AP World Chapter 3 Flashcards
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| 12105978009 | Zhou dynasty | (1122 - 256 B.C.E.) First of Chinese classical civilizations. Ruled through alliances with regional princes. Extended territory to Yangzi River and promoted standard Mandarin Chinese language. |  | 0 |
| 12105978010 | Qin dynasty | (221-202 B.C.E.) Characterized by the centralization of state rule that resulted in the elimination of local and regional political competitors. It expanded the boundaries of China to include Hong Kong. The Great Wall of China was built in this era. |  | 1 |
| 12105978011 | Shi Huangdi | China's "First Emperor" who gave that country its name. Under his brutal rule, Hong Kong was annexed and the Great Wall of China was built. |  | 2 |
| 12105978012 | Han dynasty | (202 B.C.E.-220 C.E.) Followed the Qin dynasty. Expanded China's possessions to include Korea, Indochina, and central Asia. Era generally characterized by stability, prosperity, and peace. Contemporary of and often compared to the Roman Empire. |  | 3 |
| 12105978013 | Wu Ti | Best-known Han ruler. Supported Confucianism in the state bureaucracy. |  | 4 |
| 12105978014 | Mandarin | Mandarin became the official state language of the Zhou dynasty and as such was the most-used state language in the world. Helped bring greater cultural unity to classical China. |  | 5 |
| 12105978015 | Dynasty | A time period during which a family rules through a succession of members. |  | 6 |
| 12105978016 | Mandate of Heaven | Confucian idea in which a good ruler was thought to have a divine right to rule. |  | 7 |
| 12105978017 | Era of Warring States | (402 - 201 B.C.E.) Time period between the Zhou and Qin dynasties in which regional rulers formed independent armies and reduced emperors to little more than figureheads. |  | 8 |
| 12105978018 | Great Wall | Stone wall extending across northern China, built during the Qin dynasty as a defense against northern nomads |  | 9 |
| 12105978019 | Legalism | Philosophy that gained ground during the Zhou and was dominant during the Qin dynasty which was rooted in the belief that laws should replace morality and a ruler must provide discipline to maintain order. |  | 10 |
| 12105978020 | Mandarins | Educated bureaucrats who were one of the three main social groups of ancient China. | 11 | |
| 12105978021 | "Mean People" | General category of people identified as ancient China's lowest social group who performed unskilled labor. | 12 | |
| 12105978022 | Patriarchalism | Ideas that social organization should be ordered with the male as the head of the family and institutions. |  | 13 |
| 12105978023 | Confucius, a.k.a. Kung Fuzi | (c. 551-478 B.C.E.) Chinese philosopher who wrote an elaborate political philosophy that became the core of China's cultural and political thinking for centuries. Those who adopted his teachings saw him not as a deity but as a master of ethics. |  | 14 |
| 12105978024 | Daoism | A spiritual alternative to Confucianism that emphasized the harmony in nature and life. True understanding comes from withdrawing from the world and contemplating the life force. |  | 15 |
| 12105978025 | Silk Road | The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations. |  | 16 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP CS Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13963576732 | importing classes | import java.packagena,e.subpackagename.class; | 0 | |
| 13963578338 | single line comment | // | 1 | |
| 13963578339 | multi line comment | /** **/ | 2 | |
| 13963579083 | Identifier | name for a variable, parameter, constant or user defined method/class | 3 | |
| 13963581427 | primitive types | int, double, boolean, char | 4 | |
| 13963584918 | does casting truncate or round | truncate | 5 | |
| 13963584919 | Largest int | 2^31-1 | 6 | |
| 13963585458 | Smallest int | -2^31 | 7 | |
| 13963586293 | n int storage | -2^n-1 to 2^n-1 - 1 | 8 | |
| 13963593166 | floating point numbers | sign ** mantissa ** radix/base (2) ^ exponent | 9 | |
| 13963595915 | roundoff error | whenever a normally true expression deals with repeating decimals or irrational numbers; when converting from floating point roundoff is highly likely | 10 | |
| 13963601631 | hexadecimal | 0-9 is A-F, google the rest | 11 | |
| 13963604404 | Oct | same as hex except base 8 | 12 | |
| 13963609264 | comparing floating point numbers | |x-y| <= ℰmax(|x|, |y|) | 13 | |
| 13963612277 | Arithmetic | +, -, *, /, % | 14 | |
| 13969259719 | bitwise | &, ! | 15 | |
| 13963614050 | Logical | &&, || | 16 | |
| 13963614496 | rational | ==, !=, >, < | 17 | |
| 13963615638 | Assignment | -, +=, -=, *= | 18 | |
| 13963616458 | Inc/Dec | ++/-- | 19 | |
| 13963617703 | mega precedence level 1 | !, ++, -- | 20 | |
| 13963618103 | mega precedence level 2 | *, /, % | 21 | |
| 13963618875 | mega precedence level 3 | +, - | 22 | |
| 13963619377 | mega precedence level 4 | <, >, <=, >= | 23 | |
| 13963620235 | mega precedence level 5 | ==, != | 24 | |
| 13969207773 | mega precedence level 6 | & | 25 | |
| 13969209496 | mega precedence level 7 | | | 26 | |
| 13963620936 | mega precedence level 9 | || | 27 | |
| 13963620236 | mega precedence level 8 | && | 28 | |
| 13963620937 | mega precedence level 10 | =, +=, -=, *=, /=, %= | 29 | |
| 13963624599 | encapsulation | Keeping details (like data and procedures) together in one part of a program so that programmers working on other parts of the program don't need to know about them. | 30 | |
| 13963625492 | static methods | • method connected to the class, not an object • ex: Math.random • You do not declare a variable of Math type to get to the random method | 31 | |
| 13963626294 | static variables | • variable is connected to the whole class, not individual objects • all variables of the class share this one variable • with the keyword final it is used to create a constant • also called: class variables | 32 | |
| 13963627571 | methods | public/private static/ void/int/string name (parameters) | 33 | |
| 13963628802 | constructors | sets default for class | 34 | |
| 13963629283 | accessor (getter) | Method that returns the current value of a specified data field. | 35 | |
| 13963629284 | mutator | A method used to change the value of an attribute of an object. | 36 | |
| 13963629975 | method overloading | The ability to define two or more different methods with the same name but different method signatures. | 37 | |
| 13963630823 | this keyword | an implicit parameter that ties an object to the instance called | 38 | |
| 13963633073 | primitve/other parameters | primitive data types do not change when passed into parameters, as the parameters make a copy of the object, although with other objects, the original object is changed from a function | 39 | |
| 13963637137 | is-a | A phrase to say that something inherits from another, as in a "salmon" is-a "fish." | 40 | |
| 13963637938 | extend | inherits | 41 | |
| 13963638663 | inheritance doesn't take | private things or make private things public | 42 | |
| 13963641872 | Rules of a subclass 1 | A subclass can add new private/instance variables | 43 | |
| 13963643554 | Rules of a subclass 2 | A subclass can add new public, private or static methods | 44 | |
| 13963644437 | Rules of a subclass 3 | A subclass can override inherited methods | 45 | |
| 13963645040 | Rules of a subclass 4 | A subclass may not override static methods | 46 | |
| 13963645918 | Rules of a subclass 5 | A subclass must define its own methods | 47 | |
| 13963647131 | Rules of a subclass 6 | Subclass must use getters+setters | 48 | |
| 13963648427 | Polymorphism | polymorphism is the provision of a single interface to entities of different types or the use of a single symbol to represent multiple different types. | 49 | |
| 13963653945 | Dynamic binding | type of object is not determined until run-time | 50 | |
| 13963653946 | Static Binding | type of object is determined at compile time | 51 | |
| 13963655172 | Abstract Class | a class that defines attributes and methods for subclasses but is never instantiated | 52 | |
| 13963655902 | rules for abstract | you can't instantiate and you must implement all methods | 53 | |
| 13963662151 | interface rules | 1. Exceptions should be declared by interface method. 2. Signature and return type should be the same for interface and implemented class. 3. A class can implement multiple interfaces. 4. An interface can extend another interface. 5. No instance variables | 54 | |
| 13963665336 | Math.random | Generates a random floating point number between 0 & 1. double x = (highValue - lowValue) * Math.Random() + lowValue | 55 | |
| 13963672232 | primitive types rules | primitive types have a default value, but all other objects will not therefore they will result in a nullPointerException | 56 | |
| 13963678368 | Selection Sort | take the entire array and find the lowest value, take that and make it index 0, now take the new array (1-array.length-1) and do the same, add all the arrays at the end for the final sorted product | 57 | |
| 13963683802 | Insertion Sort |  | 58 | |
| 13963687002 | Quick sort | take a random element and define that as the pivot. Once you have a pivot take a clicker on both opposite ends of the array, once you have done that, move the pointers until the one on the left is pointing to an element less than the pivot and the one on the right is pointing to one greater than the pivot and swap them, move them again until they meet at the middle, at this point all the elements to the left of the pivot are less than the pivot and all the elements right of the pivot are greater. Separate the two arrays into smaller arrays and perform quicksort again. | 59 | |
| 13963695423 | Sequential SOrt | essentially insertion sort with moving elements to the max rather than the minimum, sorting algorithm that typically uses nested loops and requires approximately n^2 comparisons to sort n elements | 60 | |
| 13963696225 | Binary Search | Basically it goes to the middle element, is the middle element greater or less than the value, if its more than it will take the middle of the greater half, and repeat the process | 61 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP US History: Chapter 19 Flashcards
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| 11885659857 | Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom's Cabin | This book was written with the goal to awaken to North to the wickedness of slavery. It exposed the inhumanity and horrors of families being split. It used powerful imagery and strong pathos. The book became very popular and was translated into more languages. | 0 | |
| 11885659858 | Hinton Helper/The Impending Crisis of the South | Written by a non-aristocratic white, this book was an attempt to prove that non-slaveholding whites suffered the most from slavery. This book was banned in the South but became very popular in the North and was used in campaigning for Republicans. | 1 | |
| 11885659859 | New England Emigrant Aid Company | Abolitionists and Free-Soilers made this antislavery organization that sent 2000 people to Kansas to forestall the South and the make a profit. | 2 | |
| 11885659860 | Beecher's Bibles | In Kansas people (New England Emigrant Aid Company) carried breech loading Sharps rifles. They were named after Henry Ward Beecher because he helped to raise money for their cause. (1854) | 3 | |
| 11885659861 | Border Ruffians | These pro-slavery people came in to elect member of the territorial legislature in 1855. They triumphed and set up the Shawnee government which in turn caused abolitionists to make their own government. | 4 | |
| 11885659862 | John Brown | Abolitionist "Old Brown" led people to Pottawatomie Creek in Kansas that flared Civil War. (1800-1859) | 5 | |
| 11885659863 | Pottawatomie Creek | Led by John Brown, he led a band of followers to this creek and hacked 5 pro-slavery people to pieces in May of 1856. This sparked Civil War. | 6 | |
| 11885659864 | Lecompton Constitution | Devised by pro-slavery forces, this document stated that either the Constitution was "with slavery" or "without slavery." Whatever the outcome, they made it so there would still be slaves in Kansas. Their trickery caused the Free-Soilers to become angry and they began boycotts. | 7 | |
| 11885659865 | Charles Sumner | Senator of Massachusetts, he gave "The Crime Against Kansas" abolitionist speech in 1856. He condemned pro-slavery men and was beaten by Brooks with a cane. | 8 | |
| 11885659866 | Preston Brooks | A South Carolinian Congressman, he pounded Sumner with a cane during one of his speeches in 1856. He was put in the wrong by many people but got reelected. | 9 | |
| 11885659867 | James Buchanan | A Pennsylvanian lawyer, he was relatively enemy-less. Aka "Old Buck," he was a mediocre Democrat. | 10 | |
| 11885659868 | John C. Fremont | The captain "Pathfinder," he was without political experience and was not tarred down with the Kansas crap. (Republican). | 11 | |
| 11885659869 | The American Party | "Nativists" and the "Know-Nothing" Party were very secretive. They nominated Fillmore in 1856 and wanted to cut off the Republican's power. | 12 | |
| 11885659870 | Dred Scott | He was a slave that lived in Illinois with his master. When his master died, he sued his master's wife because he wanted to be free since he lived in a free state. The court ruled him to be a slave since he was property. | 13 | |
| 11885659871 | Roger B. Taney | Chief Justice in Maryland, he referred to the 5th amendment in the Dred Scott case that a slave was property. He ruled the case unconstitutional since property can't sue or have a right to trial by jury. | 14 | |
| 11885659872 | Tariff of 1857 | Congress reduced dutiable goods by 20% in 1857. This was the lowest tariff since 1812. This caused the Treasury's surplus to melt away. | 15 | |
| 11885659873 | Abraham Lincoln | A Springfield lawyer (Republican) and 1860 candidate. Won the 1860 election. He relied on logic with his campaigns rather than "political magic." | 16 | |
| 11885659874 | Lincoln-Douglas Debates | Lincoln challenged Douglas to these debates from August to October of 1858. Lincoln emerged as a Presidential candidate. | 17 | |
| 11885659875 | Freeport Doctrine | This was Douglas's reply to Lincoln that said that no matter how the Supreme Court ruled, slavery would stay down if the people voted it down. Douglas got the Senate seat. | 18 | |
| 11885659876 | Harper's Ferry | John Brown had planned his attack here in October 1859. He was to seize the federal arsenal and have slaves rise and support his rebellion. His plan failed though because the slaves failed to rise and he was captured by Marines. | 19 | |
| 11885659877 | John C. Breckenridge | A moderate from Kentucky, this Southern Democrat was chosen because the Southern Democrats were angry that the Northern Democrats had chosen Douglas. | 20 | |
| 11885659878 | John Bell | From Tennessee, he was nominated by former Whigs and Know Nothings in 1860 and he wanted to follow the Constitution. | 21 | |
| 11885659879 | Secession | Around 1861 the South wanted to secede from the Union after Lincoln's election. So the Southern states met and created the Confederate States of America. | 22 | |
| 11885659880 | Jefferson Davis | He was chosen to be the President of the Confederate States of America. He had a wide variety of military and administrative experience. | 23 | |
| 11885659881 | Crittendon Compromise | James Henry Crittenden designed this to appease the South. It stated that slavery would be prohibited North of the 36 30 line and that any future states (no matter location) would be able to choose whether they want slavery or not. | 24 |
ch 21 apes - waste Flashcards
test: wednesday, april 17
Terms : Hide Images
| 13607580775 | love canal | niagara falls, ny canal was used as a landfill for *chemical companies* town covered landfill area and decided to build homes, a school, etc. over it ... *1978:* people noticed rusting drums sticking up above ground. trees began to die, basement began to smell, children got rashes *CERCLA WAS PASSED BECAUSE OF THIS | 0 | |
| 13607665213 | CERCLA | comprehensive environmental response, compensation, and liability act was passed because of the love canal disaster *AKA: SUPERFUND* provides a funded program to clean up hazardous waste from the nation's worst polluted site *funded by government | 1 | |
| 13607684154 | superfund | fund created by congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. money for the fund comes from taxing chemical products *AKA: CERCLA* | 2 | |
| 13607686937 | RCRA | 1976 resource conservation and recovery act regulates local landfills sets standards, mandates permitting procedures gives EPA ability to track hazardous waste from "cradle to grave" | 3 | |
| 13607702209 | from "cradle to grave" | tracking waste from its creation to its disposal, cradle to grave monitoring of extremely toxic and hazardous compounds --> came from RCRA | 4 | |
| 13607704726 | landfills | places where waste material is buried and covered with soil waste is partially decomposed by bacteria and compresses under its own weight to take up less space after landfills are capped, they are used as parks or other purposes.. the decomposition that is supposed to occur, doesn't always occur. *clay*: commonly used among landfills because it keeps things like toxic wastes from leeching out (its nonpermeable) | 5 | |
| 13607747532 | types of waste | organic, radioactive, recyclable, soiled, toxic | 6 | |
| 13607752996 | organic waste | *a type of waste* kitchen wastes, veggies, flowers, leaves, fruits typically decomposes within two weeks | 7 | |
| 13607757877 | radioactive waste | *a type of waste* spent fuel rods and smoke detectors are examples of this can take thousands of years to decompose | 8 | |
| 13607769137 | recyclable waste | *a type of waste* paper, glass, metal, some plastics, paper *paper decomposes in 10-30days *glass doesn't decompose *metals take 100-500years to decompose | 9 | |
| 13607775632 | soiled waste | *a type of waste* hospital waste cotton and cloth are good examples: can take 2-5 months to decompose | 10 | |
| 13607780709 | toxic waste | *a type of waste* paints, chemicals, pesticides, and so on can take up to 100 years to decompose | 11 | |
| 13607783933 | primary recycling (closed loop recycling) | a type of recycling also called: closed loop recycling materials such as aluminum are recycled into new products of same type (materials are recycled into new products of the same type) | 12 | |
| 13607799654 | secondary recycling (open loop recycling) | a type of recycling also called: open loop recycling waste materials are converted into different products | 13 | |
| 13607824808 | recyclables | a dumpster of recyclables goes to the recycling plant and they are separated by material paper, plastic, aluminums and metals, etc. | 14 | |
| 13607830587 | composting (with worms) | a process that allows the organic material in solid waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer often uses worms to recycle food scraps raw fruits and veggies are the best for this citric acid is bad (no oranges ^) *avoid composting meats, dairy, and oils because they take more work and much longer to break down* | 15 | |
| 13607832419 | advantages of composting | creates nutrient-rich soil additive adds in water retention cheaper to transport waste to landfill without dense organic material no major toxic issues creates jobs | 16 | |
| 13607844149 | *dis*advantages of composting | public reaction to odor and vermin and insects NIMBY (no one wants it to be near them...) | 17 | |
| 13607852360 | outdoor composting (without worms) | combining organic wastes in proper ratio to create humus (organic component of soil) instead of worms decomposing (indoor), microorganisms found in food breaks down material | 18 | |
| 13607880917 | disposal of wastes | burning, energy recovery, remanufacturing, detoxifying, exporting, open dumping, ocean dumping, recycling, reusing | 19 | |
| 13607887509 | ewaste | refers to discarded, obsolete, or broken electronic devices fastest growing segment of waste contains heavy metals and flame retardants, and should be treated as *hazardous waste* | 20 | |
| 13607893526 | basel convention | 1992 international treaty bans participating countries from shipping hazardous waste to or through other countries without their permission | 21 | |
| 13607925896 | stockholm convention | 2000 regulates the use of 12 widely used persistent organic pollutants (POPs) *POPs can accumulate in fatty tissues of humans and other animals | 22 | |
| 13607931705 | POPs | persistent organic pollutants dirty dozen PCBs dioxins (group of chemicals) furans DDT and 8 other chlorine-containing persistent pesticides ALL TOXIC | 23 | |
| 13607941606 | bhopal disaster | bhopal, india 45 tons of dangerous gas methyl isocyanate escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by india subsidiary killed thousands immediately survivors suffered from respiratory problems, extreme eye irritations, and/other blindness | 24 | |
| 13607958474 | rocky flats (colorado) | colorado 1952 space was used by government as a manufacturing site for components of nuclear weapons including uranium and plutonium since then, thankfully, the area has been cleaned up and is now home to a variety of plants and animals also now acts as a windpower testing site | 25 | |
| 13607975837 | phytoremediation | using plants to reduce the concentration or toxic effect of contaminants in the environment | 26 | |
| 13607987720 | integrated waste management | a variety of strategies for both waste reduction and waste management |  | 27 |
| 13607994346 | 3 r's | reduce, reuse, recycle *refuse | 28 | |
| 13608254710 | leachate | polluted liquid produced by water passing through buried wastes in a landfill water that has passed through buried wastes in a landfill solution created by liquid passing through layers of waste | 29 | |
| 13608282264 | wet scrubber | fine mists of water vapor trap particulates and convert them to a sludge can remove 98% of SO2 *air runs through a water bath which removes pollutants, causes problem of dirty water. Used in coal fired power plants and waste to energy incinerators. | 30 | |
| 13608384624 | deep-well disposal | liquid hazardous wastes are pumped through a pipe into dry, porous rock formations far beneath aquifers | 31 | |
| 13608389742 | brownfields | abandoned industrial and commercial sites such as factories, junkyards, older landfills, and gas stations not government paid | 32 | |
| 13608394407 | bioremediation | Use of living organisms such as prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to detoxify polluted ecosystems. the biological treatment of hazardous waste by living organisms | 33 |
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