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AP US History: American Pageant Chapter 12 Flashcards
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| 11108031577 | War of 1812 | (1812-1815): fought b/w US and Britain largely over issues of trade and impressment. Ended in relative draw, but showed the US willingness to fight for their beliefs and earned respect from the European nations. "2nd war for independence." |  | 0 |
| 11108031578 | Battle of New Orleans | Battle won by the US and Andrew Jackson. Was a decisive win for the United States in the War of 1812. |  | 1 |
| 11108031579 | Congress of Vienna | (1814-1815): Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France. |  | 2 |
| 11108031580 | Treaty of Ghent | (1815): Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address and of the grievances that first brought America into the war. |  | 3 |
| 11108031581 | Hartford Convention | (1814-1815): convention of Federalists from 5 New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House. |  | 4 |
| 11108031582 | Rush-Bagot Agreement | (1817): Signed by Britain and the US, established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first step in the full demilitarization of the US-Canadian border, finalized in the 1870s. |  | 5 |
| 11108031583 | Tariff of 1816 | First protective tariff in US History, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812. |  | 6 |
| 11108031584 | American System | (1820s): Henry Clay's three pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network. |  | 7 |
| 11108031585 | The Era of Good Feelings | (1816-1824): Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Madison's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank. |  | 8 |
| 11108031586 | The Panic of 1819 | severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the efforts of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands. It disproportionally affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy. |  | 9 |
| 11108031587 | Land act of 1820 | Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating on of the causes of the Panic of 1819. |  | 10 |
| 11108031588 | Tallmadge Amendment | (1819): Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave the way for gradual emancipation. Southerners opposed this, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between the North and the South. |  | 11 |
| 11108031589 | Peculiar institution | Widely used term for the institution of American Slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division in the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched. |  | 12 |
| 11108031590 | The Missouri Compromise | (1820): Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of the Massachusetts and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line 36.30. |  | 13 |
| 11108031591 | McCulloch v. Maryland | (1819): Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the state bank of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank. |  | 14 |
| 11108031593 | Cohens v. Virginia | Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions involving the powers of the federal government. |  | 15 |
| 11108031594 | Gibbons v. Ogden | (1824): suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the sole power to regulate interstate commerce. |  | 16 |
| 11108031595 | Fletcher v. Peck | (1810): Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution. |  | 17 |
| 11108031596 | Dartmouth College v. Woodward | (1819): Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments |  | 18 |
| 11108031597 | Anglo-American Convention | (1818): Signed by Britain and the US, the pact allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the Northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for 10 years. |  | 19 |
| 11108031598 | Florida Purchase Territory (Adams-Onis Treaty) | (1819): Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the US, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas. |  | 20 |
| 11108031599 | Monroe Doctrine | Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The US largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought free access to Latin American markets. |  | 21 |
| 11108031600 | Russo-American Treaty | (1824): fixed the line of 54.40' as the southernmost boundary of Russian holdings in North America |  | 22 |
| 11108031601 | Oliver Hazard Perry | American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. |  | 23 |
| 11108031602 | Francis Scott Key | Author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner", our national anthem, while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained. |  | 24 |
| 11108031603 | James Monroe | Revolutionary war soldier, statesman, and 5th president. As president, he supported protective tariffs, and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally funded improvements. Though he sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by partisan and sectional conflicts. |  | 25 |
| 11108031604 | John Marshall | Supreme Court Chief Justice who expanded the power of both the Supreme Court and the National Government |  | 26 |
| 11108031605 | Washington Irving | Early American Writer. Wrote Rumplestilskin and Legend of Sleepy Hollow |  | 27 |
| 11108031606 | James Fenimore Cooper | Early American Writer. Wrote the Deerslayer, and Last of the Mohicans |  | 28 |
| 11108224907 | Thomas Macdonough | An early-19th-century American naval officer noted for his roles in the first Barbary War and the War of 1812. He was the son of a revolutionary officer | 29 | |
| 11108224908 | William Henry Harrison | (1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | 30 | |
| 11108224909 | Andrew Jackson | The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers. | 31 | |
| 11108224910 | John C. Calhoun | (1830s-40s) Leader of the Fugitive Slave Law, which forced the cooperation of Northern states in returning escaped slaves to the south. He also argued on the floor of the senate that slavery was needed in the south. He argued on the grounds that society is supposed to have an upper ruling class that enjoys the profit of a working lower class. | 32 | |
| 11108224911 | John Quincy Adams | (1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. | 33 | |
| 11108224912 | Daniel Webster | Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. | 34 | |
| 11108224913 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | 35 | |
| 11108224914 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country | 36 | |
| 11108224915 | Protective Tariff | A tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods | 37 | |
| 11108224916 | Sectionalism | Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole | 38 | |
| 11108224917 | Noncolonization | was a principle of the Monroe Doctrine proclaimed by United States president James Monroe in 1823. It stated that the Americas should undergo no further colonization by European powers. | 39 | |
| 11108224918 | internal improvements | The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution. | 40 | |
| 11108224919 | nonintervention | This term, associated with the Monroe Doctrine, describes the United States decision regarding their involvement in European affairs. | 41 | |
| 11108224920 | Isolationism | a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries. | 42 | |
| 11108224921 | Ohio Fever | The flow of people into the ohio valley due to immigration, economic distress of the war of 1812, and cheap land. | 43 | |
| 11108224922 | Second Bank of the United States | a national bank overseen by the federal government. Congress had established the bank in 1816, giving it a 20 year charter. The purpose of the bank was to regulate state banks, which had grown rapidly since the First Bank of the US went out of existence in 1811. Went out of existence during Jackson's presidency. | 44 | |
| 11108224923 | Bonus Bill of 1817 | Securing funding for roads and canals was hard. This bill was passed by Congress to give states $1.5 million for internal improvements, but it was immediately vetoed by Pres. Madison. In his opinion, he believed states should pay for their own improvements. | 45 | |
| 11108224924 | Battle of Horseshoe Bend | fought during the War of 1812 in central Alabama. On March 27, 1814, United States forces and Indian allies under General Andrew Jackson defeated the Red Sticks, a part of the Creek Indian tribe inspired by the Shawnee leader Tecumseh, effectively ending the Creek War. | 46 | |
| 11108224925 | Virginia Dynasty | "dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners | 47 | |
| 11108224926 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. | 48 | |
| 11108224927 | Treaty of 1818 | Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years. | 49 | |
| 11108224928 | Tippecanoe | Battle fought against the Shawnee by William Henry Harrison. British gun powder proved that they were assisting the Shawnee and gave congress reason to declare war | 50 | |
| 11108224929 | Constitution | a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed. | 51 | |
| 11108224930 | Battle of Thames | William Henry Harrison pushed up the river Thames into Upper Canada and on October 4, 1813, won a victory notable for the death of Tecumseh, who was serving as a brigadier general in the British army. This battle resulted in no lasting occupation of Canada, but weakened and disheartened the Indians of the Northwest. | 52 | |
| 11108224931 | Battle of Plattsburgh | battle in which macdonough challenged and defeated the british near plattsburgh; close to defeat, macdonough reversed his ship, confronted the enemy with a fresh broadside and won; forced british to retreat, saved ny from conquest and the union from dissolution | 53 | |
| 11108224932 | "Blue light" Federalists | Treacherous New Englanders who supposedly flashed lanterns on the shore so that blockading British cruisers would be alerted to the attempted escape of American ships. | 54 |
AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards
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| 15407319699 | Manifest Destiny | A term coined by John L. O'Sullivan in 1845 to express the idea that Euro-Americans were fated by God to settle the North American continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. |  | 0 |
| 15407319700 | Californios | The elite Mexican ranchers in the province of California. | 1 | |
| 15407319701 | "Fifty-four forty or fight" | Democratic candidate James K. Polk's slogan in the election of 1844 calling for the opening up of lands for American settlement in Texas and sovereignty over the entire Oregon Country. James K. Polk ( young hickory) Pro slave You long hickory cuz he was a student of Andrew Jackson Wanted to open up land for America Campaigned for the " re- occupation or Oregon and the reannexation of TX" The .............. became his jingoistic |  | 2 |
| 15407319702 | conscience Whigs | Whig politicians who opposed the Mexican War (1846-1848) on moral grounds, maintaining the the purpose of the war was to expand and perpetuate slavery. They feared that the addition of more slave states would ensure the South's control of the national government. | 3 | |
| 15407319703 | Wilmot Proviso | 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico Proposed by David Wilmot in 1846 |  | 4 |
| 15407319704 | free-soil movement | A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers. Liked by aspiring white farmers Lots Great Lakes people joined These organization were formed by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society Frederick Douglas also joined in 1848 But... William Lloyd Garrison and other radical abolishinist condemned it as racist "whitemanism" |  | 5 |
| 15407319705 | squatter sovereignty | A plan promoted by Democratic candidate Senator Lewis Cass under which Congress would allow settlers in each territory to determine its status as free or slave. | 6 | |
| 15407319706 | forty-niners | The more than 80,000 settlers who arrived in California in 1849 as part of that territory's gold rush. |  | 7 |
| 15407319707 | "slavery follows the flag" | The assertion by John C. Calhoun that planters could by right take their slave property into new territories. | 8 | |
| 15407319708 | Compromise of 1850 | Laws passed in 1850 that were meant to resolve the dispute over the status of slavery in the territories. Key elements include the admission of California as a free state and the Fugitive Slave Act. Whigs: Clay & Webster & Democrat: Douglas won the passage of 5 laws known as the -------------------- For the South; it contain Fugitive Slave Act Federal support for slave catcher For the North; • admitted Cali as free state •resolve border issue w/ TX & New mex in favor of New Mex Used popular soverighnty for the rest of the conquered Mexican land The plan preserve the Union bust still the South feared complete Emancipation so they threaten to succeed |  | 9 |
| 15407319709 | personal-liberty laws | Laws enacted in many northern states that guaranteed to all residents, including alleged fugitives, the right to a jury trial. | 10 | |
| 15407319710 | Gadsden Purchase | A small slice of land (now part of Arizona and New Mexico) purchased by President Franklin Pierce in 1853 for the purpose of building a transcontinental rail line from New Orleans to Los Angeles. |  | 11 |
| 15407319711 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | 1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. | 12 | |
| 15407319712 | American, or Know-Nothing Party | A political party formed in 1851 that drew on the anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic movements of the 1840s. In 1854, the party gained control of the state governments of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania. | 13 | |
| 15407319713 | "Bleeding Kansas" | Term for the bloody struggle between proslavery and antislavery factions in Kansas following its organization as a territory in the fall of 1854. |  | 14 |
| 15407319714 | Dred Scott v. Sandford | The 1857 Supreme Court Decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The Court ruled against salve Dred Scott who claimed that travels with his master into free states and territories made him and his family free. The decision also denied the federal government the right to exclude slavery from the territories and declared that African Americans were not citizens. |  | 15 |
| 15407319715 | Freeport Doctrine | Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. |  | 16 |
| 15407319716 | James K Polk | Governor of Tennessee, slave owner, President, "Young Hickory", supported "re-occupation of Oregon and re-annexation of Texas" Pro slave You long hickory cuz he was a student of Andrew Jackson Wanted to open up land for America Campaigned for the " re- occupation or Oregon and the reannexation of TX" The fifty four forty or fight became his slogan wanted Mexican land between Texas and Pacific Ocean - Willing to go to war wanted mexico's northern province Hoped to foment a revolution in California like what happened in TX order navy commander to seize San Francisco Bay & Cali's coastal towns He also said to discpatch captain John C Frémont and an exploring team into mex Territory ordered General Zachary Taylor to occupy disputed lands between the Nueces River & Rio Grande order army to capture Santa Fe in New Mex & march to S Cali Secured control of Cali in 1847 War not over yet... Feb 1847 - in Battle of Buena Vista, Santa Anna almost beat Taylor in NE mex HE let General Winfield capture port Veracruz and marched 260 miles to Mexico City American army seized mex capital Sept 1847 Costed Santa Anna his presidency |  | 17 |
| 15407319717 | Frederick Douglass | One of the most prominent African American figures in the abolitionist movement; escaped from slavery; advocated freedom from slavery & full citizenship rights for all blacks. |  | 18 |
| 15407319718 | Zachary Taylor | "Old Rough and Ready", (1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. |  | 19 |
| 15407319719 | Lewis Cass | Democratic senator who proposed popular sovereignty to settle the slavery question in the territories; he lost the presidential election in 1848 against Zachary Taylor but continued to advocate his solution to the slavery issue throughout the 1850s. Democrats nominated senator ...................... of Michigan Super Expantionist Wanted Cuba, Yucatán peninsula, all of Oregon He promoted squatter sovereignty To Maintain unity on slavery issue Thsi plan allowed settlers in each territory to decide if they're free or slaves state Didn't persuade N democrats They joined Free soil party |  | 20 |
| 15407319720 | Stephen Douglas | A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Also After several debates w/ Lincoln, He declare his support for white supremacy Lincoln attack his racism by saying black should same economic opportunity but. It Political rights Lincoln asked him how he accept the Dred Scott case ( protected slave slave property in territory) but still supported popular sovereignty He answers with the Freeport Doctrine : that a territory's residents could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it |  | 21 |
| 15407319721 | Harriet Beecher Stowe | (1811-1896) American author and daughter of Lyman Beecher, she was an abolitionist and author of the famous antislavery novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin. |  | 22 |
| 15407319722 | John Brown | Well-known abolitionist who led the Pottawatamie Massacre (Bleeding Kansas) and the raid on the arsenal at Harper's Ferry where he was captured, tried and hanged. |  | 23 |
| 15407319723 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery. His hardscrabble family moved a lot Born Kentucky 1809 To Indiana and to Illinois 1831 refuse to be farmer like dad > became store clerk in New Salem, Illinois Won entry to middle class by mattering it's culture Join New Salem Debating Society Admitted to the bar(law) in 1837> moved to Springfield Met Mary Todd (daughter of Kentucky Banker) > married in 1842 admired Henry Clay, so he joined the Whig Party and won the election on 4 terms in Illinois legislature > promoted internal transportation 1846 he won the election to a Congress that was divided over the Wilmot Proviso He believed human bondage was unjust but doubt the fed gov had the ability to tamper w it Mexican War- he voted for military actions but also for the Wilmot Proviso' ban on slavery Also introduced legislation that would require gradual Emancipation in District of Columbia Favored the colonization of free blacks in Africa or S America He was always in the middles road and people didn't like that so he didn't get reelected He withdrew from política and became a lawyer |  | 24 |
| 15407319724 | Ostend Manifesto | An 1854 manifesto that urged President Franklin Pierce to seize the slave-owning province of Cuba from Spain. Northern Democrats denounced this aggressive initiative, and the plan was scuttled. | 25 |
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