| 13567182407 | Columbian Exchange | "Triangle Trade: Widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, technology and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres in 15th-16th centuries, related to European colonization and trade after Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage. |  | 0 |
| 13567182408 | fur trade and converts to Catholicism--the French viewed them as potential economic and military allies | What were the French wanting from the American Indians? | | 1 |
| 13567182409 | Joint-Stock Companies | A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion, evidenced by his or her shares (certificates of ownership).[1]This allows for the unequal ownership of a business with some shareholders owning a bigger proportion of a company than others do. |  | 2 |
| 13567182410 | Encomienda System | A system in which the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives of a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes and pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development and maintenance of infrastructure. |  | 3 |
| 13567182411 | subjugate | to bring under complete control or subjection; conquer; master, enslave. |  | 4 |
| 13567182412 | Northwest Passage | The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago |  | 5 |
| 13567182413 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Regarded as the main initiator of what would be known as the Age of Discoveries, responsible for the early development of Portuguese exploration and maritime trade with other continents through the systematic exploration of Western Africa, the islands of the Atlantic Ocean, and the search for new routes. |  | 6 |
| 13567182414 | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain | Christopher Columbus' patrons; launched the Spanish Empire after hearing of his discoveries of a supposed water route to Asia. Established management precedents that cpaitalized on treasures discovered in the New World, served as a model for other European nations attempting similar exploits. |  | 7 |
| 13567182415 | Pope's Rebellion | An uprising of most of the indigenous Pueblo people against the Spanish colonizers in the province of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, present day New Mexico. Killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province |  | 8 |
| 13567182416 | Bartolome de las Casas | Dominican friar, priest and scholar that worked tirelessly throughout the sixteenth century, decrying the plight of the American Indians. He criticized Spain's brutal encomienda system and reported on the atrocities against native peoples. |  | 9 |
| 13567182417 | Protestant Reformation | Early 16th century writings by the priest and scholar Martin Luther, focusing primarily on biblical doctrines of grace, inspired this movement. Its key doctrine: each person having an individual calling and a Christian duty to work diligently at that calling for the Glory of God. This idea became a seminal attribute of American society through the influence of Dutch, English, Swedish, Germany and French Huguenot colonists. |  | 10 |
| 13567182418 | nation-state | The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. |  | 11 |
| 13567182419 | middlemen | In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. |  | 12 |
| 13567182420 | caravel | A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. |  | 13 |
| 13567182421 | conquistador | A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas. |  | 14 |
| 13567182422 | mestizo | A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. |  | 15 |
| 13567182423 | nationalism | Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state, leading to a belief in the superiority of one's culture over another. |  | 16 |
| 13567182424 | charter | A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. |  | 17 |
| 13567182425 | indentured servant | A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor. |  | 18 |
| 13567182426 | commonwealth | An organized civil government or social order. |  | 19 |
| 13567182427 | American Indians felt they owned the use of the land but not the land itself. They were caretakers for future generations. | How did American Indian culture view land ownership? | | 20 |
| 13567182428 | They established trade networks and communications over relatively large areas. | Describe American Indian cultures in relation to trade networks. | | 21 |
| 13567182429 | If American Indians had united they would have been stronger to fight against white encroachment. | How did the failure of American Indians to unite affect defending their lands against white encroachment? | | 22 |
| 13567182430 | There was frequent warfare between cultures; thus, when European arrived they took advantage of the disunion among tribes. | Prior to contact with Europeans, how did American Indian cultures interact with one another? | | 23 |
| 13567182431 | The exchange of food products between the Western Hemisphere and Europe was positive for both American and European diets. | What was the primary positive benefit of the Columbian Exchange? | | 24 |
| 13567182432 | American Indians had distinct societies with different economies and lifestyles. Lack of a written language or common spoken language contributed to isolated tribal identities. | Describe North American Indian societies and economies prior to European contact. | | 25 |
| 13567182433 | American Indians migrated westward. | How did American Indians commonly react to Europeans? | | 26 |
| 13567182434 | mestizos | What term refers to the children of Spanish men and American Indian women? | | 27 |
| 13567182435 | The European introduction of devastating epidemic diseases to American Indians. | What was the primary negative consequence of the Columbian Exchange? | | 28 |
| 13567182436 | The further northward Europeans went, the less they found--so they decided to concentrate on Central and South America. | Prior to 1600, why didn't the Spanish continue to explore northward into Canada? | | 29 |
| 13567182437 | racism | What was the main cause of the Spanish mistreating American Indians? | | 30 |
| 13567182438 | European diseases | What killed millions of American Indians and destabilized their societies? | | 31 |
| 13567182439 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Which treaty between Spain and Portugal created a Papal Line of Demarcation? | | 32 |
| 13567182440 | Divided the New World--east of the line belonged to Portugal; west of the line belonged to Spain. | What did the Treaty of Tordesillas do? | | 33 |
| 13567182441 | because of a labor shortage | Why did the Spanish use encomiendas? | | 34 |
| 13567182442 | It made the tribes of the Great Plains stronger and transformed daily life. | What was the impact of Europeans introducing horses to North America? | | 35 |
| 13567182443 | because so many American Indian slaves died | Why did the Spanish begin importing slaves to use as labor? | | 36 |
| 13567182444 | mulattos | What term refers to the children of Spanish men and African women? | | 37 |
| 13567182445 | St. Augustine, Florida | What was the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States? | | 38 |
| 13567182446 | The English didn't want a native workforce so they settled away from large native empires. | Compared to the Spanish settling in areas of large native populations, where did the English decide to settle? | | 39 |
| 13567182447 | Maroons | What term refers to Africans who escaped from slavery in the New World and established independent communities (many in the Caribbean and Brazil)? They kept their traditions and adapted to the New World. | | 40 |
| 13567182448 | kinship network | What was the Native American clan primarily based on? | | 41 |
| 13567182449 | sustainable agriculture technique of growing beans, squash, and maize | In the Native North American culture along the Eastern Seaboard, what did Three Sisters refer to? | | 42 |
| 13567182450 | Native indians lacked large draft animals to aid in transportation and agriculture. | In what way did pre-Columbian Mesoamerican and Central American civilizations most greatly contrast with European societies? | | 43 |
| 13567182451 | Europeans had better technology to change the landscape in a more aggressive manner. | In agricultural terms, how did Native Americans differ from their European counterparts? | | 44 |
| 13567182452 | After an economic boom, there was widespread inflation that caused a decline in Spanish power. | What was the long-term economic impact of the Spanish colonies on the mother country (Spain)? | | 45 |
| 13567182453 | English | Which European group (English, French, Spanish) viewed American Indian culture as savage and primative? | | 46 |
| 13567182454 | personal wealth | What did the Spanish conquistadores mainly want out of their exploration voyages? | | 47 |
| 13567182455 | It depended on how easily the Indians converted to Christianity. | What had the most significant effect on how well the Spanish treated the Indians? | | 48 |
| 13567182456 | hierarchical | Describe the Spanish social system. | | 49 |
| 13567182457 | the French maintained good relations | Compared to the Spaniards and the English, how did the French treat American Indians? | | 50 |
| 13567182458 | Amerigo Vespucci | An Italian explorer and cartographer. His 1499-1502 trip along the South American coast determined that the New World was a distinct continent from Asia. | | 51 |
| 13567182459 | Christopher Columbus | An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492. He was the first European to visit the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. | | 52 |
| 13567182460 | Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to circumnavigate (sail around the world). He died in battle in the Philippines in 1521, and command was transferred to Juan Sebastian Elcano. | | 53 |
| 13567182461 | Great League of Peace | Also called the Haudenosaunee. An alliance of the Iroquois tribes, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America. | | 54 |
| 13567182462 | Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547). Famous for intentionally destroying his own ships in order to force his men not to abandon their campaign. | | 55 |
| 13567182463 | Jacques Cartier | This Frenchman explored the coast of Canada and claimed it for the French. He cultivated a fur trade with American Indians. Dubbed the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and its surroundings as "the country of Canadas," a term derived from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word for village/settlement. | | 56 |
| 13567182464 | Jaun de Onate | A conquistador born in New Spain (modern day Mexico). Established the first permanent colonial settlement in what is the modern day American Southwest. Infamous for the 1599 Acoma Massacre, which saw over 800 American Indians killed. Later recalled to Spain and convicted for cruelty toward natives and colonists alike. | | 57 |
| 13567182465 | Jaun Ponce de Leon | Spanish explorer and conquistador who discovered and named Florida in 1513 while looking for the fountain of youth. | | 58 |
| 13567182466 | Repartmiento | Replaced the encomienda system. American Indians living in native villages were legally free. This system legally rendered indigenous slavery nonexistent; natives were allowed land, received pay for labor, and could not be bought and sold. However, they were still abused by Spanish authorities and working conditions could still be brutal. | | 59 |
| 13567182467 | Roanoke | Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. | | 60 |
| 13567182468 | Samuel de Champlain | French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635) Known as the farther of New France. Made the first accurate maps of what is modern day Eastern Canada. | | 61 |
| 13567182469 | Sir Walter Raleigh | An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony." | | 62 |
| 13567182470 | Spanish Requirement of 1513 | Spain asserted its divine right to conquer the New World, stating that its main concern was to rescue the natives from hedonism. | | 63 |
| 13567182471 | Three Sisters | Three staple crops, corn, beans, and squash favored by many native tribes in North America. Their collective name references their interdependence: the cornstalks provided a structure for the beans to grow up, and the squash held moisture in the soil for all three. | | 64 |
| 13567182472 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring the Isthmus of Panama. | | 65 |
| 13567182473 | Virginia Company | Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. The Charter guarantees new colonists same rights as people back in England. Chartered in 1606 by King James I in order to settle the North American eastern coastline. | | 66 |
