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Campbell Biology-Chapter 40 Flashcards

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13721966922anatomyStudy of the structure of an organism.0
13721966923physiologyStudy of the functions an organism performs.1
13721966924tissuesGroups of cells with a common structure and function.2
13721969641stratified squamous epitheliumFunction: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion Location: moist lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; outer of the skin, a dry membrane.3
13721974697cuboidal epitheliumDice-shaped cells specialized for secretion. Makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands, including the thyroid gland and salivary glands.4
13721976987simple columnar epitheliumsecretion/absorption, lines intestines5
13721980641simple squamous epitheliumsingle layer of flat cells, gas exchange, think and leaky Location: BV & air sacs of lungs6
13721986030pseudostratified columnar epitheliumsingle layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells found in mucous membranes of upper respiratory tract7
13721998769apical epithelial surfaceFaces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen (interior space) can have cilia or microvilli8
13721966925epithelial tissueTissue that covers outside of the body and lines organs and cavities.9
13721966926mucous membraneMembrane that secretes mucus that lubricates the surface of organs and keeps them moist.10
13721966927simple epitheliumSingle layer of cells.11
13721966928stratified epitheliumMultiples tiers of cells.12
13721966929cubiodal epitheliumDice-shaped cells.13
13721966930columnar epitheliumCells shaped like bricks standing on end.14
13721966931squamous epitheliumCells that are like floor tiles.15
13721966932connective tissueTissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues.16
13721966933collagenous fibersFibers made of collagen.17
13721966934elastic fibersFibers made of elastin.18
13721966935reticular fibersFibers made of collagen fibers that are very thin and branched. Forma tightly woven fabric that joins connective tissue to adjacent tissues.19
13721966936fibroblastsIn connective tissue, cells that secrete the proteins of the fibers.20
13721966937macrophagesAmoeboid cells that roam connective tissue and engulf foreign particles and debris of dead cells.21
13721966938muscle tissueTissue made of cells capable of contracting.22
13721966939nervous tissueTissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.23
13721966940loose connective tissueTissue that binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Contains collagenous, elastic, and recticular fibers.24
13721966941fibrous connective tissueDense tissue, large number of collagen fibers organized into parallel bundles. Includes ligaments and tendons.25
13721966942boneMineralized connective tissue.26
13721966943osteoblastsBone-forming cells.27
13721966944bloodConnective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.28
13721966945adipose tissueTissue that stores fat.29
13721966946tendonsAttach muscles to bones.30
13721966947ligamentsJoin bones to bones at joints.31
13721966948cartilageMade of collagenous fibers in matrix of chondroitin sulfate.32
13721966949chondrocytesCells that secrete cartilage.33
13721966950skeletal muscleMuscle that is striated, multinucleated.34
13721966951smooth muscleMuscle that is not striated, is single nucleated.35
13721966952cardiac muscleMuscle that is branched, striated, single nucleated.36
13721966953organsTissues are organized into:, group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.37
13721966954mesenteriesSheets of connective tissue in moist or fluid-filled body cavities.38
13721966955thoracic cavityCavity housing lungs and heart.39
13721966956abdominal cavityCavity housing intestines.40
13721966957bioenergeticsFlow of energy through an animal. Limits its behavior, growth, reproduction.41
13721966958metabolic rateAmount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time; the sum of all the energy-requiring biochemical reactions.42
13721966959endothermicAnimals that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.43
13721966960ectothermicAnimals that gain heat mostly from external sources.44
13722022771poikilothermvariable body temperature45
13721966961basal metabolic rate (BMR)The metabolic rate of a nongrowing, resting, fasting, nonstressed endotherm.46
13721966962standard metabolic rate (SMR)The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, nonstressed ectotherm.47
13721966963homeostasis"Steady state" or "constant internal milieu".48
13721966964regulatorAn animal that uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external fluctuation.49
13721966965conformerAn animal that allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes.50
13721966966negative feedbackMaintains a steady state.51
13721966967positive feedbackTakes organism away from a steady state.52
13721966968thermoregulationProcess of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.53
13721966969vasodialationIncreases in the diameter of superficial blood vessels; cools the body.54
13721966970vasoconstrictionReduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vessels.55
13721966971countercurrent heat exchangerIn ectotherms, a circulatory adaptation that is an arrangement of blood vessels that warm or cool the blood.56
13721966972acclimatizationAdjusting to a new range of environmental temperatures.57
13721966973torporPhysiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases.58
13721966974hibernationlong-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity59
13721966975estivationSummer torpor. Enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies.60
13721966976daily torporIn small mammals and birds, daily lowering of metabolism that allows them to survive on stored energy.61
13721966977Three possible shapes of epithelial tissueColumnar Squamous Cuboidal62
13721966978Three possible arrangements of epithelial tissueSimple Stratified Pseudostratified63
13721966979Stratified Squamous: - LocationOuter skin, mouth, anus, vagina64
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Campbell Chapter 34 Flashcards

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9446884842Bare Minimum Requirements of Animals Common featuresMulticellular Heterotrophic consumers--ingest Most have: organs/organ systems no cell walls connective tissue sexual reproduction HOX genes0
9446884843Tissues 1= 2= 3=Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm 1= no true tissues 2= diploblastic-->endoderm and ectoderm 3= triploblastic-->endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm1
9446884844Coelom Coelomate-true body cavity w/mesoderm, requires triploblastic embryo type -equipped with a true body cavity2
9446884845Pseudocoelomateequipped with a body cavity but no internal suspension,the body cavity is fluid filled3
9446884846Acoelomateno true body cavity4
9446884847Embryonic developmentzygote, cleavage-->blastula (todipotent and undifferentiated)--> gastrulation--> gastrula5
9446884848Endoderminner embryonic cell layer becomes the digestive tract6
9446884849Mesodermmiddle embryonic cell layer becomes the circulatory system, muscles, organs7
9446884850Ectodermouter embryonic cell layer becomes the skin and nervous system8
9446884851Protostomemolluscs, annelids mouth develops first9
9446884852Deuterostomeechinoderms, chordates anus develops first10
9446884853Complete Metamorphosisegg--> larvae/maggots/pupa-->adult11
9446884854Suspension feederssponge, porifera, sessile feeders in water12
9446884855Detritivoresworms animals that move through materials ingesting, excreting the non digestable subs13
9446884856Parasite Ecto-/Endo-Ectoparasite: outer parasite (tick) Endoparasite: inner parasite (tapeworm)14
9446884857Hydrostaticlack of skeleton: -body supported by surroundings (H2O) -body uses fluid in body for support (worms, cnidaria--jellies)15
9446884858Sessilenot moving16
9446884859Free-floatingno direction of moving, movement with currents/tides17
9446884860ViviparousGiving birth to live young18
9446884861OviparousGiving birth to eggs soft/hard19
9446884862Internal FertilizationCopulation must occur, fertilization inside the body20
9446884863External FertilizationGametes are discharged, fertilization outside the body21
9446884864ChoanflagellatesUnicellular/colonial closest living relatives to animals common ancestor of animals may have resembled them22
9446884865NeoproterozoicEarly members of the animal fossil record include 'Edicarian' biota (560 m.y.a.) 1 b.y.a.--543 m.y.a.23
9446884866PaleozoicHouses the Cambrian Explosion (535--525 m.y.a.) earliest fossil record of major groups 'modern' animals most fossils are bilaterians (bilaterally symmetrical, complete digestive tract, one way digestive systems) Cambrian explosion causes: -end of Edicarian biota -predator prey relationships -rise in atmospheric O2 -evolution of HOX gene complex * coral reefs = dominant marine ecological niche (contemporaneous with ages of dinosaurs) 542--251 m.y.a.24
9446884867MezozoicFlowers/plants and insects surge Mammals first appear Mass Extinction of terrestrial and marine animals Explosion of mammals and birds as the climate cooled (endotherms)25
9446884868Eumetazoa'true animals' clade of animals with true tissues (includes all animals EXCEPT Porifera)26
9446884869Non bilateral animalsPorifera (sponges), Cnidaria, Echinoderms27
9446884870BilateriaClade containing superphylums: Lophotrochozoa Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia28
9446884871MetazoaAll animals29
9446884872Lophotrochozoa'with feeding structure' -clade identified by molecular data -wide range of body forms -Bilaterian animals - triploblastic development - most have Coelom - digestive tract with two openings - includes: flatworms (Platyhelminthes), mollusc, annelids -30
9446884873PLATYHELMINTHESFlatworms -found everywhere--marine, freshwater -three tissue layers -NO true body cavity =aceolomates -gastrovascular cavity with 1 OPENING -1-2 cells thickness -flatness helps maximize surface area for gas exchange -free-living varieties = Planaria -parasitic = tapeworm -reproduce sexually or asexually (fragmentation)31
9446884874Parasitic PlatyhelminthesIncludes tapeworms, trematodes 'flukes' -lives in lower intestinal tract -may be symptomless32
9446884875TrematodesPlatyhelminthes that live in snails/molluscs and vertebrates -produce surface proteins that mimic those of the host -life cycle often includes two diff hosts -asexual repro in mollusc (intermediate host) -sexual repro in vertebrates (primary host)33
9446884876TapewormsPlatyhelminthes that live in vertebrates -have hooks, one cell thick, that latch on to intestine -reproduce sexually34
9446884877MOLLUSCASnails, slugs, oysters, clams, mussels, octopus, squids -mostly marine -have a mouth and anus -some type of gills -separate sexes, many snails are hermaphrodites35
9446884878Mollusca Body Parts (3) + Radula1. Muscular foot 2. Visceral mass (guts) 3. Mantle (forms the shell) +many have a water filled mantle cavity and feed using a rasplike RADULA, a tongue used to scrape algae off rocks36
9446884879Four Classes of Mollusca1. Polyplacophora (chitons) 2. Gastropoda (snails and slugs) 3. Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves) 4. Cephalopoda (squids, octopus, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus)37
9446884880PolyplacophoraChitons (members of mollusca) -Oval shaped marine animals encased in 8 dorsal plates -Use their foot-like suction cup to grip rock -RADULA used to scrape algae off of rocks38
9446884881GastropodaSnails and Slugs (members of mollusca) -use RADULA to eat -fresh, marine, moist terrestrial39
9446884882BivalviaOysters, clams, mussels (members of mollusca) -sea stars (Echinoderms) eat bivalves40
9446884883CephalopodaSquids, octopus, cuttlefish, and chambered nautilus (members of mollusca) -all carnivores -have beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles -can immobilize prey with saliva -octopuses crawl on the sea floor -they move in a swift-like manner -nautilus are an ancient group -has a closed circulatory system -sensory organs41
9446884884ANNELIDSSegmented worms that are ceolomates 3 types = POH Polychaeta (mostly marine worms with chitin bristles) Oligochaeta (aquatic and terrestrial worms, earthworms) Hirundina (sea slug)42
9446884885Annelids 2 Clades E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ S_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Molecular analyses show that annelids are divided into two Errantia- mobile, mostly marine, segments usually with bristles or parapodia (fxn of bristles/'cheatae' and parapodia is usually mobility) Sedentaria- sedentary, immobile/very limited mobility mostly marine may have gills and/or tentacles burrow (may form tubes)43
9446884886Osculumouter opening of sponge44
9446884887PORIFERAAnimals without true tissue -"Sponges" -sedentary -no cavity -have special CHOANOCYTE cells for filtering food out of water (flagellated cells) with AMOEBCYTES that help transport material around -are hermaphrodites (keep eggs, squirt out sperm through osculum) -some have antibiotic properties (wound healing)45
9446884888Ecdysozoan'shedding, molting species' covered by tough cuticle cuticle is shed by ecdysis Includes -Nematodes -Arthropods*46
9446884889CNIDARIAThe oldest member of phylum Eu_______ (all animals except Porifera) -Include: Jelies, sea anemones, corals, hydra -radial symmetry -two tissue layers -stinging -single opening digestive system (anus/mouth) -gastrovascular cavity = digestive compartment -may have a life cycle with sessile polyp stage and medusaform stage (hydras) -sexual or asexual reproduction -use tentacles to capture prey, using specialized CNIDOCYTES containing NEMATOCYTES (specialized organelles that eject 'nematisis' stinging thread when triggered47
9446884890Medusozoa1/2 Cnidaria main types -Jellies -have medusa stage48
9446884891Anthozoa2/2 Cnidaria main types -Corals, Sea anemones49
9446884892Coralsmarine animals with symbiotic relationships with algae (some with diatoms or flagellates) -coral bleaching is the result of the loss of the symbiotic relationship and a sign of poor health50
9446884893ARTHROPODS (Ch M Cr H) How are they adapted for success?Members of ___________ 'molting group' -2 out of every 3 animal species (insect group is especially large) ADAPTED FOR SUCCESS -segmented bodies (head, abdomen, thorax) -jointed appendages (1st group to develop these) -exoskeleton of chitin TREND = decrease in segmentation, increase in appendages -complete digestive tract -open circulatory system with hemolymph -gills or booklungs for gas exchange51
9446884894Cheliceriforms, cheliceraeFANGED ARTHROPODS -- Sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, ticks, mites, scorpions, spiders -Mostly booklungs, gills if marine -spiders produce silk for webs, balloons, wrappings fangs suck out hemolymph -6 pairs appendages -4 pairs walking legs52
9446884895Myriapods (2)Millipedes and Centipedes -all living are terrestrial -pair of antennae, 3 pairs of appendages -modified mouth parts Millipedes: -herbivores, eat decaying materials, leaves and plants -2 pairs of legs per segment (4 legs/1 segment) Centipedes: -carnivores, eat organisms ranging from small to larger -1 pair of legs per segment (2 legs/segment)53
9446884896CrustaceansLobsters, crabs, barnacles -marine and fresh -smaller crustaceans typically do gas exchange through body surfaces -larger crustaceans use gills -single sex -includes isopods and pill-bugs -many are tiny planktonic organisms54
9446884897HexapodsInsects--6 legged arthropods -Have 3 advantages of arthropods (segmented bodies, jointed appendages, exoskeleton) PLUS some have wings -co-evolved with flowering plants -wings=extension of cuticle -unisex using sexual reproduction (mostly) -internal fertilization - metamorphosis (complete or incomplete) -use chemical sense to find mates, also color and sound (+ ) = cost money by spreading diseases ( - ) = pollinators, food source55
9446884898NEMATODESMembers of ____________ 'molting group' -aquatic, soil, moist tissues of animal bodies -have alimentary canal (2 openings) -muscles on sides (not in ring shape)--> moves in thrashing motions -Parasites -Trichinella spiralis--> trichinosis from undercooked meat) -C. Elegans = study model - Pin-worm transmitted in feces - hookworm56
9446884899ECHINODERMATALast phylum of invertebrates -Bilateral (juveniles) --> Radial (adults) -slow moving/sessile -are are marine -have many tube feet to allow movement using 'water vascular system' of hydraulics -separate males and females -sexual reproduction by external fertilization -capable of regeneration57
9446884900CHORDATES requirements?Mostly vertebrates (57,000) vertebra, cephalochordata, urochordata REQUIREMENTS (at some part of life cycle) Notochord Dorsal Hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits (form from embryo clefts) Post-anal tail Bilaterian animals in "Deuterostome" clade All Vertebrates and 2 INVERTEBRATES (urochordates, cephalochordates---have FEWER HOX GENES)58
9446884901Notochordlong flexible rod, cartilaginous ---> skeleton59
9446884902Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord---> spinal cord , brain, CNS60
9446884903Pharyngeal Slits/Cleftinvertebrates--->used for suspension feeding vertebrates--->gas exchange via gills (except tetrapods) tetrapods--->used for ears, head, and neck61
9446884904Post-anal tailprehensile, balance related, vestigial62
9446884905CephalochordataLancelets -"blade like in shape" -marine suspension feeders that retain characteristics of the chordate body plan -burrow into the ocean floor in shallow waters -can swim feebly63
9446884906UrochordataTunicates - "sea-squirts" -resemble chordates most at the larval stage (may only last a few minutes) -draw water through and incurrent siphon, filtering particles -when attacked, they shoot water through excurrent siphon64
9446884907Vertebrates-Have 2 or more clusters of HOX genes -2 early forms Myxini Hagfish Petromyzontiformes Lampreys65
9446884908MyxiniHagfish very ugly jawless vertebrates small brain, eyes, ears toothlike formations skull is cartilaginous, as is notochord flexible rod all bottom dwelling scavengers slime glands Marine66
9446884909PetromyzontiformesLampreys -parasites that clamp jaws and suck out vital fluids -Marine and freshwater -cartilaginous notochord based structure -invasive species67
9446884910GnathostomesVertebrates with jaws, outnumber jawless vertebrates -Aquatic gnathostomes have a lateral line system that is sensitive to vibrations68
9446884911Chondrichthyansskeleton primarily made of cartilage largest groups -- sharks, rays, skates key adaptations--> sharp/serrated teeth, exquisite sense of smell (chemical and electrical), body morphology that is smooth and hydrodynamic short digestive systems sexual repro is internal variety of strategies for birth (EGGS, LIVE YOUNG)69
9446884912OsteichthyansRayfinned fish + Lobe-finned fishes -vast majority of vertebrates in the group (22,000 kinds of fish) -nearly all have endoskeleton -includes bony fishes -aquatic Osteich... called fish -swim bladder, operculum 'gill-cover' -lateral line -ectotherm -egg birth -external fert -scales of keratin covered in mucus (reduce drag, avoid consumption) -great sense of smell -LOBE FINNED are link to first tetrapods, the AMPHIBIANS70
9446884913Requirements of tetrapodsLungs limbs and digits head and neck fusion of pelvic girdle to backbone development of ears71
9446884914Amphibians Us, Af,CllMany transitional species between fish and amphibians (shows clearly that they were the first tetrapods 6,150 species URODELA = salamanders ANURA = frog CAECILIANS = legless amphibians, mostly blind (once had legs)72
9446884915Amphibian characteristics-ectotherms -external fertilization/soft eggs--reproduce in water -permeable skin and outer covering, can breathe through skin ---> vulnerable to pollution and UV, fungal infections like chytrids -toads have less permeable, more leathery skin than frogs -some exhibit parental care -first with 3 Chambered heat73
9446884916AmniotesIncludes tetrapods: reptiles, birds, mammals -egg is hard (bird), rubbery (reptiles) or an internal sac (mammals) -with amniotic egg that allows birth out of water -have less permeable or impermeable skin -first reptiles keratin scales then birds keratin feathers (modified scales!), mammals have keratin fur -have a rib cage to help ventilate lungs74
9446884917ReptilesIncludes snakes, tautaras, lizards, turtles, crocodillans, birds*, -ectotherms (regulate temp with behavior) -hard or rubbery shells on land, fewer than amphibians -usually no parental care -scales create waterproof barrier -many have mating rituals -freshwater, marine, terrestrial75
9446884918turtlesphylogenetic position is uncertain, very ancient -shells=upper and lower shields (difficult to predate) fused to vertebrae, clavicles and ribs76
9446884919snakes-carnivores -specialized unhinge-able jaw "loosely articulated jaw" -chemical sensors on tongue and heat sensors to catch prey -may be equipped with venom -flexible stretchy skin77
9446884920birds-160 m.y.a. (ancestor Archeaopteryx) -most adaptations away from other reptiles were toward flight -feathers = modified keratin scales, evolved for warmth, camouflage, or displays before flight +down feathers for heat/flight feathers for flight -light, hollow bones -no urinary bladder -sexual organs reduced -no teeth -ancestor78
9446884921Mammals5,300 species -amniotes with hair and produce milk (mammary glands) -live birth*, eggs, some natural premies -PARENTAL CARE -HIGH ENERGY NEEDS -differentiated teeth -larger brain to body size ratio -first were MONOTREMES (egg layers) echidnas/platypuses-->marsupials-->eutherian placentals79
9446884922PrimatesLemurs-lorises-busbabies, Tarsier, Anthropoids: gibbon, orangutan, gorilla, monkeys, chimps, bonobos, (us) -hands and feet adapted to grasping (OPPOSABLE THUMBS) -flat nails (allow for sensory finger tips) -brachiation--rotation of limbs -eyes in front and close together--binocular vision, depth perception -very large brains -short jaws -complex social behavior -high degree of parental care80
9446884923Homo Sapiens-200,000 years of historty -6 million years of HOMINIDS (bipedal primates) --> 20 species documented -TRENDS +shorter digestive tract +smaller jawbone and muscles -lighter longer skeleton -less sexual dimorphism -complex thoughts, use of tools, artistic expression81
9446884924Hominid link to Homo sapiens(3.5 m.y.a.) Homo habilis--tool users Homo erectus--migrators, interbreeders Neandrathals--interbred with Homo erectus Homo sapiens-- 200,000 years of history, only recently hunters/farmers---20,000 years ago agriculture -Migration of 115,000 years (New world 15,000 years ago)82
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Chapter 55 Campbell Biology Flashcards

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

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15532247708EcosystemAll organisms in a given area and the abiotic factors with which they interact; involves energy flow and chemical cyling0
15532247709Law of Conservation of MassMatter cannot be created or destroyed •Chemical elements are continually recycled within ecosystems •In a forest ecosystem, most nutrients enter as dust or solutes in rain and are carried away in water •Ecosystems are open systems, absorbing energy and mass and releasing heat and waste products1
15532247710Primary ProducersAutotrophs, usually photosynthetic, who create sugars to use as food2
15532247711Primary ConsumersHerbivores who eat producers3
15532247712Secondary ConsumersCarnivores that eat herbivores4
15532247713Tertiary ConsumersCarnivores that eat carnivores5
15532247714Detritivore (Decomposer)Heterotrophs that gain energy from detritus, nonliving organic matter •Detritivores are animals -Produce organic wastes further broken down by •Decomposers -Fungi and prokaryotes -Produce inorganic wastes •Decomposition connects all trophic levels6
15532247715detritusnonliving organic material, such as the remains of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves, and wood7
15532247716Primary ProductionAmount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period •In most ecosystems, primary production is the amount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs during a given time period •In a few ecosystems, chemoautotrophs are the primary producers •The extent of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an ecosystem's energy budget •1% of visible light that strikes photosynthetic organisms is converted to chemical energy •= 150 billion metric tons of organic material per year8
15532247717Gross Primary ProductionTotal primary production in an ecosystem •GPP is measured as the conversion of chemical energy from photosynthesis per unit time9
15532247718Net Primary ProductionGPP minus the energy used by primary producers for cellular respiration •NPP is expressed as either -Energy per unit area per unit time (J/m2×yr), or -Biomass added per unit area per unit time (g/m2×yr) •NPP is the amount of new biomass added in a given time period •Only NPP is available to consumers •Standing crop is the total biomass of photosynthetic autotrophs at a given time •Satellite data indicates that ecosystems vary greatly in NPP and contribution to the total NPP on Earth10
15532247719autotrophic respirationRa11
15532247720Net Ecosystem ProductionMeasure of total biomass accumulated in a given time period. GPP - Rt12
15532247721total respiration of all organisms in the systemRt13
15532247722Limiting NutrientElement that must be added for production to increases •More than light, nutrients limit primary production in most oceans and lakes •Nitrogen and phosphorous are the nutrients that most often limit marine production •Nutrient enrichment experiments confirmed that nitrogen was limiting phytoplankton growth off the shore of Long Island, New York •Often touted as a quick fix to reduce atmospheric CO214
15532247723EutrophicationProcess of increasing the nutrients in lakes and thus decreases oxygen and clarity15
15532247724Light and nutrientsLimits of primary production in aquatic ecosystems16
15532247725Temperature and moistureLimits of primary production in terrestrial ecosystems17
15532247726Secondary ProductionAmount of chemical energy in a consumer's food that is converted to their own new biomass in a period of time18
15532247727Net Secondary ProductionThe gain by consumers in energy or biomass per unit time remaining after allowing for respiratory losses (R).19
15532247728Production EfficiencyPercent of energy stored in assimilated food which is not used for respiration •When a caterpillar feeds on a leaf, only about one-sixth of the leaf's energy is used for secondary production •An organism's production efficiency is the fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration - Production Efficienty = Net secondary production / Assimilation of primary production x 100%20
15532247729Trophic EfficiencyPercent of production transferred from one level to the next, only about 10% (range of 5% to 20%) •Trophic efficiency is multiplied over the length of a food chain •Approximately 0.1% of chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary consumer •A pyramid of net production represents the loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain21
15532247730Biogeochemical CyclesCycling of nutrients involving both biotic and abiotic factors22
15532247731Carbon CycleKey processes in this cycle involve photosynthesis and cellular respiration. •Carbon-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms •Photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic molecules that are used by heterotrophs •Carbon reservoirs include fossil fuels, soils and sediments, solutes in oceans, plant and animal biomass, the atmosphere, and sedimentary rocksCO2 is taken up and released through photosynthesis and respiration; additionally, volcanoes and the burning of fossil fuels contribute CO2 to the atmosphere23
15532247732Phosphorous CycleKey processes include weathering, leaching, and decomposition/ excretion24
15532247733Nitrogen CycleKey processes include dentrification, ammonification, nitrification, and fixation •Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids •The main reservoir of nitrogen is the atmosphere (N2), though this nitrogen must be converted to NH4+ or NO3- for uptake by plants, via nitrogen fixation by bacteria •Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4+ by ammonification, and NH4+ is decomposed to NO3- by nitrification •Denitrification converts NO3- back to N225
15532247734Nitrogen fixationConversion of N2 into forms of nitrogen that can be used by organisms26
15532247735NitrificationProcess by which bacteria oxidizes NH4 into nitrite and then nitrate27
15532247736DenitrificationBacteria releases nitrogen back into the air28
15532247737BioremediationUsing organisms like prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems29
15532247738Biological AugmentationAdding organisms to speed up succession of ecosystem30
15532247739EvapotranspirationAmount of water transpired by plants and evaporated from landscape31
15532539377Transformed to Tundra•Arctic Foxes introduced to Aleutian and Pribilof islands by fur industry •Breeding seabird colonies were decimated •Reduction in guano deposition resulted in a shift from nutrient demanding grasses and sedges to tundra vegetation more tolerant of nutrient poor soils32
15532554990energy flow and chemical cyclingRegardless of an ecosystem's size, its dynamics involve two main processes:33
15532559663Energy; Matter____ flows through ecosystems, while ____ cycles within them.34
15532569330Conservation of Energy•The first law of thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, only transformed •Energy enters an ecosystem as solar radiation, is conserved, and is lost from organisms as heat35
15532578726second law of thermodynamics•every exchange of energy increases the entropy of the universe •In an ecosystem, energy conversions are not completely efficient, and some energy is always lost as heat •On average 90% of energy lost between trophic levels36
15532593923Autotrophsbuild molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis as an energy source37
15532593924Heterotrophsdepend on the biosynthetic output of other organisms38
15532604826Energy and Nutrients•pass from primary producers (autotrophs) to primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary consumers (carnivores) to tertiary consumers (carnivores that feed on other carnivores) •Foodchain à Food(trophic) pyramid39
15572836023Highest Productivity•Tropical rain forests, estuaries, and coral reefs are among the most productive ecosystems per unit area •Marine ecosystems are relatively unproductive per unit area but contribute much to global net primary production because of their size40
15572843447Primary Production in Aquatic Ecosystems•In marine and freshwater ecosystems, both light and nutrients control primary production •Light Limitation •Depth of light penetration affects primary production in the photic zone of an ocean or lake41
15572866462Primary Production in Terrestrial Ecosystems•In terrestrial ecosystems, temperature and moisture affect primary production on a large scale •Primary production increases with moisture42
15572874041Evapotranspiration•the water transpired by plants and evaporated from a landscape •It is affected by precipitation, temperature, and solar energy •It is related to net primary production43
15572890572Nutrient Limitations and Adaptations That Reduce Them•On a more local scale, a soil nutrient is often the limiting factor in primary production •In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is the most common limiting nutrient •Phosphorus can also be a limiting nutrient, especially in older soils44
15572899339Adaptations to Access Nutrients•Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil -Some plants form mutualisms with nitrogen-fixing bacteria -Legumes + Rhizobium bacteria -Alder + Frankia -Many plants form mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi; these fungi supply plants with phosphorus and other limiting elements -Roots have root hairs that increase surface area -Many plants release enzymes that increase the availability of limiting nutrients45
15572936625Invertebrates have highest efficiencies•Birds and mammals have efficiencies in the range of 1-3% because of the high cost of endothermy •Fishes have production efficiencies of around 10% •Insects and microorganisms have efficiencies of 40% or more46
15572957320Aquatic Ecosystems have Inverted Biomass Pyramids•Certain aquatic ecosystems have inverted biomass pyramids: producers (phytoplankton) are consumed so quickly that they are outweighed by primary consumers •Turnover time is the ratio of the standing crop biomass to production47
15572988968Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates•Decomposers (detritivores) play a key role in the general pattern of chemical cycling •Rates at which nutrients cycle in different ecosystems vary greatly, mostly as a result of differing rates of decomposition •The rate of decomposition is controlled by temperature, moisture, and nutrient availability48
15572996328Decomposition Rates•Rapid decomposition results in relatively low levels of nutrients in the soil -For example, in a tropical rain forest, material decomposes rapidly, and most nutrients are tied up in trees and other living organisms •Cold and wet ecosystems store large amounts of undecomposed organic matter as decomposition rates are low •Decomposition is slow in anaerobic muds49
15573001405Case Study: Nutrient Cycling in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest•The Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest has been used to study nutrient cycling in a forest ecosystem since 1963 •The research team constructed a dam on the site to monitor loss of water and minerals •They found that 60% of the precipitation exits through streams and 40% is lost by evapotranspiration50
15573008146Deforestation and Nitrogen Loss•In one experiment, a watershed was clear-cut to determine the effects of the loss of vegetation on drainage and nutrient cycling •Net losses of water were 30-40% greater in the deforested site than the undisturbed (control) site •Nutrient loss was also much greater in the deforested site compared with the undisturbed site -For example, nitrate levels increased 60 times in the outflow of the deforested site •These results showed that nutrient loss in a forest ecosystem is controlled mainly by plants51
15573018400Restoration ecologists return degraded ecosystems to a more natural state•Given enough time, biological communities can recover from many types of disturbances •Restoration ecology seeks to initiate or speed up the recovery of degraded ecosystems •The long-term objective of restoration is to return an ecosystem as much as possible to its predisturbance state •Two key strategies are bioremediation and augmentation of ecosystem processes52
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Chapter 54 Campbell Biology Flashcards

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13811840559What are interspecific interactions?relationships between species in a community commensalism, mutualism, predation, herbivory, parasitism0
13811840560When does competition occur and what is the symbol for this interaction? What must be in short for this to occur?(-/-) occurs when species compete for a resource that limits survival and reproduction resources must be in short1
13811840561What is competitive exclusion?When strong competition can leads to local elimination of a competing species2
13811840562True or False: two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist permanently in the same placeTrue3
13811840563What is an ecological niche?ecological role the sum of an organism's use of biotic and abiotic resources4
13811840564True or False: Ecologically similar species cannot coexist in a communityFalse: Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches5
13811840565What is resource partitioning?differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community6
13811840566What is a species' fundamental niche?the niche potentially occupied by that species7
13811840567What is a species' realized nichethe niche actually occupied by that species8
13811840625Explain the chthamalus fundamental to realized niche9
13811840568What happens when the common spiny mouse and the golden spiny mouse coexist?both are normally nocturnal so the golden spiny mouse becomes diurnal when they coexist (out during day)10
13811840569What is Character displacement?a tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species11
13811840570What is exploitation and what is the symbol of its interaction?(+/-) one species benefits by feeding on the other species herbivory, predation, parasitism12
13811840571What is predation and what is the symbol of its interaction?(+/-) one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey13
13811840572What is aposematic coloration?bright warning coloration on animals with effective chemical defenses like skunks14
13811840573What is cryptic coloration?camouflage15
13811840574What is batesian mimicry?a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model16
13811840575What happens in Müllerian mimicry?two or more unpalatable species resemble each other like cuckoo bees and yellow jackets17
13811840576What is herbivory and what is the symbol of its interaction?(+/-) an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga18
13811840577What is parasitism and what is the symbol of its interaction? What are the two types of parasites?(+/-) ne organism, the parasite, derives nourishment from another organism, its host, which is harmed in the process endoparasites - inside body ectoparasites - external surface of body19
13811840578What are positive interactions?where at least one species benefits and neither is harmed commensalism and mutualism20
13811840579What is mutualism and what is the symbol of its interaction?(+/+) benefits both species both species incur costs, but the benefits to each partner exceed the costs some species depend on the other species for survival and reproduction while others can survive on their own21
13811840580What is commensalism and what is the symbol of its interaction?(+/0) one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped can at times become mutualistic22
13811840581What are two main fundamental features of community structure?species diversity and feeding relationships23
13811840582What is the species diversity of a community? What are its two components?the variety of organisms that make up the community species richness and relative abundance24
13811840583True or False: Communities with the same species richness have the same relative abundanceFalse: Two communities can have the same species richness but a different relative abundance25
13811840584What is species richness?A component of species diversity of a community the number of different species in the community26
13811840585What is relative abundanceA component of species diversity of a community the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community27
13811840586Explain the Shannon diversity index (H)used to compare diversity28
13811840587Communities with higher diversity are... (4 things)more productive - they produce more biomass more stable in their productivity better able to withstand and recover from environmental stresses more resistant to invasive species29
13811840588What is trophic structure?the feeding relationships between organisms in a community30
13811840589What do food chains do?they link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores31
13811840590What is a trophic level?the position an organism occupies in a food chain32
13811840591What is a food web?a group of food chains linked together forming complex trophic interactions33
13811840592True or False: A species can play a role at more than one trophic level in a food webTrue34
13811840593What does the energetic hypothesis suggest? Why?that length of food chains is limited by inefficient energy transfer Only about 10% of the energy stored in organic matter at each trophic level is converted to organic matter at the next trophic level Large carnivores cannot obtain enough food from small prey efficiently enough to meet their metabolic needs35
13811840594What are dominant species? What are the hypotheses as to why THEY are dominant over others?those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass dominant species are most competitive in exploiting resources they are most successful at avoiding predators or disease invasive species can become dominant because they lack natural predators or parasites36
13811840595What is one way to determine the impact of a dominant species?to remove it from the environment37
13811840596What are keystone species? What sets them apart from dominant species?those that exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches contrast to dominant species, they are not usually abundant in a community38
13811840597What are ecosystem engineers? Give an examplethey cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure beavers39
13811840598Explain the bottom-up model vs the top-down modelbottom-up: producers to predators NVHP top-down: predators to producers PHVN the presence or absence of mineral nutrients (N) controls plant (V) numbers, which control herbivore (H) numbers, which control predator (P) numbers40
13811840599What is Biomanipulation?it helps restore polluted communities EX)41
13811840600What is a disturbance?an event that changes a community, removes organisms from it, and alters resource availability42
13811840601What does the nonequilibrium model describe?communities as constantly changing after disturbance43
13811840602What does the intermediate disturbance hypothesis state?moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels of disturbance High levels of disturbance exclude many slow- growing species Low levels of disturbance allow dominant species to exclude less competitive species44
13811840603What is ecological succession?the sequence of changes in community composition following a disturbance45
13811840604What is primary succession?occurs where no soil exists when succession begins46
13811840605Early-arriving species and later-arriving species may be linked in one of three processes...Early arrivals may facilitate the appearance of later species by making the environment favorable They may inhibit the establishment of later species They may have no affect on the establishment of later species, which tolerate conditions created early in succession47
13811840606Retreating __________ provide a valuable field-research opportunity for observing ______________ successionglaciers ; primary48
13811840607Describe the predictable pattern of vegetation and soil succession on the moraines in Glacier Bay, Alaska1) Pioneer plants 2) Dryas dominate 3) Alder trees dominate 4) Sitka spruce dominate 5) hemlocks dominate49
13811840608Succession is the result of changes induced by the ____________ itselfvegetation50
13811840609On the glacial moraines, how do pioneer plant species facilitate later arrivals?by increasing soil nitrogen content51
13811840610Secondary succession begins in an area where...soil remains after a disturbance52
13811840611What are mainly the two key biogeographic factors that affect the species diversity of biological communities?Latitude and area53
13811840612Species richness is especially great in the _________ and generally declines in a gradient toward the ________tropics ; poles54
13811840613What are two key factors affecting latitudinal gradients of species richness?evolutionary history and climate55
13811840614Why might tropical environments have greater species richness?because there has been more time for speciation to occur56
13811840615Two main climatic factors correlated with biodiversity in terrestrial communities are __________ and _______________sunlight ; precipitation57
13811840616What is rate of evapotranspiration?the evaporation of water from soil plus transpiration of water from plants it considers sunlight and precipitation in a community58
13811840617What is potential evapotranspiration?the measure of potential water loss, assuming water is available59
13811840618Evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration are higher in the ______ and ______ conditions of the tropicswarm ; wet60
13811840619When evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration are high, species richness is _____high61
13811840620What is the species-area curve? What's its formula?it quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species S = cA^(z) S = number of species c = constant A = area z = how many more species should be found as habitat area increases62
13811840621Describe the island equilibrium modelspecies richness on islands represents a balance between immigration of new species and extinction of established species As the number of species on an island increases, immigration decreases and extinction increases Smaller islands have lower immigration rates and higher extinction rates Islands closer to the mainland have higher immigration rates and lower extinction rates An equilibrium will be reached where the rate of immigration is equal to the rate of extinction63
13811840622What are zoonotic pathogens?they're transferred to humans from other animals64
13811840623The transfer of pathogens can be direct or through an intermediate species called a __________vector65
13811840624What type of flu is highly contagious virus of birdsavian flu66
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Campbell Biology- Chapter 52 Flashcards

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9884768726PopulationA group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area0
9884768727Population DensityThe number of individuals per unit area1
9884768728Population density is the result of...Mortality Natality Immigration Emigration (Is difficult and impractical to to determine, but not impossible)2
9884768729MortalityDeaths3
9884768730NatalityBirths4
9884768731ImmigrationNew individuals coming in5
9884768732EmigrationIndividuals exiting a population6
9884768733Calculate Population density by (2 ways)The Quadrant Method The Mark and Recapture Method7
9884768734The Mark and Recapture formula (for population density)(M*(CwM+Cw/oM)) N=------------------------ (CwM)8
9884768735The Quadrant Method is used for calculating the population of...Plants9
9884768736The Mark and Recapture Method is used for calculating the population of...Animals10
9884768737What was the point of the Mark and Recapture lab?To be able to calculate the population of a group of organisms without having to individually count them.11
9884768738Population DispersionThe pattern of spacing among individuals with in the boundaries of the population12
9884768739Dispersion pattersClumped Uniform Random13
9884768740Clumped patterns-The individuals are aggregated in patches -Influenced by available resources - The U.S. is clumped - Most common dispersal pattern14
9884768741Uniform- The individuals are evenly distributed - Influenced by social interactions like territoriality - King penguins in South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic Ocean15
9884768742Random- The position of each individual is independent of other individuals - seeds being dispersed by animals randomly16
9884768743DemographyThe study of the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time17
9884768744Growth rate formulaGrowth Rate= Birth rate - Death rate (r= b-d)18
9884768745What is a Life table- An age specific summary of the survival patterns of a population - Is best constructed by following the fate of a cohort19
9884768746What is a CohortA group based on age and time20
9884768747What can you deduce from the life table about Female and Male Ground Squirrels?- The female ground squirrels live longer - Because the male squirrels are the ones who go out to forage, and put themselves in danger, which means that they are more likely to die21
9884768748Life history traits are evolutionary outcomes reflected in...the development, physiology and behavior of an organism22
9884768749Semalparity"Big Bang reproduction". They mate a single time, then die23
9884768750IteroparityRepeated reproduction. (reiterate)24
9884768751Reproduction types in animalsSemalparity and Iteroparity25
9884768752Why do plants make large amounts of small seeds?They are ensuring that at least some of them will grow and eventually reproduce themselves26
9884768753Why do plants make very few large seeds?They provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established27
9884768754Which one is better? -Large amounts of small seeds -Very few amounts of big seedsThey are both equal28
9884768755Population Growth Rate Equationr=b-d29
9884768756It is useful to study population growth in an idealized situation becauseIn order to understand the capacity of species for increase and the condition that may facilitate this type of growth30
9884768757The population growth rate formula doesn't factor inimmigration and emigration. It is based in an unlimited environment31
9884768758When does zero population occur?When the birth rate equals the death rate32
9884768759Equation for Zero Population GrowthdN ---- = rN dt33
9884768760dchange in34
9884768761ttime35
9884768762Npopulation size36
9884768763rif population is growing (r>0) or declining (r<0)37
9884768764Exponential modelpopulation increase under idealized conditions38
9884768765With the Exponential model the rate of reproduction is at itsmaximum39
9884768766The exponential model is not realistic becauseresources become limited as the population grows40
9884768767Exponential Growth EquationdN ----- = r max N dt41
9884768768The exponential growth graph makes aJ-shaped curve42
9884768769Can exponential growth be sustained for long periods of time?No, because it doesn't account for the maximum population size the environment can support. The population will eventually reach the carrying capacity43
9884768770Variable for carrying capacityK44
9884768771The logistic growth model includes the concept ofCarrying capacity45
9884768772Logistic modela model describing population growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity46
9884768773The death rate _________ when resources become limitedincreases47
9884768774When the environment can't support any more individuals it is atcarrying capacity48
9884768775The logistic population growth model graph is shaped like anS49
9884768810Logistic growth equation50
9884768776Types of Reproductive strategies within a populationr-selected and k-selected populations51
9884768777r-selected populationsthe concept that in certain populations, a high reproductive rate is the chief determinate of life history52
9884768778r-selected populations characteristics- High ability to reproduce - Small body size - early maturity onset - short generation time - ability to disperse offspring widely - little to no parental care53
9884768779Examples of r-selected populationsfish, bacteria, insects, weeds, some mammals, and small rodents54
9884768780Do we see exponential growth when we look at a logistic growth chart?yes55
9884768781Logistic Population Growth Graphfirst section- growth is slow, not a lot of organisms to reproduce second section- population growth is exponential third section- population growth slows as the population reaches carrying capacity fourth section- carrying capacity has been reached.56
9884768782K- Selected populationsLife history is centered around producing few offspring that have a good chance of survival.57
9884768783K- Selected populations characteristics- Large body size - Long life expectancy - production of little offspring - lots of parental care58
9884768784K- Selected population examplesElephants, Humans, whales, gorillas59
9884768785Factors that limit population growth- Density independent factors - Density independent factors60
9884768786Density independent factorswhen a birth rate or death rate doesn't change with population density61
9884768787Density independent factor examples- floods, fires, volcanoes, tornadoes62
9884768788Density dependent factorsany characteristic that varies according to an increase in the population63
9884768789Density dependent factor examples (6)- competition for resources- food, water, nutrients - territoriality- space resource - health- transmission of diseases - predation- if a prey population increases, a predator may feed on it - toxic wastes- metabolic by-products can accumulate and poison the organisms - intrinsic factors- aggressive interaction can cause reproduction rates to drop millions of people moving to California will cause a food shortage there64
9884768790MetapopulationWhen a population of a single species is linked through immigration and emigration - influences the population65
9884768791High levels of ___________ combined with higher ____________ can result in greater stability in populationsimmigration; survival rate66
9884768792Population cycleWhen populations fluctuate at unpredictable intervals. Boom and bust cycles are influenced by complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors67
9884768793Time lagan increase in prey will cause an increase in predators a short time later. A decrease in prey will cause a decrease in predators a short time later.68
9884768794The human population growth has slowed after centuries of...exponential growth69
9884768795No population can growindefinitely70
9884768796The human population ____________ relatively slowly until about 1650 when we began to grow __________slowly exponentially71
9884768797The human population began to __________ after the industrial revolution becauseincrease - better medication - able to mass produce food72
9884768798Three things that will decrease the human population- global famine - global war - global plague73
9884768799To maintain population stability a regional human population can exist in one of two configurations. They are...1. Zero population growth = high birth rates - high death rates 2. Zero population growth = low birth rates - low death rates74
9884768800One important demographic factor in present and future growth trends is a country's __________ and the relative number or __________ at each angleage structure individuals75
9884768801Age structure- Represented in Pyramids - Can predict a population's growth trends - Can illuminate social conditions and help us plan for the future76
9884768811Rapid growth age structure pyramid77
9884768812Slow/stable growth age structure pyramid78
9884768813Decreasing growth age structure pyramid79
9884768802Infant mortality and life expectancy at birth...varies widely among developed and developing countries BUT do not capture the the wide range of human condition80
9884768803The carrying capacity of Earth for humans isuncertain81
9884768804The United States wastes __________ than other countriesmore82
9884768805The ecological footprint concept summarizesthe aggregate land and water area needed to sustain the people of a nation83
9884768806The ecological footprint concept is one measure of howclose we are to the carrying capacity of Earth84
9884768807Ecological footprints for 13 countriesShows that the countries vary greatly in their footprint size and their available ecological capacity85
9884768808Carbon footprintthe total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide86
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Chapter 53, Population Ecology, Campbell 8e, Chapter 51 {Campbell Biology} Flashcards

Ch. 53 Key Concepts: - Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics. - Life history traits are products of natural selection. - The exponential model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment. - The logistic model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity. - Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent.

Terms : Hide Images
9745403277population ecologyThe study of populations in relation to the environment, including environmental influences on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size.0
9745403278densityA measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume.1
9745403279dispersiona spreading or scattering or separating2
9745403280mark-recapture methodA sampling technique used to estimate wildlife populations.3
9745403281immigrationMovement of individuals into a new location4
9745403282emigrationLeaving a population5
9745403283demographyThe scientific study of population characteristics.6
9745403284life tablesAge-specific summaries of survival patterns of a population.7
9745403285cohortA population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.8
9745403286survivorship curveGraph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.9
9745403287reproductive tableAn age-specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population.10
9745403288life historyTraits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival.11
9745403289repeated reproductionReproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; also known as iteroparity.12
9745403290zero population growthA decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.13
9745403291exponential population growthGrowth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, represented by a J-shaped curve when population size is plotted over time.14
9745403292carrying capacityThe largest population that an enviorment can support15
9745403293logistic population growthwhen populations are well below the size dictated by the carrying capacity of the region they live in, they will grow exponentially, but as they approach the carrying capacity, their growth rate will decrease and the size of the population will eventually become stable.16
9745403294K-selectionfavorable life-history strategy under stable environmental conditions characterized by the production of a few slow growing, large offspring, iteroparity, long life, poor dispersal, strong competition17
9745403295r-selectionfavorable life history strategy that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments; also called density-independent selection. Occurs in unstable environments. Favors early reproduction and many, small offspring.18
9745403296density independentlimiting factors that are density independent are those that occur regardless of population size and reduce the size of all populations in the area in which they occur by same proportion: mostly abiotic, human activities, and natural disasters19
9745403297density dependentlimiting factors that operate more strongly on large populations than on small ones and varies according to an change in population density.20
9745403298population dynamicsThe study of short‐ and long‐term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration.21
9745403299metapopulationA group of spatially separated populations of one species that interact through immigration and emigration.22
9745403300demographic transitionchange in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates23
9745403301age structurePercentage of the population (or number of people of each sex) at each age level in a population.24
9745403302ecological footprintLand and water area appropriated by each nation as a resource to consume or to absorb the waste it generates.25
9745403303BehaviorAn action carried out by muscles by way of the nervous system in response to stimuli26
9745403304Behavioral EcologyStudy of how ecology and evolution impacts animal behavior27
9745403305Fixed Action PatternUnlearned acts caused by simple stimuli that are unchangeable and can't be interrupted. (Ex. Three spined sticklebacks act aggressively toward things w/ red coloring because they look like males)28
9745403306MigrationRegular long distance change in location due to environmental cues29
9745403307Circadian Clock24 hour cycle which corresponds to a daily cycle of rest and activity synced with light and dark30
9745403308Circannual RhythmRhythm linked to the yearly cycle of seasons31
9745403309SignalStimulus sent between animals, usually as a form of communication32
97454033104 modes of animal communication1. Visual 2. Chemical -- detection + emission of molecules to signal something 3. Tactile -- physical touch 4. Auditory -- aural communication + sounds33
9745403311PheremonesChemical substances used to communicate through odors and tastes, usually in mammals and insects to stimulate mating behaviors or to sound an alarm34
9745403312Innate BehaviorBehavior shared by multiple individuals by nature35
9745403313LearningModification of behavior through experience36
9745403314ImprintingLong lasting behavioral response to an individual objects at a stage of life37
9745403315Sensitive PeriodCritical amount of time early in an organisms life where they are most receptive to learning behaviors and imprinting.38
9745403316Imprinting StimulusOutside stimulus that directs young's behavior (Ex. young geese tend to follow the first thing that moves away from them)39
9745403317Spatial LearningEstablishing memories based on an environment's physical space and structure (Ex. Female digger wasps use landmarks to locate their nests)40
9745403318Cognitive MapsMental pictures of a spatial environment used to form relationships between landmarks and their positions41
9745403319Associative LearningAssociating experiences, good or bad, with satisfaction or a lack thereof42
9745403320Classical ConditioningForm of associative learning that involves a repeated action (Ex. Pavlov's dogs)43
9745403321Operant ConditioningAssociative learning through trial and error in which organisms associate behavior with a reward or a punishment and then repeats or avoids the action44
9745403322CognitionMost complex form of "knowing" relying on awareness, judgement, reasoning, and recollection. (Ex. bees could distinguish same from different colors and patterns to receive a reward when put in a Y-shaped maze)45
9745403323Problem SolvingCreating an approach to deal with obstacles46
9745403324Social LearningLearning through observation, especially of elders or through imitation of authority figures47
9745403325ForagingFood obtaining behaviors including eating, collecting, searching, and recognizing48
9745403326Optimal Foraging ModelNatural selection favors foraging behaviors that limit dangers but support benefits49
9745403327PromiscuityNo strong bond between mates50
9745403328Monogamy1 male with 1 female, tends to be long lasting51
9745403329Polygamy1 male or female mates with multiple male or females52
9745403330Sexual DimorphismExtent to which males and females differ inappearance53
9745403331Intersexual SelectionOne organism chooses to mate with another organism because of their characteristics (between different sexes)54
9745403332Intrasexual SelectionMate competition between members of the same sex55
9745403333Game TheoryA tool scientists use to evaluate and study behaviors and strategies of individuals. Ex. in a species of lizard the different colors correlate to different behaviors. Scientists used the idea of rock paper scissors to determine who is vulnerable to who)56
9745403334AltruismSelflessness which decreases individual fitness but increases the fitness of another individual57
9745403335Inclusive FitnessAnimals further their own genes through their own offspring and by helping close relatives because they share genes58
9745403336Kin SelectionNatural selection that favors altruistic behavior through increased reproductive success of relatives (i.e. save your sister but not your cousin)59
9745403337Reciprocal AltruismExchange of aid between individuals that aren't closely related who have the expectation of mutual aid again in the future60
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