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AP English Literature and Composition Kaplan Vocabulary 2014 Flashcards

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7976121969AllegoryA prose or poetic narrative in which the characters, behavior, and even the setting demonstrates multiple levels of meaning and significance.0
7976121970AlliterationThe sequential repetition of similar initial sound, usually applied to consonants, usually heard in closely proximate stressed syllables.1
7976121971Allusiona reference to a literary or historical event, person, or place.2
7976121972Anapestica metrical foot in poetry that consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed.3
7976121973Anaphorathe regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or clauses.4
7976121974Anecdotea brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature.5
7976121975Antagonistany force that was in opposition to the main character, or the protagonist.6
7976121976Antithesisthe juxtaposition of sharply contrasting ideas in balanced or parallel words, phrases, grammatical structure, or ideas.7
7976121977Apostrophean address or invocation to something that is inanimate.8
7976121978Archetyperecurrent designs, patterns of action, character types, themes, or images which are identifiable in a wide range of literature.9
7976121979Assonancea repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, usual those found in stressed syllables of close proximity.10
7976121980Asyndetiona writing style that omits conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses11
7976121981Attitudethe sense expressed by the tone of voice and or the mood of a piece of writing, the feelings the author holds toward his subject, the people in his narrative, the events, the setting, or event he theme.12
7976121982Ballada narrative poem that is, oroigianlly was, meant to be sung13
7976121983Ballad Stanzaa common stanza form, consisting of a quantrain that alternates four beat and three beat lines.14
7976121984Blank Versethe verse form that most resembles common speech, blank verse consists of unrhymed lines in iambic pentameter.15
7976121985Caesuraa pause in a line of verse, indicated by natural speech patterns rather than due to specific metrical patterns.16
7976121986Caricaturea depiction on which a character's characteristics or features are so deliberately exaggerated as to render them absurd.17
7976121987Chiasmusa figure of speech by which the order of the terms in the first of two parallel clauses is reversed in the second. "pleasures a sin, and sometimes sin is a pleasure"18
7976121988Colloquialordinary language, a vernacular19
7976121989Conceita comparison of two unlikely things that is drawn out within a piece of literature, in particular an extended metaphor within a poem.20
7976121990Connotationwhat is suggested by a word, apart from what is explicitly describes, often referred to as the implied meaning of a word.21
7976121991consonancethe repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants, but with a change in the intervening vowels.22
7976121992Couplettwo rhyming lines of iambic pentameter that together present a single idea or connection.23
7976121993Dactylica metrical foot in poetry that consists of two stressed syllables followed by on unstressed syllable.24
7976121994Denotationa direct and specific meaning, often referred to as the dictionary meaning of a word.25
7976121995Denouenmentthe final resolution of the main conflict in a play or story. It generally follows the climax26
7976121996Dialectthe language and speech idiosyncrasies of a specific area, region, or group of people.27
7976121997Dictiona specific word choice an author uses to persuade or convey tone, purpose, or effect28
7976121998Dramatic monologuea monologue set in a specific situation and spoken to an imaginary audience.29
7976121999Elegya poetic lament upon the death of a particular person, usually ending in consolation30
7976122000Enjambmentthe continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next.31
7976122001Epica poem that celebrates, in a continuous narrative, that achievements of mighty heroes and heroines, often concerned with the founding of a nation or developing of a culture, it uses elevated languages an grand, high style.32
7976122002Expositionthat part of the structure that sets the scene, introduces and identifies characters, and established the situation at the beginning of a story or play.33
7976122003Extended metaphora detailed and complex metaphor that extends over a long section of a work, also known as a conceit34
7976122004Fablea legend or short moral story often using animals as characters35
7976122005Falling actionthat part of plot structure in which the complications of the rising actions are untangled.36
7976122006Farcea play or scene in a play or book that is characterized by broad humor, wild antics, and often slapstick and physical humor37
7976122007Flashbackretrospection, where an earlier event is inserted into the normal chronology of the narrative38
7976122008Foreshadowingto hint at or to present an indication of the future beforehand39
7976122009Formal dictionlanguage that is lofty, dignified, and impersonal.40
7976122010Free versepoetry that is characterized by varying line lengths, lack of traditional meter, and non-rhyming lines.41
7976122011Genrea type or class of literature such as epic o r narrative or poetry or belles lettres.42
7976122012Hyperboleoverstatement characterized by exaggerated language.43
7976122013Iambica metrical foot in poetry that consists of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable44
7976122014Idylla short poem describing a country or pastoral scene, praising the simplicity and peace of rustic life.45
7976122015Imagerybroadly defined, any sensory detail or evocation in a work, more narrowly, the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, to call to mind an idea, or to describe an object.46
7976122016Informal Dictionlanguage that is not as lofty or impersonal as formal diction, similar to everyday speech47
7976122017In medias res"in the midst of things", refers to opening a story in the middle of the action, necessitation filling in past details by exposition or flashback.48
7976122018Ironya situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected or understood and what actually happens or is meant.49
7976122019Jargonspecialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.50
7976122020Juxtapostitionthe location of one things as being adjacent or juxtaposed with another. This placing of two items side by side creates a certain effect, reveals an attitude, or accomplishes some purpose of the writer.51
7976122021Limited point of viewa perspective confined to a single character, whether a first person or third person, the reader cannot know for sure what is going on tin the minds of other characters.52
7976122022Litotea figure of speech that emphasized its subject by conscious understatement.53
7976122023Loose sentencea sentence grammatically complete and usually stating its main idea before the end.54
7976122024Lyricoriginally designated poems meant to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre, now any short poem in which the speaker expresses intense personal emotion rather that describing a narrative or dramatic situation55
7976122025Messagea misleading term for theme, the central idea or statement of a story, or area of inquiry or explanation, misleading because it suggests a simple, packages statement that pre-exists and for the simple communication of which the story is written.56
7976122026Metaphorone thing pictured as if it were something else, suggestion a likeness or analogy between them. It is an implicit comparison or identification of one thing with another unlike itself without the use of a verbal signal such as lik or as, which is a simile.57
7976122027Meterthe more or less regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry.58
7976122028metonymya figure of speech in which an attribute or commonly associated feature is used to name or designate something as in "the white house announced today..."59
7976122029Mooda feeling or ambiance resulting rom the tone of a piece as well as the writer/narrator's attitude and point of view. This effect is fabricated through descriptions of feelings or objects that establish a sense of fear...ect.60
7976122030Motifa recurrent device, formula, or situation that often serves as a signal for the appearance of a character or event.61
7976122031Narrative structurea textual organization based on sequences of connected events, usually presented in a straightforward, chronological framework.62
7976122032Narratorthe "character" who "tells" the story, or in poetry, the persona63
7976122033Occasional poema poem written about or for a specific occasion, public or private.64
7976122034Odea lyric poem that is somewhat serious in subject and treatment, is elevated in style, and sometimes uses elaborate stanza structure, which is often patterned in sets of three.65
7976122035Omniscient point of viewalso called unlimited focus: a perspective that can be seen from one character's view, then another's then another's or can be moved in or out of the mind of any character at any time. The reader has access to the perceptions ant thoughts of all the characters in a story.66
7976122036Onomatopoeiaa word capturing or approximation the sound of what it describes, "buzz" is a good example.67
7976122037Overstatementexaggerated language68
7976122038Oxymorona figure of speech that combines two apparently contradictory element, sometimes resulting in a humorous image or statement.69
7976122039Parablea short fiction that illustrates an explicit moral lesson through the use of analogy.70
7976122040Paradoxa statement that seems contradictory but may actually be true.71
7976122041Parallel structurethe use of similar forms in writing for nouns, verbs, phrases, or thoughts.72
7976122042Parodya work that imitates another work for comic effect by exaggerating the style and changing the content of the original.73
7976122043Pastorala work that describes the simple life of country folk, usually shepherds who live a timeless, painless life in a world full of beauty music, and love.74
7976122044Periodic sentencea sentence that is not grammatically complete until the end.75
7976122045Personathe voice or figure of the author who tells and structures the story and who may or may not share the values of the actual author.76
7976122046Personificationtreating an abstraction or nonhman object as if it were a person by endowing it with human qualities.77
7976122047Petrarchan sonnetalso called italian sonnet: a sonnet form that divides the poem into one section of eight lines and second section of six lines, usually following the abba abba cde cde rhyme scheme, though the sestet's rhyme varies.78
7976122048Plotthe arrangement of the narration based on the cause-effect relationship of the events.79
7976122049Protagonistthe main character in a work, who may or may not be heroic.80
7976122050Quatraina poetic stanza of four lines81
7976122051Realismthe practice in literature of attempting to describe nature and life without idealization and with attention to detail.82
7976122052Refraina repeated stanza or line in a poem or song83
7976122053Rhetorical questiona question that is asked simply for stylistic effect and is not expected to be answered84
7976122054Rhymethe repetition of the same or similar sounds, most often at the ends of lines.85
7976122055Rhythmthe modulation of weak and strong element in the flow of speech86
7976122056Rising actionthe development of action in a work, usually at the beginning.87
7976122057Sarcasma form of verbal irony in which apparent praise is actually harshly or bitterly critical.88
7976122058Satirea literary work that holds up human failing to ridicule and censure89
7976122059Scansionthe analysis of verse to show its meter90
7976122060Settingthe time and place of the action i na tory, poem, or play91
7976122061Shakespearean sonnetalso called an English sonnet: a sonnet form that divides the poem into three units of four lines each and a final unit of two lines, usually abab cdcd efef gg92
7976122062Shaped verseanother name for concrete poetry: poetry that is shaped to look like an object93
7976122063Similea direct, explicit compariosn of one thing to another, usually using the words like or as to draw the connection.94
7976122064Sliloquya monologue in which the character in a play is alone and speaking only to himself.95
7976122065Speakerthe person, not necessarily the author, who is the voice of a poem96
7976122066Stanzaa section of a poem demarcated by extra line spacing. some distinguish a stanza, a division marked by a single pattern of meter or rhyme, form a verse paragraph, a division marked by thought rather than pattern.97
7976122067stereotypea characterization based on conscious or unconscious assumptions that some aspect, such as gender, age, ethnic or national identity, religion, occupation...ect.98
7976122068Stock characterone who appears in a number of stories or plays such as the cruel stepmother, the femme fatal, ect.99
7976122069stucturethe organization or arrangement of the various elements in a work100
7976122070Stylea distinctive manner of expression, each author's style is expressed through his or her diction, rhythm, imagery, an so on. It is a writer's typical way of writing101
7976122071Symbolisma person, place, thing, event, or pattern in a literary work that designates itself and at the same time figuratively represents or "stands for" something else.102
7976122072Syenecdochewhen a part is used to signify a whole.103
7976122073Syntaxthe way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences.104
7976122074Terza rimaa verse from consisting of three-line stanzas in which the second line of each rhymes with the first and third of the next105
7976122075themea generalized, abstract paraphrase of the inferred central or dominant idea or concern of a work, the statement a poem makes about its subject.106
7976122076Tonethe attitude a literary work takes toward its subject and theme; the tenor of a pice of writing based on particular stylistic devices employed by the writer107
7976122077Tragedya drama in which as character is brought to a disastrous end in his or her confrontation with a superior force.108
7976122078trochaica metrical foot in poetry that is the opposite of iambic. the first syllable is stressed, the second is not.109
7976122079Turning pointthe third part of plot structure, the point at which the action stops rising and begins falling or reversing.110
7976122080Verisimilitudethe quality or characteristic of being true or real.111
7976122081Villanellea verse form consisting of 19 lines divided into six stanzas-five tercets, and one quatrain. the first and third line of the first tercet thyme, and this rhyme is repeated through each of the next four tercets and in the last two lines of the concluding quatrain112
7976122082Voicethe acknowledged or unacknowledged source of the words of the story, the speaker, the "person" telling the story or poem.113
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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 12 Territorial and Economic Expansion, 1830-1860

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15760710814manifest destinyThe belief that the United States had a divine mission to extend its power and civilization across the breadth of North America. (p. 230)0
15760710815industrial technologyAfter 1840, industrialization spread rapidly throughout most of the Northeast. New factories produced shoes, sewing machines, ready-to-wear clothing, firearms, precision tools, and iron products for railroads and other new products. (p. 238)1
15760710816Elias HoweThe U.S. inventor of the sewing machine, which moved much of clothing production from homes to factories. (p. 238)2
15760710817Samuel F. B. MorseIn 1844, he invented the electric telegraph which allowed communication over longer distances. (p. 238)3
15760710852railroadsIn the 1840s and the 1850s, this industry expanded very quickly and would become America's largest industry. It required immense amounts of capital and labor and gave rise to complex business organizations. Local and state governments gave the industry tax breaks and special loans to finance growth. (p. 238)4
15760710818Panic of 1857Financial crash which sharply lowered Midwest farmers prices and caused unemployment in the Northern cities. The South was not affected as much because cotton prices remained high. (p. 239)5
15760710819Great American DesertIn the 1850s and 1860s, the arid area between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Coast, was known by this name. (p. 236)6
15760710820mountain menThe first non-native people to open the Far West. These fur trappers and explorers included James Beckwourth, Jim Bridger, Kit Carson, and Jedediah Smith. (p. 237)7
15760710853Far WestIn the 1820s, the Rocky Mountains were known by this name. (p. 237)8
15760710821overland trailsThe wagon train trails that led from Missouri or Iowa to the west coast. They traveled only 15 miles per day and followed the river valleys through the Great Plains. Months later, the wagon trains would finally reach the foothills of the Rockies or face the hardships of the southwestern deserts. The final challenge was to reach the mountain passes before the first heavy snows. Disease was even a greater threat than Indian attack. (p. 237)9
15760710822mining frontierThe discovery of gold in California in 1848 caused the first flood of newcomers to the West. A series of gold strikes and silver strikes in what became the states of Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Arizona, and South Dakota kept a steady flow of hopeful young prospectors pushing into the West. (p. 237)10
15760710854gold rushCalifornia's population soared from 14,000 in 1848 to 380,000 in 1860, primarily because of this event. (p. 237)11
15760710855silver rushThe discovery of silver in Colorado, Nevada, the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and other western territories, created a mining boom. (p 237)12
15760710823farming frontierIn the 1830s and 1840s pioneer families moved west to start homesteads and begin farming. Government programs allowed settlers to purchase inexpensive parcels of land. (p. 237)13
15760710824urban frontierWestern cities that arose as a result of railroads, mineral wealth, and farming. They included San Francisco, Denver, and Salt Lake City. (p. 238)14
15760710825federal land grantsIn 1850, the U.S. government gave 2.6 million acres of federal land to build the Illinois Central railroad from Lake Michigan to Gulf of Mexico. (p. 238)15
15760710826John TylerHe was elected Vice President, then he became the tenth president (1841-1845) when Benjamin Harrison died. He was responsible for the annexation of Mexico after receiving a mandate from Polk. He opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery. (p. 231)16
15760710827Oregon territoryThis was a vast territory on the Pacific coast that stretched as far north as the Alaskan border. Originally the United States was interested in all the territory, but in 1846 Britain and the U.S. agreed to divide the territory at the 49th Parallel, today's border between Canada and the United States. (p. 232)17
15760710828Fifty-four Forty or FightThe slogan of James K. Polk's plan for the Oregon Territory. They wanted the border of the territory to be on 54' 40° latitude (near present-day Alaska) and were willing to fight Britain over it. Eventually, 49 degrees latitude was adopted as the northern border of the United States, and there was no violence. (p. 232)18
15760710829James K. PolkThe eleventh U.S. president from 1845 to 1849. He was a slave owning southerner dedicated to Democratic party. In 1844, he was a "dark horse" candidate for president, and a protege of Andrew Jackson. He favored American expansion, especially advocating the annexation of Texas, California, and Oregon. (p. 232)19
15760710830Wilmot ProvisoIn 1846, the first year of the Mexican War, this bill would forbid slavery in any of the new territories acquired from Mexico. the bill passed the House twice, but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 234)20
15760710831Franklin PierceIn 1852, he was elected the fourteenth president of the United States. (p. 236)21
15760710832Ostend ManifestoThe United States offered to purchase Cuba from Spain. When the plan leaked to the press in the United States, it provoked an angry reaction from antislavery members of Congress, forcing President Franklin Pierce to drop the plan. (p. 235)22
15760710833TexasIn 1823, Texas won its national independence from Spain. The annexation of this state was by a joint resolution of Congress, supported by President-elect James Polk. This annexation contributed to the Mexican War because the border with Mexico was in dispute. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming. (p. 233)23
15760710834Stephen AustinIn the 1820s, his father had obtained and large land grant in Texas. He brought 300 families from Missouri to settle in Texas. (p. 231)24
15760710835Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaIn 1834, he established himself as dictator of Mexico and attempted to enforce Mexico's laws in Texas. In March 1836 a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He then led an army which attacked the Alamo in San Antonio, killing all the American defenders. Shortly after that, Sam Houston led an army that captured him and he was forced to sign a treaty that recognized the independence of Texas. (p. 231)25
15760710836Sam HoustonIn March 1836, he led a group of American settlers that revolted against Mexico and declared Texas to be an independent republic. He led an army that captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic. As the first president of the Republic of Texas, he applied to the U.S. government for Texas to be added as a new state. It was many years before the U.S. would act to add Texas as a state. (p. 231)26
15760710837AlamoThe mission and fort that was the site of a siege and battle during the Texas Revolution, which resulted in the massacre of all its defenders. The event helped galvanize the Texas rebels and led to their victory at the Battle of San Jacinto. Eventually Texas would join the United States. (p. 231)27
15760710838Aroostook WarIn the early 1840s, there was a dispute over the the British North America (Canada) and Maine border. Open fighting broke out between rival groups of lumbermen. The conflict was soon resolved by the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (p. 231)28
15760710839Webster-Ashburton TreatyIn this 1842 treaty US Secretary of State Daniel Webster and British ambassador Lord Alexander Ashburton created a treaty splitting New Brunswick territory into Maine and British Canada. It also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory. (p. 232)29
15760710856Rio Grande; Nueces RiverIn the 1840s the United States believed the southern Texas border was the Rio Grande River. Mexico believed the border was further north on the Nueces River. (p. 233)30
15760710840Mexican War (1846-1847)A war between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. President James Polk attempted to purchase California and the New Mexico territories and resolve the disputed Mexico-Texas border. Fighting broke out before the negotiations were complete and the war lasted about two years, ending when the United States troops invaded Mexico City. (p. 233-235)31
15760710841Zachary TaylorIn 1845, this U.S. general, moved his troops into disputed territory in Texas, between the Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers. Eleven of his soldiers were killed by Mexican troops and President James Polk used the incident to justify starting the Mexican War. He used of force of 6,000 to invade northern Mexico and won a major victory at Buena Vista. In 1848, he was elected president. (p. 233, 234)32
15760710842Winfield ScottThis U.S. general invaded central Mexico with an army of 14,000. They took the coastal city of Vera Cruz and then captured Mexico City in September 1847. (p. 234)33
15760710843Stephen KearneyThis U.S. general led a small army of less than 1,500 that succeeded in taking Santa Fe, the New Mexico territory, and southern California during the Mexican War. (p. 234)34
15760710844John C. FremontIn June 1846, he overthrew Mexican rule in northern California and proclaimed California to be an independent republic, the Bear Flag Republic. (p. 234)35
15760710845California; Bear Flag RepublicIn June 1846, John C. Fremont quickly overthrew Mexican rule in Northern California to create this independent republic. (p. 234)36
15760710846Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoIn 1848, this treaty ended the Mexican War. Under its terms, Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the border with Texas, Mexico ceded the California and New Mexico territories to the United States. The United States agreed to pay Mexico $15 million and assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico. (p. 234)37
15760710847Mexican CessionHistorical name for the former Mexican provinces of California and New Mexico that were ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in 1848 under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. (p 234)38
15760710848Walker ExpeditionAn expedition by a Southern adventurer who unsuccessfully tried to take Baja California from Mexico in 1853. He took over Nicaragua in 1855 to develop a proslavery empire. His scheme collapsed when a coalition of Central American countries invaded and defeated him, and he was executed. (p. 236)39
15760710849Clayton-Bulwer TreatyAn 1850 treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would attempt to take exclusive control of any future canal route in Central America. (p. 236)40
15760710850Gadsden PurchaseIn 1853, the U.S. acquired land (present day southern New Mexico and Arizona) from Mexico for $10 million. (p. 236)41
15760710857foreign commerceIn the mid-1800s, the growth in manufactured goods as well as in agriculture products (Western grains and Southern cotton) caused a significant growth of exports and imports. (p. 238, 239)42
15760710858exports and importsIn the mid-1800s, the U.S. was exporting primarily manufactured goods and agriculture products such as Western grains and Southern cotton. Imports also increased during this period. (p. 238, 239)43
15760710851Matthew C. Perry; JapanCommodore of the U.S. Navy who was sent to force Japan to open up its ports to trade with the U.S. (p. 239)44
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Physics IGCSE - Energy Resources and Energy Transfer Flashcards

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16291511901Energy Stores- Kinetic - Thermal - Chemical - Gravitational Potential - Elastic Potential - Electrostatic - Magnetic - Nuclear0
16291511902Energy Transfers- Mechanically (force acting on it) - Electrically (A charge moving through a p.d.) - By Heating - By Radiation (light/sound waves)1
16291511903Principle of Conservation of EnergyEnergy can never be created or destroyed2
16291511904Law of Conservation of energyTotal energy input = useful energy output + wasted energy3
16291511905Efficiency of Energy formula- Efficiency = (useful energy output / total energy input) x 100%4
16291511906Thermal energy transfer- Radiation (infrared) - Conduction (solids) - Convection (liquids and gasses)5
16291511907Thermal radiation- Infrared Radiation6
16291511908Conduction- Vibrating particles transfer kinetic energy to neighbouring particles7
16291511909Convection- Liquid and Gases only - All about change in density8
16291511911Slow thermal transfer- reduce Conduction - stop Convection Insulation traps pockets of air - reduce Radiation = Poor emitter (shiny and white)9
16291511912Workenergy transferred due to a force10
16291511913Work Done formula- Work Done = Force x Distance moved (in direction of force) - W = F x d11
16291511914Power defintion- The rate at which energy is tranferred - 1 W = 1 J of energy per second12
16291511915Power formula- Power = Work done / Time taken - P = E / t13
16291511916Kinetic Energy formula- Kinetic Energy = 1/2 x mass x ( speed ) ² - KE = 1/2 x m x v²14
16291511917Gravitational Potential formula- Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x gravitational field strength x height - GPE = m x g x h15
16291511918GPE of an objectis ALL transferred to Kinetic Energy (if no air resistance)16
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Ap Bio Summer Vocab Flashcards

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14604392408Metabolismthe combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials0
14604392409Reproductionthe process of producing offspring1
14604392410CellsThe basic unit of structure and function in all living things2
14604392411Hereditythe transmission of traits from one generation to the next3
14604392412Homeostasisrelatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain; state of constancy4
14604392413life cycleAll of the events in the growth and development of an organism until the organism reaches sexual maturity.5
14604392414Hydrolysisthe chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.6
14604392415DehydrationA chemical reaction in which the water molecule is lost; the lack/removal of water7
14604392416Acidssubstances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water;proton donors8
14604392417BasesCompounds that reduce the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.;proton acceptors9
14604392418PolarityMolecules having uneven distribution of charges10
14604392419CohesionAttraction between molecules of the same substance11
14604392420AdhesionAn attraction between molecules of different substances12
14604392421hydrogen bondingstrong type of intermolecular dipole-dipole attraction. Occurs between hydrogen and F, O or N13
14604392422covalent bondinga bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons14
14604392423ionic bondingChemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction between cations and anions (oppositely charged)15
14604392424Parts of an atomprotons, neutrons, electrons16
14604392425organic compoundsCompounds that contain carbon17
14604392426Monomerssmall unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers18
14604392427Polymersmolecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules19
14604392428Carbohydratesthe starches and sugars present in foods20
14604392429LipidsEnergy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.21
14604392430ProteinsChains of amino acids22
14604392431nucleic acidsa complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.23
14604392432function of carbohydratesmain source of energy24
14604392433function of lipidslong term energy storage25
14604392434function of proteinsessential for the growth, development, and repair of all body tissues26
14604392435EnzymesCatalysts for chemical reactions in living things27
14604392436PancreasAn organ in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.28
14604392437small intestineDigestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place29
14604392438VilliSmall fingerlike projections on the walls of the small intestines that increase surface area30
14604392439ProkaryoticAn organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.31
14604392440EukaryoticCell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles.32
14604392441cell membranethin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell33
14604392442MitochondriaPowerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production34
14604392443ChloroplastAn organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs35
14604392444Lysosomescell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell such as good and warm out cell parts36
14604392445Ribosomessite of protein synthesis is the cell37
14604392446Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth ER)The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that does not have ribosomes attached to it. Involved in synthesis and secretion of lipids.38
14604392447Rough Endoplasmic ReticulumSystem of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm39
14604392448Golgi apparatusA system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell40
14604392449cell wallA rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell41
14604392450VacuolePlant Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates42
14604392451NucleolusFound inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes43
14604392452Chromosomesa threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.44
14604392453passive transportthe movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell45
14604392454active transportthe movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy46
14604392455Hypertonicwhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes47
14604392456Hypotonicwhen comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes48
14604392457IsotonicHaving the same solute concentration as another solution.49
14604392458cell respiration equationC6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + H2O + ATP50
14604392459Photosynthesis equation6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O251
14604392460Virusestiny particles which must invade living cells in order to reproduce; when they invade, the cells are damaged or destroyed in the process releasing new particles to infect other cells52
14604392461bottleneck effectA change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population53
14604392462founder effectchange in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population54
14604392463genetic driftA change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.55
14604392464DarwinEnglish natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)56
14604392465LamarckFrench naturalist who proposed that evolution resulted from the inheritance of acquired characteristics (1744-1829)57
14604392466AutotrophOrganisms that make their own food58
14604392467Heterotrophorganism that obtains energy from the foods it consumes but does not make; also called a consumer59
14604392468Transcription(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA60
14604392469TranslationProcess by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced61
14604392470Codominancea form of dominance where in the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. This results in offspring with a phenotype that is neither dominant nor recessive62
14604392471incomplete dominanceCases in which one allele is not completely dominant over another, a mix63
14604392472sex-linked traitsA trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent.64
14604392473Karyotypethe number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.65
14604392474allopatric speciationThe formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier.66
14604392475peripatric speciationA specific kind of allopatric speciation in which a few individuals (smaller group) from a mainland population disperse to a new location remote from the original population and evolve separately.67
14604392476parapatric speciationspeciation occurring when two populations have continuous distributions and some phenotypes in that distribution are more favorable than others68
14604392477sympatric speciationThe formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population. No geographic barrier is present.69
14604392478artificial speciationProcess by which people create a new species of organism my selective breeding70
14604392479blood typesA, B, AB, O71
14604392480cell cycleThe regular sequence of growth and division that cells undergo72
14604392481cell mitosisa type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth. https://www.yourgenome.org/sites/default/files/illustrations/process/mitosis_yourgenome.png73
14604392482Cell Meiosisa type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. https://www.yourgenome.org/sites/default/files/illustrations/process/meiosis_yourgenome.png74
14604392483natural selectionA process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.75
14604392484directional natural selectionA form of selection that selects against one of two extremes and leads over time to a change in a trait.76
14604392485stabilizing natural selectiona type of natural selection that eliminates extremes. Average phenotypes favorable77
14604392486artificial selectionSelection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms78
14604392487MutationsRandom errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides. The source of all genetic diversity.79
14604392488MigrationForm of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.80
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Physics Flashcards

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8953944828SpeedDistance divided by Time. ALSO: A scalar quantity with units of m/s.0
8953944829AccelerationChange in Velocity divided by Time. ALSO: A vector quantity with units of m/s/s. ALSO: The slope of a Velocity vs Time graph.1
8953944830Net ForceMass x Acceleration. ALSO: The vector sum of all forces acting on an object.2
8953944832WorkForce x Distance. ALSO: The amount of energy given to an object when you push it or lift it through a distance.3
8953944833WeightMass x Acceleration due to Gravity.4
8953944834Potential EnergyMass x Acceleration due to Gravity x Height.5
8953944835Kinetic Energy1/2 x Mass x Velocity^26
8962634494Thermal EnergyThe type of energy that is due to the kinetic energy of individual molecules that make up a substance. Related to heat and temperature. Often caused by friction.7
8953944839Acceleration due to Gravity-10 m/s/s (on Earth).8
8956718695Controlled variableSomething that is NOT changed in an experiment.9
8956725279Independent variableSomething that is determined by the experimenter. Goes on the x-axis of a graph.10
8956756895Dependent variableSomething that is measured to see if it is affected by the experiment. Goes on the y-axis of a graph.11
8956769434VelocitySlope of a Position vs Time graph. ALSO: Displacement divided by Time. ALSO: A vector quantity with units of m/s north (or south, etc).12
8956779206DisplacementHow far away you are from your starting point.13
8962583538Reference point"Zero" on a number line.14
8956786422InertiaResistance to change in motion. Measured by an object's mass.15
8956790389Free fallA state of motion where an object is under the influence of only one force: Gravity. (No friction or air resistance). Objects in this state experience an acceleration of -10 m/s/s (on Earth).16
8956818628PowerWork divided by Time. ALSO: The amount of energy used each second. Has units of Watts.17
8956892417ScalarA quantity with only a magnitude. Examples: Speed (55 mph), Distance (12 km), Energy (500 J)18
8956900605VectorA quantity with magnitude AND direction. Examples: Velocity (30 m/s north), Displacement (-45 meters), Force (35 N left), Momentum (12 kg m/s right)19
8956925386Newton's First LawA Law that says "Objects at rest will stay at rest, and objects in motion will stay in motion at a constant velocity, UNLESS acted upon by an unbalanced force."20
8956933289Newton's Second LawA Law that says "The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass." As an equation: a = Fnet / m21
8956942154Newton's Third LawA Law that says "Every action force has an equal and opposite reaction force."22
8956953648Law of Conservation of EnergyA Law that says "Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only change form." ALSO: The total energy of an isolated system remains constant.23
8956978250Law of Conservation of MomentumA Law that says "The total momentum of a system remains constant in the absence of external forces."24
8962537371Elastic collisionAn interaction where two objects bounce off each other. Both total momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Example: Billiard balls.25
8962542359Inelastic collisionAn interaction where two objects stick together. Total momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is NOT conserved because it is transformed into thermal energy. Example: Cars crashing.26
8962550452JouleThe metric unit for work and energy.27
8962555481WattThe metric unit for power. Equal to 1 Joule per second.28
8962558725NewtonThe metric unit for force.29
8962568897KilogramThe metric unit for mass.30
8962589915Force of FrictionThe force that always acts opposite the direction of motion (or attempted motion).31
8962592941Normal forceThe force that always acts perpendicular to a surface, preventing two objects from passing through each other.32
8962595544EquilibriumAn object in _________ is experiencing balanced forces. It will therefore stay at rest or move at a constant velocity.33
8962605102Free Body DiagramA diagram where an object is represented by a box, and all forces acting on the object are represented by arrows.34
8962607300Coefficient of frictionA number with NO UNITS representing the strength of friction acting between two objects. A small number = slippery surfaces. A large number = sticky/rough surfaces.35
8962622170PendulumA mass that is free to swing back and forth. Total energy is conserved, but is transformed between PE at the highest point and KE at the lowest point.36
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Physics Flashcards

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10344950025first law of thermodynamicsΔU = Q - W0
10344950026Equation for heat transferq= mcΔT1
10344950027specific heat of water1 cal/g*K2
10344950028Equation for phase changeq=mL3
10344950029Isovolumetric processW= 0 so ΔU= Q4
10344950030isobaric processNo significance to first law5
10344950031isothermal processΔU=0 so Q=W(sys)6
10344950032adiabatic processQ=0 so ΔU= -W(sys)7
10344950033Change in Entropy Equation8
10345984943Kinematic Equation VAT9
10345984944Kinematic Equation VAX10
10345984945Kinematic equation TAX11
10345984946centripetal force12
10345984947centripetal acceleration13
10345984948Torquer*Fsin(θ)14
10345984949Continuity Equation and it's significanceQ(flow rate) = V1A1 =V2A2 Flow rate remains constant15
10345984950Bernoulli's Equation with conservation of energyP1 + (1/2)ρv1^2 + ρgh1 = P2 + (1/2)ρv2^2 + ρgh216
10345984951Density of water1000 kg/m^317
10345984952Pascal's Principle18
10345984953buoyant forceρfluid*Vobject*g19
10345984954elastic potential energy20
10345984955Nonconservative work =ΔE = ΔU + ΔK21
10345984956Name two non-conservative forcesAir resistance Friction22
10345984957How to find work in PV diagramsArea under the curve23
10345984958work energy theoremWnet= ΔK24
10345984959Density equationρ=m/V25
10345984960Absolute/hydrostatic pressureP(o) + ρgd Atm pressure + density of fluid*gravity*depth26
10345984961Archimedes principleFb=ρVg= mg upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to weight of displaced fluid27
10345984962What does Poseuille's law show?Pressure gradient is inversely proportional to radius of tube; affected to the 4th power28
10373993746Coulomb's Law29
10374000328How to get Electric field from Coulomb's Lawdivide Coulomb's Law by charge "q"30
10374001143Electric FieldFe/q31
10374002846What do positive and negative electric potential energy represent?+ = work input to move charges; system became more unstable - = negative work to move charges; system became more stable32
10374004899How to get electric potential energy from Coulomb's Law?Multiply by distance33
10374005367electric potential energy34
10374012425what is electric potential?the electric potential energy per unit charge35
10374013636electric potentialV= U/q36
10379341280potential differenceΔV = Vb-Va37
10379342003Difference between electric potential and potential difference?Electric potential is the ratio of electric potential energy per charge potential difference is the difference in electric potential between two points and tells us the tendency for movement38
10379353291Units for 1 Tesla(N)(s)/(m)(C)39
10379360537what creates a magnetic field?A moving charge40
10379361922Magnetic field for a straight current-carrying wire41
10379364488Magnetic field for a circular current-carrying wire*just no pi42
10379372256magnetic force43
10379659126Magnetic force on a straight current carrying wireθ = angle between L and B44
10379804711I (current) =charge over time, Q/t45
10379829808Resistance equation46
10379839868Ohm's LawV = IR47
10379840387Power in term of voltage and currentP=IV =I^2R = V^2/R48
10379843132resistors in a series49
10379843439resistors in parallel50
10379854167capacitance51
10379855238capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor52
10379859350electric field of a parallel plate capacitor53
10379860897potential energy stored in a capacitor54
10379869036capacitors in series55
10379869279capacitors in parallel56
10418553036velocity of a wave57
10418579080angular frequency (w)58
10418647512speed of sound59
10418656914Doppler equation60
10418658285How to determine which sign to use for the Doppler equationtop one when moving toward the object; bottom when moving away61
10418661041what do the sound waves due to the Doppler effect look like?The sound waves in front of the moving car are compressed and the waves behind the moving car are stretched apart62
10418671129IntensityPower/ Surface Area63
10418675025relationship between intensity and amplitudeI is proportional to Amp squared64
10418675360relationship between intensity and distanceI is proportional to inverse of distance squared65
10418686151frequency of a wave =v/ƛ66
10421819505Spontanious/Nonspontaneous? galvanic/voltaic cell electrolytic cell concentration cellglavani/voltaic and concentration = spontaneous electrolytic = non-spontaneous67
10421822207Relationship between emf and Gibbs free energyopposites68
10421840464Faraday constant/ one faraday (F_10⁵ C/ mol e⁻69
10421884738emf equationE(red, cathode) - E (red, anode)70
10421891678∆G and emf equation∆G = -nFε n= number of moles of electrongs exchanged F = faradays constant71
10421934719∆G and equilibrium constant, K∆G = -RTlnKeq72
10421992684speed of light equationc = fƛ73
10421995512speed of lightc = 3 x 10⁸ m/s74
10422006618what does the law of reflection say?The angle (from the normal) at which light hits the medium is the angle at which it leaves75
10422012536real vs. virtual imagereal - if light is actually converging at the image virtual - light only appears to be coming from the image76
104220234851/f(focal length) =1/o(object distance) + 1/i(image distance = 2/r(radius of curvature77
10422028695magnification =- i/o78
10422029689plane mirrors have a focal length of what?infinity79
10422032604(-) and (+) magnification(-) = inverted image (+) = upright image80
10422039696diverging mirrors always produce what kind of image?virtual, upright, and reduced81
10422044091inverted images are always ___ and upright images are always ___?real; virtual82
10422046887(-) radius of curvature and (-) focal length refers to what kind of mirror/lens?convex/diverging83
10422050109Snell's Law (2)n = c/v n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ284
10422055887when light enters a medium with a higher index of refraction, it bends ___ the normaltoward85
10422089851power of a lensP = 1/f86
10422226185sin(60) sin(30) sin(45)root 3/2 1/2 root 2/287
10422243185image produced by a convex mirror when object is further away than focal point and closer than focal point?further - real, inverted image closer - virtual, upright image88
10422955910energy of a photonE = hf89
10422962715Kmax of a dislodged equation is what?The energy of a photon (hf) - work function (hfthreshold)90
10423102718alpha particleHelium nucleus with 2 protons and 2 neutrons91
10423104011β particleelectron92
10423107122β(-) decay and β(+) decayβ⁻ : neutron becomes a proton and a β⁻ leaves β⁺ : proton becomes a neutron and a β⁺ leaves93
10423112581gamma decayemission of ˠ-rays; energy is released but atom is kept the same94
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AP Human Geography Models Flashcards

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13630880877Population Pyramid0
13630880878Demographic Transition Model1
13630880879Epidemiological Transition Model2
13630880880Malthus' Theory3
13630880883Ravenstein's Laws of MigrationSaid most people migrate for economic reasons, others for cultural reasons and/or environmental reasons; said there is an inverse relationship between number of migrants and distance traveled4
13630880884Gravity ModelA model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.5
13630880885Weber's Least Cost TheoryIndustries will locate where three things can be done. These things being: minimize transportation costs, minimize labor costs, maximize agglomeration. Emphasises on cheap, cheap, cheap. With low production prices will result in high profit margins. The agglomeration keeps buisnesses competative as well as adds conviency to the consumer.6
13630880881Rostow's Model7
13630880886Wallerstein's Core-Periphery ModelA model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating core region8
13630880887New International Division of LaborTransfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.9
13630880882Heartland Theory10
13630880888Rimland TheoryNicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.11
13630880889Organic TheoryThe view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age.12
13630880890Von Thunen ModelAn agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be close to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive , with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from the market where rent is less.13
13630880891Central Place TheoryA theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.14
13630880892Concentric Zone ModelA model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.15
13630880893Sector ModelA model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).16
13630880894Multiple Nuclei ModelA model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.17
13630880895Urban Realms Modela simplified description of urban land use, especially descriptive of the modern North American city. it features a number of dispersed, peripheral centers of dynamic commercial and industrial activity linked by sophisticated urban transportation networks.18
13630880896Peripheral ModelA model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.19
13630880897African City ModelAfrica has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult20
13630880898Latin American City ModelGriffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The further out, less wealthy it gets.21
13630880899Southeast Asian City ModelMcGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.22
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PHYSICS Flashcards

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10948349360Volume formulaL x W x H0
10948358946Density formulaD=m/V Density=mass/volume1
10948381720Density unitkg/m^32
10948407249Pressure formulaPressure = Force/Area (P=F/A)3
10948410927Pressure unitN/m^2 or Pascal4
10948416599Law of Intertiaobjects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force5
10948475048Law of Accelerationan object will move in the direction of the force applied to it (F=ma)6
10948459542law of motionFor every action there is an equal and opposite reaction7
10948493435Gravitythe force that attracts a body toward the center of the earth, or toward any other physical body having mass8
10948566003FrictionA force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact9
10948570359buoyancyThe ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object placed in it10
10948576898AccelerationChange in velocity divided by the time it takes for the change to occur (m/s2)11
10948589763SpeedThe distance an object travels per unit of time12
10948592477speed formulas=d/t13
10948595841VelocitySpeed in a given direction14
10948626424VectorA quantity that has magnitude and direction15
10948636163magnitude16
10948676657DisplacementDistance and direction of an object's change in position from the starting point.17
10948763872free body diagrama diagram showing all the forces acting on an object18
10948840898How do you use a eureka can to calculate the volume of an irregularly shaped object?weigh the object19
11054256797ScalarA physical quantity that has magnitude only.20
11054259155Adding vectors"head to tail" + sum represented by arrow drawn from tail first vector to head second vector21
11054271394adding scalarsadd up both distances even if you change direction e.g. 2 miles north + 3 miles south = 5 miles22
11054275174Speed unit of measurementm/s23
11054280736time unitS24
11054284662Distance Unitsm25
11054287285AccelerationThe rate at which velocity changes26
11054291221Acceleration unitm/s/s27
11054295833calculating accelerationfinal speed-initial speed/time28
11054302027Gradientslope29
11054304679Calculating gradientchange in y/change in x30
11054310103areaLength x Width31
11054321495Speed-time graphA visual representation of the acceleration of an object32
11054324902center of massthe point in an object that moves as if all the object's mass were concentrated at that point33
11054333670irregular center of masswhere the mass is centered34
11368022547Massthe amount of matter in an object35
11368022548WeightA measure of the force of gravity on an object36
11368022549terminal velocitythe constant velocity of a falling object when the force of air resistance is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force of gravity37
11368022550Force causing terminal velocityAir resistance38
11368022551Speed-time graphA visual representation of the acceleration of an object39
11368046817Hooke's LawThe law stating that the stress of a solid is directly proportional to the strain applied to it.40
11368046818Elastic and Plastic DeformationWhere the object loses its elasticity41
11368046819Hooke's Law EquationF=kx42
11368046820Weight and mass equationW=m×g43
11499776074ForceA push or pull exerted on an object44
11499776075balanced forcesEqual forces acting on an object in opposite directions45
11499776076unbalanced forcesforces acting on an object that combine and form a net force that is not zero46
11499776077Pressure formulaP=F/A (force/area)47
11499798935vector measurementa measurement that has magnitude and directional48
11499798936scalar measurementmeasurement with only magnitude or quantity49
11499846597Hooke's Law EquationF = -kx : Hooke's Law Equation states that the force exerted by a spring is equal to the spring constant times the distance the spring is compressed or stretched from its equilibrium position (k) - the spring constant which depends on the stiffness and other properties of the spring (x) - the distance that the spring is stretched from its equilibrium position50
11499935395Newton's Third Law of MotionFor every action there is an equal and opposite reaction51
11499935396Newton's Second LawForce equals mass times acceleration52
11499935397Newton's First LawAn object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.53
11937765494conservation of energyEnergy cannot be created or destroyed54
11937775758energy transfer55
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Physics Flashcards

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10036223650velocityspeed0
10036666232kinetic energythe energy of motion1
10036666233potential energyEnergy that is stored and held in readiness2
10036719002For every force there is an equal and opposite forceNewton's third law3
15000602268Physics deals with two things:Energy and matter4
15000602269Energy may be defined as _______________.The ability to do work5
15002361810Two types of energy arepotential and kinetic6
150023618115 forms of energymechanical, nuclear, electrical, radiant, chemical7
15002476032MatterAnything that has mass and takes up space8
15002476033Radiation physics deals with 2 thingsRadiation and matter9
15002476034ElementMatter made up of only one kind of atom10
15002476035CompoundA substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds11
15002476036MoleculeA group of atoms bonded together12
15002476037There are _____ naturally occurring elements.9213
15002476038Nucleus is composed ofprotons and neutrons14
15002476039Electrons cloud of an atomShells15
15002476040An atom mostly consists ofEmpty space16
15002476041Electrons have the most energy in their _____ shellOutermost17
15098263387Alpha particles consist of ___ protons and ____ neutrons2 and 218
15160187308ChemicalGasoline is an example of ___ energy19
15160192038MechanicalA spring is an example of ___ energy20
15160197827ElectricalManipulating electrons is an example of __ energy21
15160208040RadiantElectromagnetic waves (heat and light) are an example of ___ energy22
15161009957Electron shell KIn innermost shell23
15161141069neutrons and protonsnucleons24
15161179049varyThe number of neutrons and protons can ___ among different elements25
15161205887Of the extremely high speed at which they travelElectrons appear to form a cloud around the nucleus because26
15161252050Protons, electronsAtoms have the same number of ___ in the nucleus as ____ in the outer shell27
15161257235neutralAn atom must be electrically ____28
15161360666cancel each other outPositive and negative charges of an atom ___ each other29
15161471271IonizedIf an atom gains or loses an electron, it is said to be ____30
15161479060Negative ionAtom that gains an electron is a ___31
15161483181Positive ionAtom that loses an electron is a ____32
15161487680MoleculesChemical bonds form33
15161490233Ionic and covalentTwo types of chemical bonding34
15161495515Homeostasis, neutralIons want to return to ____ and be ____35
15165073680Electrostaticsthe force that pulls ions together36
15165083318OppositeAtoms are attracted to each other when they have ___ charges37
15165088003NaClsodium chloride38
15165095930Ionic bondFormed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another39
15165096731covalent bonda bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons40
15165106461IsotopesAtoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons41
151651099485 to 8Number of neutrons in Carbon atom can vary from ___42
15165112831TrueAll atoms have at least one isotope: true or false?43
15165115940neutrons, protonsIsotopes are named by adding ___ and ___44
15165122281Carbon 13If a carbon atoms has 6 protons and 7 neutrons, what is the Carbon name?45
15165132491The number of protonsWhat determines the atomic number of an element?46
15165139692ZWhich letter symbolizes the atomic number?47
15165144043LeftThe atomic number is written as subscript to the ___ side of the element48
15165148039AWhich letter symbolizes the mass number?49
15165152418Top (superscript)The mass number is on the ___ left of the element symbol50
15165153366mass numberthe total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom51
15165155556elemental massAtomic weight aka52
15165159762Atomic weightAverage of the mass numbers of all isotopes53
15188446052beta particlea high-speed electron with a 1- charge that is emitted during radioactive decay54
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While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!