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Language AP Flashcards

15930864178	how many languages in the world	7000	0
15930864179	what are of the world holds most languages?	sub-saharan africa	1
15930864180	how many languages are spoken by at least 100 million people?	10	2
15930864181	how are languages created	language divergence and convergence	3
15930864182	Examples of dead language	latin, Phoenician	4
15930864183	why are languages disappearing at an accelerated rate?	globalization	5
15930864184	hierarchy of language classification	family has branches branch have groups groups have language language has dialects dialect has accents	6
15930864185	dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.	7
15930864186	social dialects	can denote social class and standings	8
15930864187	vernacular dialects	the common, slang, speech of a region	9
15930864188	accent	how a language is pronounced	10
15930864189	how many language families are there	19	11
15930864190	what are the major six?	indo-european sino-tibetan afro-asiatic niger-congo dravidian Austraneseian	12
15930864191	how many people speak at Indo-European language	1.5 billion	13
15930864192	what language family is spoken most widely? by how many people (not only native speakers)	Indo-European 50% of world speaker	14
15930864193	Where did Indo-European language originate?	Proto-Indo-Europeans 6000 - 4500 BCE	15
15930864194	main branches	germanic, romance, baltic-slavic, Indo-Iranian	16
15930864195	Germanic	Dutch German English	17
15930864196	Romance	Spanish french italian	18
15930864197	baltic-slavic	russian polish czech	19
15930864198	Indo-Iranian	Urdu Hindu Bengali	20
15930864199	How many countries is English the official language?	42 countries	21
15930864200	why is english so widely spoken	diffusion throughout the world of years of British colonialism	22
15930864201	how did english develop	celtic tribes germanic tribes Anglo conversion to christianity	23
15930864202	what language are Romance languages based upon	Indo-European	24
15930864203	what widely spoken language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan family	Sinitic (mandarin, 1,075) Tibeto-Burman (burmese 32)	25
15930864204	popular language belongs to Afro-Asiatic	Arabic	26
15930864205	revival language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family	Hebrew	27
15930864206	most prominent language of the Niger-Congo family	Swanili	28
15930864207	polyglot state	countries in which more than one language is spoken	29
15930864208	monolingual	speakers of only one language	30
15930864209	does the united states have an official language	no	31
15930864210	how many official languages in Canada?	2	32
15930864211	how many official languages in Nigeria	1	33
15930864212	how many official languages in Switzerland	4	34
15930864213	how many official languages in India	16	35
15930864214	Six official languagees of the United Nations	english mandarin-chinese russian french spanish arabic	36
15930864215	toponym	place name	37
15931215475	language	organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with one another	38
15931215476	lingua france	when multiple languages are spoken in one region, one will be used to communicate or conduct trade ( english, french, Swahili)	39
15931215477	first language	prototongue	40
15931215478	language divergence	speakers of some language scatter and and develop variations of language	41
15931215479	language convergence	two languages become one	42
15931215480	reverse reconsturction	common words for an animal, particularly an econ fr animal and track back to organ of place where animal existed	43
15931215481	why do we use reverse reconstruction	to trace the origins of langauge	44
15931215482	language replacement	when a dominating language replaces another language	45
15931215483	Language Extinction	language is no longer used by people	46
15931215484	language revival	people are trying to preserve logan diversity in language (ainu in japan)	47
15931215485	what is unique about Basque	language is isolated and has no connections to any other lamgauge	48
15931215486	isolated language	a language that is not related to any other language and this not connected to any language families	49
15931215487	native language	lamgauge is first language spoken	50
15931215488	Creole language	a language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with an indigenous language and survives long enough to become a mother tongue	51
15931215489	english family, branch, group, language, dialects, accents	indo european, germanic branch, west germanic, english, american, boston	52
15931215490	pidgin language	a form of speech that adopts simplified vocab from a dominating group used for communication between speakers of two different languages	53
15931215491	why's english adopted as the official language in nigeria	to communicate with others	54
15931215492	BRP	British Received Pronunciation	55
15931215493	most widely spoken language in india	Hindi, indo european	56
15931215494	ideograms	pictures that represent concepts rather than sounds ( chinese, japanese)	57
15931215495	official langauge	declared to be the language used in legal and government proceedings	58
15931215496	phonetic symbols	letters used to represent sounds, not ideas	59
15969190164	race	based on superficial biological characteristics	60
15969190165	examples of centripetal forces	nationalism, common culture religion, language, ethnicity, the dominant city, symbols like flags and songs, sporting events, compact states ( france)	61
15969190166	centripetal force	forces that unify a state	62
15969190167	ethnicity	defined by shared culture traits. based on linkage to ancestral homeland and shared history	63
15969190168	genocide	when an ethnic or racial group tries to kill another racial or ethnic group ( Rohingya refugee crisis)	64
15969190169	culture	based on charmed social characteristics ( religion, language, social, organization, economics, customize and traditions, government	65
15969190170	ethnic cleansing	process in which a racial or ethnic group the times to expel another group	66
15969190171	state	a sovereign stare that is over whelmingly dominated by one ethnic city or nationality	67
15969190172	nationality	term encompassing all the citizens of a state. aka country	68
15969190173	2 definition of nationality	identify a group of people who occupy a specific territory and are bound together by a shared ethnicity	69
15969190174	when was the classification system of race developed	europe 18th century, caucasians, mongoloids, blacks	70
15969190175	1 definition of nationality	a term that encompasses all the citizens of a state	71
15969190176	largest race in america, 2, 3	white, black/african, asian	72
15969190177	ethnocentrism	believe your cultural identity to be superior to others	73
15969190178	largest concentration of african americans locates in america	southeast	74
15969190179	largest concentration of asians located in america	west ( california)	75
15969190180	largest concentration of native americans located in america	arizona, alaska	76
15969190181	favela	poor ethnic neighborhood ( brazil)	77
15969190182	barrio	neighborhood, indicates slums in venezuela	78
15969190183	difference between race and ethnicity	race is based on biological features, ethnic groups are culture traits	79
15969190184	ghetto	religion in which an ethnic minority live because of economic, legal or government pressures	80
15969190185	is hispanics a race or ethnic group	ethnic group	81
15969190186	ethnic enclave	where an ethnic minority is concentrated and surrounded by another group	82
15969190187	general clusters of hispanics in america	southwest, south east of florida, northeast	83
15969190188	nationalism	loyalty and devotion to a nationally a.k.a. patriotism	84
15969190189	Why are centripetal forces vital to nationalism?	they unify states	85
15969190190	common centripetal forces seen in the us	american football	86
15969190191	centrifugal force	forces that divide a state	87
15969190192	examples of centrifugal forces	multiple languages, religions, ethnicity. Excessive immigration to create aheterogeneous society. Income display. elongated or fragmented state	88

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AP Biology Unit 2 Flashcards

Includes Unit 2 information, along with Unit 1 info.

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15597939918	active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	0
15597939919	Bacillus	Rod shaped bacteria	1
15597939920	carrier proteins	a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane	2
15597939921	cell recognition proteins	Glycoproteins in the plasma membrane that identify self and help the body defend itself against pathogens.	3
15597939922	cell wall	A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.	4
15597939923	channel proteins	provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane	5
15597939924	Cholesterol	A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. Stiffens cell membrane.	6
15597939925	concentration gradient	A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance.	7
15597939926	Diffusion	Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.	8
15597939927	Endocytosis	process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane	9
15597939928	Exocytosis	a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane.	10
15597939929	facilitated transport	a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins	11
15597939930	fluid mosaic model	model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane	12
15597939931	gap junctions	Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions.	13
15597939932	Glycoproteins	Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins. Antibodies.	14
15597939933	hypertonic solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution	15
15597939934	isotonic solution	A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution	16
15597939935	Osmosis	Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane	17
15597939936	osmotic pressure	pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane	18
15597939937	Phagocytosis	process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell	19
15597939938	Pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.	20
15597939939	Plasmolysis	This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact.	21
15597939940	receptor proteins	Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells.	22
15597939941	selectively permeable	a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot	23
15597939942	sodium-potassium pump	A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell.	24
15597939943	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	25
15597939944	Solution	A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.	26
15597939945	Solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances	27
15597939946	turgor pressure	the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell	28
15597939947	hypotonic environment	The contractile vacuole of a paramecium should be active when the paramecium is in	29
15597953971	Characteristics of life	movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, circulation of energy	30
15597953972	Organization of life	subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere	31
15597953973	emergent properties	New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.	32
15597953974	Classes of Taxonomy	Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species	33
15597953975	3 domains	Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya	34
15597953976	How are species named?	binomial nomenclature	35
15597954037	Genus Species		36
15597953977	cladogram/phylogenetic tree	a branching tree depicting evolutionary relationships among organisms	37
15597953978	independent variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	38
15597953979	dependent variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	39
15597953980	How to avoid confirmation bias	Encourage and carefully consider critical views on the working hypothesis. Ensure that all stakeholders examine the primary data. Do not rely on analysis and summary from a single individual. Design experiments to actually test the hypothesis.	40
15597953981	How is inductive reasoning part of the scientific method?	Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories.	41
15597953982	How is deductive reasoning part of the scientific method?	Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations.	42
15597953983	Occam's Razor	Simpler explanations are more likely to be true than complex ones.	43
15597953984	anecdotal evidence	Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences.	44
15597953985	Steps of the Scientific Method	Ask a Question	45
15597954038	Do Background Research		46
15597954039	Construct a Hypothesis		47
15597954040	Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment		48
15597954041	Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion		49
15597954042	Communicate Your Results		50
15597953986	scientific theory	a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results	51
15597953987	scientific law	A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions. Inductive Reasoning.	52
15597953988	Science "prove" bad	Theory's can be disproved	53
15597953989	Limitations of Science	Restricted to those things that can be logically tested and falsified.	54
15597954043	More than one hypothesis can predict the same outcome of a test.		55
15597954044	Results can be interpreted in different ways, leading to different conclusions.		56
15597954045	Hypotheses constantly being reevaluated and modified as more results and information are gained.		57
15597953990	What subjects are outside the realm of science?	Religion	58
15597954046	Aesthetics		59
15597953991	Falsifiability	a feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong	60
15597953992	natural causality	the scientific principle that natural events occur as a result of preceding natural causes	61
15597953993	atomic mass	The average mass of all the isotopes of an element	62
15597953994	atomic number	the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom	63
15597953995	isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	64
15597953996	Properties of Carbon	Carbon has 4 valence electrons = 4 bonds	65
15597954047	Can form long chains		66
15597954048	Makes organic compounds when bonded with hydrogen		67
15597953997	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	68
15597953998	ionic bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	69
15597953999	Properties of water	cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense than liquid, specific heat	70
15597954049	high polarity->hydrogen bonding-> cohesiveness-> adhesiveness ->high specific heat->high latent heat and High heat of vaporization		71
15597954000	heat capacity	the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree.	72
15597954001	Vaporization	The change of state from a liquid to a gas	73
15597954002	Solvent	In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves.	74
15597954003	Cohesion	Attraction between molecules of the same substance	75
15597954004	Adhesian	attraction between molecules of different substances	76
15597954005	surface tension	the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid	77
15597954050	the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface		78
15597954006	Density	Mass per unit volume	79
15597954051	the degree of compactness of a substance.		80
15597954007	carbon atoms	can form single, double & triple bonds;these organic compounds can have different shapes/patterns	81
15597954008	carbon chains	carbon easily bonds with carbon.	82
15597954009	functional groups	A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.	83
15597954052	the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions		84
15597954010	isomer	Compounds with the same formula but different structures.	85
15597954011	dehydration synthesis	A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.	86
15597954012	hydrolysis	A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water.	87
15597954013	Hydrophobic	Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.	88
15597954014	Hydrophilic	Attracted to water	89
15597954015	Carbohydrate monomer	monosaccharide	90
15597954016	Lipid monomer	glycerol and fatty acids	91
15597954017	Protein monomer	amino acids	92
15597954018	nucleic acid monomer	nucleotide	93
15597954019	Carbohydrates	the starches and sugars present in foods	94
15597954020	Carbohydrate function	immediate energy source	95
15597954021	Lipid function	long term energy storage	96
15597954022	protein functions	structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances	97
15597954023	nucleic acid function+location	Located in the nucleus of cells, contains genetic information which describes the order of amino acids when making proteins.	98
15597954024	induced fit model	Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)	99
15597954025	substrate	reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction	100
15597954026	active site	a region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate during a reaction.	101
15597954027	enzyme temperature and pH	enzymes need the right temperature and pH to function. if the temperature is too high, or the pH is too acidic or alkaline, the enzyme will denature	102
15597954028	synthesis reaction	a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound	103
15597954029	Degradation reaction	the substrate is broken down to the products	104
15597954030	Enzymatic Speed	The rate of a reaction is the amount of product produced per unit time.	105
15597954031	competitive inhibition	substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site	106
15597954032	noncompetitive inhibition	inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind	107
15597954033	Enzyme reaction rates are affected by	1. Shape- "Lock and Key Model" if it is the wrong shape it will not work.	108
15597954053	2. Temperature- each enzyme works best at a specific temperature		109
15597954054	3. pH-- each enzyme works best at a specific pH		110
15597954034	enzyme catalysis rate	Tested by measuring the amount of substrate left, or product contained.	111
15597954035	Catalase	An enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of cell respiration	112
15598072127	Cell Membrane	Regulates exchange, creates a barrier, communication & Identification	113
15598079632	water potential	The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure.	114
15598083073	Phospholipids	A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.	115
15598088776	Glycolipids	signal molecules	116
15598100121	Transpiration	the process by which water evaporates from a plant's leaves	117
15598113883	Phospholipid Membrane	has charged molecules, and water may cross.	118
15598137679	passive transport	Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient	119
15598141680	facilitated diffusion	Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels using passive transport.	120
15598147771	cellular respiration	A lot of metabolic reactions net gain of 36 ATP The three stages are Glycolysis > Krebs cycle > ETC	121
15598156199	enzymatic proteins	carry out metabolic reactions directly	122
15598316702	Glycolysis	The first stage of cellular respiration, splits glucose, and has a net gain of 2 ATP.	123
15598415241	Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)	The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. In the Krebs Cycle, each of the two acetyl coenzyme A molecules enter the cycle and combine with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which then loses two carbons as carbon dioxide. The cycle is now ready to begin again with the second Acetyl CoA. For each Acetyl CoA, the Krebs Cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. Requires Oxygen, without oxygen fermentation happens in the cytoplasm, which is much less effective.	124
15598482014	ETC	electron transport chain 32-24 ATP per glucose, and 6 water formed.	125
15598487697	sodium-potassium pump	A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients. Three sodium removed, and two potassium added.	126
15605239401	contractile vacuole	The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell, it is found in freshwater microorganisms.	127

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AP US History - Acts & Laws Flashcards

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13857759351	Toleration Act 1649	the colony of Maryland "professing to believe" in Jesus Christ. Purpose was to ensure toleration for Catholics in Maryland.	0
13857759352	Navigation Acts 1650-1673	Series of acts to enforce mercantilist policy in the colonies. All trade was to be carried on English ships (or colonial ships with English crews). Imports to the colonies were required to go through English ports. Certain colonial goods were to be sold only to England (tobacco originally, expanded later).	1
13857759353	Proclamation Act 1763	Made at the end of the French & Indian War. Prohibited the settlement of British settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains. Goal was to restrict settlement until peace negotiations with Indians could be completed. Colonists were upset because it restricted their freedom.	2
13857759354	Sugar Act 1764	(Revenue Act) Purpose was to raise revenue. Duties were placed on sugar and molasses imported into the North American colonies from the West Indies.	3
13857759355	Quartering Act 1765	Required colonists to provide food and living quarters for British troops.	4
13857759356	Stamp Act 1765	Required all legal documents, licenses, commercial contracts, newspapers, pamphlets, and playing cards to carry a tax stamp. These items had long been taxed at a higher rate in England. This was the first direct tax to be paid by buyers in the colonies.	5
13857759357	Declaratory Act 1766	Passed at the same time the Stamp Act was repealed. Proclaimed that Parliament had a right to tax and make colonial laws "in all cases whatsoever."	6
13857759358	Townshend Acts 1767	Called for the suspension of the New York Assembly for defiance of the Quartering Act. Placed import duties on tea, glass, and paper. Revenue raised was to be used to pay crown officials, who were independence of the colonial government.	7
13857759359	Intolerable Acts 1774	(Coercive Acts) Reaction to Boston Tea Party. Many laws passed at the same time. The port of Boston was closed. Reduced the power of Massachusetts legislature. Royal officials were to be tried in England. Expanded the Quartering Act. Led to the call for the First Continental Congress.	8
13857759360	Land Ordinance Act 1785	Provided for the surveying of western territories into six-square-mile townships before sale. Townships were to be subdivided into 36 sections of 640 acres each.	9
13857759361	Northwest Ordinance 1787	Set the rules for achieving territorial status and then statehood. Outlawed slavery in the Old Northwest.	10
13857759362	Hamilton's Financial Program 1790	Proposed the federal assumption of state debts and the establishment of a national bank. Included an extensive program for the federal stimulation of industrial development through subsidies and tax incentives. Funding came from an excise tax on whiskey and from tariffs on imports.	11
13857759363	Alien & Sedition Acts 1798	: raised new hurdles in the path of immigrants trying to obtain citizenship - to become a citizen one now had to live in the country for 14 years instead of 5. broadened the powers of the Adams administration to muzzle newspaper critics.	12
13857759364	embargo act 1807	prohibited US merchant vessels from anchoring at any foreign port; jefferson hoped this would hurt british/french economies, he was WRONG; most damage inflicted on new england merchants; harsh enforcement laws were passed to uphold it	13
13857759365	non-intercourse act 1809	passed in last days of jeffersons presidency; replaced embargo act; allowed US to trade with foreign nations except britain & france	14
13857759366	tariff of 1816	created to prevent cheap british goods from flooding the market/hurting manufacturing; imposed 20% duty on all imported goods	15
13857759367	Missouri Compromise 1820	: Henry Clay proposed that the Louisiana Purchase be divided at 36°30' - the north for non-slave states and the south for slave states. Meanwhile, Missouri would become a slave state and Maine a free state, thus balancing representation in the Senate.	16
13857759368	Tariff of Abominations 1828	: Increased the import tariff to levels deemed intolerable by the South, which relied on foreign trade.	17
13857759369	indian removal act 1830	provided for immediate resettlement of indians in MS, AL, FL, GA, & IL; these were "civilized" tribes; by 1835 100,000 were forcibly removed	18
13857759370	Compromise Tariff	: Henry Clay's compromise tariff provided a gradual reduction of rates over time to 1816 levels and was accompanied by the Force Bill.	19
13857759371	wilmot proviso- vetoed	aimed to forbid slavery in the new land acquired from the war with mexico; bill passed through the house but not senate	20
13857759372	specie circular	this issuance of jackson required the payment of federal lands to be made in hard coin (specie) rather than banknotes; caused paper money's value to drop, leading to the panic of 1837	21
13857759373	fugitive slave law 1850	designed to re-enslave those slaves who had made it to freedom; law denied legal rights to captured blacks & sentenced whites who harbored fugitives to heavy fines or jail time	22
13857759374	Compromise of 1850	Compromise over admission of states from the Mexican Cession. California became a free state, the slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C., the Fugitive Slave Act was passed, and the territories of new Mexico and Utah were established on the basis of popular sovereignty, which would allow the people in the territory to decide if the territory should be slave or free.	23
13857759375	Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854	: Turned lands west of Missouri and Iowa into the Kansas and Nebraska territories. The slavery issue in the new territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty. This overturned the Missouri Compromise.	24
13857759376	Homestead Act 1862	: Declared that any head of a family who was a U.S. citizen could acquire 160 acres of land in new territories by paying a small registration fee and living on the land for 5 years.	25
13857759377	Pacific Railway Act 1862	: Authorized land subsidies and money subsidies for the construction of a transcontinental railroad.	26
13857759378	morril land grant 1862	gave federal lands to states for the purpose of building schools that would teach agriculture & technical trades	27
13857759379	Wade-Davis Bill 1864	: Said that a majority of those who had been alive to vote in 1860 would have to swear an "ironclad" oath that they were loyal to the federal government, and had never been disloyal. Lincoln vetoed the bill.	28
13857759380	civil rights bill 1866	designed to destroy black codes by giving blacks full citizenship; johnson vetoed it, but congress overturned that	29
13857759381	reconstructive act 1867	act placing Southern states under military rule and barring former supporters of the Confederacy from voting. split south into 5 military districts	30
13857759382	chinese exclusion acts 1882	, halted Chinese immigration to America; Started when people of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers;	31
13857759383	Pendleton Act 1883	: Provided the President a way to determine the fitness of applicants for office by way of a competitive exam.	32
13857759384	Interstate Commerce Act 1887	: Provided for the creation of a commission to oversee rates on railways, end discriminatory practices, and require annual reports and financial statements.	33
13857759385	dawes act 1887	stripped indian tribes of their official recognition & land rights; would give individual indian families land/citizenship in 25 years if they behaved	34
13857759386	Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890	: Made to prevent corporations from engaging in monopolistic practices that were seen as "combination in restraint of trade." Used to shut down several businesses. Found unconstitutional in the case of E.C. Knight vs. United States.	35
13857759387	McKinley Tariff 1890	: This protective tariff promised by the Republicans in 1888 extended to industrial and agricultural goods. The act also included reciprocal trade provisions that allowed the President to retaliate against nations that discriminated against U.S. products and reward countries that opened their markets to American goods.	36
13857759388	underwood tariff 1913	imposed the first permanent federal income tax on the well-to-do	37
13857759389	federal trade commission 1914	created to control monopolies; would monitor interstate business activities & force companies that broke laws to comply with cease & desist orders	38
13857759390	Clayton Antitrust Act 1914	: Strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act, was more specific as to what actions constituted a "trust". Samuel Gompers called the act the "Magna Carta of organized labor" because it removed the restrictions on labor unions put into place by the Sherman Antitrust Act.	39
13857759391	Espionage Act 1917	: Provided severe penalties for persons found guilty of aiding the enemy or refusal to serve in the US Military. Charles Schenck's violation of this law was the subject of the 1919 case of Schenck vs US.	40
13857759392	Volstead Act 1919	: Provided for the enforcement of the 18th Amendment (Prohibition).	41
13857759393	dawes plan 1924	this loan program was crafted to give money to germany so that they could pay war reparations & lessen the financial crisis in europe; the program ended with the 1929 stock market crash	42
13857759394	national origins act 1924	Set quotas for each country at 2 % of the number of people from that country living in the U.S. in 1890. The goal was to reduce immigration from certain countries.	43
13857759395	Hawley-Smoot Tariff 1930	: Shaarp increase of tariff rates on more than 20,000 imported goods. President Hoover thought that this would alleviate the pains of the Great Depression	44
13857759396	Reconstruction Finance Corporation 1932	: An attempt by Herbert Hoover to address the problems of the Great Depression by giving billions of dollars in loans to banks and businesses. The act was criticized because it did not give direct relief to the poor. Tariff with sinking the U.S. deeper into the Depression.	45
13857759397	emergency banking act 1933	this act reopened solvent banks while the others were absorbed into the government	46
13857759398	fair labor standards act 1938	this act established a federal minimum wage & maximum hour for interstate businesses & ensured an end to child labor	47
13857759399	neutrality act 1939	this act proclaimed US neutrality in name only; the US provided weapons to european allies on a cash-and-carry basis	48
13857759400	Lend-Lease Act 1941	: Enabled any country whose defense is deemed necessary to the nation to acquire arms and other war supplies from the US. This arrangement to help the UK during the Battle of Britain followed the earlier "Cash and Carry" and "Destroyers for Bases" programs.	49
13857759401	executive order 9066 1942	sent japanese-americans to internment camps, ave them 48 hours to pack & leave; the government paid them $20,00 in 1988 as an apology	50
13857759402	GI bill 1944	congress passed this bill (aka the servicemen's readjustment act) to provide funding for college education & gave loans to buy houses/start businesses; helped create a career & provide home for the 15 million soldiers returnin from war	51
13857759403	Taft-Hartley Act 1947	: Passed over Truman's veto, this act heavily restricted the actions of Unions including banning the "closed shop" and forbidding union contributions to political campaigns. Allowed the federal government to apply for injunctions to stop strikes.	52
13857759404	National Security Act 1947	: Combined all military departments into a single department, Defense. James Forrestal was the first Secretary of Defense.	53
13857759405	marshall plan 1947	truman's secretary of state created this plan to give west europe financial assistance & political support for rebuilding democratic forms of government; congress approved this plan, which would supply $3 bil in aid over a 4 year period; this plan worked extremely well for west europe & by the end of the era the region was self-sufficient	54
13857759406	national highway act 1956	this act created the nation's interstate freeway system; it improved the US's infrastructure, provided for quick evacuation of large urban centers, emergency landing of planes, and the transport of missiles	55
13857759407	civil rights bill 1957	this bill hoped to ensure that blacks would be able to vote by supporting new division within the federal justice department to monitor civil rights abuses; by the time the bill was enacted, it had been watered down & had barely any impact	56
13857759408	Civil Rights Act 1964	: Among other provisions, it outlawed discrimination in employment on the basis of race, religion, or sex. It created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate claims of discrimination.	57
13857759409	Voting Rights Act 1965	: Eliminated literacy and other tests as requirements for voting.	58
13857759410	Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act 1985	: Required Congress to balance the budget.	59
13857759411	McCain-Feingold Act 2002	: Regulates campaign financing. Specifically, it targets "soft money" contributions and "issue ads" not financed by a specific candidate.	60
13857759412	13th amendment	1865 Abolition of slavery (involuntary servitude). Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.	61
13857759413	14th amendment	1868 Citizenship given to ex-slaves. Three-fifths clause abolished. Leading ex-Confederates denied office. Ex-Confederates forced to repudiate their debts and pay pensions to their own (CSA) veterans, plus taxes for the pensions of Union veterans. Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.	62
13857759414	15th amendment	1870 Suffrage given to black males. Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.	63
13857759415	16th amendment	1913 Income tax established.	64
13857759416	17th amendment	1913 Direct election of senators by popular vote.	65
13857759417	24th amendment	1964 Poll tax abolished. Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.	66
13857759418	19th amendment	1920 Woman suffrage.	67

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Thermodynamics, AP Test Review Flashcards

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13464980023	Transfer of heat through movement of gases	What is convection?	0
13464980024	Transfer of heat though direct contact	What is conduction?	1
13464985067	Transfer of heat through the sending of EM waves	What is radiation?	2
13464957358	Isobaric	What is this thermodynamic process?	3
13465014149	Isochoric	What is this thermodynamic process?	4
13465020164	Isothermal	What is this thermodynamic process?	5
13465060763	Adiabatic	What is this thermodynamic process?	6
13565597662	200	How much work, in J, is done on this gas?	7
13566298612	-	A system preforms work on its surroundings. Is the sign of W + or -?	8
13566302771	+	A system receives heat from the surroundings. Is the sign of Q + or - ?	9
13566478073	250	A heat engine has an efficiency of 0.67 and a hot temperature of 757 K. What is the cold temperature, in K?	10
13566695619	Decrease	The entropy of the universe can never ______________	11
13566712890	Less	The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always ________ than the efficiency of a similar, but reversible heat engine.	12
13566737632	300	A container of gas can be heated using process 300 and process 200. Which process exerts more work on the surroundings?	13
13566797980	250	Which gas has a higher temperature, gas 275 or gas 250?	14

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AP Literature Tone Words 3 2019-2020 Flashcards

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14872903050	pedantic	Excessively scholarly or bookish, ostentatious about one's learning	0
14872903051	pensive	Dreamily thoughtful, usually marked by some sadness	1
14872903052	pessimistic	Expecting the worst, having a negative outlook	2
14872903053	petulant	Unreasonably ill tempered, peevish	3
14872903054	philosophical	Calm and stoical in the face of difficulty or disappointment	4
14872903055	poignant	Profoundly moving, evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret	5
14872903056	pompous	Self-important	6
14872903057	pretentious	Attempting to impress, full of pretense	7
14872903058	reflective	Thoughtful, deliberating, meditative	8
14872903059	reverent	Showing or feeling all, respect or veneration	9
14872903060	ribald	Coarsely mocking, vulgar, lewd	10
14872903061	saccharine	Overly sweet or sentimental calm, cloying	11
14872903062	sanguine	Cheerfully optimistic, confident, hopeful	12
14872903063	sarcastic	Cutting, mockery, intended to wound	13
14872903064	sardonic	Scornfully mocking, disdainfully humorous, skeptical, sarcastic	14
14872903065	sentimental	Swayed by feeling, excessively emotional, controlled by feeling rather than thought	15
14872903066	solemn	Deeply earnest, marked by ceremony or ritual	16
14872903067	somber	Dismal, gloomy, dark, dull	17
14872903068	vituperative	Harshly and abusively censorious, condemnatory	18
14872903069	whimsical	Fanciful, unpredictable, subject to change and whim	19
14872903070	wry	Dryly humorous, ironic and amusing	20

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AP World History Chapter 4 Flashcards

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10677494382	Founder of Legalism	Han Fei	0
10677494383	Time of Legalism	475 B.C.E	1
10677494384	Place of Legalism	China	2
10677494385	Founder of Confucianism	Confucius	3
10677494386	Time of Confucianism	6th century B.C.E	4
10677494387	Place of Confucianism	China	5
10677494388	Important text(s) of Confucianism	Analects	6
10677494389	Founder of Daoism	Laozi	7
10677494390	Time of Daoism	6th-3rd century B.C.E	8
10677494391	Place of Daoism	China	9
10677494392	Important text(s) of Daoism	Daodejing	10
10677494393	Founder of Hinduism	Anonymous	11
10677494394	Time of Hinduism	800-400 B.C.E	12
10677494395	Place of Hinduism	India	13
10677494396	Important text(s) of Hinduism	Bhagavad Gita	14
10677494397	Founder of Buddhism	Siddhartha Gautama	15
10677494398	Time of Buddhism	6th century B.C.E	16
10677494399	Place of Buddhism	India	17
10677494400	Founder of Zoroastrianism	Zoroaster	18
10677494401	Time of Zoroastrianism	7th century B.C.E	19
10677494402	Place of Zoroastrianism	Persia	20
10677494403	Founders of Judaism	Hebrew phrophets	21
10677494404	Time of Judaism	9th-6th century B.C.E	22
10677494405	Place of Judaism	Eastern Mediterranean, Palestine, and Isreal	23
10677494406	Important text(s) of Judaism	The old testament	24
10677494407	Founders of Greek Philosophy	Socrates, Plato, Aristotle	25
10677494408	Time of Greek Philosophy	5th-4th centuries B.C.E	26
10677494409	Place of Greek Philosophy	Greece	27
10677494410	Filial piety	(Confucianism) the honoring of one's parents and ancestors	28
10677494411	ren	(Confucianism) human morale and sympathy	29
10677494412	wen	(Confucianism) fineness in logic, education, literacy, and art	30
10677494413	wu	(Confucianism) ability to gain physical and martial achievements	31
10677494414	Dao	the laws behind natural phenomenons	32
10677494415	yin and yang	(Daoism) a symbol that represents the unity and harmony of opposites	33
10677494416	Brahman	(Hinduism) The world soul, the birth of all the other gods	34
10677494417	Atman	(Hinduism) Each person's unique soul	35
10677494418	Moksha	(Hinduism) Release from our illusionary life to become one with the universe	36
10677494419	Samsara	(Hinduism) reincarnation	37
10677494420	Karma	(Hinduism) One's actions resulting in their shift from body to body	38
10677494421	The laws of Manu	(Hinduism) Laws that reinforced gender inequality	39
10677494422	Nirvana	(Buddhism) a state of enlightenment in which all wrong ideas and feelings are put out	40
10677494423	Theravada Buddhism	A branch of Buddhism who believed that Buddha was a great teacher	41
10677494424	Mahayana Buddhism	A branch of Buddhism who believed that Buddha was a god	42
10677494425	Bodhisattvas	(Buddhism) Spiritually developed people who stayed in this life to help other reach nirvana.	43
10677494426	Ahura Mazda	The benevolent god of the Persians who ruled with righteousness	44
10677494427	Angra Mainyu	The antagonist of Ahura Mazda	45
10677494428	Yahweh	The jealous and powerful Jewish God	46
10677494429	Rationalism	(Greek) The greek ways of understanding the world through reason, logic, and observations	47
10677494430	Main ideas of Legalism	Heavy punishments/Promoted farmers and soldiers	48
10677494431	Main ideas of Confucianism	Superiors and inferiors/Superiors were to be role models/Emphasis on education/Inequality	49
10677494432	Main ideas of Daoism	Education is worthless/Oneness with nature/Encouraged withdrawal	50
10677494433	Main ideas of Hinduism	Patriarchal/End goal was Moksha/Caste system/Reincarnation	51
10677494434	Main ideas of Buddhism	Suffering/Reincarnation/Caste and gender inequality/Bodhisattvas	52
10677494435	Main ideas of Zoroastrianism	Monotheistic/Savior/Day of judgement	53
10677494436	Main ideas of Judaism	Monotheistic/treaty with God	54
10677494437	Main idea of Greek Philosophy	Wisdom/Science/Rational beliefs	55

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Rhetorical Devices - AP Language & Composition Flashcards

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13835603484	ethos	appealing to credibility or character usually through building trust	0
13835603485	pathos	appealing to emotions usually by focusing on values or beliefs	1
13835603486	logos	appealing to common sense or logical reasoning usually by using data or statistics	2
13835603487	kairos	the timelinness of an argument in order for it to be successful	3
13835603488	rhetorical analysis	an essay that breaks a work of non-fiction into parts and then explains how the parts work together to create a certain effect—whether to persuade, entertain or inform	4
13835603489	audience	a particular group at which a film, book, advertising campaign, etc., is aimed	5
13835603490	diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing	6
13835603491	tone	the general attitude of an author, place, piece of writing, situation, etc.	7
13835603492	mood	a temporary state of mind or feeling	8
13835603493	effect	a change that is a result or consequence of an action or other cause	9
13835603494	syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	10
13835603495	author's purpose	a writer's reason for or intent in writing that falls into one or more of the these categories: inform, persuade, entertain	11
13835603496	parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	12
13835603497	repetition	a word, a phrase or a full sentence, or a poetical line mentioned two or more times to emphasize its significance in the entire text	13
13835603498	antithesis	two opposite ideas are put together in a sentence to achieve a contrasting effect	14
13835603499	simile	a direct comparison, showing similarities between two different things using "like" or "as"	15
13835603500	metaphor	an implicit, implied, or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated, but which share some common characteristics	16
13835603501	personification	a thing - such as an idea or an animal - is given human attributes	17
13835603502	allusion	a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance	18
13835603503	understatement	something said in a restrained way for ironic contrast	19
13835603504	paradox	a statement that contradicts itself	20
13835603505	oxymoron	two opposite ideas are joined to create an effect	21
13835603506	synecdoche	a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part	22
13835603507	pun	a humorous play on words	23
13835603508	irony	incongruity between what might be expected and what occurs	24
13835603509	alliteration	use of the same consonant at the beginning of each word	25
13835603510	aphorism	a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner	26
13835603511	symbol	something visible that represents something invisible	27
13835603512	sarcasm	witty language used to convey minor insults	28
13835603513	maxim	a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits	29
13835603514	juxtaposition	two or more ideas, places, characters and their actions are placed side by side in a narrative or a poem for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts	30
13835603515	anaphora	repetition of a word or phrase to begin successive clauses	31
13835603516	inductive reasoning	offering evidence and then ending with a claim, or moving from specific instances into a generalized conclusion	32
13835603517	deductive	offering a claim followed by evidence to support the claim, or moving from specific observations to broader generalizations and theories	33
13835603518	invective	abusive language used to express blame or censure	34
13835603519	rhetorical question	a statement that is not supposed to be answered	35
13835603520	hyperbole	extreme exaggeration	36
13835603521	connotation	a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly	37
13835603522	denotation	the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression	38
13835603523	epiphany	the moment in the story when someone achieves realization, awareness or a feeling of knowledge after which events are seen through the prism of this new light in the story	39
13835603524	anadiplosis	repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next	40
13835603525	ambiguity	the quality of being open to more than one interpretation	41
13835603526	archaism	the use of an outdated expression	42
13835603527	didactic	instructive, especially excessively	43
13835603528	chiasmus	words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order, in the same or a modified form	44

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AP US History, Chapter 16 Flashcards

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15719788467	West Africa Squadron	(established 1808) British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.	0
15719788468	Breakers	Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.	1
15719788469	Black belt	Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. This emerged in the nineteenth century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.	2
15719788470	Responsorial	Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South.	3
15719788471	Nat Turner's Rebellion	(1831) Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white southern of further uprisings.	4
15719788472	Amistad	(1839) Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.	5
15719788473	American Colonization Society	Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West Africans settlement intended as haven for emancipated slaves.	6
15719788474	Liberia	West African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s.	7
15719788475	The Liberator	(1831-1865) Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.	8
15719788476	American Anti-Slavery Society	(1833-1870) Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated immediate abolition of slavery, By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.	9
15719788477	Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World	(1829) Incendiary abolitionist tract advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a southern born free black.	10
15719788478	Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass	(1845) Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass.	11
15719788479	Mason-Dixon line	Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.	12
15719788480	Gag Resolution	Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by proslavery southerners, this resolution passed every year for eight years and was eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.	13
15719788481	William T. Johnson	Free black from New Orleans who owned fifteen slaves and was very harsh on them. He was known as the "barber of Natchez".	14
15719788482	Nat Turner	Black slave and prophet who led a revolt in Virginia in 1831 which killed 60 people (mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result, slave codes were made more strict	15
15719788483	William Wilberforce	British politician who championed the abolition of the slave trade, and later slavery itself. An evangelical Christian, he delivered rousing speeches on the floor of the Commons, galvanizing public support for the abolitionist cause.	16
15719788484	Theodore Dwight Weld	In 1832, he went to the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio. He and some of his comrades were kicked out for their actions of anti-slavery. The young men were known as the "Lane Rebels." They helped lead and continue the preaching of anti-slavery ideas. Wrote "American Slavery As It Is".	17
15719788485	William Lloyd Garrison	Abolitionist who published "The Liberator" in Boston and helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society. He favored Northern secession and renounced politics.	18
15719788486	David Walker	He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World. It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt.	19
15719788487	Sojourner Truth	A freed slave who lived in America during the late 1800's. From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. She was also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.	20
15719788488	Martin Delany	Black abolitionist and advocate of relocating freed blacks to Africa, even visiting West Africa's Niger Valley in search of a suitable location in 1859.	21
15719788489	Frederick Douglass	Former slave who was an abolitionist and was gifted with eloquent speech and self-educated. In 1838 he was "discovered" as a great abolitionist to give antislavery speeches. He swayed many people to see that slavery was wrong by publishing Narrative of the Life of Fredrick Douglass which depicted slavery as being cruel. He also looked for ways politically to end slavery.	22

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AP LANG - Literature Terms Flashcards

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14737815293	alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.	0
14737815294	allusion	a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as a myth.	1
14737815295	anadiplosis	repetition of the final words of a sentence or line at the beginning of the next. - Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering.	2
14737815296	anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences or clauses in a row. - Reach for a leaf. Reach for a cloud. Reach for a sky of blue.	3
14737815297	anastrophe	the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses. - This much we pledge - and more. - About suffering they were never wrong.	4
14737815298	antimetabole	repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. - I mean what I say, and I say what I mean. - If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.	5
14737815299	antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite. - Float like a butterfly, sting like a bee. - That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.	6
14737815300	aphorism	a terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. - A penny saved is a penny earned. - Winners never quit and quitters never win.	7
14737815301	apostrophe	a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction.	8
14737815302	apposition	placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first. - My sister, Christine, was on television last night. - Have you ever seen the movie Bring The Soul?	9
14737815303	assonance	repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity.	10
14737815304	asyndeton	the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence.	11
14737815305	circumlocution	an indirect way of expressing something.	12
14737815306	climax	the most exciting, intense or important point of something; a culmination or apex.	13
14737815307	consonance	repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity.	14
14737815308	denotation	the literal explicit meaning of a word, without its connotation.	15
14737815309	connotation	a meaning that is implied by a word apart from the thing which it describes explicitly.	16
14737815310	diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.	17
14737815311	ellipsis	three periods indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation.	18
14737815312	epanalepsis	repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occurred at the beginning. - Mankind must put an end to war or war will put an end to mankind. - Love is something only understood by those who are no longer in love.	19
14737815313	epistrophe	ending a series of lines, phrases, clauses, or sentences with the same word(s). - I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, - See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil.	20
14737815314	euphemism	a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.	21
14737815315	extended metaphor	a comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem.	22
14737815316	figures of speech	the various uses of language that depart from customary construction, order, or significance.	23
14737815317	foreshadowing	a narrative device that hints at coming events; often builds suspense or anxiety in the reader.	24
14737815318	hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	25
14737815319	imagery	descriptions that appeals to the senses and creates a picture in the reader's mind.	26
14737815320	verbal irony	irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.	27
14737815321	situational irony	irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected.	28
14737815322	dramatic irony	irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters.	29
14737815323	malapropism	the unintentional misuse of a word by confusion with one that sounds similar.	30
14737815324	metaphor	a comparison without using like or as.	31
14737815325	mood	feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader.	32
14737815326	motivation	a character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act.	33
14737815327	narration	the telling of a story.	34
14737815328	onomatopoeia	the use of a word or phrase that imitates or suggests the sound of what it describes.	35
14737815329	oxymoron	a figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.	36
14737815330	paradox	a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.	37
14737815331	parallelism	phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other. - Either she likes to see him or she doesn't like to see him.	38
14737815332	periphrasis	the use of excessive and longer words to convey a meaning which could have been conveyed with a shorter expression or in fewer words.	39
14737815333	personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	40
14737815334	plot	the sequence of events in a literary work.	41
14737815335	point of view	the perspective from which a story is told.	42
14737815336	polysyndeton	the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural.	43
14737815337	prosody	the study of sound and rhythm in poetry.	44
14737815338	protagonist	the main character in a literary work.	45
14737815339	pun	a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words that sound alike but have different meanings.	46
14737815340	repetition	repeated use of words, sounds, or ideas for effect and emphasis.	47
14737815341	rhetorical question	a question asked merely for effect with no answer expected.	48
14737815342	rhyme	repetition of sounds at the end of words.	49
14737815343	sarcasm	witty language used to convey insults or scorn.	50
14737815344	satire	a work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of life to a humorous effect.	51
14737815345	setting	the context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.	52
14737815346	shift	a change or movement in a piece resulting from an epiphany, insight, or realization gained by the speaker or a character.	53
14737815347	simile	a comparison using like or as.	54
14737815348	sound devices	elements such as rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, and onomatopoeia - gives poetry a musical quality.	55
14737815349	structure	the arrangement or framework of a sentence, paragraph, or entire work.	56
14737815350	style	the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work.	57
14737815351	suspense	a feeling of uncertainty and curiosity about what will happen next in a story.	58
14737815352	symbol	a thing that represents or stands for something else, especially a material object representing something abstract..	59
14737815353	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole. - Do you like my new wheels? (Do you like my new car?)	60
14737815354	syntax	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.	61
14737815355	theme	a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work.	62
14737815356	tone	a writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels.	63
14737815357	understatement (litotes)	deliberately underplaying or undervaluing a thing to create emphasis.	64

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