| CourseNotes

AP US History: American Pageant Chapter 12 Flashcards

12525798598	War of 1812	(1812-1815): fought b/w US and Britain largely over issues of trade and impressment. Ended in relative draw, but showed the US willingness to fight for their beliefs and earned respect from the European nations. "2nd war for independence."	0
12525798599	Battle of New Orleans	Battle won by the US and Andrew Jackson. Was a decisive win for the United States in the War of 1812.	1
12525798600	Congress of Vienna	(1814-1815): Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.	2
12525798601	Treaty of Ghent	(1815): Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address and of the grievances that first brought America into the war.	3
12525798602	Hartford Convention	(1814-1815): convention of Federalists from 5 New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.	4
12525798604	Tariff of 1816	First protective tariff in US History, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.	5
12525798605	American System	(1820s): Henry Clay's three pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.	6
12525798606	The Era of Good Feelings	(1816-1824): Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Madison's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.	7
12525798607	The Panic of 1819	severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands. It disproportionally affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.	8
12525798608	Land act of 1820	Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating on of the causes of the Panic of 1819.	9
12525798609	Tallmadge Amendment	(1819): Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners opposed this, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between the North and the South.	10
12525798611	The Missouri Compromise	(1820): Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of the Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line 36.30.	11
12525798613	Loose construction	idea of using the elastic clause as a way of interpreting the constitution	12
12525798619	Florida Purchase Territory (Adams-Onis Treaty)	(1819): Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the US, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.	13
12525798620	Monroe Doctrine	Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought free access to Latin American markets.	14
12525798623	Francis Scott Key	Author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner", our national anthem, while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained.	15
12525798624	James Monroe	Revolutionary war soldier, statesman, and 5th president. As president, he supported protective tariffs, and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally funded improvements. Though he sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by partisan and sectional conflicts.	16
12525798625	John Marshall	Supreme Court Chief Justice who expanded the power of both the Supreme Court and the National Government	17

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP exam Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

14809166396	Heuristic	a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms	0
14809175723	Distrubuted Denial of Service (DDos)	I am a network attack. I use multiple computers or bots to attack a service of a network with the intent of keeping it so preoccupied with requests that it cannot process legitimate traffic.	1
14809181089	Database	A collection of data organized in a manner that allows access, retrieval, and use of that data	2
14809191426	Metadata	data that describes other data	3
14809199764	Phishing	a technique to gain personal information for the purpose of identity theft, usually by means of fraudulent e-mail	4
14809226326	Infinite loop	A loop in which the terminating condition is never satisfied.	5
14809244509	Input list	a list of how many outputs you have for the band, the required mixer inputs, and the specifics involved	6

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History: Chapter 20 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

13483901599	while progressivism has many meanings it tended to be based on the central assumption	that american society was capable of improvement	0
13483901600	At the turn of the twentieth century, progressive activists	Were "antimonopoly" and feared concentrated power	1
13483901601	The term "muckrakers"	Journalists	2
13483901602	At the turn of the twentieth century, Lincoln Steffens wrote extensively of the need to reform	Urban political organizations	3
13483901603	in 1904, Idea Tarbell published a highly critical study on	The standard oil trust	4
13483901604	In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries the "social gospel"	An effort to make religious faith a tool of social reform	5
13483901605	At the turn of the twentieth century the leaders of the settlement house movement tended to be	Female	6
13483901606	At the turn of the twentieth century, leaders in the settlement house movement	directed their attention at improving urban living conditions	7
13483901607	The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of	Social work	8
13483901608	In his 1899 book, A Theory of the Leisure Class, Thorstein Veblen argued	Modern cities should rely on a handful of experts to solve their social problems	9
13483901609	In regards to organizing the professions during the progressive era	by ww1, all states had established professional bar associations	10
13483901610	In 1901 first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of	Medicine	11
13483901611	In regards to women and the professions during the progressive era	social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women	12
13483901612	The most distinctive quality of women in professions during the progressive era was	They were concentrated in the "helping" professions	13
13483901613	During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of	All of the above	14
13483901614	The term "Boston marriage"	Two women who lived together	15
13483901615	In regards to divorce in the united states during the progressive era, by 1916	more than 10% of all marriages ended in divorce	16
13483901616	During the progressive era, the women's club movement	Had a national organization to coordinate club activities	17
13483901617	During the progressive era, club women generally	Neither A nor B	18
13483901618	During the progressive era, supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters	Deserved to vote because of their unique traits as women	19
13483901619	During the progressive era, significant voting rights for women were first won in	The far west	20
13483901620	In the years prior to the passage of the nineteenth amendment	Both A and B	21
13483901621	Alice Paul and the national women's party	Neither A nor B	22
13483901622	Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by	The political parties themselves	23
13483901623	During the progressive era, one of the first targets for political reformers	Municipal governments	24
13483901624	During the progressive era, opponents of political reform included many memebers of all of the following except	The middle class	25
13483901625	During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried	Create city managers	26
13483901626	The initiative and referendum were progressive era political reforms, designed to weaken	State legislatures	27
13483901627	The recall and direct primary were progressive era political reforms, designed to weaken	Political parties	28
13483901628	As governor of Wisconsin, the progressive reformer Robert La Follette	The direct primary	29
13483901629	During the progressive era, the power of political parties	Declined as did voter turnout	30
13483901630	During the progressive era, political "interest groups"	Were a product of the progressive era	31
13483901631	During the progressive era, important vehicles for social reform	New York's Tammany hall political machine	32
13483901632	The 1911 triangle shirtwaist fire in new york city	Strict regulations with effective enforcement were imposed on factory owners	33
13483901633	Western states during the progressive era, major target for political reform	The federal government	34
13483901634	Progressive reformers from the western states	Alfred E. Smith	35
13483901635	A major reason progressive political reforms, such as the direct primary, were quickly embraced in the western states	Political parties were weak in this region	36
13483901636	During the progressive, w. e. b. Du Bois asserted all of the following except	The principle tool for gaining civil rights was to elect blacks to public office	37
13483901637	The national association for the advancement of colored people	Neither A or B	38
13483901638	The temperance crusade,	Was supproted by most business employers	39
13483901639	The women's christian temperance union	Was at one time the largest women's organization in American history	40
13483901640	Between 1914 and 1919, the temperance movement	Gained momentum as a result of ww1	41
13483901641	In regards to the immigrant population in the united states, progressive reformers	Both A and b	42
13483901642	In the early twentieth century, the theories of eugenics	Supported the restriction of immigration by nationality	43
13483901643	During the progressive era, the socialist party of america	Grew stronger	44
13483901644	During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of american socialism	Eugene Debs	45
13483901645	In the 1912 presidential election, the socialist party candidate	Both A and B: received nearly one million votes and attracted support from rural and urban	46
13483901646	During the early twentieth century, the industrial workers of the world	Advocated a single union for all workers	47
13483901647	WW1 hurt the socialist movement in the united states	The war generated anti-radical feelings in the country	48
13483901648	Herbert Croly argued in his 1909 book, the promise of american life, that	It was important that the federal government was led by a strong president: government should distinguish between good trusts and bad trusts	49
13483901649	When Theodore Roosevelt assumed the presidency in 1901	Neither	50
13483901650	Political ideology, Theodore Roosevelt	in many respects, decidedly conservative	51
13483901651	When he assumed the presidency in 1901, Theodore Roosevelt	Was the youngest ever	52
13483901652	During Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president	he desired to win for government the power to investigate corporate activities	53
13483901653	In the 1902 strike by the united mine workers, president Theodore Roosevelt	Ordered federal arbitration	54
13483901654	In the election of 1904, Theodore Roosevelt	easily won his party nomination and the general election	55
13483901655	Legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt's administration except	Interstate commerce act	56
13483901656	Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle	Meatpacking industry	57
13483901657	Environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt	Both A and B	58
13483901658	As an environmental conservationist, Theodore Roosevelt	added extensive areas of land to the national forest system	59
13483901659	The first director of the National Forest Service was	Pinchot	60
13483901660	The Sierra Club was founded by	John Muir	61
13483901661	The controversy over Hetch Hetchy Valley is false	Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy	62
13483901662	The panic of 1907 was caused by	None of these answers is correct	63
13483901663	In 1908, Theodore Roosevelt did not run for another term as president because	He had promised not to run again	64
13483901664	In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft	was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him	65
13483901665	As president, William Howard Taft	Neither A or b	66
13483901666	The payne-aldrich tariff of 1909	resulted in President william H Taft losing favor with progressives	67
13483901667	In 1909, a controversy involving Richard Ballinger and Gifford Pinchot	President William H. Taft fire Pinchot for insubordination	68
13483901668	In 1910, in Osawatomie Kansas	greater activism by the federal government	69
13483901669	In 1912 Theodore Roosevelt ran for president, in part, because	the Taft administration implied Roosevelt had acted improperly as president	70
13483901670	In the presidential campaign of 1912,	Theodore Roosevelt ultimately ran on a third party ticket	71
13483901671	The 1912 presidential election was an ideological contest between	Both A and B	72
13483901672	In the 1912 presidential election results,	Woodrow Wilson won only a plurality of the popular vote	73
13483901673	In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson	Believed trusts should be ended altogether	74
13483901674	As president Woodrow Wilson	more tightly consolidated executive power than had Theodore Roosevelt	75
13483901675	During president Woodrow Wilson's first term, Colonel Edward House	Was one of wilsons closest advisors	76
13483901676	The 1913 Underwood-Simmons Tariff	Was intended to weaken the power of business trusts	77
13483901677	In 1913, to offset the loss of revenues from other legislation, Congress	Passed a graduate income tax	78
13483901678	In 1913, a major reform of American banking	The federal reserve act	79
13483901679	The federal reserve act	Created a new paper currency	80
13483901680	The federal trade commission act	created an agency to determine whether business practices were acceptable to the government	81
13483901681	By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson	believed his reform program had largely been accomplished.)	82
13483901682	In 1914, President Woodrow Wilson	None are correct	83
13483901683	After the elections of 1914, Presidential Woodrow Wilson	began another round of progressive legislation	84
13483901684	The 1916 Keating-Owen Act	First law regulating child labor	85
13483901685	The supreme court, in two rulings related to the 1916 Keating-Owen Act	Struck down reform legislation	86
13483901686	During the progressive era, clubs for African American women	Frequently embraced controversial issues	87
13483901687	During the progressive era, the women suffrage movement	Became the single largest reform movement of the early twentieth century	88
13483901688	In regards to race during the progressive era	Both A and B	89
13483901689	While progressivism has many meanings, it tended in this period to be based on the central assumption that	American society was capable of improvement.	90
13483901690	The term "muckrakers" referred to	journalists.	91
13483901691	In 1904, Ida Tarbell published a highly critical study on	the Standard Oil trust.	92
13483901692	At the turn of the twentieth century, the leaders of the settlement house movement	directed their attention to improving urban living conditions.	93
13483901693	The settlement house movement of the early twentieth century helped spawn the profession of	social work.	94
13483901694	Regarding women and the professions during the Progressive Era,	social work was generally thought to be an appropriate career for women.	95
13483901695	During the progressive era, the "new woman" was a product of	All these answers are correct.	96
13483901696	Regarding divorce in the United States during the progressive era, by 1916	more than ten percent of all marriages ended in divorce.	97
13483901697	During the progressive era, clubs for African American women	often took anti-lynching and anti-segregation positions.	98
13483901698	During the Progressive Era, some supporters of woman suffrage argued that female voters	deserved the vote because of their unique traits as women.	99
13483901699	In the years prior to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment,	All these answers are correct.	100
13483901700	Prior to the adoption of the secret ballot, voter ballots were printed and distributed by	the political parties.	101
13483901701	During the progressive era, reformers of city government frequently tried to	hire professionally trained business managers or engineers as city managers.	102
13483901702	The initiative and referendum were progressive-era political reforms primarily designed to weaken the power of	state legislatures.	103
13483901703	The recall and the direct primary were progressive-era political reforms designed to weaken	political parties.	104
13483901704	During the progressive era, political "interest groups"	rose to replace the declining power centers of the parties.	105
13483901705	For western states, the most important target of reform energies was	the federal government, because it exerted great power in the western states.	106
13483901706	The temperance crusade	was supported by business employers.	107
13483901707	The temperance movement between 1914 and 1919	gained momentum as a result of World War I.	108
13483901708	In the early twentieth century, eugenics	supported the restriction of immigration by nationality.	109
13483901709	During the progressive era, the Socialist Party of America	grew stronger.	110
13483901710	During the progressive era, the acknowledged leader of American socialism was	Eugene V. Debs.	111
13483901711	During the early twentieth century, the Industrial Workers of the World	advocated a single union for all workers.	112
13483901712	World War I hurt the socialist movement in the United States	because the war generated anti-radical feelings in the country.	113
13483901713	The brilliant lawyer Louis D. Brandies, who later became a Supreme Court justice, argued that the federal government should work to break up the largest corporations because the "curse of bigness"	All these answers are correct.	114
13483901714	During Theodore Roosevelt's first three years as president,	he desired to win for government the power to investigate corporate activities.	115
13483901715	All of the following legislation was passed during Theodore Roosevelt's administration EXCEPT the	Interstate Commerce Act.	116
13483901716	Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel, The Jungle, encouraged the federal government to regulate the	meatpacking industry.	117
13483901717	As an environmental conservationist, President Theodore Roosevelt	added extensive areas of land to the national forest system.	118
13483901718	In the election of 1908, William Howard Taft	was hand-picked by Theodore Roosevelt to succeed him.	119
13483901719	In his political program known as the "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts	should be destroyed.	120
13483901720	In 1913, to offset the loss of revenues from other legislation, Congress	passed a graduated income tax.	121
13483901721	The Federal Reserve Act	created a new type of paper currency.	122
13483901722	The Federal Trade Commission Act	created an agency to determine whether business practices were acceptable to the government.	123
13483901723	By the fall of 1914, President Woodrow Wilson	believed his reform program had largely been accomplished.	124
13483901724	The 1916 Keating-Owen Act was the first federal law regulating	child labor.	125
13483901725	European powers favored a civil war in the United States because	war would weaken the United States' power in the Western Hemisphere	126
13483901726	Confederate batteries fired on Fort Sumter when it was learned that	Lincoln had ordered supplies sent to the fort	127
13483901727	Many Northerners were willing to allow Southern states to leave the Union until	the South attacked Fort Sumter	128
13483901728	The Border States offered all of the following EXCEPT	shipbuilding facilities	129
13483901729	Lincoln's declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery	revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies	130
13483901730	In return for support from the Plains Indians during the Civil War, the Union	waged war on them and herded them onto reservations	131
13483901731	To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to	fight the invading Union army to a draw	132
13483901732	As the Civil War began, the South seemed to have the advantage of	more talented military leaders	133
13483901733	All of the following were similar characteristics that both Union and Confederate soldiers shared EXCEPT	poor unskilled workers were well represented among both armies	134
13483901734	Johnny Reb tended to be all of the following EXCEPT	detached personally from the war	135
13483901735	Billy Yank tended to be all of the following EXCEPT	religious	136
13483901736	The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its	economy	137
13483901737	The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was its	economy	138
13483901738	Much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was due to	the South's rickety transportation system	139
13483901739	Northern soldiers eventually became known for their	discipline and determination	140
13483901740	to find effective high-level commanders, the union	used trial and error	141
13483901741	A supposed asset for the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was	intervention from Britain and France	142
13483901742	One reason that the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War was that	they feared losing Northern grain shipments	143
13483901743	The South believed that the British would come to its aid because	Britain was dependent on the Southern colonies	144
13483901744	During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by	the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ships	145
13483901745	Confederate commerce-raiders such as the Alabama	proved effective against Union shipping	146
13483901746	The Confederacy's most effective commerce-raider was the	Alabama	147
13483901747	Napolean III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of	the Monroe-Doctrine	148
13483901748	France abandoned its attempt to control Mexico	when the United States threatened to force France to leave.	149
13483901749	During the Cvil War,	relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor	150
13483901750	The Southern cause was weakened by	the concept of states' rights that the Confederacy professed.	151
13483901751	As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis	defied rather than led public opinion	152
13483901752	The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less prostrating than those experienced by Jefferson Davis partly because the North	had a long-established and fully recognized government	153
13483901753	As president of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because	of the South's emphasis on states' rights	154
13483901754	To fill the army's demand for troops, the North relied mainly on	volunteers	155
13483901755	The Union's establishment of the National Banking System	was the first significant step toward a unified baking network since 1836	156

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 3 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 3 Colonial Society in the 18th Century

Terms : Hide Images

14818166329	English cultural domination	In the 18th century, cultural life in the colonies was dominated by English culture. Architecture, painting, and literature were strongly influenced by the English. (p. 50)	0
14818166330	Benjamin West	Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)	1
14818166331	John Copley	Painter who went to England to acquire the necessary training and financial support to establish himself as a prominent artist. (p. 51)	2
14818166332	Benjamin Franklin	He was the most popular and successful American writer of the 18th century. (p. 51)	3
14818166333	Poor Richard's Almanack	Written by Benjamin Franklin, this book written in 1732 and annually revised, contained aphorisms and advice. (p. 51)	4
14818166334	Phillis Wheatley	Her poetry is noteworthy for her triumph over slavery and the quality of her verse. (p. 51)	5
14818166335	John Bartram	Self-taught botanist from Philadelphia. (p. 51)	6
14818166336	professions; religion, medicine, law	Ministers, physicians, and lawyers were all respected careers in the 18th century colonies. (p. 52)	7
14818166337	religious toleration	The overwhelming majority of colonists were Protestants. Jews, Catholics, and Quakers suffered from the most serious discrimination and even persecution. (p. 49)	8
14818166338	established church	Churches that were financed by the government. (p. 49)	9
14818166339	Great Awakening	This religious movement was at its peak in the 1730s and 1740s. It was characterized by fervent expressions of religious feeling among masses of people. (p. 49)	10
14818166340	Jonathan Edwards	This reverend from Massachusetts argued that God was rightfully angry with human sinfulness. Those who repented could be saved by God's grace, but those who did not would suffer eternal damnation. (p. 49)	11
14818166341	George Whitefield	He came to the colonies from England in 1739. He spread the Great Awakening throughout the colonies, sometime attracting crowds of 10,000 people. His sermons stressed that God was all powerful and would save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus Christ. He taught that ordinary people could understand scripture without depending on ministers to lead them. (p. 50)	12
14818166342	Cotton Mather	This minister from Massachusetts, was the author of several widely read religious tracts. (p. 51)	13
14818166343	sectarian	The first colonial colleges were sectarian, meaning they promoted the doctrines of a particular religion. The Puritans founded Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1636. (p. 51)	14
14818166357	nonsectarian	In the mid 18th century, one nonsectarian colleges was founded. The College of Philadelphia (later University of Pennsylvania) was founded, with no religious sponsors. (p. 52)	15
14818166344	subsistence farming	In the mid 18th century the colonies had little manufacturing and were devoted almost entirely to agriculture. In New England colonies, most farms were under 100 acres and farming was limited to subsistence levels that provided just enough for a farm family to survive. In the southern colonies, most people lived on small subsistence family farms with no slaves. (p. 48)	16
14818166345	J. Hector St. John Crevecoeur	In 1782, this Frenchman wrote , "America is a new man, who acts upon new principles; he must therefore entertain new ideas, and form new opinions. From involuntary idleness, servile dependence, and useless labor, he has passed to toils of a very different nature, rewarded by ample subsistence. This is an American." (p. 45)	17
14818166346	colonial families	In the mid 18th century, there was an abundance of fertile land and a dependable food supply in the colonies. This attracted thousands of European settlers each year and supported the raising of large families. (p. 45)	18
14818166358	Germans	This group of immigrants settled chiefly on the rich farmlands west of Philadelphia. By 1775, they comprised 6 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)	19
14818166359	Scotch-Irish	These English-speaking people emigrated from northern Ireland. They were known as Scotch-Irish because their ancestors had moved to Ireland from Scotland. By 1775, they comprised 7 percent of the colonial population. (p.46)	20
14818166360	Huguenots; Dutch; Swedes	The Huguenots (French Protestants), the Dutch, and the Swedes came to the colonies. By 1775, these groups comprised 5 percent of the colonial population. (p. 46)	21
14818166361	Africans	The largest single group of non-English immigrants did not come to America by choice. By 1775, the African American population (slave and free) comprised 20 percent of the colonial population. About 90 percent were in the southern colonies. (p. 46)	22
14818166347	immigrants	Newcomers to the colonies, were mostly Protestant, and came from England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland, and Western and Central Europe. Some left Europe to escape religious persecution and wars. Others sought economic opportunities in farming, or setting up shop as an artisan or merchant. Africans were also brought in large numbers to the colonies, albeit unwillingly. (p. 45)	23
14818166348	social mobility	Everyone in colonial society, except African Americans, could improve their standard of living and social status with hard work. (p. 47)	24
14818166349	hereditary aristocracy	There was no hereditary aristocracy in the colonies. Their class system was based on economics with wealthy landowners at the top. Craft workers and small farmers made up the majority of the population. (p. 47)	25
14818166350	John Peter Zenger	In 1735, he published a true, but unflattering article about New York's royal governor. According to English common law at the time this was a criminal act, but he was acquitted by a jury. This encouraged newspapers in the colonies to take greater risks in criticising the government. (p. 52)	26
14818166351	Andrew Hamilton	In 1735, he was the lawyer for John Peter Zenger in the Zenger case. (p. 52)	27
14818166362	Enlightenment	In the 18th century, some colonists were attracted to this European movement in literature and philosophy. They believed that human reason could be used to solve most of humanity's problems. They reasoned that while the state is supreme, it is bound to follow natural law based on the rights of individual. (p. 53)	28
14818166352	colonial governors	In 1750, there were 13 colonies. In the eight royal colonies the governors were appointed by the King, in the three proprietary colonies the governors were appointed by the proprietors, and in Rhode Island and Connecticut the governors were elected by popular vote. (p. 54)	29
14818166353	colonial legislatures	In every colony, the legislature consisted of two houses. In every colony, the members of the lower house were elected by eligible voters. In the royal and proprietary colonies, the members of the upper house were appointed by the king or the proprietor. Only in Rhode Island and Connecticut, the members of both houses were elected by eligible voters. (p. 54)	30
14818166354	town meetings	The dominant form of local government in the New England colonies, in which the people of the town would regularly come together to vote directly on public issues. (p. 54)	31
14818166355	county government	In the southern colonies, the local government was carried on by a sheriff and other officials who served a large territory called a county. (p. 54)	32
14818166356	limited democracy	In the mid 18th century, colonial democracy was limited to mostly white men that owned land. Those barred from voting included white women, poor white men, all slaves, and most free blacks. (p. 54)	33

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Chapter 18 Key Terms and Key People Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

12355092390	Plessy v Ferguson	An 1896 Supreme Court case that ruled that racially segregated railroad cars and other public facilities, if they claimed to be "separate but equal," were permissible according to the Fourteenth Amendment.	0
12355092391	Young Men's Christian Association	Introduced in Boston in 1851, the YMCA promoted muscular Christianity, combining evangelism with athletic facilities where men could make themselves "clean and strong."	1
12355092392	Negro Leagues	All-African American professional baseball teams where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride. The leagues thrived until the desegregation of baseball after World War II.	2
12355092393	Sierra Club	An organization founded in 1892 that was dedicated to the enjoyment and preservation of America's great mountains (including the Sierra Nevadas) and wilderness environments. Encouraged by such groups, national and state governments began to set aside more public lands for preservation and recreation.	3
12355092394	National Park Service	A federal agency founded in 1916 that provided comprehensive oversight of the growing system of national parks.	4
12355092395	National Audubon Society	Named in honor of antebellum naturalist John James Audubon, a national organization formed in 1901 that advocated for broader government protections for wildlife.	5
12355092396	Comstock Act	An 1873 law that prohibited circulation of "obscene literature," defined as including most information on sex, reproduction, and birth control.	6
12355092397	Liberal Arts	A form of education pioneered by President Charles W. Eliot at Harvard University, whereby students chose from a range of electives, shaping their own curricula as they developed skills in research, critical thinking, and leadership.	7
12355092398	Atlanta Compromise	An 1895 address by Booker T. Washington that urged whites and African Americans to work together for the progress of all. Delivered at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, the speech was widely interpreted as approving racial segregation.	8
12355092399	Maternalism	The belief that women should contribute to civic and political life through their special talents as mothers, Christians, and moral guides. Maternalists put this ideology into action by creating dozens of social reform organizations.	9
12355092400	Woman's Christian Temperance Union	An organization advocating the prohibition of liquor that spread rapidly after 1879, when charismatic Frances Willard became its leader. Advocating suffrage and a host of reform activities, it launched tens of thousands of women into public life and was the first nationwide organization to identify and condemn domestic violence.	10
12355092401	National Association of Colored Women	An organization created in 1896 by African American women to provide community support. Through its local clubs, the NACW arranged for the care of orphans, founded homes for the elderly, advocated temperance, and undertook public health campaigns.	11
12355092402	National American Woman Suffrage Association	Women's suffrage organization created in 1890 by the union of the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. Up to national ratification of suffrage in 1920, the NAWSA played a central role in campaigning for women's right to vote.	12
12355092403	Feminism	The ideology that women should enter the public sphere not only to work on behalf of others, but also for their own equal rights and advancement. Feminists moved beyond advocacy of women's voting rights to seek greater autonomy in professional careers, property rights, and personal relationships.	13
12355092404	Natural Selection	Charles Darwin's theory that when individual members of a species are born with random genetic mutations that better suit them for their environment — for example, camouflage coloring for a moth — these characteristics, since they are genetically transmissible, become dominant in future generations.	14
12355092405	Social Darwinism	An idea, actually formulated not by Charles Darwin but by British philosopher and sociologist Herbert Spencer, that human society advanced through ruthless competition and the "survival of the fittest."	15
12355092406	Eugenics	An emerging "science" of human breeding in the late nineteenth century that argued that mentally deficient people should be prevented from reproducing.	16
12355092407	Realism	A movement that called for writers and artists to picture daily life as precisely and truly as possible.	17
12355092408	Naturalism	A literary movement that suggested that human beings were not so much rational agents and shapers of their own destinies as blind victims of forces beyond their control.	18
12355092409	Modernism	A movement that questioned the ideals of progress and order, rejected realism, and emphasized new cultural forms. Modernism became the first great literary and artistic movement of the twentieth century and remains influential today.	19
12355092410	American Protective Association	A powerful political organization of militant Protestants, which for a brief period in the 1890s counted more than two million members. In its virulent anti-Catholicism and calls for restrictions on immigrants, the APA prefigured the revived Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s.	20
12355092411	Social Gospel	A movement to renew religious faith through dedication to public welfare and social justice, reforming both society and the self through Christian service.	21
12355092412	Fundamentalism	A term adopted by Protestants, between the 1890s and the 1910s, who rejected modernism and historical interpretations of scripture and asserted the literal truth of the Bible. Fundamentalists have historically seen secularism and religious relativism as markers of sin that will be punished by God.	22
12355092413	Thomas Edison	Operated an independent laboratory rather than a corporation. Despite his shred personality, he was hailed as the most famous inventor of his time (and this time). He is credited for creating the phonograph, the motion-picture camera, and long-lasting electrical light bulb.	23
12355092414	John Muir	Became the most prominent voice for the wilderness. He is most well known for developing the Sierra Club.	24
12355092415	Booker T. Washington	Made one of the most famous educational projects in the South, known as the Tuskegee Institute, founded in 1881. He taught and exemplified the goal of self- help. He is also known for publishing "Up From Slavery" (1901) which became a bestseller.	25
12355092416	Frances Willard	Became the leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1879. She advised "womanliness first" to all of her followers. She also put lots of blame on alcohol over all other factors.	26
12355092417	Ida B. Wells	One of the most prominent racial voices who was a young Tennessee schoolteacher who sued the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad Company for denying her a seat in the ladies' car/	27
12355092418	Mark Twain	America's most famous writer. He came to such a success with books such as "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn." He became one of the bitterest critics of America's idea of progress.	28
12355092419	Billy Sunday	Helped bring evangelism into the modern era. He became the most celebrated and influential American evangelist.	29

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 16 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 16 The Rise of Industrial America, 1865-1900

Terms : Hide Images

12806063842	nation's first big business	Railroads created a nationwide market for goods. This encouraged mass production, mass consumption, and economic specialization. (p. 320)	0
12806063843	Cornelius Vanderbilt	He merged local railroads into the New York Central Railroad, which ran from New York City to Chicago. (p. 320)	1
12806063844	Eastern Trunk Lines	In the early days of the railroads, from the 1830s to the 1860s, railroad lines in the east were different incompatible sizes which created inefficiencies. (p. 320)	2
12806063845	transcontinental railroads	During the Civil War, Congress authorized land grants and loans for the building of the first transcontinenal railroad. Two new companies were formed to share the task of building the railroad. The Union Pacific started in Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific started in Sacramento, California. On May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah, a golden spike was driven into the rail ties to mark the completion of the railroad. (p. 321)	3
12806063846	Union Pacific and Central Pacific	Two railroad companies, one starting in Sacramento, California and the other in Omaha, Nebraska were completed in Utah in 1869 to create the first first transcontinental railroad. (p. 321)	4
12806063847	American Railroad Association	In 1883, this organization divided the country into four different time zones, which would become the standard time for all Americans. (p. 320)	5
12806063848	railroads and time zones	The United States was divided into four time zones by the railroad industry. (p. 320)	6
12806063849	speculation and overbuilding	In the 1870s and 1880s railroad owners overbuilt. This often happens during speculative bubbles, created by exciting new technology. (p. 321)	7
12806063850	Jay Gould, watering stock	Entered railroad business for quick profits. He would sell off assets inflate the value of a corporation's assets and profits before selling its stock to the public. (p. 321)	8
12806063851	rebates and pools	In a scramble to survive, railroads offered rebates (discounts) to favored shippers, while charging exorbitant freight rates to smaller customers. They also created secret agreements with competing railroads to fix rates and share traffic. (p. 321)	9
12806063852	bankruptcy of railroads	A financial panic in 1893 forced a quarter of all railroads into bankruptcy. J.P. Morgan and other bankers moved in to take control of bankrupt railroads and consolidate them. (p.321)	10
12806063853	Panic of 1893	In 1893, this financial panic led to the consolidation of the railroad industry. (p. 321)	11
12806063854	causes of industrial growth	After the Civil War, a "second Industrial Revolution" because of an increase in steel production, petroleum, electrical power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	12
12806063855	Andrew Carnegie	A Scottish emigrant, in the 1870s he started manufacturing steel in Pittsburgh. His strategy was to control every stage of the manufacturing process from mining the raw materials to transporting the finished product. His company Carnegie Steel became the world's largest steel company. (p. 323)	13
12806063856	vertical integration	A business strategy by which a company would control all aspects of a product from raw material mining to transporting the finished product. Pioneered by Andrew Carnegie. (p. 323)	14
12806063857	U.S. Steel	In 1900, Andrew Carnegie sold Carnegie Steel to a group headed by J. P. Morgan. They formed this company, which was the largest enterprise in the world, employing 168,000 people, and controlling more than three-fifths of the nation's steel business. (p. 323)	15
12806063858	John D. Rockefeller	He started Standard Oil in 1863. By 1881, Standard Oil Trust controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business. His companies produced kerosene, which was used primarily for lighting at the time. The trust that he created consisted of various acquired companies, all managed by a board of trustees he controlled. (p. 323)	16
12806063859	horizontal integration	Buying companies out and combining the former competitors under one organization. This strategy was used by John D. Rockefeller to build Standard Oil Trust. (p. 323)	17
12806063860	Standard Oil Trust	In 1881, the name of John D. Rockefeller's company, which controlled 90 percent of the oil refinery business in the United States. (p. 323)	18
12806063861	interlocking directorates	The term for the same directors running competing companies. (p. 322)	19
12806063862	J. P. Morgan	A banker who took control and consolidated bankrupt railroads in the Panic of 1893. In 1900, he led a group in the purchase of Carnegie Steel, which became U.S. Steel. (p. 321, 323)	20
12806063863	leading industrial power	By 1900, the United States was the leading industrial power in the world, manufacturing more than an of its rivals, Great Britain, France, or Germany. (p. 319)	21
12806063864	Second Industrial Revolution	The term for the industrial revolution after the Civil War. In the early part of the 19th century producing textiles, clothing, and leather goods was the first part of this revolution. After the Civil War, this second revolution featured increased production of steel, petroleum, electric power, and industrial machinery. (p. 323)	22
12806063865	Bessemer process	In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer discovered this process. By blasting air through molten iron you could produce high-quality steel. (p. 323)	23
12806063866	transatlantic cable	In 1866, Cyrus W. Field's invention allowed messages to be sent across the oceans. (p. 325)	24
12806063867	Alexander Graham Bell	In 1876, he invented the telephone. (p. 325)	25
12806063868	Thomas Edison	Possibly the greatest inventor of the 19th century. He established the first modern research labratory, which produced more than a thousand patented inventions. These include the phonograph, first practical electric light bulb, dynamo for electric power generation, mimeograph machine, and a motion picture camera. (p. 326)	26
12806063869	Menlo Park Research Lab	The first modern research laboratory, created in 1876, by Thomas Edison in Menlo Park, New Jersey. (p. 326)	27
12806063870	electric power, lighting	In 1885, George Westinghouse produced a transformer for producing high-voltage alternating current, which made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electrically powered machinery, and appliances. (p. 326)	28
12806063871	George Westinghouse	He held more than 400 patents. He invented the high-voltage alternating current transformer, which made possible the nationwide electrial power system. (p. 326)	29
12806063872	Eastman's Kodak camera	In 1888, George Eastman invented the camera. (p. 325)	30
12806063873	large department stores	R.H. Macy and Marshall Field made these stores the place to shop in urban centers. (p. 326)	31
12806063874	R.H. Macy	He created a New York department store. (p. 326)	32
12806063875	mail-order companies	Two companies, Sears Roebuck, and Montgomery Ward, used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers to sell many different products. The products were ordered by mail from a thick paper catalog. (p. 326)	33
12806063876	Sears-Roebuck	Mail order company that used the improved rail system to ship to rural customers. (p. 326)	34
12806063877	packaged foods	Brand name foods created by Kellogg and Post became common items in American homes. (p. 326)	35
12806063878	refrigeration; canning	These developments in the food industry changed American eating habits. (p. 326)	36
12806063879	Gustavus Swift	He changed American eating habits by making mass-produced meat and vegetable products. (p. 326)	37
12806063880	advertising	This new technique was important to creating the new consumer economy. (p. 326)	38
12806063881	consumer economy	Advertizing and new marketing techniques created a new economy. (p. 326)	39
12806063882	federal land grants and loans	The federal government provided land and loans to the railroad companies in order to encourage expansion of the railroads. (p. 320)	40
12806063883	fraud and corruption, Credit Mobilier	Insiders used construction companies to bribe government officials and make huge profits. (p. 321)	41
12806063884	Interstate Commerce Act of 1886	This act, created in 1886, did little to regulate the railroads. (p. 322)	42
12806063885	anti-trust movement	Middle class people feared a growth of new wealth due to the trusts. In the 1880s trust came under widespread scrutiny and attack. In 1890, the Sherman Antitrust Act was passed, but it was too vaguely worded to stop the development of trusts. Not until the Progressive era, would the trusts be controlled. (p. 324)	43
12806063886	Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890	In 1890, Congress passed this act, which prohibited any "contract, combination, in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce." The U.S. Department of Justice secured few convictions until the law was strenghted during the Progressive era. (p. 324)	44
12806063887	federal courts, U.S. v. E.C. Knight	In 1895, the Supreme Court ruled that the Sherman Antitrust Act could be applied only to commerce, not manufacturing. (p. 324)	45
12806063888	causes of labor discontent	Worker's discontent was caused by performing monotonous task required completion within a certain time, dangerous working conditions, and exposure to chemicals and pollutants. (p. 328)	46
12806063889	iron law of wages	David Ricardo developed this theory which stated that low wages were justified. He argued that raising wages would only increase the working population, the availability of more workers would cause wages to fall, thus creating a cycle of misery. (p. 327)	47
12806063890	anti-union tactics	Employers used the following tactics to defeat unions: the lockouts (closing the factory), blacklists (lists circulated among employers), yellow dog contracts (contracts that forbade unions), private guards to quell strikes, and court injunctions against strikes. (p. 329)	48
12806063891	railroad strike of 1877	In 1887, this strike spread across much of the nation and shut down two-thirds of the country's railroads. An additional 500,000 workers from other industries joined the strike. The president used federal troops to end the violence, but more than 100 people had died in the violence. (p. 329)	49
12806063892	Knights of Labor	Started in 1869 as a secret national labor union. It reached a peak of 730,000 members. (p. 330)	50
12806063893	Haymarket bombing	On May 4, 1886 workers held a protest in which seven police officers were killed by a protester's bomb. (p. 330)	51
12806063894	American Federation of Labor	The labor union focused on just higher wages and improved working conditions. By 1901 they had one million members. (p. 330)	52
12806063895	Samuel Gompers	He led the American Federation of Labor until 1924. (p. 330)	53
12806063896	Pullman Stike	In 1894, workers at Pullman went on strike. The American Railroad Union supported them when they refused to transport Pullman rail cars. The federal government broke the strike. (p. 331)	54
12806063897	Eugene Debs	The American Railroad Union leader, who supported the Pullman workers. The government broke the strike and he was sent to jail for six months. (p. 331)	55
12806063898	railroad workers: Chinese, Irish, veterans	In the construction of the first transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific, starting in Omaha, employed thousands of war veterans and Irish immigrants. The Central Pacific, starting from Sacramento, included 6,000 Chinese immigrants among their workers. (p. 321)	56
12806063899	old rich vs. new rich	The trusts came under widespread scrutiny and attack in the 1880s, urban elites (old rich) resented the increasing influence of the new rich. (p. 324)	57
12806063900	white-collar workers	The growth of large corporation required thousands of white-collar workers (jobs not involving manual labor) to fill the highly organized administrative structures. (p. 327)	58
12806063901	expanding middle class	Industrialization helped expand the middle class by creating jobs for accountants, clerical workers, and salespeople. The increase in the number of good-paying jobs after the Civil War significantly increased the size of the middle class. (p. 327)	59
12806063902	factory wage earners	By 1900, two-thirds of all working Americans worked for wages, usually at jobs that required them to work ten hours a day, six days a week.(p. 327)	60
12806063903	women and children factory workers	By 1900, 20 percent of adult woman working for wages in the labor force. Most were young and single women, only 5 percent of married women worked outside the home. (p. 327)	61
12806063904	women clerical workers	As the demand for clerical workers increased, women moved into formerly male occupations as secretaries, bookkeepers, typists, and telephone operators. (p. 328)	62
12806063905	Protestant work ethic	The believe that hard work and material success are signs of God's favor. (p. 325)	63
12806063906	Adam Smith	In 1776, this economist wrote "The Wealth of Nations" which argued that business should not be regulated by government, but by the "invisible hand" (impersonal econmic forces). (p. 324)	64
12806063907	laissez-faire Capitalism	In the late 19th century, american industrialists supported the theory of no government intervention in the economy, even as they accepted high tariffs and federal subsidies. (p. 324)	65
12806063908	concentration of wealth	By the 1890s, the richest 10 percent of the U.S. population controlled 90 percent of the nation's wealth. (p. 326)	66
12806063909	Social Darwinism	The belief that government's helping poor people weakened the evolution of the species by preserving the unfit. (p. 324)	67
12806063910	William Graham Sumner	An English social philosopher, he argued for Social Darwism, the belief that Darwin's ideas of natural slection and survival of the fittest should be applied to the marketpalce and society. (p. 324)	68
12806063911	survival of the fittest	The belief that Charles Darwin's ideas of natural selection in nature applied to the economic marketplace. (p. 324)	69
12806063912	Gospel of Wealth	Some Americans thought religion ideas justified the great wealth of successful industrialists. (p. 325)	70
12806063913	Horatio Alger Stories self-made man	His novels portrayed young men who became wealth through honesty, hard work and a little luck. In reality these rags to riches stories were somewhat rare. (p. 327)	71

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language Multiple Choice Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9094969327	aesthetic	concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty	0
9094969328	amoral	being neither moral nor immoral; lacking moral sensibility; not involving questions of right or wrong	1
9094969329	aphorism	a pithy observation that contains a general truth; a terse saying that holds a general truth	2
9094969330	analogous	comparable in certain respects; similar in some way	3
9094969331	approbation	approval or praise	4
9094969332	avant-garde	favoring or introducing experimental or unusual ideas	5
9094969333	censor	a person who examines books, movies, letters, etc, and removes things that are considered to be offensive, immoral, or harmful to society	6
9094969334	certitude	absolute conviction that something is the case	7
9094969335	circumspection	the quality of being wary and unwilling to take risks	8
9094969336	conjecture	an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information	9
9094969337	contrived	deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously	10
9094969338	churlish	rude in a mean-spirited way; not polite	11
9094969339	cynical	distrusting the motives of others; bitterly or sneeringly distrustful or pessimistic	12
9094969340	diminutive	extremely or unusually small, little, or tiny	13
9094969341	dogma	a belief or set of beliefs that is accepted by the members of a group without being questioned or doubted	14
9094969342	ephemeral	lasting a very short time; short-lived	15
9094969343	ebullient	lively and enthusiastic; cheerful and full of energy	16
9094969344	empathy	the feeling that you understand and share another person's experiences and emotions	17
9094969345	equitable	just or fair; dealing fairly and equally with everyone	18
9094969346	erudite	having or showing knowledge that is learned by studying	19
9094969347	enervated	lacking physical, mental, or moral vigor	20
9094969348	equanimity	mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation	21
9094969349	expedient	providing an easy and quick way to solve a problem or do something	22
9094969350	extrinsic	not part of something; coming from the outside of something	23
9094969351	exuberance	the quality or state of being very lively, happy, or energetic	24
9094969352	epitomize	to be a perfect example or representation of something	25
9094969353	enigmatic	difficult to interpret or understand; mysterious	26
9094969354	elegiac	having a mournful or sad quality	27
9094969355	fatuous	silly and pointless	28
9094969356	guile	sly or cunning intelligence; crafty or artful deception	29
9094969357	homologous	having the same relation; relative position or structure; corresponding in structure or origin	30
9094969358	illicit	forbidden by law, rules, or custom; not legally permitted or authorized	31
9094969359	ineptitude	lack of skill or ability	32
9094969360	ironclad	not able to be changed; too strong to be doubted or questioned; unbreakable, solid, foolproof	33
9094969361	ideologue	a person who zealously advocates an ideology; someone who very strongly supports and is guided by the ideology of a particular group; prone to fanciful ideas/theories; a theorist	34
9094969362	indignant	feeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment	35
9094969363	indefatigable	able to work or continue for a very long time without becoming tired	36
9094969364	imperious	having or showing the proud and unpleasant attitude of someone who gives orders and expects other people to obey them	37
9094969365	intrinsic	belonging to the essential nature of a thing; occurring as a natural part of something	38
9094969366	inscrutable	impossible to understand; causing people to feel curious or confused	39
9094969367	incredulous	not able or willing to believe something; feeling or showing a lack of belief	40
9094969368	invective	of, relating to, or characterized by insult or abuse; insulting, abusive, or highly critical language	41
9094969369	judicious	having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense	42
9094969370	lexicon	the words used in a language or by a person or group of people; the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge	43
9094969371	mayhem	actions that hurt people and destroy things; a scene or situation that involves a lot of violence	44
9094969372	magnanimity	the quality of being very generous or forgiving	45
9094969373	modicum	a small amount; a small quantity of a particular thing, especially something considered desirable or valuable	46
9094969374	oblique	not explicit or direct in addressing a point	47
9094969375	polemical	a strong verbal or written attack on someone or something	48
9094969376	paucity	a small amount of something; amount that is less than what is needed or wanted; scarcity	49
9094969377	paradigm	a model or pattern for something that may be copied; a theory or a group of ideas about how something should be done, made, or thought about	50
9094969378	prodigy	a young person who is unusually talented in some way	51
9094969379	prodigal	spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant	52
9094969380	ribald	referring to sexual matters in an amusingly rude or irreverent way	53
9094969381	sanguine	confident or hopeful; optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation	54
9094969382	servile	having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others	55
9094969383	synchronicity	the simultaneous and coincidental occurrence of events that appear significantly related by have no visible connection	56
9094969384	speculative	based on guesses or ideas about what might happen or be true rather than on facts; tending to think what might happen	57
9094969385	strident	sounding harsh and unpleasant; expressing opinions or criticism in a very forceful and often annoying or unpleasant way	58
9094969386	symbiosis	a relationship between two people or groups that work and depend on each other; mutually beneficial relationship	59
9094969387	synesthesia	an expression of one sense through the description of another sense; a condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another	60
9094969388	transcendentalism	a man's spirit in association with nature; a philosophy which says that thought and spiritual things are more real than ordinary human experience and material things	61
9094969389	treatise	a written work dealing formally and systematically with a subject	62
9094969390	torpor	a state of physical or mental inactivity; lethargy	63
9094969391	uncanny	strange or mysterious, especially in an unsettling way; strange or unusual in a way that is surprising or difficult to understand	64
9094969392	wistful	having or showing a feeling of vague or regretful longing	65
9094969393	wry	using or expressing dry, especially mocking, humor	66
9094969394	vituperative	bitter and abusive; containing or characterized by verbal abuse	67

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Chapter 6/Brinkley Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition Chapter 6

Terms : Hide Images

11551919125	James Madison	1. "Father of the Constitution". 2. solved the questions of sovereignty and limiting power with the separation of power and checks and balances. 3. Contributed to the Federalist papers.	0
11551919126	Alexander Hamilton	One of the authors of the Federalist Papers. He favored a strong central government. He was appointed by washington as secretary of the treasury. He also desird the creation of a national bank.	1
11551919127	Federalists	Political party that supported the constitution. They supported a centralized & economically sound government. Had the support of Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, Ben Franklin and loosely George Washington. better organized than anti-federalists feared disorder, anarchy, chaos, unchecked power of the masses	2
11551919128	Anti-Federalist	Political party in opposition to the constitution. They believed the constitution violated the principles of the revolution. They were concerned that the constitution lacked a bill of rights and gave government too much power feared the dangers of concentrated power and that the gov would abuse the citizens' rights like england	3
11551919129	Bill of Rights	The first ten amendments (changes to the Constitution) were added to protect the rights of individual citizens. Nine dealt with basic rights. The tenth reserved state power for anything not specifically withheld from or delegated to the federal government.	4
11551919130	Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions	Two states passed resolutions that argued states had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level. it was unsuccessful.	5
11551919131	National bank tariffs; excise tariffs	Favored by Federalists in North as way to fund government/protect businesses; opposed by South and farmers	6
11551919132	Checks and balances	Designed to keep one branch of government from dominating the other	7
11551919133	Great Compromise	A compromise made at the constitutional convention of 1787. Stated that their would be a 2 house legislature with one house represented by population and each slave would count as 3/5ths of a person in both taxation and representation. The upper house would have 2 representatives per state regardless of population. population: house of reps equal representation: senate aka Connecticut compromise-- compromise of VA and NJ plan	8
11551919134	House of Representatives	Representation in the House would be based on population of each state	9
11551919135	Senate	Two people per state, regardless of size	10
11551919136	3/5ths Compromise	3/5's of a state's slave population would be counted for representation and direct taxation	11
11551919137	Electoral college system	Process by which a President is elected in the US	12
11551919138	Legislative branch	The branch of government that makes laws	13
11551919139	Congress	Legislative branch; House and Senate	14
11551919140	Cabinet	Term for chiefs of departments appointed by Washington constitution does not specify how many there should/should not be. first 3 were state (jefferson), treasury (Hamilton), and war (knox)	15
11551919141	Judiciary Act	Established a Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associate justices	16
11551919142	Federal courts	Courts created by the Judiciary Act judiciary act of 1789- gave details to what constitution listed about judicial branch	17
11551919143	Supreme Court	Ultimate court in the US had the power to make final decisions in cases involving constitutionality of state laws	18
11551919144	Democratic-Republican Party	Rival to Federalists; opposed strong central government; led by Jefferson	19
11551919145	John Adams	In 1796 he was a Federalist who was elected as the second president.	20
11551919146	Revolution of 1800	Election in which Democratic-Republicans peacefully took power from the Federalists.	21
11551919147	French Revolution	Democratic-Republican's felt we were obligated to support the French.	22
11551919148	Proclamation of Neutrality	In 1793 Washington announced US as neutral in the war between England and France	23
11551919149	Jay's Treaty	establish American Sovereignty over the entire Northwest Territory and produced a satisfactory commercial relationship with britain.	24
11551919150	Pinckney Treaty	Spain agreed to open lower Mississippi River and New Orleans to US trade & conceded to prevent indian attacks across the border of FL.	25
11551919151	Articles of Confederation	America's original governing document. - Established a very weak central government and strong state governments. This government was favored by those terrified of tyrannical central government.	26
11551919152	The Virginia Plan	A plan for new government with three branches, Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. According to this plan the legislative branch would have 2 houses. The lower house would represent the states based on population, the upper house would be appointed by the lower house. Favored by large states, disliked by small states.	27
11551919153	The New Jersey Plan	A plan proposing a "federal" not "national" government. This plan would have a one house legislature with equal representation for each house but with more ability to tax and regulate commerce. Favored by small states, disliked by large states.	28
11551919154	Federalist Papers	Series of widely published essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the pseudonym Publius. They defended the constitution to the public attempting to get them to want to ratify the constitution	29
11551919155	First national elections in 1789	George Washington elected to the presidency unanimously. John Adams became Vice-President. April 30, 1789 Inauguration.	30
11551919156	Judiciary Act of 1789	An act that provided a Supreme Court with six justices, thirteen district courts and three circuit courts of appeals. The act also gave the Supreme Court final decision in cases involving the constitutionality of state laws.	31
11551919157	National Bank	Hamilton proposed this to stabilize and unify the American banking system. In 1791 the bank began operations controversial bc constitution did not assigned it so some people argued that it was not legal. Hamilton argued that it was necessary and that the constitution did not specifically prohibit it	32
11551919158	Republicans	Because of the rise of the Federalist party headed by Hamilton, it's opposition formed the (Democratic) Republican party. Key figures were Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.	33
11551919159	Whiskey Rebellion of 1794	Farmers in western PA refused to pay the excice tax on whiskey, directly breaking federal law. The also terrorized tax collectors. Washington organized an army of 15,000 and personally led the troops to PA....rebellion quickly ceased.	34
11551919160	Constitution and the Indians	The constitution only vaguely mentions indians and leaves their place in the new nation unclear. They are not citizens but are not foreign countries like britain and france.	35
11551919161	Election of 1796	Washington did not run for presidency. The Republican party had Thomas Jefferson. The Federalist party was split between John Adams and Thomas Pinckney. Adams won by three electoral votes.	36
11551919162	The Alien Act	This act discouraged immigation and encouraged foreigners already in the country to leave. It put new obstacles in the way of citizenship and strengthened the president's hand in dealing with foreigners.	37
11551919163	The Sedition Act	This act allowed the government to prosecute anyone who committed "libelous or treasonous acts" against the government. Different people thought different things treasonous so the government could basically prosecute anyone who did not agree with them.	38
11551919164	Judiciary Act 1801	Federalists reduced number of supreme court judges and then flooded the court system with federalist judges so that they could maintain control over one branch of government during the republican dominated political era to come.	39
11551919165	compromise on slavery	congress could not tax exports and could not impose a duty of more than 10 dollars per imported slave and they had no authority to stop the slave trade for 20 years	40
11551919166	why was the question of sovereignty so difficult to resolve?	how could both state and national governments exercise sovereignty at the same time? could not decide where ultimate sovereignty lies decided that sovereignty came from the people this neither state nor national gov was truly sovereign. people were fearful of a tyrannical government, but there also needed to be a powerful national government bc not having one failed in the articles of conferderation	41
11551919167	federalism	power divided between states and federal government power at all levels of gov flowed ultimately from the people	42
11551919168	separation of powers	divided power among the branches so that one branch would not be more powerful than the other	43
11551919169	positives of the national bank	restored public credit bonds of US were selling at home and abroad at brices above their face value speculators reaped huge profits from this^^ manufacturers profited from the tariffs and merchants in seaports benefited from the new banking system	44
11551919170	negatives of the national bank	farmers had to bear a disproportionate tax burden- pay property taxes and tax on distillers initiated by hamilton. many believed the system served the the interest of wealthy elites bc they controlled the money in the bank (one reason people opposed the bank)	45
11551919171	why did Thomas J and Madison disagree with federalists	republicans (their party) believed that farming and small property owners were crucial to the economy and federalists believed in centralized society and strong, large industries.	46
11551919172	citizen genet	french diplomatic representative who went to charleston and tried to convince shipwconers to aid the french when us was trying to remain neutral	47
11551919173	quasi war	US created a navy to fight french ships forming an ally with britain in the war with france. came to a peaceful end	48