour of live wire	Brown	19
16300592700	Colour of earth wire	Yellow and green	20
16300592701	Colour of neutral wire	Blue	21
16300592702	Fuse	A safety device inside a plug that contains a wire that melts if current becomes too high	22
16300592703	Cable grip	The part of a plug that secures the three-core cable in place	23
16300592704	National Grid	The network of high voltage power lines and transformers that connects major power stations, businesses and homes	24
16300592705	Transformers	A device that transfers an alternating current from one circuit to another to change potential difference	25
16300592706	Step-up transformer	Devices that increase potential difference	26
16300592707	Step-down transformer	Devices that decrease potential difference	27
16300592708	Location of live wire in a plug	To the right	28
16300592709	Location of earth wire in a plug	To the top	29
16300592710	Location of neutral wire in a plug	To the left	30
16300592711	Frequency of mains electricity	50 Hz	31
16300592712	Potential different of mains electricity in the UK	230 V	32
16300592713	Current =	Charge flow / time	33
16300592714	Potential difference =	Current x resistance	34
16300592715	Power =	Current x potential difference	35
16300592716	Energy =	Charge flow x potential difference	36
16300592717	Time =	Energy / Power	37
16300592718	Resistance =	Power / (current)^2	38

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