AP US History Chapter 2 Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14601340985 | Protestant Reformation | The movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. |  | 0 |
| 14601340986 | Roanoke Island (1585) | Sir Walter Raleigh's failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina. This was the first failed British attempt at colonization in North America. | 1 | |
| 14601340987 | Spanish Armada | Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588. |  | 2 |
| 14601340988 | primogeniture | The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. | 3 | |
| 14601340989 | joint-stock company | Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England's early colonial ventures. |  | 4 |
| 14601340990 | Virginia Company | English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony. |  | 5 |
| 14601340991 | charter | A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. |  | 6 |
| 14601340992 | First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614) | Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia. | 7 | |
| 14601340993 | Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) | Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements. | 8 | |
| 14601340994 | House of Burgesses | Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies. |  | 9 |
| 14601340995 | Act of Toleration (1649) | Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. |  | 10 |
| 14601340996 | Barbados Slave Code (1661) | The first formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, which provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters. | 11 | |
| 14601340997 | squatters | Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. | 12 | |
| 14601340998 | Iroquois Confederacy (late 1500s) | bound together five tribes—the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas—in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State. | 13 | |
| 14601340999 | Tuscarora War (1711-1713) | Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina and caused the Indians to move northward | 14 | |
| 14601341000 | Yamasee Indians | Defeated by the South Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. |  | 15 |
| 14601341001 | buffer | In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them. | 16 | |
| 14601341002 | Henry VIII (1491-1547) | Tudor monarch who launched the Protestant Reformation in England when he broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. |  | 17 |
| 14601341003 | Elizabeth I (1533-1603) | Protestant Queen of England, whose forty-five year reign from 1558 to 1603 firmly secured the Anglican Church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest. Never having married, she was dubbed the "Virgin Queen" by her contemporaries. | 18 | |
| 14601341004 | Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1542-1595) | English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way. | 19 | |
| 14601341005 | Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552-1618) | English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina's Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587. | 20 | |
| 14601341006 | Captain John Smith (1580-1631) | English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 and ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks. | 21 | |
| 14601341007 | Powhatan (ca. 1540-1618) | Chief of the Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas. He later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614. | 22 | |
| 14601341008 | Pocahontas (ca. 1595-1617) | Daughter of Chief Powhatan who "saved" Captain John Smith in a dramatic mock execution and served as a mediator between Indians and the colonists. | 23 | |
| 14601341009 | Lord De La Warr (1577-1618) | Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610. | 24 | |
| 14601341010 | John Rolfe (1585-1622) | One of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy. | 25 | |
| 14601341011 | Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) | Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War, and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658. | 26 | |
| 14601341012 | James Oglethorpe (1696-1785) | Soldier-statesman and leading founder of Georgia and established Georgia as a haven for debtors seeking to avoid imprisonment. | 27 | |
| 14601341013 | Hiawatha | Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century. | 28 | |
| 14601341014 | Lord Baltimore | Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics and unsuccessfully tried to reproduce the English manor system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives. | 29 |
AP Euro Chapter 12 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10842585551 | The Italian Renaissance was primarily | a recovery or rebirth of antiquity and Greco-Roman culture | 0 | |
| 10842585552 | The word "Renaissance" means | rebirth | 1 | |
| 10842585553 | The wealth of the norther Italian cities that funded the Renaissance was gained mostly from | trade | 2 | |
| 10842585554 | According to Jacob Burkhardt, the Renaissance in Italy represented | a distinct break form the Middle Ages and the true birth of the modern world | 3 | |
| 10842585555 | The family of merchants and bankers who dominated Florence during the high point of the Renaissance was | Medici | 4 | |
| 10842585556 | What was the commercial and military league set up off the north coast of Germany? | Hansestic League | 5 | |
| 10842585557 | Two key areas of Renaissance technological innovations were | mining and metalworking, including manufacture of firearms | 6 | |
| 10842585558 | The author of the Book of Courtier, a handbook on courtly manners, was | Baldassare Casstiglione | 7 | |
| 10842585559 | Castiglione's The Courtier was a | very popular handbook laying out the new skills in politics, the arts, and personal comportment expected of Renaissance aristocrats | 8 | |
| 10842585560 | the achievements of the Italian Renaissance were the products of | an elite movement, involving small numbers of wealthy patrons. artists and intellectuals | 9 | |
| 10842585561 | The aristocracy of the sixteenth century was | to dominate society as it had done in the Middle Ages | 10 | |
| 10842585562 | Banquets during the Renaissance | were used to express wealth and power of a aristocratic family | 11 | |
| 10842585563 | The Third Estate of the fifteenth century was | overwhelmingly made up of peasants | 12 | |
| 10842585564 | Western Europe in the Renaissance saw | a decline in serfdom | 13 | |
| 10842585565 | Slavery in Renaissance Italy | saw slaves from Africa and the eastern Mediterranean used mostly as courtly domestic servant and as skilled workers | 14 | |
| 10842585566 | The reintroduction of slavery in the fourteenth century occurred largely as a result of | the shortage of workers created by the Black Death | 15 | |
| 10842585567 | Which of the following statements best describes the marriage in Renaissance Italy? | Marriages were usually arranged, to strengthen familial alliances | 16 | |
| 10842585568 | Marriages in Renaissance Italy | were an economic necessity of life involving complicated family negotiations | 17 | |
| 10842585569 | By the fifteenth century, Italy was | dominated by five major regional independent powers | 18 | |
| 10842585570 | Perhaps the most famous of Italian ruling woman was | Isabella d'Este | 19 | |
| 10842585571 | Ferderigo da Montefeltro of Urbino was | an example of a skilled, intelligent, independent Italian warrior prince | 20 | |
| 10842585572 | The Peace of Lodi served to | maintain peace between the Italian states for 40 years | 21 | |
| 10842585573 | Machiavelli's The Prince advocated that a successful ruler must | Act without scruples for the good of the state. | 22 | |
| 10842585574 | Italian Renaissance humanism in the early fifteenth century, above all else | was based on the study of the Greco-Roman classics | 23 | |
| 10842585575 | In the late fifteenth century, Italy became a battleground for the competing interests of | Spain and france | 24 | |
| 10842585576 | Who said, "Christ is my God; Cicero is the prince of the language" | Petrarch | 25 | |
| 10842585577 | The Corpus Hermeticum | contained writings on the occult as well as theological and philosophical speculations | 26 | |
| 10842585578 | Pico della Mirandola's Oration in the Dignity of Man stated that humans | could be whatever they chose or willed | 27 | |
| 10842585579 | A subject of particular interest to fifteenth-century humanists was | the greek language | 28 | |
| 10842585580 | The liberal education taught by Vittorino de Feltre | contained as it's primary goal the creation of well-rounded, virtuous and ethical citizens | 29 | |
| 10842585581 | In Concerning Character, Pietro Paolo Vergerio argued that liberal studies led to | true freedom | 30 | |
| 10842585582 | Humanism' main effect on the writing of history was | the secularization of historiography and the explanation of change over time | 31 | |
| 10842585583 | Johannes Guttenberg was a key developer of | the movable type printing press | 32 | |
| 10842585584 | The development of printing in the fifteenth century | ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society | 33 | |
| 10842585585 | Italian artists in the fifteenth century began to | experiment in areas of perspective | 34 | |
| 10842585586 | Which pair of artists both sculpted a likeness of David | Donatello and Michelangelo | 35 | |
| 10842585587 | The Renaissance figure in the following list who was NOT a leading painter was a) Raphael b) Michelangelo c) Petrarch d) Leonardo e) Botticelli | c) Petrarch | 36 | |
| 10842585588 | The painter of the Rome's Sistine Chapel ceiling was | Michelangleo | 37 | |
| 10842585589 | Who painted "The Last Supper"? | Leonardo | 38 | |
| 10842585590 | Which of the following is not true of Northern Renaissance artists? | they valued the secular human form as the primary subject of painting | 39 | |
| 10842585591 | The "new monarchs" of the late fifteenth century in Europe | were focused upon the acquisition and expansion of power | 40 | |
| 10842585592 | The result of the Hundreds' Year War: a) reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy b) caused economic turmoil in England c) temporarily strengthened the nobility in England d) a and b e) all of the above | d) a and b reinvigorated and strengthened the French monarchy & caused economic turmoil in England | 41 | |
| 10842585593 | Under Ferdinand and Isabella, Spain | saw Muslim power vanish from the peninsula | 42 | |
| 10842585594 | All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" except a) Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire b) Henry VII of England c) Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain d) Louis XI the Spider of France e) Isabella of Castile | a) Maximilian I of the a Holy Roman Empire | 43 | |
| 10842585595 | After 1438, the position of the Holy Roman Emperor remained in the hands of the | Habsburg dynasty | 44 | |
| 10842585596 | The Byzantine Empire was finally destroyed in 1453 by the | Ottoman Turks | 45 | |
| 10842585597 | The Ottoman Turkish sultan who captured Constantinople in 1453 was | Mehmet II | 46 | |
| 10842585598 | John Wycliffe criticized the Church for | not letting people read the Bible in the vernacular | 47 | |
| 10842585599 | The Renaissance popes did all of the following except: | attempt to return to the papacy to more humble times | 48 | |
| 10842585600 | The Renaissance papacy | was often seen as corrupt and debauched, as evidence of Alexander VI | 49 |
Flashcards
AP Chemistry Chapter 4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10635699831 | define solution | Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances | 0 | |
| 10635699832 | solvent vs solute | solvent - greatest quantity solute - smaller quantity, gets dissolved | 1 | |
| 10635699833 | When is a solution aqueous | the solvent is water | 2 | |
| 10635699834 | Is pure water conductive | no | 3 | |
| 10635699835 | define electrolyte | A substance that creates *aqueous* solutions that contains ions. It dissociates into Ion in the solution | 4 | |
| 10635699836 | define nonelectrolyte | A substance that creates *aqueous* solutions that does not contain ions. I does not break up into ions | 5 | |
| 10635699837 | which types of compounds create electrolytes/nonelectrolytes | Ionic compounds - electrolytes molecular compounds - nonelectrolyes | 6 | |
| 10635699838 | define dissociate | the act of a compound breaking apart into ions during the act of dissolving | 7 | |
| 10635699839 | Why is H2O good for dissolving (thus dissociating) ionic compounds | It's partial charges H ions are partial positive O ion is partial negative | 8 | |
| 10635699840 | define solvation/ solvated state | solvation is an interaction of a solute with the solvent, which leads to stabilization of the solute species in the solution. One may also refer to the solvated state, whereby an ion in a solution is surrounded or complexed by solvent molecules |  | 9 |
| 10635699841 | how to denote a solvated ion | Na+(aq) | 10 | |
| 10635699842 | What kinds of molecular compounds dissolved into ions | acids | 11 | |
| 10635699843 | Define ionize | convert (an atom, molecule, or substance) into an ion or ions, typically by removing one or more electrons | 12 | |
| 10635699844 | Strong electrolytes vs weak electrolyets | strong - exist almost completely as ions in aqueous solutions. All water soluble ionic compounds, few molecular compounds weak - exist mostly in the form of neutral molecules in aqueous solutions and only a small fraction dissociates into ions | 13 | |
| 10635699845 | define solubility | the amount to which a substance will dissolve at a given temperature | 14 | |
| 10635699846 | strong electrolyte != | high solubility | 15 | |
| 10635699847 | How to write the equation for an ionizing reaction (weak electrolytes) | The two arrows mean the reaction is happening in both directions. As AH dissociates A+ and H+ recombine to become AH again. This achieves chemical equalibrium |  | 16 |
| 10635699848 | define chemical equalibrium | number of each type of ion/molecule in a solution is constant | 17 | |
| 10635699849 | How to determine if a compound is an ionic compound | The presence of both metals and nonmetals except if an ion contains NH4+ | 18 | |
| 10635699850 | define precipitation reaction What happens during a precipitation reaction | when a reaction in a liquid solution creates a solid charged ions attract each other so strongly the create an insoluble solid | 19 | |
| 10635699851 | define precipitate | the solid formed by the precipitation reaction. | 20 | |
| 10635699852 | solubility less than __________ is insoluble | 0.01 mol/L | 21 | |
| 10635699853 | solubility rules | Understand then, don't need to memorize in BB | 22 | |
| 10635699854 | are double displacement (metathesis) reactions redox reactions? | Not a redox reaction |  | 23 |
| 10635699855 | How to balance an exchange reaction AKA double displacement reaction | 1. use the chemical formulas of the reactants to figure out which ions are present 2. write the chemical formulas of the products by combining the cation from one reaction with the anion of the other. Us the charges to determine the subscripts 3. check the solubilities. If one is insoluble it is a precipitation reaction 4. Balance the Equation | 24 | |
| 10635699856 | molecular equation | Does not show ionic character |  | 25 |
| 10635699857 | complete ionic equation for double displacement reaction | shows ionic character all soluble strong ions have their charges shown | | 26 |
| 10635699858 | define spectator ions for double displacement reaction | A spectator ion is an ion that exists in the same form on both the reactant and product sides of a chemical reaction. Thus it has no direct role in the reaction |  | 27 |
| 10635699859 | define net ionic equation for double displacement reaction | the equation consisting only of elements directly involved in the reaction to form: cross out anythin that doesn't change from left to right side What remains is your equation | | 28 |
| 10635699860 | If every ion in an ionic equation is a spectator... | No reaction happens | 29 | |
| 10635699861 | What compounds are strong electrolyts | all ionic compounds, strong acids | 30 | |
| 10635699862 | What compounds are weak electrolytes | weak acids, weak bases | 31 | |
| 10635699863 | What compounds are nonelectrolytes | anything that is not an ionic compound, weak acids, or weak bases | 32 | |
| 10635699864 | Strong acids | HClO4 HClO3 H2SO4 HNO3 HCl HBr HI -ic acids are strong -ous acids are weak | 33 | |
| 10635699865 | Strong bases | LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Group A1 Group 2A | 34 | |
| 10635699866 | Define acids | Ionize in aqueous solutions to form H+(aq), hydrogen ions Hydrogen ions are essentially protons | 35 | |
| 10635699867 | what are hydrogen ions | just a proton (Hydrogen is just 1 proton and 1 electron) | 36 | |
| 10635699868 | Monoprotic vs diprotic | monoprotic - acid that yields 1 H+ ion diprotic - acid that yields 2 H+ ions | 37 | |
| 10635699869 | define base | substances that accept and react with H+ and produce OH- hydroxide ions when they dissolve A base does not have to have OH in it because it can often accept the O from the soultion | 38 | |
| 10635699908 | How to find out if a substance is a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, or a nonelectrolyte |  | 39 | |
| 10635699870 | Define neutralization action | when an acid and a base is mixed. The products do not have any of the characteristics of the reactants | 40 | |
| 10635699871 | What do neutralization reactions between metal hydroxides and acids produce? | salts and water You need to be able to recognize neutralization reactions. There may be questions that dont give a formula, but you can find it out yourself since you know the products of a neutralization reaction | 41 | |
| 10635699872 | define salt | any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base and it's anion comes from an acid | 42 | |
| 10635699909 | green text | 43 | ||
| 10635699873 | Oxidation reduction reactions | electrons are transferred from one reactant to another | 44 | |
| 10635699874 | Explain corrosion (redox reaction) | The conversion of a metal to a metal compound by a reaction betweeen the metal and some substance in it's enviornment i.e. the metals ions loose an election, becoming cat ions, and combines with anions in the envirnment to form an ionic compound | 45 | |
| 10635699875 | Define oxidized | when an atom, ion, or molecule has become more positive (looses electrons) | 46 | |
| 10635699876 | Define oxidation | the losing of electrons | 47 | |
| 10635699877 | define reduced | when an atom,ion, or molecule has gained electrons | 48 | |
| 10635699878 | define reduction | the gaining of electrons (becoming more negative`) | 49 | |
| 10635699879 | Oxidation is always followed by | reduction | 50 | |
| 10635699880 | define oxidation number what is it needed to identify | a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative) by an atom of that element in the compound. Oxidation reduction reactions | 51 | |
| 10635699881 | what is the oxidation number for monatomic ions | its the same as their charge | 52 | |
| 10635699882 | what is the oxidation number for neutral molecules and polyatomic ions | a hypothetical charge determined by artificially dividing up the elections in the molecule/ion. | 53 | |
| 10635699883 | What are the rules for determining oxidation number Google it, find out oxygen ad hydrogen exceptions What the **** | 1. In elemental for the oxidation number is 0 (one element in the formula, no over all charge) 2. for a monatomic ion the oxidation number is equal to the charge of the ion (Al3+ redox number is +3) 3. nonmetals usually have negative oxidation numbers but not always a. Oxygen is -2 except in peroxides b. Hydrogen is usually +1 when bonded to nonmetals and -1 when bonded to metals c. fluorine is always -1 . The other halogens are usually -1 in most binary compounds But when bonded with oxygen (oxyanions) they are positive. Certain elements have same oxidation number in all/most of their compounds a. 1A metals are always +1 in compound b. 2A metals are always +2 in compound cl Fluorine is always -1 in compound 4. The sum of oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero. The sum of the oxidation numbers in a polyatomic ion equals said ion's charge. 5. Max oxidation number of group A is its group number (roman numeral) 6. For nonmetals the minimum oxidation number is group number minus 8. | 54 | |
| 10635699884 | define elemental form | A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. An element is composed of atoms that have the same atomic number, that is, each atom has the same number of protons in its nucleus as all other atoms of that element. | 55 | |
| 10635699885 | how to distinguish between charge and oxidation number | charge = 2+ oxidation number = +2 | 56 | |
| 10635699886 | the pattern of a reaction between a metal and an acid or metal salt | A + BX ---> AX + B | 57 | |
| 10635699887 | define displacement reaction | a chemical reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from its compound. Both metals and non-metals take part in displacement reactions. | 58 | |
| 10635699888 | define activity series | a list of metals arranged by ease of oxidation |  | 59 |
| 10635699889 | define active metals, which are they | metals that are most easily oxidized the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals (maybe more) | 60 | |
| 10635699890 | define noble metals, which are they | transition elements from groups 8B to 1B (maybe more) they have low reactivity | 61 | |
| 10635699891 | what can the activity series predict | the outcome single displacement reactions (Maybe double displacement???) | 62 | |
| 10635699892 | Which metals can be oxidized by which metals | Each metal on the activity series can be oxidized by metals lower than it on the table |  | 63 |
| 10635699893 | Anything under hydrogen on the activity series cannot... | react with acids to form H2 | 64 | |
| 10635699894 | define concentration | the amount of solute dissolved in a quantity of solvent The more solute the more concentrated | 65 | |
| 10635699895 | Define molarity molarity equation (aka how to find concentration) | The concentration of a solution by how many moles of a solute is in it. (M) MOLES OVER L |  | 66 |
| 10635699896 | What does 1.0 M Ca(NO3)2 mean? | 1.0 mol of Ca(NO3)2 per liter 1.0 mol Ca(NO3)2/L | 67 | |
| 10635699910 | Molarity problem |  | 68 | |
| 10635699897 | Two ways to express concentration of electrolytes | in terms of the compound used (1.0M of Na2SO4) In terms of the ions in the solution (2.0M Na+ and 1.0M of SO4^2-) | 69 | |
| 10635699911 | convert moles to volume using molarity???? | 70 | ||
| 10635699898 | define dilution | process of adding a concentrated version of a solution to another solution (usually water) gain a lower concentration of the concentrated solution. This is common for commonly used chemicals. | 71 | |
| 10635699899 | Dilution problem | It's basically algebraic manuipulation |  | 72 |
| 10635699900 | Moles of solute before dilution = | moles of solute after diultion | 73 | |
| 10635699912 | Equation for dilution (can only be used for a pure solvent) |  | 74 | |
| 10635699913 | Still need to do 4.6. Waiting to understand ch. 3 better | 75 | ||
| 10635699901 | What is special about the ferric ion in regards to Exchange (Metaphesis) reactions | Fe3 stays Fe3 when moving from products to reactants | 76 | |
| 10635699914 | Going from molecular formula to ionic formula to complete ionic formula | 77 | ||
| 10635699902 | Gas-forming reactions | some double displacement reactions don't give expected products When carbonate/bicarbonate.... |  | 78 |
| 10635699903 | Oxidizing agent vs reducing agent | oxidizing agent - substance that is reduced reducing agent- substance that is oxidized | 79 | |
| 10635699904 | define single replacement (single displacement) reaction are they redox reactions? | A + BC ---> AB + C are redox reactions | 80 | |
| 10635699915 | How to identify if a reaction is a redox reaction | 81 | ||
| 10635699916 | Using molarity in stoichiometry flow chart |  | 82 | |
| 10635699917 | Using molarity in stoichiometry problem |  | 83 | |
| 10635699918 | Titration flow chart |  | 84 | |
| 10635699919 | Single displacement reaction of halogens |  | 85 | |
| 10635699920 | Reactants and products of combustion reactions |  | 86 | |
| 10635699905 | what is H(OH) | H2O | 87 | |
| 10635699906 | Mass percent of solute (way of determining concentration other than molarity) | mass of solute/mass of solution x 100 | 88 | |
| 10635699921 | Exceptions |  | 89 | |
| 10635699907 | Carbonate charge Sulfate charge | CO3 2- SO4 2- | 90 | |
| 10635699922 | Oxidation number rules |  | 91 | |
| 10635699923 | How many liters of water must be added to dilute 250 mL of 12M HCl to 1M HCl |  | 92 | |
| 10635699924 | yep |  | 93 |
Flashcards
AP VOCAB Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10991459549 | Jargon | special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand. | 0 | |
| 10991459550 | Colloquial | pertaining to common everyday speech for a certain group of people; conversational | 1 | |
| 10991459551 | Abstract | refers to language that describes concepts rather than concrete images | 2 | |
| 10991459552 | Slang | an informal, often short-lived kind of language used in place of standard words | 3 | |
| 10991459553 | Concrete | existing in a material or physical form; real or solid; not abstract. | 4 | |
| 10991459554 | Monosyllabic | having only one syllable | 5 | |
| 10991459555 | Polysyllabic | having many syllables | 6 | |
| 10991459556 | Literal | Exactly true, rather than figurative or metaphorical | 7 | |
| 10991459557 | Figurative | using figures of speech; symbolic, not literal | 8 | |
| 10991459558 | Semantics | Meaning of words and sentences | 9 | |
| 10991459559 | Euphonious | pleasant sounding | 10 | |
| 10991459560 | Cacophonous | unpleasant or harsh-sounding | 11 | |
| 10991459561 | Denotation | the literal meaning of a word | 12 | |
| 10991459562 | Connotation | the implied or associative meaning of a word | 13 | |
| 10991459563 | Formal | following rules or customs, often in an exact and proper way | 14 | |
| 10991459564 | Informal | having a relaxed, friendly, or unofficial style, manner, or nature | 15 | |
| 10991459565 | Cliche | a worn-out idea or overused expression | 16 | |
| 10991459566 | Idiom | A common, often used expression that doesn't make sense if you take it literally. | 17 | |
| 10991459567 | Apostrophe | A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. | 18 | |
| 10991459568 | Personification | the giving of human qualities to an animal, object, or idea | 19 | |
| 10991459569 | Oxymoron | A two-word paradox, a statement or phrase that seems contradictory but is actually true. | 20 | |
| 10991459570 | Analogy | A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. | 21 | |
| 10991459571 | Meiosis/Understatement | the presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is. | 22 | |
| 10991459572 | Euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 23 | |
| 10991459573 | Juxtaposition | Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts | 24 | |
| 10991459574 | Antithesis | the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, in parallel structure | 25 | |
| 10991459575 | Litotes | A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite | 26 |
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