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Campbell Biology Chapter 33 Flashcards

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9395133448	Invertebrates	Animals without a backbone	0
9395133449	Animals in the phylum Porifera	sponges	1
9395133450	Sponges are	sedentary and live in marine waters or fresh water	2
9395133451	Filter feeders	animals that capture food particles suspended in the water that passes through their body	3
9395133452	The body cavity of a sponge	spongocoel	4
9395133453	Opening at the top of sponges	Osculum	5
9395133454	Choanocytes	Flagellated collar cells that generate water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food	6
9395133455	Mesohyl	A gelatinous noncellular layer between two cell layers	7
9395133456	Amoebocytes	found in the mesohyl and play roles in digestion and structure	8
9395133457	Hermaphrodites	each individual functions as both male and female	9
9395133458	Examples of cnidarians	Jellies, corals, and hydras	10
9395133459	Gastrovascular cavity	single opening that functions as a mouth and an anus	11
9395133460	Two variations of the body plan of cnidarians	polyp and medusa	12
9395133461	Polyp	Hydra, sessile on the aboral end.	13
9395133462	Medusa	Jellies, bell shaped bodies with a mouth on the underside	14
9395133463	Cnidocyte	unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey	15
9395133464	Nematocysts	specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread	16
9395133465	Medusozoans	All cnidarians that produce a medusa	17
9395133466	Hydras reproduce by	budding	18
9395133467	Corals often form symbioses with algae and secrete a hard	exoskeleton	19
9395133468	the clade bilateria contains (3)	Lophotrocozoa, ecdysozoa, and deuterostomia	20
9395133469	What regulates the osmotic balance in flatworms	protnephridia	21
9395133470	What are the best-known rabditphorans	planarians	22
9395133526	Planarian anatomy		23
9395133471	Two different types of rhabditophorans	trematodes and tapeworms	24
9395133472	trematodes	parasite that spend most of their life in snails. they have alternating sexual and asexual stages	25
9395133473	tapeworms	parasites of vertebrates that lack a digestive system. absorb nutrients from the host's intestine	26
9395133474	the tapeworms units that contain sex organs	proglottids	27
9395133475	Rotifers	tiny animals that inhabit fresh water, the ocean, and damp soil	28
9395133476	A digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid filled pseudocoelom	Alimnetary canal	29
9395133477	The process where females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs	parthenogenesis	30
9395133478	Sessile colonial animals that superficially resemble plants	ectoprocts	31
9395133479	Animals that superficially resemble clams and molluscs	Brachiopods	32
9395133480	Phylum mollusca contains what animals	Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, and squids.	33
9395133481	What are the three main body parts of molluscs	Muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle	34
9395133482	Many molluscs have two other body parts	Mantle cavity and radula	35
9395133483	The gonads of molluscs are located where	visceral mass	36
9395133484	Four major classes of molluscs	Polyplacophora, gastropoda, bivalvia, and cephalopoda.	37
9395133485	Chitons	oval shaped marine animals encased in armor	38
9395133486	Gastropods	Mostly snails and slugs, have a spiraled shell, and are herbivores.	39
9395133487	Clams mussels and scallops are	Bivalves	40
9395133488	Carnivores with beaklike jaws surrounded by tentacles	cephalopods	41
9395133489	Coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings	Annelids	42
9395133490	Mobile, marine organisms that have parapodia on each body segment	errantians	43
9395133491	Clade that contains leeches and earthworms. Usually less mobile than errantians	Sedentarians	44
9395133492	Predators of invertebrates and parasites that suck blood	leeches	45
9395133493	Tough coat that ecdysozoans are covered by	cuticle	46
9395133494	The cuticle is then molted in a process called	ecdysis	47
9395133495	Animals found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants.	Nematodes	48
9395133496	Body plan of arthropod	segmented body, hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages	49
9395133497	Appendages of arthropods are modified for	walking, feeding, sensory reception, reproduction, and defense.	50
9395133498	Open circulatory system	hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs	51
9395133499	3 lineages of arthropods	Chellicerates, myriapods, and pancrustaceans.	52
9395133500	Cellicerates	sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders	53
9395133501	myriapods	centipedes and millipedes	54
9395133502	pancrustaceans	lobsters and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their relatives	55
9395133503	Feeding apendages of cellicerata	chellicerae	56
9395133504	Arachnids	spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites	57
9395133505	Gas exchange in spiders occurs where	book lungs	58
9395133506	All millipedes and centipedes belong to the clade	myriapoda	59
9395133507	Millipedes are herbivores but centipedes are	carnivores	60
9395133508	Crustaceans	Sea animals with highly specialized appendages. smaller ones have cuticles larger ones have gills	61
9395133509	Shelled cephalopods are called	ammonites	62
9395133510	Insects	Animals that live in almost every terrestrial habitat and fresh water.	63
9395133511	The process where young insects resemble adults but go through a series of molts until they reach full size	incomplete metamorphosis	64
9395133512	Insects that have larval stages known by such names such as maggot, grub, or caterpillar undergo what	complete metamorphosis	65
9395133513	insects have separate males and females and reproduce	sexually	66
9395133514	Sea stars and sea urchins are what	echinoderms	67
9395133515	The clade deuterostomia consists of what	echinoderms and chordates	68
9395133516	deuterstomes share developmental characteristics, what are they	radial cleavage and formation of the anus from the blastopore	69
9395133517	Echinoderms	slow moving or sessile marine animals	70
9395133518	A network of hydraulic canals branching to tube feet	water vascuclar system	71
9395133519	Tube feet	the appendages that help echinoderms with locomotion and feeding	72
9395133520	Echinoderms are divided into 5 clades (AOECH)	Asteroidea, ophruoidea, echinoidea, crinoidea, holothuroidea	73
9395133521	Asteroidea	sea stars and sea daises	74
9395133522	Ophiuroidea	Brittle stars	75
9395133523	Echinoidea	sea urchins and sand dollars	76
9395133524	Cninoidea	sea lillies and feather stars	77
9395133525	Holothuroidea	sea cucumbers	78

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Campbell Biology Chapter 32 Flashcards

An Intruduction to Animal Diversity

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9395132917	animals	multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues developed from embryonic layers	0
9395132918	collagen	the most abundant structural protein that helds together the animal cells	1
9395132919	cleavage	The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; specifically, the succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.	2
9395132920	blastula	The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development	3
9395132921	gastrulation	developmental process in which three distinct cell layers form in an embryo: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm	4
9395132922	gastrula	a stage of embryonic development characterized by the differentiation of the cells into the ectoderm and endoderm germ layers and by the formation of the archenteron	5
9395132923	larva	A free-living, sexually immature form in some animal life cycles that may differ from the adult in morphology, nutrition, and habitat.	6
9395132924	metamorphosis	the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into a juvenile, which resembles the adult but is not yet sexually mature.	7
9395132925	Hox genes	Series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo	8
9395132926	choanoflagellets	closest living relatives to the animalia	9
9395132927	Ediacaran biota	An early group of soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossils that range in age from 565 million to 550 million years old.	10
9395132928	Cambrian explosion	A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 535 to 525 million years ago.	11
9395132929	radial symmetry	body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body; characteristic of sea anemones and sea stars	12
9395132930	bilateral symmetry	body plan in which only a single, imaginary line can divide the body into two equal halves; characteristic of worms, arthropods, and chordates	13
9395132931	dorsal side	top side, back of an animal - the spine side, away from the abdomen	14
9395132932	ventral side	The underside, belly, or the lower body surface	15
9395132933	anterior end	the end of an animal that contains its head	16
9395132934	posterior end	the end of an animal that contains its tail	17
9395132935	cephalization	concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body (head and brain)	18
9395132936	sessile	describes an organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life - radial animals	19
9395132937	planktonic	drifting passively with currents - radial animals	20
9395132938	Germ layers	ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm	21
9395132939	ectoderm	The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye	22
9395132940	endoderm	The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract	23
9395132941	archenteron	The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.	24
9395132942	diploblastic	Term for animals with just two germ layers - the ectoderm and endoderm. Include Cnidarians and comb jellies.	25
9395132943	mesoderm	the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue	26
9395132944	triploblastic	Possessing three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. Most eumetazoans are triploblastic.	27
9395132945	body cavity	a fluid- or air-filled space between the digestive tract and the body wall	28
9395132946	coelom	body cavity	29
9395132947	coelomates	An animal that possesses a true coelom (a body cavity lined by tissue completely derived from mesoderm). - ex. earthworm	30
9395132948	pseudocoelomates	An animal whose body cavity is lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and endoderm. ex. round worm	31
9395132949	acoelomates	animals, such as flatworms, that do not have a body cavity	32
9395132950	Protostome development	Spiral and determinate cleavage, solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom, mouth developes from blastopore.	33
9395132951	Deuterostome development	Radial and indeterminate cleavage, folds of archenteron form coelom, anus develops from blastopore.	34
9395132952	determinate cleavage	A type of embryonic development in protostomes that rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.	35
9395132953	indeterminate cleavage	A type of embryonic development in deuterostomes, in which each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.	36
9395132954	blastopore	in a gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes.	37
9395132955	Points of Agreement	1. All animals share a common ancestor 2. Sponges are basal animals 3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues 4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria 5. Chordates and some other phyla belong to the clade Deuterostomia	38
9395132956	All animals share a common ancestor	both trees indicate that animals are monophyletic, forming a clade called Metazoa	39
9395132957	Sponges are basal animals	Among the extant taxa, sponges branch from the base of both animal trees.	40
9395132958	Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues	all animals except for sponges and a few other groups belong to a clade of eumetazoans(true animals). Basal eumetazoans are diploblastic and generally have radial symmetry	41
9395132959	Ecdysozoans	A major lineage of protostomes (Ecdysozoam) that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies. Includes arthropoda (insects) and nematoda (roundworms).	42
9395132960	Lophotrochozoans	One of the two groups of protostomes identified as a clade by molecular evidence. Lophotrochozoans include organisms that have lophophores or trochophore larvae.	43
9395132961	lophophore	In some lophotrochozoan animals, including brachiopods, a crown of ciliated tentacles that surround the mouth and function in feeding.	44
9395132962	trochophore larva	Distinctive larval stage observed in some lophotrochozoan animals, including some annelids and molluscs.	45
9395132963	Cuboidal	cubed shape of epithelial cell,specialized for excretion, found in the kidney tubules and thyroid and salivary gland	46
9395132964	Columnar	tall, cylindrical shape of epithelial cell that is found in the lining of the digestive tract, secretes digestive enzymes, absorbs nutrients, and has goblet cells that secrete mucus for protection	47
9395132965	Squamous	thin, flat, irregular shape of epithelial cell that is located on the skin, lining of esophagus, and blood vessels	48
9395132966	Epithelial Tissue	covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body	49
9395132967	Simple	arrangement of epithelial cell that is a single layer (example: simple squamous is in the lining of the lung)	50
9395132968	Stratified	arrangement of epithelial cell that has multiple layers of cells (example: stratified squamous is in the outer layer of the throat, mouth, and skin	51
9395132969	Pseudostratified	arrangement of epithelial cell that is single layered of cells of varying lengths (example: pseudo stratified ciliated columnar is located in the lining of the respiratory passages	52
9395132970	Extracellular Matrix	holds cells together and protects and support plasma membrane, composed of strong fibers called collagen	53
9395132971	Integrins	connecting proteins	54
9395132972	connective tissues	mainly binds and support other tissues	55
9395132973	collagenous fibers	provides strength and flexibility, non-elastic, made up of collagen	56
9395132974	elastic fibers	stretch and snap back to their original length, made up of elastic	57
9395132975	reticular fibers	join connective tissue to adjacent tissues	58
9395132976	fibroblasts and macrophages	main two types of cells containing connective tissue	59
9395132977	fibroblasts	secrete the proteins of the extracellular matrix	60
9395132978	macrophages	type of white blood connective tissues, protect against invading pathogens, and dispose of dead cells	61
9395132979	loose connective tissue	most widespread connective tissue, made up of collagenous, reticular, and elastic fiber, and olds organs in place	62
9395132980	cartliage	strong and flexible support material, found in the nose, ears, airways, and sternum	63
9395132981	chondrocytes	cells in cartilage found in small groups in cavities lacunae in the matrix	64
9395132982	fibrous connective tissues	dense collagen fibers, form parallel bundles, and found in tendons and ligaments	65
9395132983	adipose tissue	specialized type of loos connective tissue, very small nuclei, stores energy, insulation, cushioning, and protecting, and each cell contains a fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when fat is used as fuel	66
9395132984	blood	forms skeleton; it supports, movement-connection for muscles, protection of delicate organs, mineral storage, and blood cell formation(marrow)	67
9395132985	osteoblasts	bone-forming cells	68
9395132986	canaliculi	hairlike canals that connect the lacunae to each other and to the central canal	69
9395132987	muscle tissue	divided into three types of tissues, most abundant, contract in response to nerve signals	70
9395132988	skeletal muscle	responsible for voluntary movement, skeletal muscles-connect to bones (an important for organism movement)	71
9395132989	smooth muscle	involuntary, makes up walls of many internal organs	72
9395132990	cardiac muscle	found in the heart and involuntary	73

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Campbell Biology Chapter 30 Flashcards

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9395098714	homosporous	produce one kind of spore; usually gives rise to a bisexual gametophyte	0
9395098715	heterosporous	produces two kinds of spores: megasporangia and microsporangia	1
9395098716	megasporangia	produce megaspores; give rise to female gametophytes	2
9395098717	microsporangia	produce microspores; give rise to male gametophytes	3
9395098718	integument	envelops and protects the megasporangium	4
9395098719	ovule	megasporangium, megaspore, and integument	5
9395098720	pollen grain	develops from microspore; consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall	6
9395098721	sporopollenin	in the pollen wall; protects the pollen grain as it is transported by wind or by hitchhiking on an animal	7
9395098722	pollination	the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules	8
9395098723	seeded vascular plants	gymnosperms and angiosperms	9
9395098724	angiosperms	seeded vascular plants, also have fruits (flowering plants)	10
9395098725	gymnosperms	cone-bearing plants called conifers ( naked seed plants)	11
9395098726	flower	unique angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction	12
9395098727	sepals	base of the flower; usually are green and enclose the flower before it opens	13
9395098728	petals	interior to the sepals, aid in attracting pollinators	14
9395098729	stamens	produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes; consists of filament and anthers	15
9395098730	filament	stalk; elevates the anther	16
9395098731	anther	where pollen is produced	17
9395098732	stigma	tip of the carpel; receives pollen	18
9395098733	carpels	make megaspores (and therefore female gametophytes)	19
9395098734	style	leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel	20
9395098735	ovary	base of the carpel	21
9395098736	complete flowers	all four organs; stamen, carpel, petal, and sepal	22
9395098737	incomplete flowers	lack one or more organs; missing a stamen, carpel, petal, or sepal	23
9395098738	fruit	thickened ovary wall; ovary matures	24
9395098739	monocot	one cotyledon	25
9395098740	eudicot (dicots)	two cotyledon	26
9395098741	gymnosperm diversity (4 phyla)	cycadophyta, ginkgophyta, gnetophyta, coniferophyta	27
9395098742	cycadophyta	peaked in Mesoic (age of dinosaurs); over 75% of remaining species threatened	28
9395098743	ginkgophyta	"Maiden-Hair tree"; has deciduous leaves and dioecious species	29
9395098744	dioecious species	male and female components are in separate plants	30
9395098745	gnetophyta	three separate genera (gnetum spp, welwitschia mirabilis, ephedra spp); share molecular similarities	31
9395098746	coniferophyta	most species have woody cones and needle, evergreen leaves; (squoidendron giganteum, pinus longaerva, wollemia nobilis, tsuga canadensis, taxus brevifolia)	32
9395098747	characteristics of monocots	veins usually parallel in leaf venation, vascular tissue scattered in stems	33
9395098748	characteristics of eudicots	veins usually netlike in leaf venation; vascular tissues usually arranged in a ring of stems	34
9395098749	seed	an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat	35
9395098750	monoecious plants	have male and female reproductive structures on the same plant	36
9395098751	dioecious plants	have male and female reproductive structures on different plants	37
9395098752	inflorescences	cluster of flowers	38
9395098753	generative cell	divides to form tow sperm	39
9395098754	tube cell	produces a pollen tube	40
9395098755	herbaceous plants	do not make wood (ex. grasses)	41
9395098756	woody plants	make wood (ex. shrubs or trees)	42
9395098757	annuals	complete their life cycle in a year of less	43
9395098758	biennials	require two growing season (first year= grow , second year= reproduce)	44
9395098759	perennials	live for many years	45
9395098760	stems	any part of the plants that supports leaves or reproductive structures	46
9395098761	leaves	specialized for photosynthesis	47
9395098762	roots	functions: anchor plants to soil, absorb water and nutrients, and storage of food for future growth	48
9395098763	3 types of organs that plants have	stems, leaves, and roots	49
9395098764	dermal tissue	outer protective covering	50
9395098765	vascular tissue	transport of material between roots and shoot system	51
9395098766	ground tissue	storage, photosynthesis, support	52
9395098767	xylem	conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots	53
9395098768	phloem	transports sugars from where they are made to where they are needed (roots and site of growth)	54
9395098769	stele	vascular tissue of a stem or root	55
9395098770	cortex	ground tissue external to the vascular tissue	56
9395098771	pith	ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue	57
9395098772	node	site of leaf attachment of stem (leaf scars)	58
9395098773	root cap	at growing tip of root, pushes its way through soil	59
9395098774	meristem	beneath root cap, where root grows	60
9395098775	root hair	increase surface area for absorption	61

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Campbell Biology Chapter 29 Flashcards

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9024950909	Sporopollenin	layer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out	0
9024950910	Alteration of generations	each generation gives rise to the other	1
9024950911	Gametophyte	production of haploid gametes (eggs and sperm) that fuse during fertilization	2
9024950912	Sporophyte	mitotic division of the zygote that produces a multi cellular diploid	3
9024950913	Spores	reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism	4
9024950914	Embryophytes	Another name for land plants: multicellular dependent embryo of land plants	5
9024950915	Sporangia	Multicellular organs on the sporophyte	6
9024950916	Sporocytes	diploid cells, or spore mother cells that undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores	7
9024950917	Gametangia	Multicellular organs where production of gametes occurs	8
9024950918	Archegonia	the female gametangia	9
9024950919	Antheridia	the male gametangia	10
9024950920	Apical meristems	located at the tips of roots and shoots, helps plant grow	11
9024950921	Cuticle	consists of wax, helps plant from drying out	12
9024950922	Stomata	specialized pores which support photosynthesis by allowing CO2 and 02 to enter and exit	13
9024950923	Vascular tissue	cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body	14
9024950924	Nonvascular plants	plants that do not have an extensive transport system (ex. moss, liverworts, hornworts)	15
9024950925	Bryophytes	another name for nonvascular plants	16
9024950926	Hepatophyta	liverworts	17
9024950927	Bryophyta	mosses	18
9024950928	Anthocerophyta	hornworts	19
9024950929	Vascular plants	plants that have a complex vascular tissue	20
9024950930	Lycophytes	vascular plants, form clades, club mosses	21
9024950931	Monilophytes	vascular plants, form clades, ferns	22
9024950932	Seedless vascular plants	plants that lack clades	23
9024950933	Seed	embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat	24
9024950934	Gymnosperm	"naked seed", absence of enclosed chambers	25
9024950935	Angiosperm	seed, presence of enclosed chambers	26
9024950936	Protonema	one-cell thick filaments that enhance absorption of water and minerals	27
9024950937	Gametophore	gamete producing structure	28
9024950938	Foot	absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte	29
9024950939	Seta	(stalk), moves materials to the sporangium	30
9024950940	Capsule	uses materials to produce spores by meiosis	31
9024950941	Peristome	tooth like structures that open under dry conditions	32
9024950942	Xylem	vascular tissue that conducts most of the water and minerals	33
9024950943	Tracheids	tube shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots	34
9024950944	Lignin	polymer that strengthens cell wall	35
9024950945	Phloem	tissue that has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars	36
9024950946	Roots	organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil	37
9024950947	Microphylls	small, spine-shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue	38
9024950948	Megaphylls	leaves with highly branched vascular system	39
9024950949	pharagmoplast	group of microtubles that form between daughter nuclei of dividing cells	40
9024950950	placental transfer cells	enhance the transfer of nutrients from parent to embryo through elaborate ingrowths of wall surface	41
9024950951	pterophytes	ferns and other relatives	42
9024950952	grade	collection of organisms that share key biological features	43
9024950953	rhizoids	long, tubular single celled	44
9024950954	peat	partially decayed organic material	45
9024950955	leaves	increase the surface area and serve as photosynthetic organ	46
9024950956	sporophylls	modified leaves, bear sporangia	47
9024950957	sori	clusters of sporangia	48
9024950958	strobili	groups of sporophylls in cone like structures	49
9024950959	homosporous	one type of sporangium that produce one type of spore that develops into bisexual gametophyte	50
9024950960	heterosporous	two types of sporanga, produce two kinds of spores	51
9024950961	megaspores	develop into female gametophytes	52
9024950962	microspores	develop into male gametophytes	53