| CourseNotes

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

14105180383	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
14105180384	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
14105180385	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
14105180386	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
14105180387	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
14105180388	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
14105180389	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
14105180390	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
14105180391	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
14105180392	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
14105180393	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
14105180394	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
14105180395	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
14105180396	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
14105180397	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
14105180398	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
14105180399	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
14105180400	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
14105180401	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
14105180402	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
14105180403	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
14105180404	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
14105180405	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
14105180406	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
14105180407	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
14105180408	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
14105180409	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
14105180410	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
14105180411	theory	general idea being tested	28
14105180412	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
14105180413	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
14105180414	mode	appears the most	31
14105180415	mean	average	32
14105180416	median	middle	33
14105180417	range	highest - lowest	34
14105180418	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
14105180419	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
14105180420	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
14105180421	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
14105180422	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
14105180423	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
14105180424	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
14105180425	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
14105180619	neuron		43
14105180426	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
14105180427	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
14105180428	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
14105180429	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
14105180430	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
14105180431	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
14105180432	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
14105180433	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
14105180434	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
14105180435	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
14105180436	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
14105180437	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
14105180438	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
14105180439	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
14105180440	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
14105180441	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
14105180442	master gland	pituitary gland	60
14105180443	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
14105180444	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
14105180445	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
14105180446	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
14105180447	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
14105180448	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
14105180449	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
14105180450	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
14105180451	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
14105180452	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
14105180453	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
14105180454	hippocampus	process new memory	72
14105180455	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
14105180456	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
14105180457	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
14105180458	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
14105180459	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
14105180460	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
14105180461	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
14105180462	occipital lobe	vision	80
14105180463	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
14105180464	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
14105180465	Broca's area	speaking words	83
14105180466	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
14105180467	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
14105180468	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
14105180469	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
14105180470	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
14105180471	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
14105180472	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
14105180473	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
14105180474	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
14105180475	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
14105180476	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
14105180477	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
14105180478	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
14105180479	rods	night time	97
14105180480	cones	color	98
14105180481	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
14105180482	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
14105180483	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
14105180484	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
14105180485	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
14105180486	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
14105180487	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
14105180488	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
14105180489	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
14105180490	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
14105180491	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
14105180492	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
14105180493	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
14105180494	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
14105180495	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
14105180496	perception =	mood + motivation	114
14105180497	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
14105180498	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
14105180499	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
14105180500	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
14105180501	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
14105180502	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
14105180503	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
14105180504	insomnia	can't sleep	122
14105180505	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
14105180506	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
14105180507	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
14105180508	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
14105180509	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
14105180510	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
14105180511	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
14105180512	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
14105180513	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
14105180514	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
14105180515	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
14105180516	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
14105180517	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
14105180518	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
14105180519	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
14105180520	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
14105180521	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
14105180522	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
14105180523	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
14105180524	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
14105180525	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
14105180526	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
14105180527	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
14105180528	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
14105180529	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
14105180530	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
14105180531	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
14105180532	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
14105180533	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
14105180534	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
14105180535	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
14105180536	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
14105180537	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
14105180538	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
14105180539	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
14105180540	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
14105180541	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
14105180542	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
14105180543	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
14105180544	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
14105180545	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
14105180546	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
14105180547	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
14105180548	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
14105180549	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
14105180550	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
14105180551	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
14105180552	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
14105180553	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
14105180554	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
14105180555	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
14105180556	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
14105180557	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
14105180558	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
14105180559	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
14105180560	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
14105180561	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
14105180562	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
14105180563	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
14105180564	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
14105180565	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
14105180566	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
14105180567	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
14105180568	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
14105180569	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
14105180570	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
14105180571	encoding	information going in	189
14105180572	storage	keeping information in	190
14105180573	retrieval	taking information out	191
14105180574	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
14105180575	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
14105180576	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
14105180577	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
14105180578	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
14105180579	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
14105180580	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
14105180581	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
14105180582	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
14105180583	implicit memory	naturally do	201
14105180584	explicit memory	need to explain	202
14105180585	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
14105180586	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
14105180587	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
14105180588	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
14105180589	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
14105180590	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
14105180591	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
14105180592	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
14105180593	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
14105180594	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
14105180595	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
14105180596	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
14105180597	priming	association (setting you up)	215
14105180598	context	environment helps with memory	216
14105180599	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
14105180600	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
14105180601	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
14105180602	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
14105180603	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
14105180604	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
14105180605	children can't remember before age __	3	223
14105180606	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
14105180607	prototypes	generalize	225
14105180608	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
14105180609	against problem-solving	fixation	227
14105180610	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
14105180611	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
14105180612	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
14105180613	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
14105180614	grammar is _________	universal	232
14105180615	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
14105180616	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Language Vocab 5 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7502701659	thanatopsis	view of death	0
7502701660	vacuous	stupidly empty of ideas	1
7502701661	lucubration	late studying	2
7502705077	ex cathedra	from the throne	3
7502705078	legerdemain	sleight of hand	4
7502706443	suspiration	deep sigh	5
7502706444	nepotism	favoritism to relatives	6
7502711550	synoptic	general in view	7
7502716531	lionize	treat as a celebrity	8
7502716532	assiduous	persevering	9
7502718109	subterfuge	evasive dodge	10
7502718110	bon vivant	indulger in luxury	11
7502718111	saturnine	gloomy and remote	12
7502720945	sedentary	sitting	13
7502724683	pusillanimous	small-minded	14

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Literature & Composition (Prose) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

13894819305	Allegory	A narrative having a second meaning	0
13894819306	Allusion	A reference to something in previous literature	1
13894819307	Anecdote	A short interesting or humorous incident	2
13894819308	Artistic Unity	Literary elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose	3
13894819309	Cacophony	A unpleasant-sounding choice	4
13894819310	Euphony	A pleasant-sounding choice	5
13894819311	Genre	A type of class	6
13894819312	Imagery	representation through language of a sensory experience	7
13894819313	Mood	The impression of a work	8
13894819314	Morality	A rule of a conduct	9
13894819315	Prose	Non-metrical language	10
13894819316	Theme	The main idea of a literary work.	11
13894819317	Tone	The writer's or speaker's attitude	12
13894819318	Topic	The subject matter of a literary work.	13
13894819319	Setting	The time and place in which the actions of the story occurs	14
13894819320	Symbol	Something that means more than what it is	15
13894819321	Verse	Metrical language	16
13894819322	Voice	The distinctive style of an author or character in a book.	17
13894819323	Antagonist	Character in a story who opposes the main character	18
13894819324	Character	Any of the persons involved in a story or play	19
13894819325	Characterization	The process of conveying information about characters	20
13894819326	Deuteragonist	a foil or eventual antagonist	21
13894819327	Direct Presentation of Character	A method of characterization in which the author tells us directly what a character is like	22
13894819328	Dynamic Character	A character who undergoes a permanent change	23
13894819329	Flat Character	A character is summed up in one or two traits	24
13894819330	Foil	a character who contrasts with another character to highlight features of the other character's personality	25
13894819331	Hero	A man who is endowed with great courage	26
13894819332	Hubris	Overbearing and excessive pride	27
13894819333	Indirect Presentation of Character	When the author shows us a character in action	28
13894819334	Protagonist	main character	29
13894819335	Round Character	A character is complex and many sided.	30
13894819336	Static Character	A character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning	31
13894819337	Stock Character	A stereotyped character.	32
13894819338	Tragic Flaw	A flaw in the character of the protagonist	33
13894819339	Aside	When the character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience	34
13894819340	Colloquial	Informal, conversational language	35
13894819341	Dialogue	Conversation between characters in a narrative.	36
13894819342	Dialect	A regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation	37
13894819343	Diction	Word choice	38
13894819344	Euphemism	Substituting a mild term for an offensive one	39
13894819345	Figure of Speech	Any way of saying something other than the ordinary way	40
13894819346	Hyperbole	A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used	41
13894819347	Invective	Abusive language.	42
13894819348	Monologue	A dramatic soliloquy	43
13894819349	Proverb	A short saying that expresses a basic truth	44
13894819350	Pun	A play on words	45
13894819351	Sarcasm	Bitter or cutting speech	46
13894819352	Soliloquy	a device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself	47
13894819353	Slang	A kind of language that is very casual	48
13894819354	Understatement	A figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means	49
13894819355	Exposition	The part of literature that provides the information needed.	50
13894819356	Conflict	A clash of actions or desires in the plot of a story	51
13894819357	Rising Action	That development of plot in a story that precedes and leads up to the climax	52
13894819358	Climax	The turning point of a plot	53
13894819359	Falling Action	The falling action immediately follows the climax and shows the aftereffects of the events in the climax	54
13894819360	Denouement	Resolution; Conflicts are resolved	55
13894819361	Irony	A situation involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy.	56
13894819362	Dramatic Irony	An incongruity of discrepancy between what a character says and what the reader knows to be true	57
13894819363	Irony of Situation	A situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality	58
13894819364	Verbal Irony	When what is said is the opposite of what is meant	59
13894819365	Epistolary novel	a novel written as a series of documents.	60
13894819366	First Person Point of View	The story is told by one of its characters, using the first person	61
13894819367	Flashback	A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.	62
13894819368	Flashforward	A literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.	63
13894819369	In Medias Res	(into the middle of things) is a Latin phrase denoting the literary and artistic narrative technique where the story begins at the mid point or end.	64
13894819370	Limited Omniscient Point of View	Using the third person, the author tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears.	65
13894819371	Linear Structure	a plot that is in chronological order	66
13894819372	Objective Point of View	Using the third person, the author is limited to reporting what the characters say or do	67
13894819373	Omniscient Point of View	Using third person, the author knows all and is free to tell us anything	68
13894819374	Narrator	the speaker of a written work.	69
13894819375	Nonlinear Structure	when the plot is in any manner that is not chronological	70
13894819376	Point of View	The angle of vision from which a story is told.	71
13894819377	Stream of Consciousness	Narrative which presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary by the author	72
13894819378	Unreliable Narrator	a narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised	73
13894819379	Anticlimax	A sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous	74
13894819380	Catastrophe	The concluding action of a classical tragedy containing the resolution of the plot	75
13894819381	Comic Relief	A humorous incident introduced to relieve dramatic tension	76
13894819382	Dilemma	A situation in which a character must choose between two undesirable courses of action	77
13894819383	Deus Ex Machina	(god from the machine) The resolution of a plot by use of a highly improbable chance or coincidence	78
13894819384	Indeterminate Ending	An ending in which the conflict is left unresolved	79
13894819385	Inversion	A reversal in order, nature, or effect	80
13894819386	Motivation	An emotion that acts as an incitement to action	81
13894819387	Mystery	An unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation	82
13894819388	Paradox	A statement or situation containing apparently contradictory elements	83
13894819389	Plot	The sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed	84
13894819390	Plot Manipulation	A situation in which an author gives the plot a twist	85
13894819391	Plot Device	An object, character, or event whose only reason for existing is to advance the story	86
13894819392	Prologue	An introduction or a preface	87
13894819393	Red Herring	a literary tactic of diverting attention away from a person of significance	88
13894819394	Scene	In which the setting is fixed and the time continuous	89
13894819395	Suspense	That quality in a story that makes the reader eager to discover what happens next	90
13894819396	Suspension of Disbelief	to suspend one's critical faculties and believe the unbelievable	91
13894819397	Subplot	A plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work	92
13894819398	Surprise	An unexpected turn in the development of a plot	93
13894819399	Comedy	A type of drama that emphasises human limitation rather than human greatness.	94
13894819400	Comedy of Manners	Comedy that ridicules the manners of a certain segment of society	95
13894819401	Satire	A kind of literature that uses mockery to expose people's stupidity	96
13894819402	Scornful Comedy	A type of comedy whose main purpose is to expose and ridicule human folly.	97
13894819403	Romantic Comedy	A type of comedy whose likable and sensible main characters are placed in difficulties	98
13894819404	Farce	A type of comedy that relies on unrealistic situations	99
13894819405	Escapist Literature	Literature written purely for entertainment.	100
13894819406	Fable	A short narrative making an edifying or cautionary point.	101
13894819407	Fantasy	A kind of fiction that goes beyond the boundaries of known reality	102
13894819408	Interpretive literature	Literature that provides valid insights into the nature of human life	103
13894819409	Myth	any story that attempts to explain how the world was created	104
13894819410	Novel	a book of long narrative in literary prose.	105
13894819411	Novella	A prose narrative longer than a novelette but shorter than a novel.	106
13894819412	Parable	A simple story illustrating a moral lesson	107
13894819413	Tragedy	When the protagonist falls to ruin	108

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Elements of Literature/ Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

14876838879	Allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself. ex: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis	0
14876838880	allusion	A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art ex: "Don't act like a Romeo in front of her." - "Romeo" is a reference to Shakespeare's Romeo, a passionate lover of Juliet, in "Romeo and Juliet".	1
14876838881	antagonist	a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary. ex: Darth Vadar is the main antagonist of Luke Skywalker in Star Wars.	2
14876838882	archetype	A detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response ex: The Damsel in Distress - The hero rescues her.	3
14876838883	climax	the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; a culmination or apex. ex: In William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet, the story reaches its climax in Act 3.	4
14876838884	comedy	A literary work which ends happily because the hero or heroine is able to overcome obstacles and get what he or she wants. ex: William Shakespeare's play, A Midsummer Night's Dream, is a good example of a romantic comedy, presenting young lovers falling comically in and out of love for a brief period. Their real world problems get resolved magically, enemies reconcile, and true lovers unite in the end.	5
14876838885	confidant	One to whom secrets or private matters are disclosed. A character in a drama or fiction, such as a trusted friend or servant, who serves as a device for revealing the inner thoughts or intentions of a main character. ex:"He was my confidant, the person who was always on my side even when he wasn't taking my side." ~Lisa Kleypas	6
14876838886	conflict	A struggle between opposing forces ex:Man vs. Man.	7
14876838887	cosmic irony	sometimes called irony of fate. It is the idea that human fate and destiny is controlled by outside forces, even gods, who do not care about humans or their hopes and dreams. ex: Thomas Hardy's 1891 Tess of the d'Urbevilles. Despite being innocent, the main character loses everything, including her life, in tragic circumstances beyond her control	8
14876838888	crisis	A sudden, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous event requiring the president to play the role of crisis manager. ex: when your house is flooding due to the rains from a hurricane.	9
14876838889	denouement	as the resolution of the issue of a complicated plot in fiction ex: Romeo and Juliet	10
14876838890	Dialogue	Conversation between characters ex: "I don't want to go home," said Julia. "I like it here at the zoo.	11
14876838891	diction	the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. ex: (formal, informal,pedantic,colloquial,slang,abstract,concrete,poetic)	12
14876838892	direct characterization	The author directly states a character's traits ex: "The patient boy and quiet girl were both well mannered and did not disobey their mother." ... The boy is "patient" and the girl is "quiet."	13
14876838893	dramatic irony	Irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play. ex: Girl in a horror film hides in a closet where the killer just went (the audience knows the killer is there, but she does not).	14
14876838894	dynamic character	a literary or dramatic character who undergoes an important inner change, as a change in personality or attitude ex: Harry Potter, Sherlock Holmes, Hamlet, Prince Hal, and Neville Longbottom are just a few examples of dynamic characters.	15
14876838895	epiphany	A moment of sudden revelation or insight ex: The original epiphany occurs in the Bible when three wise kings, or Magi, see a divine star in the sky, and it leads them to the Christ child. His nature-as a king-is revealed to them, while the rest of the world is unaware.	16
14876838896	exposition	A narrative device, often used at the beginning of a work that provides necessary background information about the characters and their circumstances. ex: Hassan is a Hazara while Amir is a Pashtun	17
14876838897	fiction	A story that is not true or is made up ex: Harry Potter	18
14876838898	first person	"I" and "Me" standpoint. Personal perspective. ex: I married him' in Charlotte Brontë's famous classic.	19
14876838899	flashback	A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events ex: In a story about a girl who is afraid of heights, there is a flashback to a time when she fell off of the top of a playground as a young child.	20
14876838900	flat character	A character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story ex: Gertrude from Hamlet	21
14876838901	foreshadowing	the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot ex: Sometimes a future event is mentioned earlier in the story, like a comment about a meeting between characters	22
14876838902	genre	A category or type of literature (or of art, music, etc.) characterized by a particular form, style, or content. ex: poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction. All of these genres have particular features and functions that distinguish them from one another.	23
14876838903	Imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work. ex: The concert was so loud that her ears rang for days afterward.	24
14876838904	indirect characterization	the process by which the personality of a fictitious character is revealed through the character's speech, actions, appearance, etc. ex: Our teacher was quick to laugh. He had a great sense of humor	25
14876838905	in medias res	the practice of beginning an epic or other narrative by plunging into a crucial situation that is part of a related chain of events; the situation is an extension of previous events and will be developed in later action. ex: Homer has started his narrative directly with a quarrel between Achilles and Agamemnon during the events of the Trojan War instead of beginning chronologically from the birth of Achilles to onward.	26
14876838906	irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect. ex: a character stepping out into a hurricane and saying, "What nice weather we're having!"	27
14876838907	horatian	Satire in which the voice is indulgent, tolerant, amused, and witty. The speaker holds up to gentle ridicule the absurdities and follies of human beings, aiming at producing in the reader not the anger of a Juvenal, but a wry smile. ex: he Ig Nobel Prizes. Bierce, Ambrose, The Devil's Dictionary.	28
14876838908	juvenilian	any bitter and ironic criticism of contemporary persons and institutions that is filled with personal invective, angry moral indignation, and pessimism ex: (Juvenalian satire is angrier and personal, attempting to produce anger in the reader.)	29
14876838909	limited omniscient point of view	Author tells the story in third person, but from the viewpoint of a single character. The thoughts and feelings of other characters are not shown. ex: Katherine Anne Porter's short story The Jilting of Granny Weatherall. In this narrative, readers follow the main character very closely. They know the feelings and thoughts of Granny Weatherall.	30
14876838910	minimalist	characterized by the use of only the simplest or most essential elements, as in the arts, literature, or design ex: Written by William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow serves as a perfect example of minimalist poetry.	31
14876838911	motif	(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design ex: A common example is that a heart is a symbol for love.	32
14876838912	motivation	a reason behind a character's specific action or behavior. This type of behavior is characterized by the character's own consent and willingness to do something. ex: All actions that Hamlet commits in the play are the result of his motivation, such as revenge, justification, and integrity of his character.	33
14876838913	narrator	the person who tells the story ex: Amir in the kite runner	34
14876838914	objective point of view	a narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events. ex: .. A classic example of objective POV used to perfect effect is the short story "The Lottery," by Shirley Jackson. Here's our Hansel and Gretel example, but from the objective POV: "Hansel walked ahead of Gretel.	35
14876838915	omniscient point of view	The point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person. ex: In classic literature, a good example of third person omniscient is found in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter.	36
14876838916	plot	the sequence of events in a literary work ex: Exposition, Rising Action,Climax,Falling Action. Denouement.	37
14876838917	point of view	the perspective from which a story is told ex: if the narrator is a participant in the story, it is more likely that the point of view would be first person, as the narrator is witnessing and interacting with the events and other characters firsthand.	38
14876838918	protagonist	Main character in a story ex: Alice in the story, Alice in Wonderland	39
14876838919	round character	A character who demonstrates some complexity and who develops or changes in the course of a work ex: Rowling develops Harry Potter as a round character throughout the series.	40
14876838920	setting	The context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs. ex: Kabul in the Kite Runner	41
14876838921	short story	a story with a fully developed theme but significantly shorter and less elaborate than a novel ex: The Tell-Tale Heart	42
14876838922	situational irony	irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. ex: Ralph wakes up late and thinks he is going to be late to school. After rushing around to get dressed, he realizes it is Saturday	43
14876838923	static character	a literary or dramatic character who undergoes little or no inner change; a character who does not grow or develop. ex: Mr. Collins from Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen. He plays a vital role in the novel by making efforts to get Darcy and Elizabeth together, and contributes comedy to the story; however, his character does not change. Thus, he is a perfect example of a static character	44
14876838924	stock character	the stereotyped character in which he is immediately known from typical characters in history ex: the mean stepmother, the loyal servant, the abusive boyfriend, or the evil dictator or CEO are all stock characters.	45
14876838925	story of initiation	A short story depicting a decisive incident that initiates a character into a higher state of awareness, whether for better or for worse. ex: joseph Camp- bell's The Hero with a Thousand Faces.	46
14876838926	stream of consciousness	a style of writing in which the author tries to reproduce the random flow of thoughts in the human mind ex: James Joyce's Ulysses (1922), a complex evocation of the inner states of the characters Leopold and Molly Bloom and Stephen Dedalus.	47
14876838927	style	A basic and distinctive mode of expression. ex: like tone, word choice, grammar, language, descriptive technique, and so on.	48
14876838928	symbol/ symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. ex: Hassan's cleft lip symbolizing poverty and social status	49
14876838929	syntax	The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. ex: Usually in the English language the syntax should follow a pattern of subject-verb-object agreement but sometimes authors play around with this to achieve a lyrical, rhythmic, rhetoric or questioning effect.	50
14876838930	theme	a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work ex: Love. It shouldn't come as a surprise that the number one spot on our list goes to the theme of love.	51
14876838931	third person	Narrator is not a character, but sees the world through only one character's eyes and thoughts ex: he, she, it, they, him, her, them, his, her, hers, its, their, and theirs.	52
14876838932	tragedy	A serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character ex: Hamlet. Othello. King Lear.	53
14876838933	tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization on the sentence and global levels. ex: airy, comic, condescending, facetious, funny, heavy, intimate, ironic, light, playful, sad, serious, sinister, solemn, somber, and threatening.	54
14876838934	unreliable narrator	a narrator whose account of events appears to be faulty, misleadingly biased, or otherwise distorted ex: Tristram Shandy and Bras Cubas. The Naïf. a narrator whose perception is immature or limited through their point of view.	55
14876838935	verbal irony	A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant ex: "What nice weather we're having!"	56

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Class Notes

Social Science

Math

Science

Fine Arts

Test Prep

Textbook Notes

Members Only

Forum

Blogs

Textbook Request

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

AP Language Vocab 5 Flashcards

Flashcards

AP Literature & Composition (Prose) Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

Flashcards

AP Elements of Literature/ Terms Flashcards

Flashcards

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org

You are here

Pages

Need Help?

Need Notes?

About Course-Notes.Org