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AP US History Period 1 and 2 Flashcards

14806540170	Columbian Exchange	Trade of goods/viruses/people from New to Old World	0
14806540171	Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion)	Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for a period of 12 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt	1
14806540172	Enlightenment	A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.	2
14806540173	Abolition	the action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution.	3
14806540174	Protestant Evangelism	Christianity based on emotionalism and spirituality. It was part of the First Great Awakening. Evangelism was a reaction to the Enlightenment priority of rationalism over emotionalism and spirituality. Led by George Whitefield.	4
14806540175	Old Lights	Conservative clergymen who were against the emotional approach of the Great Awakening	5
14806540176	Encomienda System	A system whereby the Spanish crown granted the conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery. This was done under the guise of converting them to the Catholic religion.	6
14806540177	Social Contract	An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed	7
14806540178	A Model of Christian Charity	given by John Winthrop in 1630 stating that Puritan Massachusetts would be a place for others to look up to as they followed religious principals in all areas of their life.	8
14806540179	Definition of homogeneous	of the same kind, alike	9
14806540180	Type of Government in Puritan Massachusetts	Theocracy	10
14806540181	New Lights	Clergymen who defended the Great Awakening for reinvigorating American religion	11
14806540182	Mercantilism	an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by maximizing the exports, and minimizing the imports, of a nation.	12
14806540183	Impact of Columbian Exchange on Europe	potatoes and maize led to large population growth, increase in capitalism	13
14806540184	Impact of Columbian Exchange on Americas	90% of Natives died due to diseases, horse impacted travel and trade, pigs destroyed crops	14
14806540185	Joint Stock Company	People in Britain pool money for colonization Ex: VA company settling Jamestown in 1607	15
14806540186	Bartolome de Las Casas	Dominican priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans	16
14806540187	Three Sisters	corn, beans, squash	17
14806540188	French and Indian War (1754-1763)	British and French conflict over territory in the American northeast.. They fought for control of the Ohio River Valley; colonists joined Britain in hopes of moving west if they won.	18
14806540189	Juan Sepulveda	Believed natives were savages; thought Spanish were in the right giving natives civilization	19
14806540190	Sir Walter Raleigh	Settles Roanoke which becomes the Lost Colony in 1587	20
14806540191	Jamestown	Settled in 1607 by VA company Led by Capt. John Smith who declared "he who shall not work shall not eat"	21
14806540192	Powhatans	Indians that live near Jamestown and supply them with food Once they stop the Virginians die of starvation	22
14806540193	John Rolfe	Starts tobacco as a cash crop (the first one) and marries Pocahontas	23
14806540194	Indentured Servitude	Lucrative way to get Brits over to US by paying for journey but making them indentured servants for 7 years Had high death rate and only 50% made it to end of terms	24
14806540195	Headright system	Gave away free land to rich people who paid for the passage of indentured servant	25
14806540196	House of Burgesses	Virginian democratic tradition with an elected house that used power of the purse on the Governor	26
14806540197	Puritanism	The belief of purifying the Anglican church from catholic practices	27
14806540198	Separatists	Wanted to separate from Church of England and landed in Plymouth in 1620. More radical form of Puritanism.	28
14806540199	Mayflower Compact	Signed by the Pilgrims on the ship that gave consent of the governed (not God), assemblies, and a legal code (1620)	29
14806540200	Massachusetts Bay Colony	Founded by Puritans (non-separatists) in 1629 Saw themselves as the "city upon a hill" and believed they have a contract with God Had a protestant work ethic	30
14806540201	John Winthrop	First gov/founder of the Mass. Bay Colony	31
14806540202	Roger Williams	Believed that church and state should be separate and was exiled to RI	32
14806540203	Anne Hutchinson	Believed that the ticket to salvation was faith and a merciful god, not obeying moral authority and good deeds Was exiled from Mass. Bay	33
14806540204	Dominion of New England	(1686) Brits combined NH, RI, MA, CT under the command of Gov. Andros. The colonists revolted in 1692 and drove out the governor	34
14806540205	Salem Witch Trials	(1692) A hysterical reaction of the Dominion of New England or Halfway Covenant	35
14806540206	Fundamental Orders (America's first Constitution)	The first sort of constitution of the colonies in Connecticut (1639)	36
14806540207	Maryland	Founded by Lord Baltimore as a gift from the King and a haven for catholics	37
14806540208	Act of Toleration	To appeal Maryland to more people they allow all christian faiths (1649)	38
14806540209	Metacom/King Philip's War	Ended the native presence in the colonies (1676)	39
14806540210	Pequot War	Native American Conflict - took place in Massachusetts - fought against the Puritains	40
14806540211	Anne Hutchinson	American colonist (born in England) who was banished from Boston for her religious views and founded Portsmouth, RI	41
14806540212	Leader of the Dominion of New England	Sir Edmund Andros	42
14806540213	Slaves in Colonies	Come over in 1619 on Middle Passage of Triangular Trade Generally worked on plantations in the South growing cash crops such as indigo, cotton, tobacco, and rice Some worked in north in houses Only worked for the rich	43
14806540214	Salutary Neglect	An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies	44
14806540215	New England Confederation	The first major attempt at consolidation among colonists	45
14806540216	Bacon's Rebellion	(1676) Nathaniel Bacon wants William Berkley (governor) to let him start a militia to fight the Indians to get more land for new settlers in the west Berkley says no and Bacon starts a rebellion against him Bacon dies and his rebellion doesn't end up all that successful but it is the first populist uprising in America	46
14806540217	William Berkely	Colonial gov. of VA during Bacon's Rebellion	47
14806540218	New England Economy	focuses on trade ports (Boston) and has only subsistence farming. Has a puritan work ethic.	48
14806540219	Chesapeake Economy	Major crop is tobacco.	49
14806540220	The Chesapeake Bay Colonies were:	Virginia and Maryland	50
14806540221	Middle Colonies Economy	the Bread Basket colonies, they have lots of grain and are more diverse than NE. Also have port cities (NY)	51
14806540222	Southern Economy (lower south)	Has a stronger hierarchy and cash crops of cotton, rice, and indigo.	52
14806540223	Georgia	The colony that acted as a "buffer" between the Spanish in Florida and the remaining colonies to the North.	53
14806540224	William Penn/Pennsylvania	He received land from the King of England to begin his Quaker "holy experiment" in America...they were pacifists and had good relations with Native Americans.	54
14806540225	Two-House Legislature, Male Voting, Mayflower Compact, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and Town Hall Meetings	These are the 4 main forms of democracy that were formed in the New England colonies.	55
14806540226	Why was Pennsylvania founded?	Religious freedom for Quakers & anyone being religiously persecuted - could worship as they pleased	56
14806540227	Anglicization	the process used to describe the people, institutions, and churches, as well as the traditions and theological concepts developed by the Church of England	57
14806540228	Education in the Colonies	Puritan New England stressed education more. Needed Bible reading. education flourished in New England. Elementary schools in middle and south. Most emphasis placed on religion. 1750- trend towards live languages and modern subjects.	58
14806563038	African chattel slavery	also called traditional slavery, is so named because people are treated as the chattel (personal property) of the owner and are bought and sold as commodities. Typically, under the chattel slave system, slave status was imposed on children of the enslaved at birth.	59
14806589214	Chesapeake	The region of Virginia and Maryland. In contrast to New England, this region was distinguished by indentured servants, cash crops, and African slavery.	60
14806594222	Plymouth	Colony settled by the Pilgrims. It eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay colony. (1620)	61
14806603303	Pilgrims	English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony in 1620	62
14806609949	"model of christian charity"	John Winthrop, 1630. When talking about the Puritans in the Plymouth colony.	63
14807100865	Puritan Impact on New England	Set the pace of development. Brought the "Great Migration".	64
14810357335	Maize	corn	65
14810360845	Triangular Trade	A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa	66
14810371693	Quakers	English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania	67
14812050277	William Penn	Founder of Pennsylvania and a quaker.	68
14819480072	Great Awakening	Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.	69
14819489810	George Whitefield	Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights."	70
14819498626	Protestant Evangelicalism	A strain of protestantism that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, personal conversion experiences, Scripture as the sole basis for faith, and active evangelism (the winning of personal commitments to Christ).	71
14819507685	Merchantilism	The belief that money equals power, sell more than buy, more export than import	72
14819531310	Navigation Acts	Acts passed in 1660 by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.	73
14819542368	Atlantic World	Interactions among the peoples/empires bordering the Atlantic Ocean rim from the 1450s on	74
14819592214	Bacon's Rebellion (1676)	Rebellion of discontent former landless servants led by Nathaniel Bacon. Historical Significance: Led to a move from indentured servants to African slaves for labor purposes.	75
14819604182	Metacom's War (King Philip's War)	Period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England (1675-1676); an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.	76
14819607193	Pueblo Revolt	Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt	77
14819615078	joint-stock company	A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors.	78
14819625728	Mestizo	A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.	79
14819683369	hunter-gatherer economies	a type of economy based solely upon the method of hunting and gathering with no form of agricultural farming. Nomads traveled where the food was (aka animals and wild plant seasons) to collect and hunt	80
14819692862	Agricultural Economies	an economy based on farming in permanent fields with heavy investment of labor, water, storage facilities, and other resources, and usually including domesticated food and fiber crops and draft animals	81
14819725524	American Indians- West	-many cultural and tribal groups -2/3 of western tribal groups lived on the Great Plains -skillful horse riders -life was centralized on hunting buffalo	82
14819729569	American Indians- Southwest	-Permanent homes (some lived in the side of mountains) -Farmed (CORN) -Hunted sometimes -Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, Utah, and (northern) Mexico	83
14819830247	American Indians- Northeast	-Application Mountains -Farmed; corn, squash, and beans ("three sisters") -Began the tradition of mound building -Lived in longhouses	84
14819879134	American Indians- Southeast	-Stretching down the Mississippi River and into the area surrounding the Gulf of Mexico -Known as Mississippian peoples -Excellent farmers -Great trade point because of Miss. River	85
14819926985	American Indians- Plains	-East coast and Rocky Mountains -Climate supported limited farming -Planted three sisters -First to harvest plants for medical purposes -Hunting became more dominant because of drought in 1300s -Horses didn't arrive until 1519 w/ Spanish explorers -Created the teepee because they were more nomadic. -Plant in spring, hunt in summer, harvest in fall, hunt in winter -Had trade routes on Miss. River -Rituals often revolved around the sun and nature, Earth is mother of all spirits.	86
14820012461	Feudalism	A system of government based on landowners and tenants	87
14820022823	Capitalism	An economic system based on private ownership of capital	88

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AP US History, Chapter 33 Flashcards

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13150295925	London Economic Conference	A sixty-six nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Franklin Roosevelt's decision to revoke American participation contributed to a world deepening economic crisis.	0
13150295926	Good Neighbor Policy	A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Good Neighbor Policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt.	1
13150295927	Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act	This Act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without senate approval, its chief architect was secretary of state Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.	2
13150295928	Rome-Berlin Axis	Nazi-Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the Fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.	3
13150295929	Johnson Debt Default Act	Steeped in ugly memories of World War I, this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States.	4
13150295930	Neutrality Act of 1935, 1936, and 1937	Short-sighted acts passed to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.	5
13150295931	Abraham Lincoln Brigade	Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the fascist Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some three-thousand Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.	6
13150295932	Quarantine Speech	An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavors" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators through economic embargoes. The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians.	7
13150295933	Appeasement	The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.	8
13150295934	Hitler-Stalin Pact	Treaty signed on August 23, 1939, in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western Democracies.	9
13150295935	Neutrality Act of 1939	This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay for them in cash and transport them in their own ships, a policy known as "cash-and-carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks.	10
13150295936	Kristallnacht	German for "night of broken glass," it refers to the murderous pogrom that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentration camps on the night of November 9, 1938. Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the United States but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws.	11
13150295937	War Refuge Board	A U.S. agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief for inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after million had already been murdered.	12
13150295938	Lend-Lease Bill	Based on the motto "send guns, not sons," that law abandoned former pretenses of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II.	13
13150295939	Atlantic Charter	Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and prime minister Winston Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path for disarmament, peace, and the founding of the United Nations and raised awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II.	14
13150295940	Pearl Harbor	An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese war planes destroyed numerous ships and caused three thousand casualties on December 7, 1941 - a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infamy." the attack brought the United States into World War II.	15
13150295941	Benito Mussolini	This Fascist took power in Italy in 1922.	16
13150295942	Adolf Hitler	This man rose to power in Germany in 1933. He rose to power by discussing hatred toward the Allies over the Treaty of Versailles and talked about the unemployment that came with the depression. Germany had fallen behind, and they saw no other hope for escape from the Great Depression and from national disgrace. He withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933 and began illegally rearming Germany in 1936.	17
13150295943	Francisco Franco	This man started an uprising against Madrid, leading to the 1936-1939 Spanish Civil War.	18
13150295944	Cordell Hull	Secretary of State under Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in charge of diplomatic relations with Japan prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Negotiated pacts with 21 countries by the end of 1939. These pacts were essentially trade agreements that stated if the United States lowered its tariff, then the other country would do the same.	19
13150295945	Wendell L. Wilkie	A presidential election got in the way of focusing on WWII. The Republicans nominated this man, who up until recently was a political nobody. He wasn't against the New Deal, like the Republican platform suggested, but rather its inefficiencies. FDR broke tradition by running for a third term. This man ran a campaign similar to that of William Jennings Bryan, making over 500 speeches around the country. FDR ended up winning the election, shattering the two term tradition.	20

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Chapter 18 Vocab World Civilizations - The Global Experience (AP World History) Flashcards

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8557000325	humanism	focus on humankind as center of intellectual and artistic endeavor; method of study that emphasized the superiority of classical forms over medieval styles, in particular the study of ancient languages	0
8557000326	Northern Renaissance	cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; began later than Italian Renaissance (c. 1450); centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than Italian Renaissance	1
8557002313	Protestantism	General wave of religious dissent against Catholic church; generally held to have begun with Martin Luther's attack on Catholic beliefs in 1517; included many varieties of religious belief	2
8557002314	Catholic Reformation	restatement of traditional catholic beliefs in response to Protestant Reformation (16th century); established councils that revived Catholic doctrine and refuted Protestant beliefs	3
8557003549	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, france) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	4
8557003550	English Civil War	conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king	5
8557004722	Proletariat	class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries	6
8557004723	Scientific Revolution	culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of middle ages	7
8557006758	Absolute monarchy	concept of government developed during use of nation-sates in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, immersed state economic policies	8
8557006759	parliamentary monarch	originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with monarchs partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments	9
8557008042	Enlightenment	intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior	10

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AP Lang Terms Flashcards

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14072172957	Antagonist	The character who opposes the interests of the antagonist.	0
14072178456	Antanaclasis	Repetition of a word in two different senses.	1
14079401599	Anticipated Objection	The technique a writer or speaker uses in an argumentative text to address and answer objections, even though the audience has not had the opportunity to voice these objections.	2
14080391107	Antimetabole	The repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order.	3
14080402280	Apostrophe	The direct address of an absent person or personified object as if he/she/it is able to reply.	4
14080426719	Appeal to Authority	In a text, the reference to words, action, or beliefs of a person in authority as a means of supporting a claim, generalization, or conclusion.	5
14080445340	Appeal to Emotion	The appeal of a text to the feelings or interests of the audience.	6
14080461039	Argument by Analysis	An argument developed by breaking the subject matter into its component parts.	7
14080464574	Bombast	Inflated or extravagant language.	8
14080486851	Deus ex Machina	a person or thing (as in fiction or drama) that appears or is introduced suddenly and unexpectedly and provides a contrived solution to an apparently insoluble difficulty.	9
14080496793	Logical Fallacies	Errors in reasoning. If you become familiar with them, you can identify logical fallacies in other's arguments.	10
14080523258	Post Hoc Fallacy	Just because Event A happened before Event B, you assume that Event A caused Event B.	11
14080532207	Non Sequitur Fallacy	An even more illogical connection of cause/effect, in which Event A clearly has nothing to do with Event B. The evidence offered does not support the conclusion that is reached.	12
14080573850	Ad Hominem Argument	You attack the person instead of the person's argument or point of view on a subject.	13
14080593971	Appeal to Questionable or Faulty Authority	Citing an authority who may not have expertise on the subject or using phrasing like "Sources close to..." or "Experts claim..."	14
14081452579	Begging the Question	Asking the reader to assume that something is true without proving it first-especially flawed if that "something" is controversial.	15
14081464023	False Analogy	You assume that because two things share some characteristics, they are alike in all respects.	16
14081482758	Either/Or Fallacy	You assume that taking a certain viewpoint or course of action will result in one of two diametrically opposed outcomes (no other outcomes possible).	17
14081500444	Red Herring Argument	You intentionally digress from the real issue being discussed, introducing a side issue that has nothing to do with the real issue under discussion.	18
14081598928	Sweeping Or Hasty Generalization	You've reached a conclusion based on only a little evidence that might be relevant but is not typical.	19
14081626509	Card Stacking	If someone says, "The cards were stacked against me," the speaker is saying he/she was never given a fair chance. This is a complicated one-one side may distort evidence or facts presented, suppress evidence, oversimplify or even suppress facts, etc.	20
14081654981	Straw Man	A misinterpretation of the opponent's view, making claims that no one actually believes to be true .	21
14081672685	Asyndeton	The omission of conjunctions between related clauses.	22
14081682381	Polysyndeton	Use of several conjunctions.	23
14081686466	Denotation	The dictionary definition of a word.	24
14081700110	Compound Subject	A sentence in which two or more nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses constitute the grammatical subject of a clause.	25
14081712387	Confirmation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker or writer could offer proof or demonstration of the central idea.	26
14081735700	Conflict	The struggle of characters with themselves, with others, or with the world around them.	27
14081749953	Connotation	The implied meaning of a word, in contrast to its directly expressed "dictionary meaning".	28
14081758628	Effect	The emotional or psychological impact a text has on a reader or listener.	29
14081768820	Ellipsis	The omission of words, the meaning of which is provided by the overall context of a passage.	30
14081787433	Epanalepsis	Repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the clause.	31
14081795462	Epithet	A word or phrase adding a characteristic to a person's name.	32
14081812129	Figurative Language	Language dominated by the use of schemes and tropes.	33
14081823642	Flashback	A part of the plot that moves back in time and then returns to the present.	34
14081833699	Generalization	A point that a speaker or writer generations on the basis of considering a number of particular examples.	35
14081848641	Genre	A piece of writing classified by type.	36
14081853061	Irony	Writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written or spoken.	37
14081871804	Narration	In ancient roman oratory, the part of speech in which the speaker provided background information on the topic.	38
14081876220	Pace	The speed with which a plot moves from one event to another.	39
14093120467	Parallelism	A set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that appears in a sentence or paragraph.	40
14093129560	Parenthesis	A insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence.	41
14093134055	Periodic Sentence	A sentence with modifying elements included before the verb and/or complement.	42
14093146444	Scheme	An artful variation from typical formation and arrangement of words or sentences.	43
14093151263	Anecdote	A brief narrative offered in a text to capture the audience's attention or to support a generalization of claim.	44
14093158335	Compound Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses.	45
14093166776	Conclusion (of syllogism)	The ultimate point of generalization that a syllogism expresses.	46
14093177912	Contraction	The combination of two words into one by eliminating one or more sounds and indicating the omission with an apostrophe.	47
14093188360	Contraries	See contradiction.	48
14093192694	Data (as evidence)	Facts, statistics, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim, generalization, or conclusion.	49
14093208125	Deductive Reasoning	Reasoning that begins with a general principle and concludes with a specific instance that demonstrates the general principle.	50
14093213222	Efferent Reading	Reading to garner information from a text.	51
14093217671	Enthymeme	Logical reasoning with one premise left unstated	52
14093229536	Euphemism	An indirect expression of unpleasant information in such way as to lessen its impact.	53
14093237246	Image	A passage of text that evokes sensation or emotional intensity.	54
14093242324	Inference	A conclusion that a reader or listener reaches by means of his or her own thinking rather than by being told directly by a text.	55
14093249912	Narrative Intrusion	A comment that is made directly to the reader by breaking into the forward plot movement.	56
14093257920	Point of View	The perspective or source of a piece of writing.	57
14093262222	Ratio	Combination of two or more elements in a dramatistic pentad in order to invent material.	58
14093280584	Rhetorical Choices	The particular choices a writer or speaker makes to achieve meaning, purpose, or effect.	59
14093285335	Stock Settings	Stereotypical time and place settings that let readers know a text's genre immediately.	60
14093292261	Alliteration	The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words.	61
14093298317	Anadiplosis	The repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.	62
14093305023	Anaphora	The repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses.	63
14093314819	Antecedent-Consequence Relationship	The relationship expressed by "if...then" reasoning.	64
14093321488	Anthimeria	The substitution of one part of speech for another.	65
14093324924	Appeal	One of three strategies for persuading audiences- logos, appeal to reason, pathos, appeal to emotion, and ethos, appeal to ethics.	66
14093342151	Appositive	A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning.	67
14093349596	Argument	A carefully constructed, well-supported representation of how a writer sees an issue, problem, or subject.	68
14093355377	Aristotelian Triangle	A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, audience (reader or listener), and text in a rhetorical situation.	69
14093357840	Canon	One of the traditional elements of rhetorical composition- invention, arrangement, style, memory, or delivery.	70
14093374583	Dramatic Narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer does not have access to the unspoken thoughts of any character.	71
14093383059	Dynamic Character	One who changes during the course of the narrative.	72
14093393809	Evidence	The facts, statistics, anecdotes, and examples that a speaker or writer offers in support of a claim.	73
14093396567	Metonymy	An entity referred to by one of its attributes or associations.	74
14093402380	Symbol	In a text, an element that stands for more than itself, and, therefore, helps to convey a theme of the text.	75
14093409155	Tautology	A group of words that merely repeats the meaning already conveyed.	76
14093418194	Thesis	The main idea in a text, often the main generalization, conclusion, or claim.	77
14093430178	Thesis Statement	A single sentence that states a text's thesis, usually somewhere near the beginning.	78
14093438049	Topic	A place where writers go to discover methods for proof and strategies for presentation of ideas.	79
14093443819	Trope	An artful variation from expected modes of expression of thoughts and ideas.	80
14093451613	Voice	The textual features, such as diction and sentence structure, that convey a writer's or speaker's persona.	81
14093470853	Writing Process	The acts a writer goes through, often recursively, to complete a piece of writing: inverting, investigating, planning, drafting, consulting, revising, and editing.	82
14093492665	Audience	The person or persons who listen to a spoken text or read a written one and are capable of responding to it.	83
14093505293	Chiasmus	Inverted relationship between two elements in two parallel phrases.	84
14093512461	Claim	The ultimate conclusion, generalization, or point that a syllogism or enthymeme expresses. The point, backed up by support, of an argument.	85
14093522499	Climax	The arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing number or importance/	86
14093528913	Climbing the Ladder	A term referring to the scheme of climax.	87
14093532606	Isocolon	Parallel elements that are similar in structure and in length.	88
14093541882	Mnemonic Device	A systematic aid to memory.	89
14093545241	Onomatopoeia	A literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning.	90
14093549829	Simple Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clause.	91
14093557134	Allegory	An extended metaphor.	92
14093561360	Allusion	A reference in a written or spoken text to another text or to some particular body of knowledge.	93
14093574846	Anastrophe	Inversion or reversal of the usual order of words.	94
14093577384	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas, often in parallel structure.	95
14093590283	Cacophony	Words that create harsh, unpleasant sounds.	96
14093594358	Euphony	Words, or a combination of words, that create harmonious sounds.	97
14094265303	Synthesaisia	A combination of the senses.	98
14094269420	Flat character	A figure readily identifiable by memorable traits but not fully developed.	99
14094279623	Format	The structural elements that constitute the presentation of a writer text.	100
14094286885	Hyperbole	An exaggeration for effect.	101
14112281433	Loose Sentences	A sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement.	102
14112301506	Meiosis	Representation of a thing as less than it really is to compel greater esteem for it.	103
14112309405	Metaphor	An implied comparison that does not use the word like or as.	104
14112317787	Malaproprism	Using words, particularly polysyllabic words, incorrectly.	105
14112340792	Oxymoron	Juxtaposed words with seemingly contradicting meanings.	106
14112346874	Paradox	A contradictory statement or contradictory ideas, but upon close inspection, seems to contain a truth.	107
14112361477	Parody	The imitative use of words, style, attitude, tone, and ideas of author in such a way as to make them ridiculous.	108
14112391054	Paralipsis	Irony in which one purposes to pass over a matter, but subtly reveals it.	109
14112400696	Protagonist	The major character in a piece of literature; the figure in the narrative whose interests the reader is most concerned about and sympathetic toward.	110
14112418162	Sarcasm	A sharp and often satirical or ironic utterance designed to cur or give pain. 2: A mode of satirical wit depending for its effect or bitter, caustic, and often ironic.	111
14112445594	Satire	The use of irony or ridicule in exposing vice, folly, etc.	112
14112453880	Setting	The context- including time and place-of a narrative.	113
14112465668	Sharing	A system calling for writers to read and listen to one another's work and suggest ways to improve.	114
14112478704	Simile	A type of comparison that uses the word like or as.	115
14112485640	Syllogism	Logical reasoning from inarguable premises.	116
14112501451	Synecdoche	A part of something used to refer to the whole.	117
14112514058	Syntax	The order of words in a sentence.	118
14112516764	Theme	The message conveyed by a literary work.	119
14112520454	Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject matter.	120
14112524229	Understatement	Deliberate playing down of a situation in order to make a point.	121
14112530748	Unity	The sense that a text is, appropriately, about only one subject and achieves one major purpose or effect.	122
14112547480	Unreliable Narrator	An untrustworthy or naive commentator on events and characters in a story.	123
14112554508	Verisimilitude	The quality of a text that reflects the truth of actual experience.	124
14112562325	Zeugma	A trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning.	125
14112580967	Aesthetic Reading	Reading to experience the world of the text.	126
14112585453	Anachronism	Either and action, character, or thing misplaced in time.	127
14112593302	Apposition	Two nouns that are adjacent to each other and reference the same thing.	128
14112607915	Arrangement	In a spoken or written text, the placement of ideas for effect.	129
14112617816	Archetype	Original (first).	130
14112620691	Assonance	The repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words.	131
14112625448	Assumption	An opinion, a perspective, or a belief that a writer or speaker thinks the audience holds.	132
14112638811	Attitude	In an adapted dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order to invent materials, the manner in which an action is carried out.	133
14112646580	Auxesis	Magnifying the importance of gravity or referring it with a disproportionate name.	134
14112657762	Bathos	Insincere or overdone sentimentality/pathos.	135
14115301748	Begging of the Question	The situation that results when a writer or speaker constructs an argument on an assumption that the audience does not accept.	136
14115320415	Casual Relationship	The relationship expressing, "If X is the cause, the Y is the effect," or, "If Y is the effect, then X caused it."	137
14115330011	Character	A personage in a narrative.	138
14115333150	Complex Sentence	A sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clause.	139
14115347827	Compound-Complex Sentence	A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.	140
14115359689	Conceit	Fairly elaborate figurative device which often incorporates metaphor, simile, hyperbole, or oxymoron.	141
14115370284	Context	The convergence of time, place, audience, and motivating factors in which a piece of writing or a speech is situated.	142
14115391188	Contradiction	One of the types of rhetorical invention included under the common topic of relationships. Contradiction urges the speaker or writer to invent an example or a proof that is counter to the main idea or argument.	143
14115397884	Descriptive Writing	Writing that relies on sensory images to characterize a person or place.	144
14115422340	Dialect	The describable patterns of language-grammar and vocabulary-used by a particular cultural or ethnic population.	145
14115746231	Dialogue	Conversation between and among characters	146
14124015694	Diction	Word choice, which is viewed on scales of formality/informality, concreteness/abstraction, Latinate derivation/Anglo-Saxon derivation, and denotative value/connotative value.	147
14124027898	Double Entendre	The double meanings of a group of words that the speaker or writer has purposely left ambiguous.	148
14390124298	Drafting	The process by which writers get something written on paper or in a computer file so that they can develop their ideas and begin moving towards an end, a start-to-finish product; the raw material for what will become the final product.	149
14390132585	Dramatic Monologue	A type of poem, popular primarily in the nineteenth century, in which the speaker is delivering a monologue to an assumed group of listeners.	150
14390142283	Elegy	Poem written that often contains elements of lament and mourning for someone/something.	151
14390147663	Homily	Either a sermon delivered to a congregation or a written work of admonitory fashion edifying the reader morally.	152
14390153027	Epistrophe	The repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences.	153
14390154453	Erotema	Asking a question to assert or deny something obliquely not for an answer.	154
14390157678	Ethos	The appeal of a text to the credibility and character of the speaker, writer, or narrator.	155
14390161316	Exaggeration	An overstatement.	156
14390162171	Example	An anecdote or a narrative offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point.	157
14390163961	Explication	To give a detailed explanation of something; analyze.	158
14390165399	Exordium	In ancient roman oratory, the introduction of a speech; literally, the "web" meant to draw the audience in the speech.	159
14390170339	Extended Analogy	An extended passage arguing that if two things are similar in one or two ways, they are probably similar in other ways as well.	160
14390173254	Fable	A narrative in which fictional characters, often animals, take actions that have ethical or moral significance.	161
14390177758	Figures of Rhetoric	Schemes--that is, variations from typical word or sentence formation--and tropes, which are variations from typical patterns of thought.	162
14390179861	Flashforward	A part of the plot that jumps ahead in time and returns to the present	163
14390180392	Hubris	Exaggerated pride or self-confidence; often brings about the downfall (pride, arrogance, etc.)	164
14390182060	Hamartia	Tragic flaw.	165
14390184227	Anastrophe/Hyperbaton	Unusual or inverted word order.	166
14390185530	Imagery	Language that evokes particular sensations or emotionally rich experiences in a reader.	167
14390187275	Implied Metaphor	A metaphor embedded in a sentence rather than expressed directly as a sentence.	168
14390190693	Jargon	The specialized vocabulary of a particular group.	169
14390191370	Limited Narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of one character or partial thinking of more than one character.	170
14390194431	Litotes	Understatement	171
14390195974	Lampoon	A harsh satire usually directed toward someone.	172
14390197363	Carpe diem	Seize the day	173
14390201864	Logic	The art of reasoning.	174
14390202531	Logos	The appeal of a text based on the logical structure of its argument or central ideas.	175
14390208249	Kenning	Two word renaming of a person or object.	176
14390208587	Mood	The feeling that a text is intended to produce in the audience.	177
14390209921	Motif	A reoccurring image within a work.	178
14390211071	Mock Epic	A long, humorous poem written in mock heroic style.	179
14390213457	Parable	Short story that often illustrates a moral or life lesson.	180
14390214568	Narrative	An anecdote or a story offered in support of a generalization, claim, or point. Also, a function in texts accomplished when the speaker or writer tells a story.	181
14390217293	Omniscient Narration	A narrative in which the reader or viewer has access to the unspoken thoughts of all the characters.	182
14390219471	Onomatopoeia	Words that create sounds.	183
14390220709	Parable	A usually short fictitious story that illustrates a moral attitude or a religious principle.	184
14390226075	Paradox	A statement that seems untrue on the surface but is true nevertheless.	185
14390230227	Paronomasia	To call with a slight change of name; a play on words.	186
14390232153	Pathos	The appeal of a text to the emotions or interests of the audience.	187
14390233744	Pathetic fallacy	Attributing human emotion or responses to nature, inanimate objects, or animals.	188
14390237733	Periphrasis	The substitution of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic.	189
14390247723	Persona	The character that a writer or speaker conveys to the audience; the plural is personae.	190
14390250678	Personification	The giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea.	191
14390252544	Persuasion	The changing of people's minds or actions by language.	192
14390256744	Petitio Principi	Begging of the question; disagreeing with premises or reasoning.	193
14390263607	Plot	Sequence of events in a story.	194
14390264621	Plot Devices	Elements of plot that operate to cause or resolve conflicts and to provide information.	195
14390266774	Poem	Louise Rosenblatt's term for the interpretive moment when reader and text connect.	196
14390267912	Polyptoton	Repetition of conjunctions in close repetition.	197
14390270855	Premise, major	The first premise in a syllogism. The major premise states an irrefutable generalization.	198
14390276303	Premise, minor	The second premise in a syllogism. The minor premise offers a particular instance of the generalization state in the major premise.	199
14390277074	Prosopopeia	The giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects.	200
14390278407	Pun	A play on words. Types of puns include antaclasis, words that sound alike but have different meanings; paranomasia, words alike in sound but different in meaning; and syllepsis, a word used differently in relation to two other words it governs or modifys.	201
14390284673	Purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve with the text. Also called aim and interior. In a dramatistic pentad created by a speaker or writer in order in invent material, the words the soeaker uses to describe the reason something happened or happens in a particular situation.	202
14396785511	Reader's Repertoire	The collection of predictions and revisions a person employs when reading a text.	203
14396789243	Recursive	Referring to the moving back and forth from invention to revision in the process of writing.	204
14396790974	Refutation	In ancient Roman oratory, the part of a speech in which the speaker would anticipate objections to the points being raised and counter them.	205
14396793768	Reliable Narrator	A believable and trustworthy commentator on events and characters in a story.	206
14396797011	Repetition	In a yext, repeated use of sounds, words, phrases, or clauses to emphasize meaning or achieve effect.	207
14396799184	Rhetor	The speaker who uses elements of rhetoric effectively in oral or written text.	208
14396807778	Rhetoric	The art of analyzing all the choices involving language that a writer, speaker, reader, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective; the specific features of texts written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation.	209
14396820931	Rhetorical Intention	Involvement and investment in and ownership of a piece of writing.	210
14396822234	Rhetorical Question	A question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it.	211
14396824098	Rhetorical Triangle	A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.	212
14396828386	Romance Language	A language that is derived from Latin.	213
14396828947	Round Character	A figure with complexity in action and personality.	214
14396831478	Sarcasm	The use of mockery or bitter irony.	215
14396833507	Slang	Informal language, often considered inappropriate for formal occasions and text.	216
14396835701	Soliloquoy	Dialogue in which a character speaks aloud to himself or herself.	217
14396837184	Speaker	The person delivering a speech, or the characters assumed to be speaking a poem.	218
14396838247	Static Character	A figure who remains the same from the beginning to the end of a narrative.	219
14396839361	Style	The choices that writers or speakers make in language for effect.	220
14396841019	Subject	One of the points on the Aristotelian or rhetorical triangle; the subject matter a writer or speaker is writing or speaking about.	221
14396844252	Subordinate Clause	A group of words that includes a subject and verb but that cannot stand on its own as a sentence; also called a dependent clause.	222

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AP Vocabulary 3 Flashcards

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11367835510	abstruse	difficult to understand; obscure	0
11367838083	affable	friendly, good-natured, easy to talk to	1
11367843563	audacity	rude boldness; nerve	2
11367850504	contrite	extremely apologetic, remorseful, repentant	3
11367853571	credulous	believing on slight evidence, gullible, too trusting	4
11367858931	depravity	moral corruption; wickedness; perverse	5
11367865010	deprecate	to express disapproval of	6
11367871045	didactic	instructive	7
11367873371	dormant	inactive; in a state of suspension; sleeping	8
11367876473	enigmatic	puzzling, perplexing, inexplicable, not easily understood	9
11367882071	erudite	scholarly, learned, bookish, pedantic	10
11367883913	exotic	foreign; charmingly unfamiliar or strikingly unusual	11
11367888564	fuse	to mix or to join	12
11367891401	immutable	not subject to change, constant	13
11367896942	incorrigible	not able to be corrected; beyond control	14
11367899356	loathe	feel intense dislike or disgust for	15
11367901684	mitigate	make less severe, serious, or painful	16
11367903830	nullify	to counter; make unimportant	17
11367914377	pacifist	one who is against war or the use of violence	18
11367923994	pretentious	pompous, self-important	19
11367928841	prologue	introductory remarks in a speech, play or literary work, introductory action	20
11367931446	recant	to withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract	21
11367934207	servile	submissive; slavish	22
11367937403	trepidation	fear	23
11367944115	vilify	to malign, to defame, to utter abusive statements against	24

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AP psychology Flashcards

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13930233521	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres, the body's ultimate control and info processing center	0
13930233522	frontal lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement	1
13930233523	parietal lobe	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position	2
13930233524	occipital lobe	A region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information	3
13930233525	temporal lobe	An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information	4
13930233526	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	5
13930233527	somatosensory cortex	area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	6
13930233528	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	7
13930233529	Plasticity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	8
13930233530	neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons	9
13930233531	lesion	tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue	10
13930233532	Neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	11
13930233533	cell body	contains nucleus	12
13930233534	Dendrites	a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	13
13930233535	Axon	the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands	14
13930233536	myelin sheath	a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next	15
13930233537	glial cells (glia)	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons: they also play a role in thinking and memory	16
13930233538	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	17
13930233539	threshold	the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse	18
13930233540	refactory period	The "recharging phase" when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential.	19
13930233541	all-or-none response	a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing.	20
13930233542	Synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	21
13930233543	Neurotransmitters	chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	22
13930233544	Reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	23
13930233545	Endorphins	"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.	24
13930233546	Agonist	a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action	25
13930233547	Antagonist	a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action	26
13930233548	EEG (electroencephalogram)	An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.	27
13930233549	MEG (magnetoencephalography)	technique that measures brain activity by detecting tiny magnetic fields generated by the brain	28
13930233550	CT (computed tomography) scan	a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called CAT scan.	29
13930233551	PET (positron emission tomography) scan	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task	30
13930233552	MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissue. MRI scans show brain anatomy.	31
13930233553	fMRI (functional MRI)	A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.	32
13930233554	Brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions	33
13930233555	Medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing	34
13930233556	thalamus	the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	35
13930233557	reticular formation	a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal	36
13930233558	Cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance	37
13930233559	limbic system	neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions and drives.	38
13930233560	Amygdala	two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.	39
13930233561	Hypothalamus	A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.	40
13930233562	Hippocampus	a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage	41
13930233563	unconditioned response	in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus	42

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AP Stats Project 2 Flashcards

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11467355580	Observational Study	A research method that observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses.	0
13526648788	Bias	A particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific.	1
11467355581	Experiment	A research method that deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals in order to observe their responses.	2
11467355582	Population	The entire group of individuals that statisticians want information about.	3
11467355583	Sample	The part of the population that statisticians actually examine in order to gather information.	4
11467358295	Census	A complete enumeration of a population.	5
11467358296	Sample Design	The design of a sample refers to the method used to choose the sample from the population.	6
11467361333	Voluntary Response Sample	Consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. Voluntary response samples are biased because people with strong opinions, especially negative opinions, are most likely to respond.	7
11467361334	Convenience Sampling	A common type of bad sample design in which the participants that are easiest to reach are chosen.	8
11467370670	Biased Sample Design	The design of a study is biased if it systematically favors certain outcomes.	9
11467374267	Simple Random Sample (SRS)	An example of good sample design, consists of n individuals from the population chosen in such a way that every set of n individuals has an equal chance to be the sample actually selected.	10
11467378074	Stratified Random Sample	A sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research.	11
11467378075	Undercoverage	Occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample.	12
11467380448	Nonresponse	Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or does not cooperate.	13
11467384153	Experimental Units	The individuals on which the experiment is done.	14
11467384154	Treatment	A specific experimental condition applied to the units.	15
11467384155	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	16
11467387272	Control Group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	17
11467387273	Control	A principal of experimental design, essential to mitigating the effects of lurking lurking variables on the response, most simply by comparing two or more treatments.	18
11467387274	Randomization	A principal of experimental design, used to assign experimental units to treatments.	19
11467390312	Replication	A principal of experimental design, is needed to reduce chance variation in the results.	20
11467390313	Statistically Significant	An observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance.	21

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AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

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15905001787	Manifest Destiny	A term coined by John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to express the idea that Euro-Americans were fated by God to settle the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.	0
15905001788	Californios	The elite Mexican ranchers in the province of California.	1
15905001789	"Fifty-four forty or fight"	Democratic candidate James K. Polk's slogan in the election of 1844 calling for the opening up of lands for American settlement in Texas and sovereignty over the entire Oregon Country.	2
15905001790	conscience Whigs	Whig politicians who opposed the Mexican War (1846-1848) on moral grounds, maintaining the the purpose of the war was to expand and perpetuate slavery. They feared that the addition of more slave states would ensure the South's control of the national government.	3
15905001791	Wilmot Proviso	1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico	4
15905001792	free-soil movement	A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers.	5
15905001793	squatter sovereignty	A plan promoted by Democratic candidate Senator Lewis Cass under which Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave.	6
15905001794	forty-niners	The more than 80,000 settlers who arrived in California in 1849 as part of that territory's gold rush.	7
15905001795	"slavery follows the flag"	The assertion by John C. Calhoun that planters could by right take their slave property into new territories.	8
15905001796	Compromise of 1850	Laws passed in 1850 that were meant to resolve the dispute over the status of slavery in the territories. Key elements include the admission of California as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Act.	9
15905001797	personal-liberty laws	Laws enacted in many northern states that guaranteed to all residents, including alleged fugitives, the right to a jury trial.	10
15905001798	Gadsden Purchase	A small slice of land (now part of Arizona and New Mexico) purchased by President Franklin Pierce in 1853 for the purpose of building a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to Los Angeles.	11
15905001799	Kansas-Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	12
15905001800	American, or Know-Nothing Party	A political party formed in 1851 that drew on the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic movements of the 1840s. In 1854, the party gained control of the state governments of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania.	13
15905001801	"Bleeding Kansas"	Term for the bloody struggle between proslavery and antislavery factions in Kansas following its organization as a territory in the fall of 1854.	14
15905001802	Dred Scott v. Sandford	The 1857 Supreme Court Decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The Court ruled against salve Dred Scott who claimed that travels with his master into free states and territories made him and his family free. The decision also denied the federal government the right to exclude slavery from the territories and declared that African Americans were not citizens.	15
15905001803	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property.	16