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AP Literature Literary Devices Flashcards

AP Lit final

13774811356	allegory	story or poem that can be used to reveal a hidden meaning	0
13774811357	alliteration	beginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words	1
13774811358	allusion	indirect of passing reference	2
13774811359	anaphora	repetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning	3
13774811360	antagonist	a hostile person who is opposed to another character	4
13774811361	apostrophe	figure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character	5
13774811362	approximate rhyme	words in rhyming pattern that sound alike	6
13774811363	aside	when a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage	7
13774811364	assonance	repetition of vowel sounds	8
13774811365	blank verse	poetry written in meter without an ending rhyme	9
13774811366	cacophony	blend of unharmonious sounds	10
13774811367	caesura	pause in the middle of a line	11
13774811368	catharsis	the release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)	12
13774811369	flat character	story character who have no depth, usually has one personality or characteristic	13
13774811370	round character	character who has complex personality: contradicted person	14
13774811371	dynamic character	changes throughout the story, through major conflict	15
13774811372	static character	person who doesn't change throughout story keeps same personality	16
13774811373	characterization	process of revealing characters personality	17
13774811374	climax	point where conflict hits its highest point	18
13774811375	comedy	drama that is amusing or funny	19
13774811376	conflict	struggle between opposing forces	20
13774811377	connotation	secondary meaning to a word	21
13774811378	consonance	repetition of same consonant in words close together	22
13774811379	couplet	two rhyming lines in a verse	23
13774811380	denotation	the literal meaning of a word	24
13774811381	denouement	final outcome of the story	25
13774811382	deus ex machina	resolution of a plot by chance or coincidence	26
13774811383	didactic writing	writing with a primary purpose to teach or preach	27
13774811384	direct presentation of character	author telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story	28
13774811385	double rhyme	rhyme where the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of words involved (ex; born scorn)	29
13774811386	dramatic exposition	prose commentaries, to provide background information about the characters and their world	30
13774811387	end rhyme	rhymes occurring at the end of line	31
13774811388	end stopped line	line ending in regular punctuation	32
13774811389	English sonnet	a sonnet rhyming ababcdcdededgg	33
13774811390	epiphany	when a character receives a spiritual insight into they life	34
13774811391	euphony	smooth choice and arrangement of sounds	35
13774811392	extended figure	A figure of speech sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.	36
13774811393	falling action	Events after the climax, leading to the resolution	37
13774811394	feminine rhyme	lines rhymed by their final two syllables	38
13774811395	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	39
13774811396	figure of speech	a way of saying something other than the ordinary way	40
13774811397	foot	basic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables	41
13774811398	form	external pattern or shape of a poem	42
13774811399	free verse	Poetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme	43
13774811400	hamartia	tragic flaw which causes a character's downfall	44
13774811401	imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	45
13774811402	indirect presentation of character	the personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says	46
13774811403	internal rhyme	A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line	47
13774811404	irony	A contrast between expectation and reality	48
13774811405	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant	49
13774811406	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play.	50
13774811407	irony of situation	refers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended	51
13774811408	italian sonnet	A sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd	52
13774811409	masculine rhyme	A rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable	53
13774811410	melodrama	a play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally	54
13774811411	metaphor	A comparison without using like or as	55
13774811412	meter	A regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	56
13774811413	metonymy	A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it	57
13774811414	motivation	A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior	58
13774811415	narrator	Person telling the story	59
13774811416	octave	8 line stanza	60
13774811417	onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	61
13774811418	hyperbole	A figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor	62
13774811419	oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	63
13774811420	paradox	A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	64
13774811421	paraphrase	A restatement of a text or passage in your own words.	65
13774811422	personification	A figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes	66
13774811423	plot	Sequence of events in a story	67
13774811424	point of view	The perspective from which a story is told	68
13774811425	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.	69
13774811426	third person limited point of view	narrator tells the story from only one character's pov	70
13774811427	first person point of view	a character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself	71
13774811428	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.	72
13774811429	protagonist	Main character	73
13774811430	quatrain	A four line stanza	74
13774811431	rhythm	A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.	75
13774811432	rhyme scheme	A regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem	76
13774811433	rising action	Events leading up to the climax	77
13774811434	sarcasm	the use of irony to mock or convey contempt	78
13774811435	satire	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	79
13774811436	scansion	Analysis of verse into metrical patterns	80
13774811437	sestet	6 line stanza	81
13774811438	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	82
13774811439	simile	A comparison using "like" or "as"	83
13774811440	soliloquy	A long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage	84
13774811441	sonnet	14 line poem	85
13774811442	stanza	A group of lines in a poem	86
13774811443	stream of consciousness	private thoughts of a character without commentary	87
13774811444	syllabic verse	Verse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.	88
13774811445	symbol	A thing that represents or stands for something else	89
13774811446	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. Ex:all hands on deck	90
13774811447	synesthesia	describing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")	91
13774811448	tercet	3 line stanza	92
13774811449	terza rima	a verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.	93
13774811450	theme	Central idea of a work of literature	94
13774811451	tone	Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character	95
13774811452	tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character	96
13774811453	truncation	Utilizing a melody with part of the end omitted.	97
13774811454	understandment	the deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis	98
13774811455	verse	A single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme	99
13774811456	vilanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	100
13774811457	Euphemism	An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant.	101
13774811458	Diction	A writer's or speaker's choice of words	102
13774811459	Mood	Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader.	103
13774811460	Enjambment	the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	104
13774811461	Syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	105
13774811462	refrain	A line or set of lines repeated several times over the course of a poem.	106
13774811463	parallel structure	repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage to show that two or more ideas have the same level of importance.	107
13774811464	Visual Structure	altering poems physical shape or placement on the page	108
13774811465	Rhyme	Repetition of sounds at the end of words	109
13774811466	Foreshadowing	A narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	110
13774811467	Romantic Period	1798-1832; Romanticism a movement in the literature of virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to about 1870, characterized by reliance on the imagination and subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature.	111
13774811468	Samuel Taylor Coleridge	Love for shakespere and milton, opimum addiction, wrote about religious and politcal theory.	112
13774811469	William Wordsworth	sympathy, troubles, new era for poem-common language.	113
13774811470	John Keats	Believed in sexual and racial equality, and was called mad.	114
13774811471	William Blake	Most flamboyount poet, part of the greek indepence from Turkey.	115
13774811472	Major Concerns of the romantic period	No body on the bottom could make a change Using logic instead of religion. Bring the power to the common man Wanting to be free of tyranny	116
13774811473	themes of literature	liberalism- the desire to be free Ruins and Relics of the Ancient Past- They love to brood Rebellion- Heroism- created characters greater than humans eg: Frankenstein Emotion. Sense and Sensuality Sublime. Republic Democracy Nature- Loved trees, anything outdoors	117
13774811474	Causes of the Romantic period	That being said, the Romantic Period from a new array of artists who were tired of being told what to do, think and how to interpret life. Given that the war had caused political and societal lives to fall apart the Romantics wished to offer a much different perspective on life, this new perspective offered individuality, the support of emotion over reason, and highlighted the importance of reason.	118

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AP ES Chapter 12 Flashcards

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8163814170	Fossil fuel	a fuel derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago	0
8163818991	Nonrenewable energy resource	An energy source with a finite supply, primarily the fossil fuels and nuclear fuels	1
8163826459	Nuclear fuel	Fuel derived from radioactive materials that give off energy	2
8163833147	Commercial energy source	An energy source that is bought and sold	3
8163838142	Subsistence energy source	An energy source gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs	4
8163881903	Energy carrier	something that can move and deliver energy in a convenient, usable form to end users	5
8163899945	Turbine	A device with blades that can be turned by water, wind, steam, or exhaust gas from combustion that turns a generator in an electricity-producing plant	6
8163915372	Electrical grid	A network of interconnected transmissions lines that joins power plants together and links them with end users of electricity	7
8163975931	Combined cycle	A power plant that uses both exhaust gases and steam turbines to generate electricity	8
8163975932	Capacity	In reference to an electricity-generating plant, the maximum electrical output	9
8163975933	Capacity factor	The fraction of time a power plant operates in a year	10
8163975934	Cogeneration	The use of a fuel to generate electricity and produce heat. Also known as combined heat and power	11
8163979209	Coal	A solid fuel formed primarily from the remains of trees, ferns, and other plant materials preserved 280 million to 360 million years ago	12
8164000544	Petroleum	A fossil fuel that occurs in underground deposits, composed of a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur	13
8164007582	Crude oil	Liquid petroleum removed from the ground	14
8164010182	Oil sands	Slow-flowing, viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay	15
8164014985	Bitumen	A degraded petroleum that forms when petroleum migrates to the surface of Earth and is modified by bacteria	16
8164022962	CTL (coal to liquid)	The process of converting soil coal into liquid fuel	17
8164029164	Energy intensity	The energy use per unit of gross domestic product	18
8164032932	Hubbert curve	A bell-shaped curve representing oil use and projecting both when world oil production will reach a maximum and when the world will run out of oil	19
8164045548	Peak oil	The point at which half the total known oil supply is used up	20
8164048715	Fission	A nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which then splits into two or more parts, releasing additional neutrons and energy in the form of heat	21
8164063430	Fuel rod	A cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor	22
8164067174	Control rod	A cylindrical device inserted between the fuel rods in a nuclear reactor to absorb excess neutrons and slow or stop the fission reaction	23
8164075774	Radioactive waste	Nuclear fuel that can no longer produce enough heat to be useful in a power plant but continues to emit radioactivity	24
8164082393	Becquerel (Bq)	Unit that measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays; 1 Bq = decay of 1 atom or nucleus per sec	25
8164091669	Curie	A unit of measure for radiation; 1 curie = 37 billion decays per second	26
8164095944	Nuclear fusion	A reaction that occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei	27
8169945084	Patterns of Energy Use	Oil-32%, Renewable-13%, Nuclear fuel-5%, Coal/Peat-29%, Gas-21%	28
8170018182	Types of Coal	Lignite, sub-Bituminous, Bituminous, Anthracite	29
8170244140	Advantages of Coal	Energy-dense; Plentiful; Easy to exploit by surface mining; Needs little refining; Inexpensive; Easy to handle and transport	30
8170255098	Disadvantages of Coal	Contains impurities; Releases impurities into air when burned; Trace metals like mercury, lead, and arsenic are found in coal; Combustion leads to increased levels air pollutants; Ash is left behind, leads to possible runoff; Carbon is released into the atmosphere	31
8201379763	Types of energies	Coal; Oil and Natural Gas; Wind; Hydroelectric(Dams); Tidal; Solar; Geothermal; Biofuels; Tar sands; Nuclear(fission&fusion)	32
8242032042	Nuclear energy	Adv: No air pollution, less oil; Disadv: Possibility of accidents, difficult to dispose of waste, concern about nuclear material being misused	33
8242090012	Nuclear Fusion	A reaction when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Powers the sun	34

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AP Biology: Chapter 5 Flashcards

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10640532940	chitin	Polysaccharide (carbohydrate made of multiple sugar molecules) that help strengthen exoskeletons and fungal cell walls	0
10640532941	catalyst	substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction	1
10640532942	double helix	two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA	2
10640532943	enzyme	a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions	3
10640532944	fat	A lipid composed of glycerol + fatty acids. They store large amounts of energy.	4
10640532945	fatty acid	lipid that consists of a carboxyl group (OH-C=O) attached to a long carbon skeleton	5
10640532946	glycogen	a polysaccharide (carbohydrate with multiple sugars) in animals that stores glucose for energy	6
10640532947	glycosidic linkage	A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides (singular sugar molecules) by a dehydration reaction.	7
10640532948	hydrolysis	A chemical reaction where the the bonds between two molecules are broken when water is added	8
10640532949	lipids	Large biological molecules that do not form polymers and mix poorly with water. Examples includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids.	9
10640532950	monomer	small chemical unit that makes up a polymer	10
10640532951	monosaccharides	A single sugar molecule; the building block of carbohydrates. Their names often end in -ose. Examples include glucose, galactose, and fructose.	11
10640532952	nucleic acid	Macromolecules that consist of many linked nucleotides. They store, transmit, and express hereditary information. Examples include DNA and RNA.	12
10640532953	nucleotide	Substance that is the building block of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA). Is composed of three parts: a five-carbon sugar (a pentose), a nitrogen-containing (nitrogenous) base, and 1-3 phosphate groups.	13
10640532954	peptide bond	The chemical bond formed between two amino acids. Occurs when the carboxyl group (COOH) of one amino acid bonds with the amino group (NH2) of another, forming CONH and releasing water.	14
10640532955	polymer	a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)	15
10640532956	phospholipid	A lipid made up of glycerol + a phosphate group + two fatty acids. They form bilayers that function as biological membranes.	16
10640532957	polysaccharide	Carbohydrates that are made up multiple saccharide (sugar) molecules bonded together. Examples include cellulose & starch (plants), glycogen (animals), chitin (animals and fungi).	17
10640532958	protein	Macromolecules comprised of multiple amino acids.	18
10640532959	purine	Adenine and guanine; nitrogenous bases that have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring	19
10640532960	pyrimidine	Cytosine, thymine, and uracil; nitrogenous bases that have a single six-membered ring	20
10640532961	ribose	A five-carbon sugar present in RNA	21
10640532962	steroids	A type of lipid that contains four fused rings of carbon atoms. Examples include hormones or cholesterol.	22
10640532963	trans fat	An unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds. Can increase the risk of atherosclerosis.	23
10640532964	triglyceride	A lipid consisting of glycerol + three fatty acids. They are often found in fats and oils and are an important source of energy.	24
10640532965	amino acid	The building blocks of proteins; contains both a carboxyl (COOH) and an amino (NH2) group.	25
10640532966	carbohydrates	Group of macromolecules that include sugars and polymers of sugars. They serve as fuel and building material.	26
10640532967	cellulose	Polysaccharide (carbohydrate made of multiple sugar molecules) that helps strengthen plant cell walls	27
10640532968	chaperonin	A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.	28
10640532969	dehydration reaction	A chemical reaction in which two molecules become bonded to each other when a water molecule is lost	29
10640532970	denaturation	a process where changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals causes a protein to change shape and become dysfunctional	30
10640532971	DNA	- Sugar = deoxyribose - Nitrogenous bases = C, G, A, T - Usually double-stranded - Stores hereditary information	31
10640532972	disaccharides	Double sugars; carbohydrates made of two monosaccharides (sugar molecules) joined by a covalent bond. Examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.	32
10640532973	macromolecules	A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are examples.	33
10640532974	RNA	- Sugar = ribose - Nitrogenous bases = C, G, A, U - Usually single-stranded - Various functions in gene expression, including carrying instructions from DNA to ribosomes	34
10640532975	starch	a polysaccharide (carbohydrate with multiple sugars) in plants that stores glucose for energy	35
10640532976	saturated fatty acid	A fatty acid in which the fatty acid chains have mostly single bonds. They are solid at room temperature	36
10640532977	unsaturated fatty acid	A fatty acid with at least one double bond. They are liquid at room temperature.	37
10640532978	primary structure	sequence of amino acids, forming a protein chain	38
10640532979	secondary structure		39
10640532980	alpha helix		40
10640532981	beta pleated sheet		41
10640532982	tertiary structure		42

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AP Language, Rhetorical Analysis Flashcards

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13463175088	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.	0
13463175089	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells).	1
13463175090	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	2
13463175091	Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
13463175092	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them- can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.	4
13463175093	Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
13463175094	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person	6
13463175095	Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences.	7
13463175096	Aphorism	phrase that shares a general truth or a moral principle. Ex: Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.	8
13463175097	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love, an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	9
13463175098	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.	10
13463175099	Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)	a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	11
13463175100	Clause	a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause.	12
13463175101	Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing, gives a work a conversational, familiar tone.	13
13463175102	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.	14
13463175103	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	15
13463175104	Connotation	- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	16
13463175105	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.	17
13463175106	Diacope	repetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.	18
13463175107	Diction	refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain)	19
13463175108	Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	20
13463175109	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.	21
13463175110	Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.	22
13463175111	Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.	23
13463175112	Exposition	The purpose is to explain or introduce something in an essay or work.	24
13463175113	Extended metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	25
13463175114	Figurative language	- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.	26
13463175115	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. May include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.	27
13463175116	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	28
13463175117	Homily (hom-uh-lee)	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	29
13463175118	Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.	30
13463175119	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s).	31
13463175120	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	32
13463175121	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	33
13463175122	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.	34
13463175123	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true, is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.	35
13463175124	Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	36
13463175125	Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)	From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement	37
13463175126	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	38
13463175127	Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)	a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. Example: A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared"	39
13463175128	Mood	meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.	40
13463175129	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	41
13463175130	Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur.	42
13463175131	Oxymoron	the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness."	43
13463175132	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	44
13463175133	Parallelism	refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.	45
13463175134	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	46
13463175135	Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	47
13463175136	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	48
13463175137	Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses	49
13463175138	Prose	refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms.	50
13463175139	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	51
13463175140	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	52
13463175141	Rhetorical modes	(1) to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described.(4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events.	53
13463175142	Rhetorical Question	not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.	54
13463175143	Sarcasm	language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	55
13463175144	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	56
13463175145	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another	57
13463175146	Style	(1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors.	58
13463175147	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb, but unlike the independent clause, cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.	59
13463175148	Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)	a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	60
13463175149	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract.	61
13463175150	Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)	is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole or the whole for a part	62
13463175151	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences, similar to diction	63
13463175152	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	64
13463175153	Thesis	the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	65
13463175154	Tone	Similar to mood, describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	66
13463175155	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. effectively signals a shift from one idea to another.	67
13463175156	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact presents something as less significant than it is.	68
13463175157	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the tone of the piece.	69
13463175158	Wit	In modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A	70
13463175159	Rhetoric	The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively	71
13463175160	Rhetorical Appeals	Logos, Ethos Pathos	72
13463175161	Logos	Appealing to reason; presented calmly, logically, step-by-step. They can include references to historical events, experts, and statistics. Tone will often be measured, neutral, logical (but not always).	73
13463175162	Ethos	An appeal to show that the speaker or writer is credible, a person whom we can trust, a good person who knows what he is talking about or who cares about us and knows us.	74
13463175163	Pathos	Appeal that tugs at people's feelings; may include emotional diction, imagery, repetition, and figurative language. Might make you laugh or cry. Could also be intended to make you afraid or feel outraged.	75
13463175164	Syntax	the arrangement of words and the order of grammatical elements in a sentence or paragraph. Sentence types, sentences lengths -- how the sentence is structured.	76
13463175165	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses. It creates balance in a sentence. Ex) Like father, like son.	77
13463175166	Connotation	Meanings or associations with words beyond what you find in the dictionary. Usually positive or negative. Ex) Would you rather be called fat or plump? Skinny or slender?	78
13463175167	Paradox	Occurs when the elements of a statement contradict each other. Although the statement may appear illogical or absurd, it turns out to have a coherent meaning that reveals a hidden truth. Ex) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times. Not a logical fallacy.	79
13463175168	Anaphora	The repetition of the same word or groups of words at the beginning of successive clauses. I have a dream that ....I have a dream that ....(Martin Luther King).	80
13463175169	Tone	Writer's or speaker's attitude toward a subject, character, or audience. Is it amused? Hostile? Angry? Sad? Reflective?	81
13463175170	Diction	The writer's or speaker's word choice intended to create a particular impact on the audience.	82
13463175171	Allusion	A reference to a mythological, literary, or historical person, place, or thing. If a writer makes reference to the bible, for example, this is _______________.	83
13463175172	Alliteration	The practice of beginning several consecutive or neighboring words with the same sound. ex) She sells sea shells ...	84
13463175173	Imagery	The words or phrases appealing to the senses and creates a picture in your mind. The smell of fresh cut grass, the twittering of the birds ....	85
13463175174	Figurative Language	Words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Metaphors, simile, personification.	86
13463175175	SOAPSTone	A strategy for basic rhetorical analysis. Think of this for your introduction (plus the thesis statement).	87
13463175176	The first S in SOAPSTone	The speaker or source of the text. What do you know about the speaker? (Relates to ethos)	88
13463175177	The O in SOAPSTone	The occasion or circumstance of the text. What has happened or is happening? Why has the writer written this NOW? This is the context of the piece.	89
13463175178	The A in SOAPSTone	The intended audience or recipient of the text. Many texts will have multiple audiences.	90
13463175179	The P in SOAPSTone	the speaker's purpose for the text; the desired outcome. Ex) Lou Gehrig wants to thank his fans and show them that is remains positive.	91
13463175180	The second S in SOAPSTone	the subject of the text	92
13463175181	Counterargument	Opposing argument to the one the writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring the counterargument, the writer will acknowledge it and then crush it with the mighty weight of their pen (and brain).	93
13463175182	Colloquial Language	An informal type of diction that reflects casual, conversational language and often times slang. Examples: "What's up dude" and "y'all" opposed to "How's it going" and "you all"	94
13463175183	Rhetorical Question	A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point; no answer is expected. Example: "How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?" or "Are you kidding me?"	95
13463175184	Verbal Irony	Someone's spoken meaning is different from the words being used. Closely associated with sarcasm.	96
13463175185	Understatement	Opposite of hyperbole. Makes a situation seem less than it is. You just found out spring break is going to be a month long -- are you happy? You say, "Yeah, sure." Actually, you are delighted! This can produce an ironic effect.	97
13463175186	Logical Fallacy -- Generalization	An argument based on unsound logic. Ex) Generalization: Stating that all members of a group are a particular way. This is what the Muslim travel ban is saying about people from these Muslim majority countries. If a generalization is to have validity, it must be supported with facts. How can you prove anything about 1.6 billion Muslims?	98
13463175187	Logical Fallacy -- Bandwagon	Everyone is doing it -- so you should do it too! Another argument based on unsound logic. Used in advertising a lot.	99
13463175188	Logical Fallacy -- Ad Hominem	Attack on character. Someone who cannot attack someone's ideas, so goes after them personally. Ex) Donald Trump (when he was a candidate) attacked female candidate's appearance stating, "Look at that face." He did not attack her policies.	100
13463175189	Inclusive and Exclusive Language	Using language to include or exclude people. "We're in this together" makes people feel like they are a team. "Those people are a threat" can exclude people and creates divisions beween people.	101
13463175190	Anecdotal Evidence	Evidence that is a personal story.	102
13463175191	Expert Testimony	An expert in a field who can support the argument with facts and data.	103
13463175192	Research findings	Evidence derived from a study.	104
13463175193	Emotive language	Language that is sensational -- designed to get an emotional response from the reader.	105