AP Vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12888670809 | Trope | a figurative word or expression | 0 | |
| 12888670810 | Metaphor | A comparison without using like or as | 1 | |
| 12888670811 | Simile | A comparison using like or as | 2 | |
| 12888670812 | point of view | the perspective from which a story is told | 3 | |
| 12888670813 | figurative language | Language that can't be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling. | 4 | |
| 12888670814 | Diction | A writers choice of words | 5 | |
| 12888670815 | Syntax | The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences | 6 | |
| 12888670816 | Hamartia | a fatal flaw leading to the downfall of a tragic hero | 7 | |
| 12888670817 | Emjambment | When a line of poetry continues to the next line without punctuation | 8 | |
| 12888670818 | Allusion | A reference to another work of literature, person, or event | 9 |
AP Latin Important People Flashcards
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| 9988853980 | Achates | Armor-bearer of Aeneas during the Trojan War. Accompanies Aeneas when he enters Carthage and later when he visits Evander at Palladium. | 0 | |
| 9988853981 | Aeneas | Hero of the Aeneid, son of Venus and Anchises, husband of Creusa, father of Ascanius/Iulus. | 1 | |
| 9988853982 | Aeolus | King of the winds who is bribed by Juno to unleash winds to destroy Aeneas' ships and then is punished by Neptune for acting in his realm. | 2 | |
| 9988853983 | Amata | Queen of Latium, wife of Latinus, mother of Lavinia. Favors Turnus over Aeneas as a son-in-law. Commits suicide when she thinks her side has lost the Italian war. | 3 | |
| 9988853984 | Anna | Sister of Dido, persuades Dido to pursue Aeneas, holds Dido in her lap as Dido dies. | 4 | |
| 9988853985 | Ascanius | (=Iulus) Son of Aeneas. Venus puts Cupid in place of Ascanius so that Cupid can cause Dido to fall in love with Aeneas. | 5 | |
| 9988853986 | Augustus | (=Julius Caesar Octavianus). First emperor of Rome, commissioned Aeneid, appears in scenes showing the future as a savior of Rome. | 6 | |
| 9988853987 | Cacus | Fire-breathing monster, son of Vulcan, causes problems for the Arcadians until Hercules shows up and kills him. | 7 | |
| 9988853988 | Cassandra | Priestess who always tells the truth but no one believes her, says that the horse spells doom for the Trojans. | 8 | |
| 9988853989 | Charon | Boatman who takes souls across the Styx. | 9 | |
| 9988853990 | Cupid | Son of Venus, half-brother of Aeneas; replaces Ascanius to breathe love into Dido. | 10 | |
| 9988853991 | Dido | Queen of Carthage. Left Tyre/Sidon in Phoenicia when her brother Pygmalion killed her husband Sychaeus. Aeneas stays with her in Carthage for one year. | 11 | |
| 9988853992 | Evander | King of the Arcadians, who settle on the hills that would later become the site of Rome. Helps Aeneas by sending his troops and his son to fight against Turnus and his Latin allies. | 12 | |
| 9988853993 | Hector | Son of Priam, greatest of the Trojan warriors at Troy; appears to Aeneas in a dream during fall of Troy and tells him to leave. | 13 | |
| 9988853994 | Hecuba | Queen of Troy, wife of Priam, urges her husband not to fight against the Greeks on account of his age. | 14 | |
| 9988853995 | Hercules | Hero who saved the Arcadians (living at the site of the future city of Rome) from the monster Cacus. The victory is celebrated annually by the Arcadians. | 15 | |
| 9988853996 | Iarbas | African king, gave Dido land to settle. His proposal for marriage was rejected. He complains to Jupiter (=Hammo, his father) about Dido's reception of Aeneas. | 16 | |
| 9988853997 | Ilioneus | Eldest Trojan after the death of Anchises. He delivers speeches to Dido and Latinus when Aeneas is absent. | 17 | |
| 9988853998 | Iris | Messenger of Juno, sent down to free Dido's soul from her body because she was dying "neither by fate or a deserved death." | 18 | |
| 9988853999 | Juno | Queen of the gods, wife/sister of Jupiter, hates the Trojans, including Aeneas because: (1) the Trojan Paris picked Venus (Aeneas' mother) over her, (2) Jupiter chose the Trojan boy Ganymede to be his cup-bearer instead of her own daughter Hebe, and (3) Aeneas' descendants will destroy her favorite city, Carthage. | 19 | |
| 9988854000 | Juturna | An immortal nymph and sister of Turnus, who (at the instigation of Juno) disguises herself as Turnus' charioteer in a vain effort to keep Turnus from meeting Aeneas in combat. | 20 | |
| 9988854001 | Laocoon | Trojan priest of Neptune who tells the Trojans to be suspicious of the Horse. He and his sons were later killed by two snakes. | 21 | |
| 9988854002 | Latinus | King of the Latins in Latium. An oracle told him that if his daughter Lavinia married a foreigner, their descendants would rule the world. He favors Aeneas, but war breaks out between the Trojans and Italian peoples, and Aeneas is unable to stop it. | 22 | |
| 9988854003 | Lavinia | Daughter of Latinus. Her chief suitor was Turnus until Aeneas arrived. Turnus thinks Aeneas is "stealing" Lavinia from him and concludes that Aeneas is another Paris. | 23 | |
| 9988854004 | Marcellus | Adopted son and heir of Augustus. He died young and tragically. Aeneas sees him in the underworld, and Anchises tells what a great man he would have been if he lived. | 24 | |
| 9988854005 | Mercury | Messenger god sent by Jupiter to tell Aeneas to leave Carthage in order to found a city and fulfill his destiny. | 25 | |
| 9988854006 | Neptune | The god of sea who calms the sea after Juno asks Aeolus to stir up a storm> The calming of the sea is compared to a statesmen calming a mob. | 26 | |
| 9988854007 | Pallas | Son of Evander, who is entrusted to Aeneas to fight against Turnus and the Latins. He is killed by Turnus, who takes his sword belt -- an act which convinces Aeneas to kill Turnus at the end of the Aeneid. | 27 | |
| 9988854008 | Priam | The King of Troy. He is killed by Achilles' son Pyrrhus at an altar during the sack of Troy. | 28 | |
| 9988854009 | Pygmalion | The evil brother of Dido. He secretly slew Dido's husband Sychaeus for his gold, but she found out from his ghost and fled to Carthage; Dido still feels threatened by him. | 29 | |
| 9988854010 | Pyrrhus | Son of Achilles. He slays Priam brutally on an altar after killing Priam's son Polites. | 30 | |
| 9988854011 | Fama | Rumor, described in an allegory as a divinity who spreads gossip first to Iarbas about the love of Dido and Aeneas, and then to Dido about the departure of Aeneas, and finally to Carthage about the death of Dido. | 31 | |
| 9988854012 | Sibyl | The priestess of Apollo at Cumae. She escorted Aeneas in his journey to the underworld to visit his father. | 32 | |
| 9988854013 | Sinon | A lying Greek who pretended to the Trojans to be a deserter. He persuades Trojans to take horse into the city by pretending to be a victim of Ulysses' wiles. | 33 | |
| 9988854014 | Sychaeus | Richest man in Phoenician and husband of Dido. He was murdered by Pygmalion for his gold. His ghost appeared to Dido in dreams to warn her to flee with his hidden gold. | 34 | |
| 9988854015 | Turnus | The King of Rutulians and rival of Aeneas in Italy. He was the favored suitor of Lavinia until Latinus heard oracle saying he must marry her to a foreigner (Aeneas). | 35 | |
| 9988854016 | Venus | The goddess of love, mother of Aeneas (via Anchises) who frequently intervenes on her son's behalf. | 36 | |
| 9988854017 | Vulcan | The god of metal-working who forges arms for Aeneas at the behest of Venus. On the shield are depicted scenes of the future glory of Rome, with the Augustus at the Battle of Actium in the center. | 37 | |
| 9988854018 | Ambiorix | Prince of Eburones. He lies to the Roman commanders to persuade them to leave their winter quarters. One camp leaves and is slaughtered. The other stays and fights until Caesar arrives. | 38 | |
| 9988854019 | Vercingetorix | Leader of a revolt of almost all of Gaul against Caesar, who besieges him at Alesia. He is almost Caesar's equal as a leader and orator. His surrender ends the rebellion. | 39 | |
| 9988854020 | Cotta (Lucius Arunculeius Cotta) | Roman legatus who wants to stay in camp when Ambiorix offers safe passage out. He loses the debate and dies in the subsequent ambush. | 40 | |
| 9988854021 | Orgetorix | A prominent Helvetian who persuaded the people to leave their country and march east in search of better lands. He conspired with others to become ruler of all Gaul. His conspiracy was disclosed and brought to trial, but he suddenly died. | 41 | |
| 9988854022 | Pullo and Vorenus | Centurions of 11th legion who were rivals. They rescue each other when they sally from their camp to show their courage. | 42 | |
| 9988854023 | Sabinus (Quintus Titurius Sabinus) | Roman legatus who argues for leaving camp when Ambiorix offers safe passage. When the Romans are ambushed, he again tries to negotiate with Ambiorix and is treacherously killed | 43 | |
| 9988854024 | the Tenth Legion | Caesar's favorite legion | 44 |
AP Statistics Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14005811225 | How do you check if there is outliers? | calculate IQR; anything above Q3+1.5(IQR) or below Q1-1.5(IQR) is an outlier | 0 | |
| 14005811226 | If a graph is skewed, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | median; it is resistant to skews and outliers | 1 | |
| 14005811227 | If a graph is roughly symmetrical, should we calculate the median or the mean? Why? | mean; generally is more accurate if the data has no outliers | 2 | |
| 14005811228 | What is in the five number summary? | Minimum, Q1, Median, Q3, Maximum | 3 | |
| 14005811229 | Relationship between variance and standard deviation? | variance=(standard deviation)^2 | 4 | |
| 14005811230 | variance definition | the variance is roughly the average of the squared differences between each observation and the mean | 5 | |
| 14005811231 | standard deviation | the standard deviation is the square root of the variance | 6 | |
| 14005811232 | What should we use to measure spread if the median was calculated? | IQR | 7 | |
| 14005811233 | What should we use to measure spread if the mean was calculated? | standard deviation | 8 | |
| 14005811234 | What is the IQR? How much of the data does it represent? | Q3-Q1; 50% | 9 | |
| 14005811235 | How do you calculate standard deviation? | 1. Type data into L1 2. Find mean with 1 Variable Stats 3. Turn L2 into (L1-mean) 4. Turn L3 into (L2)^2 5. Go to 2nd STAT over to MATH, select sum( 6. Type in L3 7. multiply it by (1/n-1) 8. Square root it | 10 | |
| 14005811415 | What is the formula for standard deviation? |  | 11 | |
| 14005811236 | Categorical variables vs. Quantitative Variables | Categorical: individuals can be assigned to one of several groups or categories Quantitative: takes numberical values | 12 | |
| 14005811237 | If a possible outlier is on the fence, is it an outlier? | No | 13 | |
| 14005811238 | Things to include when describing a distribution | Center (Mean or Median), Unusual Gaps or Outliers, Spread (Standard Deviation or IQR), Shape (Roughly Symmetric, slightly/heavily skewed left or right, bimodal, range) | 14 | |
| 14005811239 | Explain how to standardize a variable. What is the purpose of standardizing a variable? | Subtract the distribution mean and then divide by standard deviation. Tells us how many standard deviations from the mean an observation falls, and in what direction. | 15 | |
| 14005811240 | What effect does standardizing the values have on the distribution? | shape would be the same as the original distribution, the mean would become 0, the standard deviation would become 1 | 16 | |
| 14005811241 | What is a density curve? | a curve that (a) is on or above the horizontal axis, and (b) has exactly an area of 1 | 17 | |
| 14005811242 | Inverse Norm | when you want to find the percentile: invNorm (area, mean, standard deviation) | 18 | |
| 14005811243 | z | (x-mean)/standard deviation | 19 | |
| 14005811244 | pth percentile | the value with p percent observations less than is | 20 | |
| 14005811245 | cumulative relative frequency graph | can be used to describe the position of an individual within a distribution or to locate a specified percentile of the distribution | 21 | |
| 14005811246 | How to find and interpret the correlation coefficient r for a scatterplot | STAT plot, scatter, L1 and L2 (Plot 1: ON); STAT --> CALC --> 8:LinReg(a+bx) No r? --> 2nd 0 (Catalog) down to Diagnostic ON | 22 | |
| 14005811247 | r | tells us the strength of a LINEAR association. -1 to 1. Not resistant to outliers | 23 | |
| 14005811248 | r^2 | the proportion (percent) of the variation in the values of y that can be accounted for by the least squares regression line | 24 | |
| 14005811249 | residual plot | a scatterplot of the residuals against the explanatory variable. Residual plots help us assess how well a regression line fits the data. It should have NO PATTERN | 25 | |
| 14005811250 | regression line | a line that describes how a response variable y changes as an explanatory variable x changes. We often use a regression line to predict the value of y for a given value of x. | 26 | |
| 14005811251 | residual formula | residual=y-y(hat) aka observed y - predicted y | 27 | |
| 14005811252 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is binomial? | BINS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another? 3. Number: There is a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 28 | |
| 14005811253 | What method do you use to check if a distribution or probability is geometric? | BITS: 1. Binary: There only two outcomes (success and failure) 2. Independent: The events independent of one another 3. Trials: There is not a fixed number of trials 4. Success: The probability of success equal in each trial | 29 | |
| 14005811254 | n | number of trials | 30 | |
| 14005811255 | p | probability of success | 31 | |
| 14005811256 | k | number of successes | 32 | |
| 14005811257 | Binomial Formula for P(X=k) | (n choose k) p^k (1-p)^(n-k) | 33 | |
| 14005811258 | Binomial Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | binompdf(n,p,k) | 34 | |
| 14005811259 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | binomcdf(n,p,k) | 35 | |
| 14005811260 | Binomial Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-binomcdf(n,p,k-1) | 36 | |
| 14005811261 | mean of a binomial distribution | np | 37 | |
| 14005811262 | standard deviation of a binomial distribution | √(np(1-p)) | 38 | |
| 14005811263 | Geometric Formula for P(X=k) | (1-p)^(k-1) x p | 39 | |
| 14005811264 | Geometric Calculator Function to find P(X=k) | geometpdf(p,k) | 40 | |
| 14005811265 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≤k) | geometcdf(p,k) | 41 | |
| 14005811266 | Geometric Calculator Function for P(X≥k) | 1-geometcdf(p,k-1) | 42 | |
| 14005811267 | Mean of a geometric distribution | 1/p=expected number of trials until success | 43 | |
| 14005811268 | Standard deviation of a geometric distribution | √((1-p)/(p²)) | 44 | |
| 14005811269 | What do you do if the binomial probability is for a range, rather than a specific number? | Take binomcdf(n,p,maximum) - binomcdf(n,p,minimum-1) | 45 | |
| 14005811270 | how do you enter n choose k into the calculator? | type "n" on home screen, go to MATH --> PRB --> 3: ncr, type "k" | 46 | |
| 14005811271 | μ(x+y) | μx+μy | 47 | |
| 14005811272 | μ(x-y) | μx-μy | 48 | |
| 14005811273 | σ(x+y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) | 49 | |
| 14005811274 | What does adding or subtracting a constant effect? | Measures of center (median and mean). Does NOT affect measures of spread (IQR and Standard Deviation) or shape. | 50 | |
| 14005811275 | What does multiplying or dividing a constant effect? | Both measures of center (median and mean) and measures of spread (IQR and standard deviation). Shape is not effected. For variance, multiply by a² (if y=ax+b). | 51 | |
| 14005811276 | σ(x-y) | √(σ²x+σ²y) --> you add to get the difference because variance is distance from mean and you cannot have a negative distance | 52 | |
| 14005811277 | calculate μx by hand | X1P1+X2P2+.... XKPK (SigmaXKPK) | 53 | |
| 14005811278 | calculate var(x) by hand | (X1-μx)²p(1)+(X2-μx)²p(2)+.... (Sigma(Xk-μx)²p(k)) | 54 | |
| 14005811279 | Standard deviation | square root of variance | 55 | |
| 14005811280 | discrete random variables | a fixed set of possible x values (whole numbers) | 56 | |
| 14005811281 | continuous random variables | -x takes all values in an interval of numbers -can be represented by a density curve (area of 1, on or above the horizontal axis) | 57 | |
| 14005811282 | What is the variance of the sum of 2 random variables X and Y? | (σx)²+(σy)², but ONLY if x and y are independent. | 58 | |
| 14005811283 | mutually exclusive | no outcomes in common | 59 | |
| 14005811284 | addition rule for mutually exclusive events P (A U B) | P(A)+P(B) | 60 | |
| 14005811285 | complement rule P(A^C) | 1-P(A) | 61 | |
| 14005811286 | general addition rule (not mutually exclusive) P(A U B) | P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 62 | |
| 14005811287 | intersection P(A n B) | both A and B will occur | 63 | |
| 14005811288 | conditional probability P (A | B) | P(A n B) / P(B) | 64 | |
| 14005811289 | independent events (how to check independence) | P(A) = P(A|B) P(B)= P(B|A) | 65 | |
| 14005811290 | multiplication rule for independent events P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B) | 66 | |
| 14005811291 | general multiplication rule (non-independent events) P(A n B) | P(A) x P(B|A) | 67 | |
| 14005811292 | sample space | a list of possible outcomes | 68 | |
| 14005811293 | probability model | a description of some chance process that consists of 2 parts: a sample space S and a probability for each outcome | 69 | |
| 14005811294 | event | any collection of outcomes from some chance process, designated by a capital letter (an event is a subset of the sample space) | 70 | |
| 14005811295 | What is the P(A) if all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely? | P(A) = (number of outcomes corresponding to event A)/(total number of outcomes in sample space) | 71 | |
| 14005811296 | Complement | probability that an event does not occur | 72 | |
| 14005811297 | What is the sum of the probabilities of all possible outcomes? | 1 | 73 | |
| 14005811298 | What is the probability of two mutually exclusive events? | P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B) | 74 | |
| 14005811299 | five basic probability rules | 1. for event A, 0≤P(A)≤1 2. P(S)=1 3. If all outcomes in the sample space are equally likely, P(A)=number of outcomes corresponding to event A / total number of outcomes in sample space 4. P(A^C) = 1-P(A) 5. If A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A n B)=P(A)+P(B) | 75 | |
| 14005811300 | When is a two-way table helpful | displays the sample space for probabilities involving two events more clearly | 76 | |
| 14005811301 | In statistics, what is meant by the word "or"? | could have either event or both | 77 | |
| 14005811302 | When can a Venn Diagram be helpful? | visually represents the probabilities of not mutually exclusive events | 78 | |
| 14005811303 | What is the general addition rule for two events? | If A and B are any two events resulting from some chance process, then the probability of A or B (or both) is P(A U B)= P(A)+P(B)-P(A n B) | 79 | |
| 14005811304 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 80 | |
| 14005811305 | What does the union of two or more events mean? | either event A or event B (or both) occurs | 81 | |
| 14005811306 | What is the law of large numbers? | If we observe more and more repetitions of any chance process, the proportion of times that a specific outcome occurs approaches a single value, which we can call the probability of that outcome | 82 | |
| 14005811307 | the probability of any outcome... | is a number between 0 and 1 that describes the proportion of times the outcome would occur in a very long series of repetitions | 83 | |
| 14005811308 | How do you interpret a probability? | We interpret probability to represent the most accurate results if we did an infinite amount of trials | 84 | |
| 14005811309 | What are the two myths about randomness? | 1. Short-run regularity --> the idea that probability is predictable in the short run 2. Law of Averages --> people except the alternative outcome to follow a different outcome | 85 | |
| 14005811310 | simulation | the imitation of chance behavior, based on a model that accurately reflects the situation | 86 | |
| 14005811311 | Name and describe the four steps in performing a simulation | 1. State: What is the question of interest about some chance process 2. Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of process; clearly identify outcomes and measured variables 3. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation 4. Conclude: results to answer question of interest | 87 | |
| 14005811312 | What are some common errors when using a table of random digits? | not providing a clear description of the simulation process for the reader to replicate the simulation | 88 | |
| 14005811313 | What does the intersection of two or more events mean? | both event A and event B occur | 89 | |
| 14005811314 | sample | The part of the population from which we actually collect information. We use information from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population | 90 | |
| 14005811315 | population | In a statistical study, this is the entire group of individuals about which we want information | 91 | |
| 14005811316 | sample survey | A study that uses an organized plan to choose a sample that represents some specific population. We base conclusions about the population on data from the sample. | 92 | |
| 14005811317 | convenience sample | A sample selected by taking the members of the population that are easiest to reach; particularly prone to large bias. | 93 | |
| 14005811318 | bias | The design of a statistical study shows ______ if it systematically favors certain outcomes. | 94 | |
| 14005811319 | voluntary response sample | People decide whether to join a sample based on an open invitation; particularly prone to large bias. | 95 | |
| 14005811320 | random sampling | The use of chance to select a sample; is the central principle of statistical sampling. | 96 | |
| 14005811321 | simple random sample (SRS) | every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected | 97 | |
| 14005811322 | strata | Groups of individuals in a population that are similar in some way that might affect their responses. | 98 | |
| 14005811323 | stratified random sample | To select this type of sample, first classify the population into groups of similar individuals, called strata. Then choose a separate SRS from each stratum to form the full sample. | 99 | |
| 14005811324 | cluster sample | To take this type of sample, first divide the population into smaller groups. Ideally, these groups should mirror the characteristics of the population. Then choose an SRS of the groups. All individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample. | 100 | |
| 14005811325 | inference | Drawing conclusions that go beyond the data at hand. | 101 | |
| 14005811326 | margin of error | Tells how close the estimate tends to be to the unknown parameter in repeated random sampling. | 102 | |
| 14005811327 | sampling frame | The list from which a sample is actually chosen. | 103 | |
| 14005811328 | undercoverage | Occurs when some members of the population are left out of the sampling frame; a type of sampling error. | 104 | |
| 14005811329 | nonresponse | Occurs when a selected individual cannot be contacted or refuses to cooperate; an example of a nonsampling error. | 105 | |
| 14005811330 | wording of questions | The most important influence on the answers given to a survey. Confusing or leading questions can introduce strong bias, and changes in wording can greatly change a survey's outcome. Even the order in which questions are asked matters. | 106 | |
| 14005811331 | observational study | Observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses. | 107 | |
| 14005811332 | experiment | Deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses. | 108 | |
| 14005811333 | explanatory variable | A variable that helps explain or influences changes in a response variable. | 109 | |
| 14005811334 | response variable | A variable that measures an outcome of a study. | 110 | |
| 14005811335 | lurking variable | a variable that is not among the explanatory or response variables in a study but that may influence the response variable. | 111 | |
| 14005811336 | treatment | A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables. | 112 | |
| 14005811337 | experimental unit | the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied. | 113 | |
| 14005811338 | subjects | Experimental units that are human beings. | 114 | |
| 14005811339 | factors | the explanatory variables in an experiment are often called this | 115 | |
| 14005811340 | random assignment | An important experimental design principle. Use some chance process to assign experimental units to treatments. This helps create roughly equivalent groups of experimental units by balancing the effects of lurking variables that aren't controlled on the treatment groups. | 116 | |
| 14005811341 | replication | An important experimental design principle. Use enough experimental units in each group so that any differences in the effects of the treatments can be distinguished from chance differences between the groups. | 117 | |
| 14005811342 | double-blind | An experiment in which neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received. | 118 | |
| 14005811343 | single-blind | An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure the response variable, but not both, know which treatment a subject received. | 119 | |
| 14005811344 | placebo | an inactive (fake) treatment | 120 | |
| 14005811345 | placebo effect | Describes the fact that some subjects respond favorably to any treatment, even an inactive one | 121 | |
| 14005811346 | block | A group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments. | 122 | |
| 14005811347 | inference about the population | Using information from a sample to draw conclusions about the larger population. Requires that the individuals taking part in a study be randomly selected from the population of interest. | 123 | |
| 14005811348 | inference about cause and effect | Using the results of an experiment to conclude that the treatments caused the difference in responses. Requires a well-designed experiment in which the treatments are randomly assigned to the experimental units. | 124 | |
| 14005811349 | lack of realism | When the treatments, the subjects, or the environment of an experiment are not realistic. Lack of realism can limit researchers' ability to apply the conclusions of an experiment to the settings of greatest interest. | 125 | |
| 14005811350 | institutional review board | A basic principle of data ethics. All planned studies must be approved in advance and monitored by _____________ charged with protecting the safety and well-being of the participants. | 126 | |
| 14005811351 | informed consent | A basic principle of data ethics. Individuals must be informed in advance about the nature of a study and any risk of harm it may bring. Participating individuals must then consent in writing. | 127 | |
| 14005811352 | simulation | a model of random events | 128 | |
| 14005811353 | census | a sample that includes the entire population | 129 | |
| 14005811354 | population parameter | a number that measures a characteristic of a population | 130 | |
| 14005811355 | systematic sample | every fifth individual, for example, is chosen | 131 | |
| 14005811356 | multistage sample | a sampling design where several sampling methods are combined | 132 | |
| 14005811357 | sampling variability | the naturally occurring variability found in samples | 133 | |
| 14005811358 | levels | the values that the experimenter used for a factor | 134 | |
| 14005811359 | the four principles of experimental design | control, randomization, replication, and blocking | 135 | |
| 14005811360 | completely randomized design | a design where all experimental units have an equal chance of receiving any treatment | 136 | |
| 14005811361 | interpreting p value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 137 | |
| 14005811362 | p̂1-p̂2 center, shape, and spread | center: p1-p2 shape: n1p1, n1(1-p1), n2p2, and n2(1-p2) ≥ 10 spread (if 10% condition checks): √((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2) | 138 | |
| 14005811363 | probability of getting a certain p̂1-p̂2 (ex. less than .1) | plug in center and spread into bell curve, find probability | 139 | |
| 14005811364 | Confidence intervals for difference in proportions formula | (p̂1-p̂2) plus or minus z*(√((p1(1-p1)/n1)+(p2(1-p2)/n2)) | 140 | |
| 14005811365 | When do you use t and z test/intervals? | t for mean z for proportions | 141 | |
| 14005811416 | Significance test for difference in proportions | 142 | ||
| 14005811366 | What is a null hypothesis? | What is being claimed. Statistical test designed to assess strength of evidence against null hypothesis. Abbreviated by Ho. | 143 | |
| 14005811367 | What is an alternative hypothesis? | the claim about the population that we are trying to find evidence FOR, abbreviated by Ha | 144 | |
| 14005811368 | When is the alternative hypothesis one-sided? | Ha less than or greater than | 145 | |
| 14005811369 | When is the alternative hypothesis two-sided? | Ha is not equal to | 146 | |
| 14005811370 | What is a significance level? | fixed value that we compare with the P-value, matter of judgement to determine if something is "statistically significant". | 147 | |
| 14005811371 | What is the default significance level? | α=.05 | 148 | |
| 14005811372 | Interpreting the p-value | if the true mean/proportion of the population is (null), the probability of getting a sample mean/proportion of _____ is (p-value). | 149 | |
| 14005811373 | p value ≤ α | We reject our null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to say that (Ha) is true. | 150 | |
| 14005811374 | p value ≥ α | We fail to reject our null hypothesis. There is insufficient evidence to say that (Ho) is not true. | 151 | |
| 14005811375 | reject Ho when it is actually true | Type I Error | 152 | |
| 14005811376 | fail to reject Ho when it is actually false | Type II Error | 153 | |
| 14005811377 | Power definition | probability of rejecting Ho when it is false | 154 | |
| 14005811378 | probability of Type I Error | α | 155 | |
| 14005811379 | probability of Type II Error | 1-power | 156 | |
| 14005811380 | two ways to increase power | increase sample size/significance level α | 157 | |
| 14005811381 | 5 step process: z/t test | State --> Ho/Ha, define parameter Plan --> one sample, z test Check --> random/normal/independent Do --> find p hat, find test statistic (z), use test statistic to find p-value Conclude --> p value ≤ α reject Ho p value ≥ α fail to reject Ho | 158 | |
| 14005811417 | Formula for test statistic (μ) |  | 159 | |
| 14005811382 | Formula for test statistic (p̂) (where p represents the null) | (p̂-p)/(√((p)(1-p))/n) | 160 | |
| 14005811383 | probability of a Type II Error? | overlap normal distribution for null and true. Find rejection line. Use normalcdf | 161 | |
| 14005811384 | when do you use z tests? | for proportions | 162 | |
| 14005811385 | when do you use t tests? | for mean (population standard deviation unknown) | 163 | |
| 14005811386 | finding p value for t tests | tcdf(min, max, df) | 164 | |
| 14005811387 | Sample paired t test | state--> Ho: μ1-μ2=0 (if its difference) plan --> one sample, paired t test check --> random, normal, independent do --> find test statistic and p value conclude --> normal conclusion | 165 | |
| 14005811388 | What does statistically significant mean in context of a problem? | The sample mean/proportion is far enough away from the true mean/proportion that it couldn't have happened by chance | 166 | |
| 14005811389 | When doing a paired t-test, to check normality, what do you do? | check the differences histogram (μ1-μ2) | 167 | |
| 14005811390 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Level | In C% of all possible samples of size n, we will construct an interval that captures the true parameter (in context). | 168 | |
| 14005811391 | How to interpret a C% Confidence Interval | We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 169 | |
| 14005811392 | What conditions must be checked before constructing a confidence interval? | random, normal, independent | 170 | |
| 14005811393 | C% confidence intervals of sample proportions, 5 step process | State: Construct a C% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample z-interval for proportions Check: Random, Normal, Independent Do: Find the standard error and z*, then p hat +/- z* Conclude: We are C% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 171 | |
| 14005811418 | What's the z interval standard error formula? |  | 172 | |
| 14005811394 | How do you find z*? | InvNorm(#) | 173 | |
| 14005811395 | How do you find the point estimate of a sample? | subtract the max and min confidence interval, divide it by two (aka find the mean of the interval ends) | 174 | |
| 14005811396 | How do you find the margin of error, given the confidence interval? | Ask, "What am I adding or subtracting from the point estimate?" So find the point estimate, then find the difference between the point estimate and the interval ends | 175 | |
| 14005811397 | Finding sample size proportions: When p hat is unknown, or you want to guarantee a margin of error less than or equal to: | use p hat=.5 | 176 | |
| 14005811398 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *known* | x bar +/- z*(σ/√n) | 177 | |
| 14005811399 | Checking normal condition for z* (population standard deviation known) | starts normal or CLT | 178 | |
| 14005811400 | Finding the confidence interval when the standard deviation of the population is *unknown* (which is almost always true) | x bar +/- t*(Sx/√n) | 179 | |
| 14005811401 | degrees of freedom | n-1 | 180 | |
| 14005811402 | How do you find t*? | InvT(area to the left, df) | 181 | |
| 14005811403 | What is the standard error? | same as standard deviation, but we call it "standard error" because we plugged in p hat for p (we are estimating) | 182 | |
| 14005811404 | a point estimator is a statistic that... | provides an estimate of a population parameter. | 183 | |
| 14005811405 | Explain the two conditions when the margin of error gets smaller. | Confidence level C decreases, sample size n increases | 184 | |
| 14005811406 | Does the confidence level tell us the chance that a particular confidence interval captures the population parameter? | NO; the confidence interval gives us a set of plausible values for the parameter | 185 | |
| 14005811407 | Sx and σx: which is which? | Sx is for a sample, σx is for a population | 186 | |
| 14005811408 | How do we know when do use a t* interval instead of a z interval? | you are not given the population standard deviation | 187 | |
| 14005811409 | Checking normal condition for t* (population standard deviation unknown) | Normal for sample size... -n -n<15: if the data appears closely normal (roughly symmetric, single peak, no outliers) | 188 | |
| 14005811410 | How to check if a distribution is normal for t*, population n<15 | plug data into List 1, look at histogram. Conclude with "The histogram looks roughly symmetric, so we should be safe to use the t distribution) | 189 | |
| 14005811411 | t* confidence interval, 5 step process | State: Construct a __% confidence interval to estimate... Plan: one sample t interval for a population mean Check: Random, Normal, Independent (for Normal, look at sample size and go from there) Do: Find the standard error (Sx/√n) and t*, then do x bar +/- t*(standard error) Conclude: We are __% confident that the interval (_,_) will capture the true parameter (in context). | 190 | |
| 14005811412 | margin of error formula | z* or t* (standard error) | 191 | |
| 14005811413 | When calculating t interval, what is it and where do you find the data? | x bar plus or minus t* (Sx/√n) -get x bar and Sx using 1 Var Stats -t*=Invt(area to the left, df) -population (n) will be given | 192 | |
| 14005811414 | What is it looking for if it asks for the appropriate critical value? | z/t* interval | 193 |
Flashcards
AP US History Chapter 4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14778748192 | Tenancy | The rental of property. To attract tenants in New York's Hudson River Valley, Dutch and English manorial lords granted long tenancy leases with the right to sell improvements-houses and barns for example-to the next tenant. | 0 | |
| 14778748193 | Competency | The ability of a family to keep a household solvent and independent and to pass the ability on to the next generation. | 1 | |
| 14778748194 | Household Mode of Production | The system of exchanging of goods and labor that helped 18th century New England free holders survive on ever-shrinking farms as available land became more scarce. | 2 | |
| 14778748195 | Squatters | Someone who settles on land he or she does not own or rent. | 3 | |
| 14778748196 | Redemptioner | A common type of indentured servant in the Middle Colonies in the eighteenth century. Instead of signing a contract before they left England, they found employers after arriving in America. | 4 | |
| 14778748197 | Enlightenment | An 18th century philosophical movement that emphasized the use of reason to reevaluate previously accepted doctrines and traditions and the power of reason to understand and shape the world. | 5 | |
| 14778748198 | Pietism | A Christian revival moment characterized by Bible study, the conversion experience, and the individuals personal relationship with God. | 6 | |
| 14778748199 | Natural Rights | The rights to life, liberty, and property | 7 | |
| 14778748200 | Deism | The Enlightenment-influenced belief that the Christian god created the universe and then left it to run according to natural laws | 8 | |
| 14778748201 | Revival | A renewal of religious enthusiasm in a Christian congregation. | 9 | |
| 14778748202 | Old Lights | Conservative ministers opposed to the passion displayed by evangelical preachers; they preferred to emphasize the importance of cultivating a virtuous Christian life. | 10 | |
| 14778748203 | New Lights | Evangelical preachers, many of them influenced by John Wesley, the founder of English Methodism and George Whitfield, the charismatic itinerant preacher who brought his message to Britain's American colonies. | 11 | |
| 14778748204 | Consumer Revolution | The time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth | 12 | |
| 14778748205 | Regulators | Land owning protestors who organized in North and South Carolina in the 1760s and 1770s to demand that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly. | 13 |
Ap final Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11796441013 | corpus callosum |  | 0 | |
| 11796445780 | septum pellucidum |  | 1 | |
| 11796450265 | choroid plexus |  | 2 | |
| 11796455597 | cerebrospinal fluid |  | 3 | |
| 11796460661 | Thalamus |  | 4 | |
| 11796469799 | Pons |  | 5 | |
| 11796474854 | medulla oblongata |  | 6 | |
| 11796480051 | arbor vitae |  | 7 | |
| 11796504823 | conus medullaris |  | 8 | |
| 11796514201 | film terminale |  | 9 | |
| 11796528085 | anterior median fissure |  | 10 | |
| 11796537870 | Horns of spinal cord |  | 11 | |
| 11796546147 | Cornea |  | 12 | |
| 11796551587 | pupil |  | 13 | |
| 11796555659 | Iris |  | 14 | |
| 11796560247 | Retina |  | 15 | |
| 11796568874 | auricle |  | 16 | |
| 11796577622 | tympanic membrane |  | 17 | |
| 11796581594 | stapes |  | 18 | |
| 11796591995 | vestibulochochlear nerve |  | 19 |
Population Ecology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13609232907 | Population ecology | explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations | 0 | |
| 13609245784 | Population | A group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area at the same time.-Most often described by their boundaries and size | 1 | |
| 13609255120 | Density | Number of individuals per unit area or volume - | 2 | |
| 13609255121 | Dispersion | Pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population | 3 | |
| 13609272021 | True or False: density a static property | False. constantly changing based on individuals being added or removed from the population | 4 | |
| 13609609139 | What effects density? | death, birth, emigration, immigration | 5 | |
| 13609613632 | Immigration | influx of new individuals from another population | 6 | |
| 13609618138 | Emigration | Movement of individuals out of a population | 7 | |
| 13609626324 | Birth | Individuals added to population (all forms of reproduction) | 8 | |
| 13609631377 | Death | Individuals removed from population. | 9 | |
| 13609638047 | N | population size | 10 | |
| 13609641147 | s | number of individuals tagged initially | 11 | |
| 13609647250 | n | number of individuals caught in 2nd subsample | 12 | |
| 13609653767 | X | number of marked individuals in 2nd capture | 13 | |
| 13609778402 | How density can be calculated | Calculate population density by extrapolating counts from a sub-sampled area. Estimate population size based in indicator such as nest, burrows, or fecal droppings. Mark-recapture methods | 14 | |
| 13610029441 | What creates contrasting patterns of dispersion? | Within a population's geographic range, local densities may differ substantially | 15 | |
| 13610140387 | Most common distribution pattern | Clumped distribution | 16 | |
| 13610149632 | clumped distribution | individuals are found in groups or patches within their habitat | 17 | |
| 13610157467 | random distribution | Occurs mostly when there an absence of strong attractions or repulsions from among individuals. Individuals are spread out in the environment irregularly; the position of one individual is independent of another. | 18 | |
| 13610223218 | uniform distribution | Rare in nature, individuals who are spaced evenly. Presence of one hinders another. Distance between individuals maximized. | 19 | |
| 13610308226 | Territoriality | the defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals in the population. occurs when Distribution results from direct negative interaction between individuals. | 20 | |
| 13610366312 | Demography | study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time. | 21 | |
| 13610372761 | What is often done using life tables | Demographics | 22 | |
| 13610374815 | Life table | an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population | 23 | |
| 13610385986 | What were life tables initially developed for ? | In 1950's for insurance companies | 24 | |
| 13610387650 | Cohort | A group of individuals of the same age. | 25 | |
| 13610391826 | Types of Life Tables | cohort table, static life table and static life table | 26 | |
| 13610600956 | cohort table | follows group of same aged individuals from birth | 27 | |
| 13610609036 | static life table | made from data collected from all ages at a particular time | 28 | |
| 13610618669 | Death Table | Measures mortality data from generation to generation | 29 | |
| 13610625243 | semelparity | have only one reproductive event in their lifetime | 30 | |
| 13610631098 | iteroparity | capable of multiple reproductive events | 31 | |
| 13610656755 | How can a cohort life table be constructed? | from counts/estimates of all individuals in a population as it progresses through time. The first column (x) specifies the age class while the second column (nx) is the number of individuals at start of each age class. | 32 | |
| 13610780075 | lx | Proportion surviving to each age class .divide each n by n0 | 33 | |
| 13610816686 | dx | portion of individuals dying. lx -(lx+1) | 34 | |
| 13610873151 | qx | stage specific mortality rate. dx/lx | 35 | |
| 13610888894 | What is used to determined the population's reproductive output? | Fx,mx,lxmx | 36 | |
| 13610899269 | Fx | number of offspring produced at each age | 37 | |
| 13610901579 | mx | : Individual fecundity, offspring produced per surviving individual (Fx/nx) | 38 | |
| 13610906893 | lxmx | number of offspring produced per original individual at each age. | 39 | |
| 13610934564 | sum of lxmx | R0 equation. net reproductive rate | 40 | |
| 13610942692 | R0 is 1.0 | population is just replacing itself . remain constant | 41 | |
| 13610948296 | R0 > 1 | population is growing | 42 | |
| 13610954807 | R0 < 1.0 | population is declining | 43 | |
| 13610962795 | T (generation time) | time between the birth of one cohort and the birth of their offspring. sum of xlxmx/R0 | 44 | |
| 13611054602 | r | per capita rate of increase. ln(R0)/T | 45 | |
| 13611066366 | r>0 | population is increasing in size | 46 | |
| 13611068138 | r<0 | population is decreasing in size | 47 | |
| 13611070341 | r=0 | population size will remain constant | 48 | |
| 13611078257 | True or False:Life tables can be static | True. also called vertical. they provide a "snapshot" of a population at all life stages at same time | 49 | |
| 13611208740 | Dynamic | Horizontal. follow one cohort, say the progeny of a single breeding season, throughout their lives | 50 | |
| 13611224704 | Dynamic and Vertical | two types of tables are theoretically identical assuming(A) the environment is not changing(B) population is at equilibrium (B=D; I=E | 51 | |
| 13611227976 | survivorship curve | a graphical way of representing the data presented in a life table. extrapolated to begin with cohort of convenient size (1000 individuals | 52 | |
| 13611241293 | types of survivorship curves | Type I: Low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups Type II: A constant death rate over the organism's life span Type III:High death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivor | 53 | |
| 13611252592 | Reproductive table or fertility schedule | is an age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population. calculated by measuring the reproductive output of a cohort from birth until death. | 54 | |
| 13611265295 | change in population size | births + immigrants - deaths - emigrants | 55 | |
| 13611276624 | population growth rate | Births minus deaths | 56 | |
| 13611327485 | B=bN | where b annual per capita birth rate | 57 | |
| 13611330643 | D=mN | where m annual per capita death rate | 58 | |
| 13611398602 | the difference between per capita birth and death rate | determines the rate of increase or decrease throughout a population. ). This difference is denoted r (per capita rate of increase) | 59 | |
| 13611411499 | Zero Population Growth (ZPG) | When per capita birth and death rates are equal. (r = 0) | 60 | |
| 13611413263 | exponential population growth | when all members of a population have access to unlimited resources and are free to reproduce at their physiological capacity. maximum per capita rate of increase. | 61 | |
| 13611429013 | The size of a population that is growing exponentially increases at a constant rate | species introduced to new environment rebounding species from catastrophic numbers loss | 62 | |
| 13611473488 | Nt=N0e^rt | exponential growth | 63 | |
| 13611474346 | Nt | population size at time t | 64 | |
| 13611475115 | N0 | original population size | 65 | |
| 13611476986 | r | per capita rate of increase | 66 | |
| 13611476987 | t | time | 67 | |
| 13611517737 | carrying capacity(K) | the limit of how many individuals in a population the environment can sustain | 68 | |
| 13611522149 | Resource limitation effects | Resources insufficient for reproduction (b will decline) Energy to maintain themselves declines or disease/predation increase (m will increase) | 69 | |
| 13611526192 | Density dependent | factors that regulate population growth | 70 | |
| 13611529297 | logistic population growth | population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity. rinst N (K -N)/K | 71 | |
| 13611560718 | N is small, (K -N)/K is close to 1 | population's growth rate is close to maximum | 72 | |
| 13611564582 | N is large, (K -N)/K is close to 0 | the population's growth rate is going to be small | 73 | |
| 13611569226 | N = K | the population stops growing | 74 | |
| 13611830424 | Paramecium | follow logistical model | 75 | |
| 13611835049 | Daphnia | doesn't fit logistical model well | 76 | |
| 13611846629 | logistical model | a model of population growth that assumes populations adjust instantaneously to growth and increasing lack of a limiting resource. Continued reproduction despite the burden of a limited resource(s) cause a population to overshoot its carrying capacity for a short time | 77 | |
| 13611857447 | Life history | The traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival. | 78 | |
| 13611858957 | 3 main variables of life history | The age at which reproduction begins How often the organism reproduces How many offspring are produce per reproductive episode | 79 | |
| 13611864250 | dependent on semelparity vs iteroparity | life histories | 80 | |
| 13611877023 | Why must there be trade offs between survival and reproduction? | No organism could produce as many offspring as a semelparous species and provision them as well as an iteroparous species. | 81 | |
| 13611900486 | K-selection: | Density-dependent selection, selection for traits that are sensitive to population densities. Operates in populations living at a density near the limit imposed by resources (K) | 82 | |
| 13611903246 | r-selection: | Density-independent selection, selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction. Occurs in environments in which population densities are well below carrying capacity or face little competition | 83 | |
| 13611909543 | Allee Effect | Individuals may have a more difficult time surviving or reproducing if the population size is small. Ecological mechanisms include mate limitation, cooperative defense, cooperative feeding, and environmental conditioning | 84 | |
| 13611936041 | Strong Allee Effect |  | 85 | |
| 13611938420 | no allee effect |  | 86 | |
| 13611954848 | weak allee effect |  | 87 | |
| 13611959816 | density-independent populations | birth rate and death rate do not change with population density. Some physical factor which kills similar portions of the population regardless of its density | 88 | |
| 13611963057 | Density-dependent populations, | birth rates fall and/or death rates increase with population density. Limiting resource, behavioral changes, biotic control | 89 | |
| 13611966129 | population dynamics | focuses on the complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors that cause variation in population size | 90 | |
| 13611970610 | Both weather and predator population can affect population size over time | Example: the moose population on Isle Royale collapsed during a harsh winter, and when wolf numbers peaked | 91 | |
| 13611972714 | Boom-and-bust cycles may be due to | food shortages or predator-prey interactions. Example: Snowshoes hares and lynx. Predator populations increase as their prey population increases, but this naturally leads to more predation which begins to decrease prey population. This, in turn, limits food availability and the predator population begins to decline | 92 | |
| 13611978000 | Metapopulation | groups of populations linked by immigration and emigration | 93 | |
| 13611997285 | The Global Human Population | The human population increased relatively slowly until about 1650 and then began to grow exponentially. Global population now > 7 billion. the population is still growing, the rate of growth has begun to slow | 94 | |
| 13612008704 | demographic Transition | Theoretical model describing expected drop in population growth as economic conditions improve | 95 | |
| 13612013778 | Population Momentum: | Populations that are bound to increase for another generation. *Niger-Most of the population are under 30 (high capacity for growth) | 96 | |
| 13612014740 | Transitional Population | China's pre-reproductive and reproductive cohorts are not as dramatic. Population rise bound to slow. There are noticeably more males than females | 97 | |
| 13612017077 | Ultimate goal | to achieve zero population growth (ZPG), when the number or people being born is equal to the number dying | 98 | |
| 13612017654 | replacement fertility rate | when the number or people being born is equal to the number dying | 99 |
POPULATION ECOLOGY Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11302711771 | Population | a group of individuals from the same species that are inhabiting a place/habitat at a specific time | 0 | |
| 11302724063 | Population characteristics | geographic distribution, density, and growth rate Structure (age, sex, life tables) | 1 | |
| 11302731251 | Geographic Range/distribution | the area over which individuals of a given species occur | 2 | |
| 11302737903 | Geographic distribution can be limited by: | biotic and abiotic factors habitat suitability historical factors dispersal | 3 | |
| 11302758470 | Geographic range varies by: | distribution and size | 4 | |
| 11302784017 | Metapopulations are | groups of subpopulations living in separate location but with ACTIVE EXCHANGE of individuals via dispersal | 5 | |
| 11302800362 | Dispersion | the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population Depends on location of resources, dispersal, and behavioural interactions | 6 | |
| 11302820303 | Dispersion: the spatial arrangement of individuals, can be: | Regular Random Clumped | 7 | |
| 11302823623 | Regular dispersion | individuals evenly spaced individuals avoid each other | 8 | |
| 11302826839 | random dispersion | individuals scattered randomly neutral response of individuals to each other | 9 | |
| 11302830690 | clumped dispersion | The most common pattern of dispersion; individuals aggregated in patches. mutual attraction between individuals | 10 | |
| 11302838526 | Dispersion patterns are produced by: | interactions between individuals and pops structure of the physical environment Combination of interactions and environmental structure | 11 | |
| 11302880362 | Abundance | the number of individuals of a given species inhabiting/occurring in a specific area | 12 | |
| 11302893174 | Individuals | may be counted in different ways, depending upon the goal of the study and question examined by the researcher Clones, runners, | 13 | |
| 11302905748 | Abundance can be reported as: | Size or Density | 14 | |
| 11302909258 | Density is calculated as | # individuals/unit area | 15 | |
| 11302914831 | crude density | the number of people per unit area of land (counting the total area indiscriminately) | 16 | |
| 11302919077 | ecological density | population density measured in terms of the number of individuals of the same species per unit area or volume actually used by the individuals (looking at the habitat) | 17 | |
| 11302937502 | age vs age class | used to estimate life expectancy either at specific age (day, year, etc) or age group (1-5) (x) | 18 | |
| 11302953843 | Age Specific Fecundity | M(sub x) Fertility represents the average number of offspring that are born to a female of a certain age (x) | 19 | |
| 11302963854 | (x) | Age or age class | 20 | |
| 11302967492 | M (subx) | age-specific fecundity avg # of offspring that are born to a female of a certain age | 21 | |
| 11302977611 | determinate growth | individuals stop growing after a certain age Maturity = fecundity is almost constant | 22 | |
| 11302986738 | indeterminate growth | growth continues throughout an individuals life fecundity varies with age; # offspring produced increases as age/body mass increase | 23 | |
| 11304151144 | Fecundity | reproductive output of an individual | 24 | |
| 11304163342 | Iteroparous (iteroparity) | reproduce more than once in their lifetime | 25 | |
| 11304168597 | Semelparous (semelparity) | reproduce only once then die, invest all acquired resources to a new generation | 26 | |
| 11304189719 | Age specific survival "survival probability" | l(sub x) | 27 | |
| 11304195344 | types of survivorship curves | I, II, III | 28 | |
| 11304198757 | Type I survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is high survival throughout most of the life span, but then individuals start to die in large numbers as they approach old age | 29 | |
| 11304204285 | Type II survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is a relatively constant decline in survivorship throughout most of the life span | 30 | |
| 11304211598 | Type III Survivorship curve | a pattern of survival over time in which there is low survivorship early in life with few individuals reaching adulthood | 31 | |
| 11304215721 | Name the Type of Curve (l sub x) |  | 32 | |
| 11304238138 | Life tables show | Summary of the patterns of survival, mortality, and fecundity of a population Determines lifespan, survival, fecundity for specific ages | 33 | |
| 11304247104 | Key columns in Life Table | Age (x) Age-specific survival (lx) age specific fecundity (mx) | 34 | |
| 11304256681 | cohort | A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit. Nx obtained by monitoring all of the individuals from a specific time Data is assumed representative of age-specific schedules for other cohorts | 35 | |
| 11304276380 | Static Life Table | Nx values estimated from a single population at a single point in time Assume data collected are representative of age-specific schedules at other time periods Segments | 36 | |
| 11304298343 | Life tables: | summarize the structure of a population Tell you which ages contribute the most to population growth Usefuls conservation and management tools STATIC | 37 | |
| 11304308608 | Population growth models | Dynamic Change over time make projections and predict population changes in the future | 38 | |
| 11304335604 | Life Tables: x | Age classes use lowest number if a group | 39 | |
| 11304340053 | Nx | number of organisms alive per age class Nx+1= Total sample - Nx | 40 | |
| 11304343877 | lx | survivorship curve age specific survival Must be between 0-1 lx= Nx/N0 or lx=1-qx | 41 | |
| 11304361663 | dx | number of dead individuals per age class dx=Nx+1-Nx | 42 | |
| 11304366187 | qx | mortality probability (probability of dying between age classes) 1-lx | 43 | |
| 11304372983 | Lx and Tx | intermediate Lx= (lx + [lx+1])/2 Tx = SUM Lx = sum all Lx values until a certain age (from age=0 to age =x) | 44 | |
| 11304375606 | ex | life expectancy # of more years to live ex = Tx/lx | 45 | |
| 11304425056 | mx | number of newborns produced by each age class | 46 | |
| 11304425058 | R | reproductive rate of each age class R = lx*mx | 47 | |
| 11304429880 | R0 | net reproductive rate for all years together (the whole population) Assumes birth rates and death rates for each age class in a population are constant GOOD FOR pops with non-overlapping generations (discrete) Biological meaning= average # of offspring produced over the lifetime of an individual R0 = SUM lx*mx | 48 | |
| 11304433915 | G | average generation time; average age of the mothers when they give birth to their first offspring Biological meaning: mean age of reproductive individuals in a population G = SUM (lx*mx)x/R0 | 49 | |
| 11304440735 | r | intrinsic rate of natural increase r~ ln(R0)/G | 50 | |
| 11304486109 | R0>1 | population is growing exponentially over the multiple generations (enough females are being produced for population to increase) | 51 | |
| 11304492911 | R0<1 | population is decreasing exponentially (females are unable to produce enough females to replace themselves | 52 | |
| 11304498963 | R0=1 | population is maintaining its numbers | 53 | |
| 11304515753 | Use r instead of R0 in: | continuous growth | 54 | |
| 11304524137 | r calculated from R0 | R0 ~ e^rG isolate r: r~ln(r0)/G | 55 | |
| 11304542016 | r = 0 | no change in population | 56 | |
| 11304546126 | r > 0 | increase in population | 57 | |
| 11304546334 | r < 0 | decrease in population | 58 | |
| 11304565912 | random sampling | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 59 | |
| 11304569385 | Non-random sampling | selecting your sample on the basis of convenience selected part of the population can threaten credibility | 60 | |
| 11304579657 | SystematicSampling | selecting every nth case within a defined population can offer close approximation of random sampling | 61 | |
| 11304596138 | Simple random sampling | every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample rarely used demands identification of all elements of pop and way of selecting | 62 | |
| 11304604401 | Stratified random sampling | dividing your population into various subgroups, taking a simple ransom sample within each subgroup | 63 | |
| 11304613453 | Sampling: Direct Count | aerial, plotless, plot based, quadrat | 64 | |
| 11304618872 | Sampling: Indirect Count | vocal sounds, fecal/pellet count | 65 | |
| 11304622954 | Plotless method | transects, samples taken at fixed intervals, set-up along environemntal gradient | 66 | |
| 11304627855 | Transect | measured line laid across the area in the direction of environmental gradient all species touching the line are to be recorded along the length | 67 | |
| 11304640494 | Plot methods, how to select quadrant size | primary step size and # of plots determined by nested quadrats, where you stop finding an increase in species, #s | 68 | |
| 11304653641 | MobileSampling | set traps, sampling site more than once, calculate population size or abundance using trapping data (mark recapture) | 69 | |
| 11304662513 | Lincoln-Petersen Method | Mark-recapture method Closed population: bw preliminary marking and recapture there were no changes in the population size marking doesnt affect likliness of capture sufficient time between periods to allow for random dispersal animals dont lose marks | 70 | |
| 11304682311 | Lincoln Peteresen Model Equation | M/N = m/R N=MR/m M=number of animals captured and marked in first sample N=Population size R= number of animals captures in re-sampling event n= number of "R" that were already marked that you found in your re-sampling event | 71 | |
| 11304749614 | Population growth models | mathematical descriptors or graphical representations used to predict/describe an ecological process or concept | 72 | |
| 11304760217 | Two most common models used: | Logistic and Exponential | 73 | |
| 11304773358 | Closed populations changes in abundance (N) are determined by | births (M) and deaths (D) Nt+1=Nt+(Mt - Dt) | 74 | |
| 11304794637 | open populations, changes in abundance are determined by: | births (M), deaths (D), immigration (I), and emmigration (E) N+1 = Nt + (Mt - Dt) + (It - Et) | 75 | |
| 11304809253 | Continuous-Time | changes in N occur over small intervals of time (instantaneous change) smooth line | 76 | |
| 11304815695 | Discrete (or Geometric) | changes in N occur at distinct and sometimes predictable time intervals (ex once a year) Pulsed reproductive events | 77 | |
| 11304833079 | Types of exponential growth models | Continuous Exponential growth model Discrete exponential growth model | 78 | |
| 11304837359 | Continuous Exponential Growth Model | populations show exponential growth continuous reproductive evens (individuals added to the pop without interruption) | 79 | |
| 11304845070 | Discrete Exponential Growth Model | populations show exponential growth Discrete growth, non overlapping generatiosn, individuals added in pulses | 80 | |
| 11304857437 | Continuous Exponential Growth Model Equation | Nt = N0 e^rt assume that r = r max | 81 | |
| 11304867919 | Conditions of exponential growth model | initial pop is small no resource limitations | 82 | |
| 11304991868 | Transform Nt=N0 e^rt to find r | Nt=N0 e^rt Nt/N0 = e^rt ln(Nt/N0) = ln e^rt ln(Nt/N0) = rt * 1 ln (Nt/N0) = rt [ln (Nt/N0)]/t = r | 83 | |
| 11305023005 | 2 Phases of Exponential Growth: | Lag phase Exponential Phase | 84 | |
| 11305027392 | Estimated doubling time | Tdouble = ln(2)/r | 85 | |
| 11305031534 | r determines the shape of growth how? | r = 0 NO CHANGE r>0 POP GROWING r<0 POP DECLINING | 86 | |
| 11305045434 | Calculate Discrete time exponential growth | Nt = LAMBDA^t(N0) | 87 | |
| 11305052531 | Lambda | growth rate called the finite rate of increase or multiplicative growth rate used in cases of seasonal breeding | 88 | |
| 11305185494 | Logistic Population Growth | Density Dependant Birth rates decrease at high density Death rates increase at high density adjusts r as the pop (N) increases Exponential is Density Dependant | 89 | |
| 11305216055 | Relationship of r to N in a growing population according to the logistic growth model | as N gets larger r gets smaller | 90 | |
| 11305216079 | K | carrying capacity of the environment for a given population | 91 | |
| 11305222749 | Carrying Capacity | the maximal substainable size for a population in a given environment | 92 | |
| 11305231874 | N<| can grow exponentially | 93 | | |
| 11305236680 | N approached K | the population grows more slowly until is reaches a plateau or equilibrium (M = D) (N=K) | 94 | |
| 11305253182 | Calculation for K | Nt = K/( 1+[K-N0/N0] e^-rt) | 95 | |
| 11305274592 | 4 phases of logistic growth model: | lag phase exponential phase slowing growth no growth or plateau | 96 | |
| 11305286315 | When does population growth reach its maximum with the logistic growth model? | when N = O.5K this is when growth begins to slow | 97 | |
| 11305298759 | Time Lag | temporal lag separates the time at which an increase in N occurs and that when negative effects of the increased N are felt by the population (such as increased death or decreased birth) | 98 | |
| 11305310995 | Time lag is calculated as | (wavy)t ~1/r | 99 | |
| 11305324301 | What does a fast maximum growth rate (r) suggest about response time? | fast maximum growth rate will have a higher response time and therefore a quicker recovery from limiting events | 100 | |
| 11305335472 | Trajectory Dynamics | the way a population grows in N over time (t) | 101 | |
| 11305345718 | Trajectory dynamics: ~T 0-0.37 | pop grows in accordance with logistic growth curve, reaches K and levels off | 102 | |
| 11305357161 | Trajectory dynamics: ~T o.37-1.57 | damped osscilations | 103 | |
| 11305362802 | Trajectory Dynamics: ~T >1.57 | stable limit cycles, pop continually oscillates but never remains at K | 104 |
Ecology and the Biosphere Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14001006707 | ecology | the study of interactions among organisms/organisms and their environment | 0 | |
| 14001015618 | Levels of organization | species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere | 1 | |
| 14001020587 | species | a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring | 2 | |
| 14001030962 | Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area | 3 | |
| 14001036774 | community | an assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area | 4 | |
| 14001043785 | ecosystem | all organisms and their interactions with abiotic factors in an environment | 5 | |
| 14001056420 | biome | a group of ecosystems that share similar species and climate | 6 | |
| 14001072765 | rainforest | lots of rain, trees (big and tall), humid and dark | 7 | |
| 14001109040 | arctic | cold, plants are scarce, species usually have lots of fur to keep warm, snow | 8 | |
| 14001117948 | desert | dry, hot, plants are scarce, sunlight is intense, many nocturnal species, sand | 9 | |
| 14001124379 | Biosphere | a biosphere is a collection of all biomes together, with air, land, and water. (all stuff 8km above and 11km below) | 10 | |
| 14001142177 | biotic factors | All the living organisms that inhabit an environment | 11 | |
| 14001148744 | abiotic factors | Nonliving components of environment. | 12 | |
| 14001163235 | factors affecting distribution (plants) | Temperature, water, light, soil pH, salinity and mineral nutrients | 13 | |
| 14001178088 | factors affecting distribution (animals) | temperature, water, breeding sites, food supply, territory | 14 | |
| 14001191928 | Temperature Requirements | must be in a good range so that organism can maintain homeostasis, heat retention | 15 | |
| 14001201481 | Water requirements | must be available in quantities enough for each species to survive | 16 | |
| 14001219585 | Breeding sites | important to keep the species going | 17 | |
| 14001228039 | Food requirements | certain species need specific food, a particular animal or plant to eat | 18 | |
| 14001239046 | territory | an area, region, or piece of land so that organism remain undisturbed | 19 | |
| 14001247385 | light requirements | must be enough so that plants can carry out photosynthesis and make food | 20 | |
| 14001259285 | Soil pH range | affects nutrients | 21 | |
| 14001267317 | soil salinity | affects osmosis | 22 | |
| 14001278241 | minerals+nutrients | need to be readily available | 23 | |
| 14001315021 | Order of a food chain | sun--> autotroph--> heterotroph | 24 | |
| 14001331234 | food chain | shows the transfer of energy | 25 | |
| 14001345385 | food web | shows a relationship that's more complex than the chain | 26 | |
| 14001358721 | 10% | The amount of energy available within one trophic level that can be transferred to organisms at the next trophic level | 27 | |
| 14001371655 | trophic level | level of nourishment in a food chain | 28 | |
| 14001386453 | 5 | maximum number of organisms in a food chain | 29 | |
| 14001390851 | autotrophs (primary producers) | organisms that produce complex organic compounds on their own, from simple substances in the environment | 30 | |
| 14001416745 | Photosynthesis | Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. | 31 | |
| 14001416746 | Chemosynthesis | process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates | 32 | |
| 14001427850 | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | photosynthesis equation | 33 | |
| 14001431370 | protista | Kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi | 34 | |
| 14001438859 | Heterotrophs (consumers and decomposers) | an organism that cannot produce the nutrients to sustain itself on its own, so it takes energy from other organic carbon based sources, usually plant or animal matter. | 35 | |
| 14001464100 | Herbivores | Consumers that eat only plants | 36 | |
| 14001468412 | carnivores | Consumers that eat only animals | 37 | |
| 14001468413 | omnivores | Consumers that eat both plants and animals. | 38 | |
| 14001473726 | detrivores | Consumers that feed at every trophic level, obtaining their energy and nutrients by eating dead organic matter. | 39 | |
| 14001477393 | decomposers | Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms | 40 | |
| 14001486645 | ecological pyramid | diagram that shows the relative amounts of energy or matter within each trophic level in a food chain or food web | 41 | |
| 14001490645 | pyramid of energy | shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level of a food chain or food web | 42 | |
| 14001496350 | pyramid of numbers | shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level | 43 | |
| 14001504270 | pyramid of biomass | a graphical representation of biomass in a unit area of various trophic levels | 44 | |
| 14001513606 | biomass | A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region | 45 | |
| 14001527322 | energy loss in the food chain | cell respiration (heat), feces and urine, tissue loss (can't eat the entire animal), death | 46 | |
| 14001562913 | carbon cycle | The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again | 47 | |
| 14001566025 | steps of the carbon cycle | 1. Carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion 2. CO2 absorbed by producers 3.Primary consumers eat producers 4.Dead consumers and producers decompose in the ground, carbon is returned to the atmosphere | 48 | |
| 14001581198 | water cycle | The continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back | 49 | |
| 14001584320 | Steps of the water cycle | 1.evaporation, 2. transpiration, 3. condensation, 4. precipitation, 5. run off, 6. seepage, 7. root uptake | 50 | |
| 14001599864 | Population size is affected by: | 1) Reproductive pattern 2) Carrying capacity 3) Rate of Death 4) Environmental resources (births, deaths, immigration, emigration) | 51 | |
| 14001625177 | how to determine growth | births+immigration - death+emigration | 52 | |
| 14001637146 | carrying capacity | the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain | 53 | |
| 14001650138 | exponential growth | Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate | 54 | |
| 14001653773 | Sigmoid growth | S-shaped growth curve in which numbers increase exponentially at first, followed by leveling off of growth rate till numbers stabilize at the carrying capacity. | 55 | |
| 14001665644 | density dependent factors | limiting factor that depends on population size | 56 | |
| 14001669124 | density-independent factors | limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size | 57 | |
| 14001672845 | niche | An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living. | 58 | |
| 14001676558 | competition | Organisms compete for the limited number of biotic and abiotic factors | 59 | |
| 14001680756 | predation | An interaction in which one organism (predator) captures and feeds on another organism (prey) | 60 | |
| 14001688230 | symbiosis | A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species. | 61 | |
| 14001693548 | mutualism | A relationship between two species in which both species benefit (flowers+bees, clownfish+sea anenome) | 62 | |
| 14001693549 | commenalism | A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected (barnacles+whales) | 63 | |
| 14001729066 | Parasitism | A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed (tapeworms, fleas, ticks, lice) | 64 | |
| 14001753498 | lag phase | A short period of time **prior to exponential growth of a population during which no, or very limited, reproduction occurs. | 65 | |
| 14001767228 | log phase | The period of exponential growth, where a multitude of resources and space are availble. | 66 | |
| 14002495097 | transition phase | death and birth rates reach equilibrium | 67 | |
| 14002501047 | plateau phase | the carrying capacity is reached and no more growth occurs. | 68 | |
| 14002526585 | limiting factor | Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms. | 69 | |
| 14002549292 | biodiversity | the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. | 70 | |
| 14002554924 | species diversity | defined as the number and abundance of each species that live in a particular location | 71 | |
| 14002570066 | ecosystem diversity | the number of different ecosystems found in an area/the number of ecological interactions among organisms in an area | 72 | |
| 14002585926 | genetic diversity | the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species | 73 | |
| 14002594496 | importance of biodiversity | boosts ecosystem productivity where each species all have an important role to play | 74 |
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