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AP World History AMSCO Period 1 Vocab Flashcards

9459556073	overfarming	when agricultural land loses its fertility when used repeatedly	0
9459565178	overgrazing	the continual eating of grasses or their roots	1
9459568331	artifacts	objects made by people in the past	2
9459576418	homo sapiens sapiens	modern humans	3
9459579423	Paleolithic Period	early years of human history; began 2.5 million years ago, ended 10,000 years ago -known for stone tools and weapons	4
9459590229	Neolithic Revolution	a set of dramatic changes in how people lived based on the development of agriculture	5
9459598214	monotheism	worshiping only one deity	6
9459616018	Bronze Age	between 3300-2300 B.C.E.; new metal was such an advance that it gave the era a new name	7
9459644009	civilization	a large society with cities and powerful states	8
9459655959	core and foundational civilizatons	the main 6 river valley civilizations (Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indian, Chinese, and American civilizations) that developed ways of life such as language, religious beliefs, and economic practices that influenced successor civilizations in those regions	9
9459728099	Jericho	one of humankind's first cities; built on the west bank of the Jordan River	10
9459737304	Catal Huyuk	another ancient city that has well-preserved remains which help historians understand life back then	11
9459755236	textiles	items made of cloth	12
9459764678	specialization of labor	the process of allowing people to focus on limited tasks	13
9459770396	copper	metal found as a pure state in the ground; allowed for the making of bronze	14
9459774193	bronze	mixture of tin and copper; creating a stronger mixture, huge advance	15
9459783465	hunter-forager	(hunter-gatherers) people who survived by hunting animals and foraging for seeds, buts, fruit, and edible roots	16
9459798757	agriculture	the practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis	17
9459810792	surplus	more than what a civilization needs for themselves	18
9459814693	domestication	process of taming wild animals so that they could be brought to live with humans	19
9459823617	nomadic pastoralism	a lifestyle based on people moving herds of animals from pasture to pasture	20
9459828507	kinship group	several hunter-forager families that moved together in search of food	21
9459841162	clan	a larger group of multiple kinship groups	22
9459845817	tribe	multiple clans combined into a larger group	23
9459860525	patriarchal society	a society dominated by men	24
9459863038	artisans	people who made objects people needed (ex: clothing, pottery)	25
9459863039	merchants	people who buy and sell goods for a living	26
9459866910	social stratification	the system by which society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy	27
9459866911	preists	men who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	28
9459870057	priestesses	women who supervised religious ceremonies, and explained how ruler's behavior and rulings were based on religious doctrine	29
9510369591	Tigris and Euphrates	rivers that flow through modern Turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf	30
9510371350	Mesopotamia	area between the Tigris and Euphrates	31
9510371351	Fertile Crescent	region that includes parts of Egypt and all of Mesopotamia	32
9510372515	Carthage	a Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa	33
9510372516	Sahara	desert zone in northern Africa	34
9510372517	Kalahari	desert zone in southern Africa	35
9510373858	Nile River	begins in the interior of Africa and flows north to empty into the Meditteranean Sea	36
9510373859	desertification	the creation of desert-like conditions	37
9510375119	Indus River Valley	river valley in India	38
9510375120	environmental degradation	mass deforestation and soil erosion	39
9510376164	deforestation	removal of large numbers of trees	40
9510376165	Huang He	Yellow River; connects China's northern interior to the Yellow Sea	41
9510378022	Chiang Jiang	Yangtze River; stretches almost 4,000 miles across Central China	42
9510378023	loess	a type of fertile soil that is yellow in color	43
9510380038	Mesoamerica	Central America and Mexico	44
9510380039	maize	corn	45
9510382154	Oceania and Polynesia	the region in the Pacific Ocean; New Guinea, Australia, and other islands	46
9510382155	division of labor	other civilizations beginning to work in areas other than producing food	47
9510382156	barter	the direct exchange of goods without involving money	48
9510383637	polytheistic	worshiping many gods	49
9510383638	ziggurats	large stepped pyramids	50
9510384451	astronomy	the study of objects outside Earth's atmosphere	51
9510384452	astrology	the predicting the future by studying movements of stars and planets	52
9510385913	Hebrews (Israelites, Jews)	lived in the region of Canaan (present-day Isreal, Palestine, and Lebanon)	53
9510385914	Abraham	founder of Caanan who left Mesopotamia to settle there; Christians, Jews, and Muslims trace their roots to him	54
9510387077	Moses	the man who led the Hebrews out of captivity to Canaan, and also introduced the 10 Commandments	55
9510387078	Ten Commandments	a code of conduct that was influential in areas dominated by Christianity	56
9510388352	Jewish Diaspora	the spreading of the Jews throughout the Mediterranean and the Middle East	57
9510390427	theocrats	rulers holding both religious and political power	58
9510390428	Aten	the sun god that Ahkenaton ordered Egypt to worship exclusively	59
9510391709	mummification	the removing of the body's internal organs, drying the body with salts and packing its insides and wrapping it with chemically treated cloth	60
9510391710	Aryans	Indo-European speaking peoples from Central Asia (Persia)	61
9510393442	Hindi	originated from Sanskrit (India's sacred language), still widely spoken	62
9510393443	Vedas	collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs	63
9510393444	Vedic Age	age of Aryans growing awareness of Dravidian beliefs	64
9510394443	brahmin	Indian priest	65
9510394444	brahma	a universal soul that connects all creatures on Earth	66
9510394445	dharma	righteous duties and deeds	67
9510395453	karma	fate in the next life	68
9510395454	moksha	eternal peace or unity with brahma	69
9510396734	ancestor veneration	the belief that since the spirits of ancestors could speak to gods for them, making offerings to them to win their favor	70
9510396735	Golden Age	a period in society of relative prosperity, peace, and innovation	71
9510396736	scribes	a separate class of people who were skilled at reading and writing a certain language	72
9510398200	The Epic of Gilgamesh	the oldest story on the Earth, written in cuneiform	73
9510398201	cuneiform	world's first writing system from the Sumerians	74
9510399109	alphabetic script	a system of symbols/letters that represent the sounds of speech; Phoenicians had a 22 letter alphabet	75
9510400865	hieroglyphics	picture writing used by the Ancient Egyptians	76
9510400866	papyrus	a type of plant that grew along the Nile River that was used to make a type of paper	77
9510402541	Book of the Dead	a paper book that Egyptians put inside the coffins of the dead pharaohs that told the story of the dead person	78
9510402542	Indo-European	a set of languages that involved Sanskrit and Latin	79
9510403203	Sanskrit	the sacred language of the Aryans	80
9510403204	Rig-Veda	a section of the Veda that sheds light on ancient Indian society and their conflicts between Dravidian and Aryan societies, and outlined proper brahmin behavior	81
9510404743	Upanishads	a foundational text for the set of beliefs that later became known as Hinduism	82
9510404744	pictographs/glyphs	Ancient Chinese graphic symbols that represented an an idea, concept or object	83
9510405760	Austronesian speakers	Oceanic peoples from southern China who moved from the Philippines and Taiwan	84
9510405761	feudalism	local rulers governing as they wished, who paid taxes to the king and provided soldiers for the kings army	85
9510410141	Sumer and Sumerians	a group of nomadic pastoralists who migrated into Mesopotamia, settling alongiside people already living there	86
9510410142	Uruk	the largest city-state in Sumer with a population of roughly 50,000	87
9510410143	city-states	a city and the land it controlled; several hundred square miles	88
9510411299	king and kingdom	Sumerian military rulers who ruled over a territory	89
9510412439	Babylonians	Persian invaders that controlled Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon, thus being known as Babylonians	90
9510412440	empire	the controlling of a large empire that included diverse cultural groups	91
9510412441	Phoenicians	peoples who occupied parts of Lebanon, Isreal and Jordan; most commonly known for their strong ships and vast trade network	92
9510414674	Old Kingdom	a period of stability in Egypt in which kings and queens ruled as theocrats, and wielded considerable authority in public life; all land belonged to the pharaoh and were descended from gods; collapsed due to drought, which led to famine	93
9511521793	Middle Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which Mentuhotep II took power, and reunited Egypt under a central government and diminished the power of provincial governors; placed an emphasis on statues/art of the pharaoh that depicted them as wise; built numerous temples and irrigation projects; ended due to invasions from the Hyksos from Syria	94
9511532348	New Kingdom	a period of Egyptian stability in which after the defeat of the Hyksos, pharoahs used their powerful army to expand into Mesopotamia and Nubia; collapsed due to internal chaos and failed defense against aggressive neighbors	95
9510414675	Hyksos	a group of pastoral nomadic people from Syria that invaded Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and were defeated before the New Kingdom	96
9510415723	Hittities	a group of people who used iron rools and weapons, who eventually took over areas in Egypt after the fall of Ramses	97
9510415724	Kush	ancient kingdom south of Egypt that were mostly dependent on Egypt, controlled Egypt shortly before overthrown by the Assyrians	98
9510415725	Axum	civilization in present Ethiopia that had an agricultural and trading based economy, had many people converted to Christianity and some to Islam	99
9510416928	Dravidians	indigenous people of the Indian subcontinent	100
9510416929	Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro	two centers in the Indus River Valley; had advanced labor systems, a social heriarchy, and sewage systems	101
9510420832	Chavin civilization	the civilization that existed in modern Peru centered at Chavin de Huantar; traded, lived in valleys, used llamas for transportation, developed irrigation systems, potter; dissolved into regional groups because had weak political structure	102
9510420833	Olmec	the civilization that flourished in the east and central Mexico, agricultural, traded with countries many miles away, carved human head statues and constructed massive pyramids, developed a calendar and a number system, used glyphs	103
9510421821	Easter Island	a place in Oceania where settlers were divided into clans that had a chief and one head chief as a ruler of all clans	104
9510421822	aboriginals	hunter-foragers in Australia that were not fazed by the new agricultural ways of the Austronesian people; kept their nomadic ways	105
9510421823	Hammurabi	a Babylonian king who had established control over all of Mesopotamia; also created a law called the Code of Hammurabi (eye for an eye punishment)	106
9510422929	King Menes	Egyptian king who unified Upper and Lower Egypt before the formation of the old, middle, and new kingdoms	107
9510422930	pharaoh	the king or queen that led the Egyptian government	108
9510424368	Akhenaton	a pharaoh of the New Kingdom who tried to make Egypt a monotheistic region that followed the sun god Aten; ultimately failed	109
9510425614	Ramses the Great	a powerful pharaoh of the New Kingdom that expanded the Egyptian empire into Southwest Asia	110
9510425615	Xia Dynasty	the first Chinese dynasty; had no writing system so little is known	111
9510426390	Shang Dynasty	the second Chinese dynasty; Shang rulers conquered neighboring peoples and established a larger empire	112
9510426391	Mandate of Heaven	the ancient Chinese idea that a just ruler's power was bestowed by the gods; were referred to as sons of heaven; invasions or natural disasters were signs that a ruler no longer had a Mandate of Heaven	113
9510428049	Zhou Dynasty	the third Chinese dynasty; the longest dynasty of all time; had a Golden Age; expanded into a larger territory and centralized power	114

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AP World History Week 1-2 Flashcards

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14673351209	Islam	A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.	0
14673351210	Abbasid Caliphate	(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.	1
14673351211	Byzantine Empire	Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.	2
14673351212	Constantinople	Capital of the Byzantine Empire	3
14673351213	Silk Road	Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture.	4
14673351214	Justinian Code	The body of Roman law collected by order of the Byzantine emperor, Justinian around A.D. 534.	5
14673351215	Black Death	A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351	6
14673351216	Basil the CopperHand	Peasant rebellion that took place in the Byzantine empire around 14th century, led to the downfall of the empire	7
14673351217	Hagia Sophia	the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian	8
14673351218	Patriarch of Constantinople	the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church; like the Pope	9
14673351219	Muhammad	the Arab prophet who left the city of Mecca to meditate in the dessert, founded Islam (570-632)	10
14673351220	Ummah	The collective community of Islamic peoples, which is thought to transcend ethnic and political boundaries; Muslim community of believers	11
14673351221	First Four Caliphs	To rule after Muhammad's death were elected by the Muslim community and were known as the "rightly chose" caliphs	12
14673351222	Umayyad Caliphate	(661-750 CE) The Islamic caliphate that established a capital at Damascus, conquered North Africa, the Iberian Pennisula, Southwest Asia, and Persia, and had a bureaucracy with only Arab Muslims able to be a part of it.	13
14673351223	Caliphs	rulers that could adjust political and religious law (Arabs)	14
14673351224	Sultanates	rulers that could adjust political law and enforce religious laws (Non-arabs such as turks)	15
14673351225	Baghadad	The Abbasids imperial city and commercial center	16
14673351226	Mamluks	Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)	17
14673351227	Dhimmis	Second class citizens; A term meaning "protected peoples"; they included Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians	18
14673351228	Jizya	Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within a Muslim empire	19
14673351229	Sunni	Believed leadership of the ummah should be granted to chosen caliphs	20
14673351230	Shia	Believed that Muhammad's brother in law should be in leadership	21

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AP World History 23 Flashcards

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8986325277	factors contributed to economic globaliszation during the 20 c	Technological advances that lowered transportation costs dramatically	0
8986325278	Effect did Bretton Woods system have on globalization after ww2	It established rules for commercial and financial dealings among major capitalist countries	1
8986325279	Reflects a neo-liberal aproach to economic development	Privatization of state run companies	2
8986325280	Identified as key issues in western feminism by women of color	ending racism and proverty	3
8986325281	Contentious issue between the Global North and Global south since 1945	the availability of and terms for foreign aid	4
8986325282	Represents a pattern of global migration since 1960	the movement of people from developing countries to the industrial world	5
8986325283	Describes the effect of economic globalization on wealthy nation like the US	A shifting global division of labor resulted in the loss of many manufacturing jobs	6
8986325284	Those who speak of an american empire point to in support of their opinion	American economic military and cultural influence around the world	7
8986325285	In contrast to feminist who fought for = rights, feminists who assumed the task of womens liberation	challenged patriarchy through direct action.	8
8986325286	Reflects a response of African feminists to western feminism in the 1970s and beyond	they criticized western feminism as a form of cultural imperialism	9
8986325287	Characterized the response of religious fundamentalism to global modernity	A selective rejection of certain aspect of modernity	10
8986325288	Goal of Islamic fundamentalist groups in the muslim world since the 1970	to create a distinctly islamic modernity not dependent on western ideas	11
8986325289	Factor led Osama bin laden and the leaders of al-qaeda to declare the US as their enemy	U.S military presence in Saudi Arabia after the defear of Iraq in 1991	12
8986325290	More central idea in environmental movements in developing countries than those in the industrial west.	securing food supplies	13
8986325291	Distinctive feature of environmental movements in the global south	the involvement of poor people	14
8986325292	Highlight the global mobility of capital in the world since 1945	Foreign direct investment	15
8986325293	opposed neo-liberal globalization and offered an alternative approach expressed in the slogan "Another world is possible"	world social forum	16
8986325294	Original meaning of the phrase "Third world"	an alternative to western capitalism and soviet communism	17
8986325295	considered a success of the international womens movemetn	international recognition that womens rights are human rights	18
8986325296	How have modernity science and globalization been affected but teh worlds religions since 1945	Religion offered a means to oppose elements of a secular and global modernity	19
8986325297	Feature of religious fundamentalism	militant piety	20
8986325298	Represents the use of religion as a basis to fight for social justice human rights and the end of poverty	liberation theology	21
8986325299	Gulen movement in Turkey and the Amman message issued in Jordan in 2005 share in common	Both sought to encourage cross-cultural and inter-religious dialogue	22
8986325300	Describing the current era since the industrial revolution as the Anthropocentric Era calls attention to the	lasting impact of human activity on the plant	23
8986325301	Contributed to the environmental changes of twentieth century	The explosive increase in the world population	24
8986325302	19th c strands of environmentalism share in common	none of them had a mass following	25
8986325303	Movements in the world today has come to symbolize "One-world" thinking	Global envitomentalism	26
8986325304	How did Bretton Woods lay the foundation for globalization?	By creating a set of agreements and institutions to promote free trade	27
8986325305	How did the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank advance neo-liberal economics?	By loaning money to developing nations that privatized state-run companies and lowered protectionist tariffs	28
8986325306	In terms of the Global North/South divide in the twentieth century,		29

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AP World History Chapter 28-30 Terms Flashcards

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9382629298	Adolf Hitler	This German leader headed up the Nazi Party and he fervently held anti-communist and anti-Semitic views. Under his leadership millions of Jews and other undesirables were killed as part of his "Final Solution."	0
9382629299	Albert Einstein	German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed.	1
9382629300	All India Muslim League	Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. In 1940, the League began demanding a separate state for Muslims, to be called Pakistan.	2
9382629301	Appeasement	This policy, which aims to pacify an aggressive power by giving it what it wants, exemplified Europe's reaction to Hitler's early expansionist efforts.	3
9382629302	Archduke Franz Ferdinand	The assassination of this man led Austria Hungary to invade Serbia and bring the alliance systems into World War One.	4
9382629303	Auschwitz	Nazi extermination camp in Poland, the largest center of mass murder during the Holocaust. Close to a million Jews, Gypsies, Communists, and others were killed there	5
9382629304	Balfour Declaration	Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.	6
9382629305	Battle of Britain	July 10, 1940 Royal Air Force defended the U.K. against German Air Force. Fought all in the air.	7
9382629306	Battle of El Alamein	World War II battle in which the Britain, under General Bernard Montgomery, won a decisive victory over Germany and the Afrika Korps, under Erwin Rommel (Desert Fox), in Egypt, securing the Suez Canal.	8
9382629307	Battle of Midway	U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II	9
9382629308	Battle of Stalingrad	-This battle marked the turning point in the war in Europe. -German offensive against Soviet Union in which the Soviets counterattacked and catastrophically destroyed Hitler's armies. By 1943 the Soviet Union was no longer on the defensive side, and moved further onward against Germany. A major turning point of the war. Up to 2 million troops died at this battle.	10
9382629309	Benito Mussolini	This Italian dictator came to power in 1922 after marching with a small group of rebels on Rome. During his 21 years of power, he undertook a successful but brutal expansionist invasion of Ethiopia and brought Italy into World War II as an Axis power.	11
9382629310	Blaise Diagne	Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army	12
9382629311	Blitzkrieg	Fast-moving "lightning war" used by Germany to invade its neighbors in World War II.	13
9382629312	Chiang Kai Shek	A military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid-1920; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after World War II	14
9382629313	Collectivization	Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.	15
9382629314	D-Day	June 6, 1944 - Led by Eisenhower, over a million troops (the largest invasion force in history) stormed the beaches at Normandy and began the process of re-taking France. The turning point of World War II.	16
9382629315	Emiliano Zapata	Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerrilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform	17
9382629316	Erwin Rommel	This general was a master at tank warfare and earned the nickname Desert Fox due to his ability to outwit allied troops in the North African Desert.	18
9382629317	Eva Peron	Wife of Juan Peron and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits	19
9382629318	Fall of Ottoman Empire	This event occurred in 1918, as a result of internal factors, such as civic unrest, and external factors, mainly the empire's defeat during WWI and its occupation and partitioning by the victors. After a war of independence, Turkey emerged as a successor state in 1923.	20
9382629319	Fall of the Qing Dynasty	This event occurred in 1911 as a result of mounting internal and external pressures, such as ineffective leadership, declining food levels, and the Boxer Rebellion. Revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen installed the new Republic of China in place of the old imperial system.	21
9382629320	Fascism	This political system combines extreme nationalism with authoritarian rule. Fascists opposed both democracy and communism. The system first emerged in Mussolini's Italy and Hitler's Germany in the years following World War I.	22
9382629321	Final Solution	the Nazi program of annihilating the Jews of Europe during the Third Reich	23
9382629322	Five Year Plans	Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state.	24
9382629323	Fourteen Points	This plan encompassed Woodrow Wilson's goals for the Treaty of Versailles that included self-determination of nations, peace without victory, disarmament, fair treatment of colonial peoples, and the creation of the League of Nations.	25
9382629324	Genocide	This system of killing a large group of people, often for racial or ethnic reasons.	26
9382629325	Getulio Vargas	Elected president of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state governments; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; imposed a new constitution based on Mussolini's Italy; leaned to communists after 1949; committed suicide in 1954.	27
9382629326	Great Depression	This global economic depression took place during the 1930s. Massive unemployment, widespread deflation, and drastic reductions in national output characterized the chaos. Most affected were the United States and the nations of Western Europe.	28
9382629327	Guomindang	The political party founded in 1911 by Sun Yat-sen; it governed China under Chiang Kai-shek from 1928 until 1949 when the Communists took power and subsequently was the official ruling party of Taiwan.	29
9382629328	Hiroshima and Nagasaki	These two Japanese cities were devastated by atomic bombs dropped by U.S. military forces in 1945, at the end of World War II. More than 150,000 people were killed and these casualties helped compel the Japanese to surrender.	30
9382629329	Holocaust	This massive killing of Jews by the Nazi Party took place during World War II at concentration camps such as Auschwitz. It resulted in the deaths of millions of Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, and other individuals the Nazies viewed as undesirable or political opponents.	31
9382629330	Imperialism	This process places a nation or nations under the political and economic control of another, stronger power.	32
9382629331	Indian Independence	This event occurred in 1947 after decades of rising tension between British colonial rulers and the Indian population. Nonviolence, the Indian National Congress, the All-Indian Muslim League, and the weakening of Great Britain after World War II all contributed to this event.	33
9382629332	Indian National Congress	A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.	34
9382629333	Isoroku Yamamoto	Japanese admiral who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941	35
9382629334	Jahawarlal Nehru	Indian statesman and leader with Gandhi in the struggle for home rule; first Indian Prime Minister	36
9382629335	Japanese Internment	Camps where more than 100,000 Japanese-American were relocated during WWII by order of the President for fear of their loyalty to Japan.	37
9382629336	Joseph Stalin	This Soviet leader came to power after Lenin's death in 1924. He instituted complete centralization of the Soviet economy, forced collectivization of all agriculture, encouraged the practice of atheism and strict control of organized religion, and made the USSR the world's dominant communist power. His Five-Year Plans laid out goals for increased industrial and agricultural productivity and his series of Great Purges executed and imprisoned millions of his own people.	38
9382629337	Juan Peron	President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Peron, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor.	39
9382629338	Kristallnacht	November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews.	40
9382629339	League of Nations	This international organization was created by the Treaty of Versailles following World War I and was first envisioned by Woodrow Wilson in his 14 points.	41
9382629340	Lebensraum	Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people	42
9382629341	Leon Trotsky	-Lenin deputy who organized the Red Army during the civil war and later lost a power struggle to Stalin. -Helps communist win civil war and establish gov. but he is taken out by Stalin	43
9382629342	Long March	Mao Zedong's 1934 escape from the Guomindang to Shaanxi	44
9382629343	Luftwaffle	The German air force before and during World War II. It was responsible for the Blitz of London.	45
9382629344	Luistania	The British ship that was torpedoed by Germany. Americans also on the boat were killed	46
9382629345	Mandate System	Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.	47
9382629346	Mao Zedong	Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap forward in 1958.	48
9382629347	Marcus Garvey	A powerful African-American leader who advocated a mass migration of African-Americans back to Africa because they will never be treated justly in countries ruled by whites.	49
9382629348	Mein Kampf	Hitler wrote this book while in jail in the 1920s	50
9382629349	Mexican Revolution	This event occurred during the 1910s after years of rule by dictator Portofino Diaz. Under Diaz, most Mexicans had no property while foreign interests controlled up to one-quarter of the nation. Revolutionary leaders such as Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata advocated land reform.	51
9382629350	Militarism	This ideology glorifies war and the role of the military within society.	52
9382629351	Mohandas Gandi	This Indian nationalist figure led the country to challenge British rule. He relied on methods of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience, combining nationalist sentiment and spiritual traditions to create a mass populist movement.	53
9382629352	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	Muslim nationalist in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during World War II for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan.	54
9382629353	Mustaf Kemal Ataturk	Turkish nationalist leader who became the first president of modern Turkey and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular	55
9382629354	New Deal	Roosevelt's plan for getting out of the Depression (relief, recovery, and reform)	56
9382629355	New Economic Policy	Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans.	57
9382629356	Nonviolent Protest	This method of bringing about political change promoted by such figures as Tolstoy, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King Jr., relies on peaceful protests such as civil disobedience to effect a desired goal. An example of this would be Gandhi encouraged ahimsa as a way to gain Indian independence.	58
9382629357	Nuclear Weapons	U.S. scientists developed this type of highly destructive weapon during World War II. Some weapons of this type can easily destroy an area the size of a small city. This type of weapon (then called an atomic bomb) was used to defeat Japan during World War II.	59
9382629358	Orville and Willbur Wright	These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903. Flew the first airplane for 12 seconds over a distance of 120 feet at Kitty Hawk, N.C.	60
9382629359	Pancho Villa	Mexican revolutionary and military commander in Northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power in 1911; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta	61
9382629360	Partition of India	This division of colonial India into two separate countries- Muslim-dominated Pakistan and Hindu-dominated India-occurred at the time of independence from Britain in 1947 at the behest of the All-India Muslim League, led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It prompted mass migration, violence between Hindu and Muslims, a dispute over the territory of Kashmir.	62
9382629361	Pearl Harbor	December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.	63
9382629362	Propaganda	This form of public communication relies on misinformation to persuade a populace to believe the message of a government or other organization.	64
9382629363	Russian Revolution	This revolution took place in two parts in 1917. In February of that year, the last Romanov tsar was removed from power. The second uprising in October installed the communist Bolsheviks as the country's leaders.	65
9382629364	Salt March	The British told the Indians that they could only buy salt from them. To rebel against this, Gandhi and his followers walked 240 miles to the coast, collected water, let it evaporate, and made their own salt.	66
9382629365	Scientific Innovations	These innovations, including Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, the development of quantum mechanics, and the emergence of the big bang theory, transformed human understanding of the natural world during the 20th century.	67
9382629366	Sigmund Freud	This neurologist applied the scientific method to the workings of the human mind and to human emotions. Claimed that human behavior resulted from a constant struggle between irrational drives and our conscience	68
9382629367	Smoot-Hawley Tariff	A protective tariff on imported goods applied by the US to stimulate the domestic economy.	69
9382629368	Stalemate	The Trench Warfare on the Western Front ended up in this for 4 years	70
9382629369	Stock Market Crash of Black Tuesday	The stock market crash happened Oct 29, 1929 which was known as.	71
9382629370	Sun Yat-Sen	This Chinese leader, known as the Father of Modern China, helped overthrow the Qing Dynasty and served as the nation's leader from 1911-12 and 1923-25. He promoted the Three Principles of the People-nationalism, democracy, and socialism, as a way to govern China.	72
9382629371	Theodore Herzl	This man was the leader of the Zionist movement.	73
9382629372	Total War	This form of war, employed during both World War I and World War II, relies on the use of ideologies such as fascism, nationalism, and communism, to mobilize all of a nation's resources to wage war. It also involves not just soldiers, but a country's citizens as well.	74
9382629373	Totalitarian	the practice of a government and/or a leader who aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens in a way that fulfills a particular goal	75
9382629374	Treaty of Versailles	This treaty, signed in 1919, ended WWI. The treaty forced harsh reparations on Germany and redrew the map of Europe; no country was particularly satisfied with its terms. The treaty is often cited as a cause of WWII.	76
9382629375	Triple Alliance	Military and political alliance formed before World War I to counter moves by potential rivals England, France, and Russia; consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.	77
9382629376	Triple Entente	Consisted of the Russian Empire, the French Third Republic, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente on 31 August 1907. Went again the Triple Allies during WW1.	78
9382629377	Vladimir Lenin	This Russian revolutionary founded the Bolshevik party and led the Russian Revolution in 1917 with a promise of "Peace, Land, Bread." After the revolution, he became the first head of the Soviet Union.	79
9382629378	W.E.B Dubois	Fought for immediate implementation of African American rights because he believed that educated African Americans must use their education and training to challenge inequality; helped find Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights, which later led to the establishment of the NAACP.	80
9382629379	Western Front	War zone that ran from Belgium to Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among the combatants, including Britain, France, Russia, and Belgium; later included the United States.	81
9382629380	Word War I	This conflict, fought from 1914 to 1918, pitted the Allied Powers (led by Italy, France, Great Britain, and later the United States) against the Central Powers ( led by Germany). This war employed new techniques such as trench warfare and home front efforts to involve a nation's complete populace in the conflict.	82
9382629381	World War II	This conflict, fought between 1939 and 1945 pitted the Allied Powers against the Axis Powers. This war emerged largely as a result of unresolved issues from World War I and the Treaty of Versailles, but proved more devastating than its predecessor.	83
9382629382	Zionism	This Jewish nationalist movement supports the continued establishment of a Jewish state, Israel, in Palestine.	84
9382629383	The Lost Generation	The name for the generation that came during WWI. Using 1883-1900 as birth years for this generation	85
9382629384	Pablo Picasso	Spanish Painter(1881-1973) who spent most of his life in France. Arguably the most famous artist of the 20th century. Painting of his included "Guernica" and many others.	86
9382629385	Diego Rivera	Mexican Painter (1886-1957. One of the leading artists of the 20th century and is known for his murals.	87

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AP World History- Period 6 (2019) Flashcards

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13780214416	African National Congress	South African political party formed in 1912; strongly opposed to apartheid	0
13780214417	apartheid	"separateness"; a series of laws initiated by the Afrikaner National Party in South Africa which was designed to divide South African society by skin color and ethnicity; this system also reserved South Africa's resources for whites	1
13780214418	Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini	lived from 1900 to 1989; Religious leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran	2
13780214419	Vladimir Lenin	born Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov; lived from 1870 to 1924; the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and premier of the Soviet Union	3
13780214420	Central Powers	one of the two warring factions in World War I; composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria; also known as the Quadruple Alliance	4
13780214421	Charles de Gaulle	lived from 1890 to 1970; French general and statesman who led French forces in World War II; served as the president of France from 1959 to 1969	5
13780214422	Che Guevara	lived from 1928 to 1967; Argentine marxist revolutionary who was a major figure in the Cuban Revolution	6
13780214423	Chiang Kai-shek	lived from 1887 to 1975; Chinese military officer who was leader of the Guomindang; fled to Taiwan after the Chinese Communist Party came to power in China	7
13780214424	Chinese Revolution	prolonged communist movement in China and lasted from 1946 to 1950; resulted in the communist takeover of mainland China	8
13780214425	Cold War	a sustained state of political and military tension between members of NATO and members of the Warsaw Pact; dissolution of the Soviet Union was the end of this "conflict"	9
13780214426	collectivization	System in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a unit; imposed by the government in the Soviet Union and later in China.	10
13780214427	command economy	The economic system in which decisions regarding production and investment are embodied in a plan formulated by a central authority, usually by a public body such as a government agency	11
13780214428	containment	the United States policy to prevent the spread of communism abroad during the Cold War; a response to a series of moves by the Soviet Union to enlarge communist influence in Eastern Europe, China, Korea, Africa, and Vietnam	12
13780214429	Cuban missile crisis	a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the Soviet Union and the United States; Soviet missiles moved to Cuban soil in an agreement by Fidel Castro and Nikita Khrushchev; U.S. responds by blockading Cuba; Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy reach an agreement in which the Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba in return for an American promise not to invade Cuba	13
13780214430	cultural imperialism	the practice of promoting or imposing one's culture on another, usually between powerful societies and less-powerful ones	14
13780214431	Cultural Revolution	also known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution; launched by Mao in the late 1960's; aimed to combat the capitalist tendencies he believed had penetrated even the highest ranks of the communist party itself; involved new policies to bring health care and education to the countryside and reinvigorate earlier efforts at rural industrialization under local control	15
13780214432	decolonization	the process of the dissolution of colonial territories and the establishment of independent nations	16
13780214433	Deng Xiaoping	lived from 1904 to 1997; successor to Mao Zedong; reformist who sought to incorporate The People's Republic of China into the world economy; dismantled collectivized farming, state enterprises given greater authority, welcomed foreign investment; crushed democracy movement in Beijing's Tiananmen Square	17
13780214434	environmentalism	ideology which regards the environmental concerns	18
13780214435	European Economic Community	Also known as the Common Market; founded in 1957; originally consisted of Italy, France, West Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg; expanded membership to almost all of Europe, including former communist states; renamed the European Union in 1994	19
13780214436	Fascism	political ideology which was intensely nationalistic; celebrated action and placed faith in charismatic leaders; and condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, parliamentary democracy, and communism; adopted by Italy, Germany, and Japan in the years following World War I	20
13780214437	Five Year Plan	a planned economy focused on rapid industrialization, in which a committee came together to determine rations	21
13780214438	Gamel Abdel Nasser	lived from 1918 to 1970; second President of Egypt from 1956 to 1970; planned the overthrow of the monarchy and sought to nationalize the Suez Canal	22
13780214439	UN General Assembly	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation; oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions	23
13780214440	genocide	the systematic destruction of all or part of a racial, ethnic, religious or national group	24
13780214441	Great Depression	economic depression as a result of the crash of the American stock market; lasted from 1929 until World War II; causes drop in world trade, loss of investment, and businesses unable to make profit; countries or colonies tied to exporting one or two products hardhit as the West consumed less; conditions resulting in the Great Depression led to widespread unemployment and social tensions	25
13780214442	Great Leap Forward	lasted from 1958 to 1960; marked Mao's response to distortions of Chinese socialism; promoted smallscale industrialization in rural areas; tried to foster widespread and practical technological education for all rather than relying on a small elite of highly trained technical experts; envisioned an immediate transition to full communism in the "people's communes" rather than waiting for industrial development to provide the material basis for that transition; massive famine which followed temporarily discredited Mao's radicalism	26
13780214443	Great Purges	also known as the Terror; period of immense paranoia in the Soviet Union of the late 1930's in which communist members accused each other being corrupted by capitalist ideals; enveloped tens of thousands of prominent communists, including all of Lenin's top associates, and millions more of ordinary peoples; based on suspicious associations in the past, denunciations by colleagues, connections to foreign countries, or bad luck; such people were arrested in the middle of the night, then tried and sentenced to either death or long harsh years in remote labor camps known as gulags; close to 1 million peoples executed between 1936 and 1941; additional 4 to 5 million people sent to the gulag, where they were forced to work in horrendous conditions and died in appalling numbers	27
13780214444	Green Revolution	a series of research, and development, and technology transfer initiatives, occurring between the 1940s and the late 1960s, that increased agriculture production worldwide, particularly in the developing world	28
13780214445	Adolf Hitler	lived from 1889 to 1945; leader of the Nazi party in Germany; chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945; dictator of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945	29
13780214446	Ho Chi Minh	lived from 1890 to 1969; Vietnamese communist revolutionary leader; was prime minister (from 1945 to 1955) and president (from 1945 to 1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam	30
13780214447	Holocaust	the mass murder of approximately six million Jews during World War II; a program of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany; led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	31
13780214448	International Monetary Fund	IMF; established in 1944 by the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire; sought to promote market economies, free trade, and high growth rates	32
13780214449	Indian National Congress	INC; organization established in 1885; gave expression to the idea of India as a single nation; played a major role in India's independence movement from British colonial rule	33
13780214450	Iranian Cultural Revolution	lasted from 1980 to 198; a period following the Iranian Revolution where intellectuals of Iran were purged of Western and non-Islamic influences to bring it in line with Shia Islam; closed universities between 1980 and 1983, banned many books, and purged thousands of students and lecturers from schools	34
13780214451	iron curtain	the heavily fortified border between Eastern and Western Europe	35
13780214452	Islamic renewal	also referred to as Islamic revival; refers to a renewing of the Islamic religion throughout the Islamic world, that began roughly sometime in 1970s; sought greater religious piety and a growing adoption of Islamic culture	36
13780214453	Jawaharlal Nehru	lived from 1889 to 1964; first Prime Minister of India and was a leading figure in the independence movement against British rule over India	37
13780214454	League of Arab States	a regional organization of Arab countries in and around North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Southwest Asia; formed in Cairo in 1945 with six members: Egypt, Iraq, Transjordan (Jordan), Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; currently has 22 members	38
13780214455	League of Nations	international peacekeeping organization founded as a result of the First World World; proposed by US president Woodrow Wilson; committed to the principle of "collective security" and intended to avoid the repetition of war	39
13780214456	Mahatma Gandhi	lived from 1869 to 1948; leader of the Indian nationalist movement during British control over India; used nonviolent civil disobedience, such as hunger strikes	40
13780214457	Mao Zedong	lived from 1893 to 1976; Chinese communist revolutionary and leader of the People's Republic of China from its establishment 1949 to his death in 1976	41
13780214458	Marshall Plan	plan which sought to rebuild and reshape devastated European economies; funneled Europe some $12 billion with numerous advisers and technicians; motivated by combination of humanitarian concern, a desire to prevent a new depression by creating overseas customers for American goods, and interest in undermining the growing appeal of European communist parties; required European nations to cooperate with one another	42
13780214459	Mikhail Gorbachev	born in 1931; last general secretary of the Soviet Union (1985 to 1991); passed reforms such as perestroika and policies such as glasnost which led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union	43
13780214460	military-industrial complex	the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them; include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; most often used in reference to the system behind the military of the United States	44
13780214461	Muhammad Ali Jinnah	lived from 1876 to 1948; founder of Pakistan and the leader of the All-India Muslim League until Pakistan's independence	45
13780214462	Munich Conference	a conference in Munich which permitted Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along German borders mainly inhabited by German speakers; territory now known as "Sudetenland"; widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany; agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938; agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy; Czechoslovakia not invited to the conference	46
13780214463	Benito Mussolini	lived from 1883 to 1945; leader of the Italian National Fascist Party; prime minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943	47
13780214464	Mustafa Kemal Ataturk	lived from 1881 to 1938; founder and the first President of the Republic of Turkey; passed a series of reforms to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern, secular, and democratic nation	48
13780214465	North American Free Trade Agreement	NAFTA; regional alliance founded in 1993 and consists of Canada, Mexico, and the United States; the world's second largest free-trade zone	49
13780214466	North Atlantic Treaty Organization	NATO; a military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed in 1949; alliance in which its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party; consists of 28 member states across North America and Europe	50
13780214467	Nazi Germany	a.k.a the Third Reich; lasted from 1933 to 1945; Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party	51
13780214468	Nelson Mandela	lived from 1918 to 2013; South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician; President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999; served as President of the African National Congress from 1991 to 1997	52
13780214469	New Deal	a series of reforms proposed by United States President Woodrow Wilson; lasted from 1933 to 1942; experimental combination of reforms seeking to restart economic growth and prevent similar failures in the future; reflected the thinking of British economist John Maynard Keynes; argued that government actions and spending programs could moderate recessions and depressions; consisted of immediate programs of public spending (for dams, highways, bridges, and parks) and long-term reforms, such as the Social Security system, minimum wage, and various relief and welfare programs	53
13780214470	non-governmental organization	NGO; an organization that is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business	54
13780214471	Nikita Khrushchev	lived from 1894 to 1971; leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964; responsible for the de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union and backing of the Soviet space program	55
13780214472	Osama bin Laden	lived from 1957 to 2011; Islamic militant who was the leader of the terrorist group al-Qaeda; mastermind behind the 9/11 attacks; played a key role in the US-backed effort to aid mujahideen who fought Soviet forces in Afghanistan	56
13780214473	al-Qaeda	"the base"; terrorist organization formerly headed by Osama bin Laden; behind the 9/11 attacks	57
13780214474	Palestinian Liberation Organization	PLO; an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of creating an independent State of Palestine	58
13780214475	Pan-Arabism	an ideology proposing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab World	59
13780214476	Pan-Africanism	an ideology which encourages the unity of Africans worldwide	60
13780214477	HIV/AIDS epidemic	epidemic which was first discovered in 1981 among homosexual men and intravenous drug users in New York and San Francisco; eventually became widespread around the world, particularly sub-Saharan Africa; virus attacks and destroys the immune system, which causes a fatal disorder in the immune system; spread through sexual contact with an infected person, contact with contaminated blood, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding	61
13780214478	ebola epidemic	an epidemic caused by the Ebola virus; symptoms include fever, throat and muscle pains, headaches, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and decreased functioning of the liver and kidneys; an 2014 outbreak in West Africa has led to a reported 142 deaths	62
13780214479	influenza epidemic	an epidemic caused by the H1N1 influenza virus; lasted from 1918 to 1920; resulted in 50 to 100 million deaths, ranking it one of the most deadliest natural disasters in human history	63
13780214480	perestroika	an economic program launched by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which freed state enterprises from government regulation, permitted small-scale private businesses, offered opportunities for private farming, and welcomed foreign investment in joint enterprises	64
13780214481	glasnost	a Soviet policy established by Mikhail Gorbachev which permitted cultural and intellectual freedoms	65
13780214482	post-modernism	a late 20th Century movement in the arts, architecture, and criticism; includes skeptical interpretations of culture, literature, art, philosophy, history, economics, architecture, fiction, and literary criticism	66
13780214483	Potsdam Conference	a conference which was held from July 17 to August 2, 1945; participants include the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States; gathered to decide how to punish Nazi Germany, sought to establish a post-war order, address peace treaty issues, and counter the effects of World War II	67
13780214484	1917 Russian Revolution	a collective term for the series of revolutions in 1917 which ousted Tsar Nicholas II and the tsarist autocracy and replaced it with the communist Bolshiveks	68
13780214485	second-wave feminism	a period of feminist activity that first began in the United States in the early 1960s and eventually spread throughout the Western world; later became a worldwide movement that was strong in Europe and parts of Asia, such as Turkey and Israel; focused on sexuality, family, the workplace, reproductive rights, and various legal and de facto inequalities	69
13780214486	UN Security Council	one of the six principal organs of the United Nations; in charge of the maintenance of international peace and security; this body is able to establish peacekeeping operations, establish international sanctions, and authorize military action through resolutions; the only UN body with the authority to issue binding resolutions to member states	70
13780214487	space race	lasted from 1955 to 1972; a competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for supremacy in spaceflight capability; pioneered advancements such as artificial satellites, as well as manned and unmanned missions into outer space	71
13780214488	sphere of influence	a concept in which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity, accommodating to the interests of powers outside the sphere; examples include European "semi-colony" of China	72
13780214489	Joseph Stalin	lived from 1878 to 1953; the leader of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1952; implemented a highly centralized command economy, which resulted in the transformation of Russian society from agrarian to industrialized; imprisoned millions in labor camps and deported many to remote areas; issued the Great Purges, in which hundreds of thousands, including many prominent communists, were executed	73
13780214490	theory of relativity	theory which is composed of special relativity and general relativity; proposed by Albert Einstein; proposes that measurements of various quantities are relative to the velocities of observers, space and time should be considered together and in relation to each other (Spacetime), and the speed of light is constant	74
13780214491	Third World	term which describes the countries that did not align with the Soviet Union or the United States	75
13780214492	total war	war which requires the mobilization of each country's entire populations	76
13780214493	transnational corporations	a.k.a multi-national corporation; an organization that owns or controls production or services facilities in one or more countries other than its home country	77
13780214494	Treaty of Versailles	treaty which formally concluded the World War I in 1919; established the conditions for a World War II; Germany losses colonial empire and 15% of its European territory, required to pay heavy reparations to the winners, had its military forces severely restricted, and had to accept sole responsibility for the war; immense German resentment created from the treaty	78
13780214495	trench warfare	type of warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches, in which troops are significantly protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery; resulted in enormous casualties while gaining or losing a few yards of ground during World War I	79
13780214496	Truman Doctrine	an international relations policy set by the U.S. President Harry Truman in a speech on March 12, 1947; stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere; often referred to as the beginning of the US policy of containment	80
13780214497	United Nations	organization established in 1945 as a successor to the League of Nations; attempts to find solutions to global problems and deal with virtually any matter of concern to humanity	81
13780214498	Vietnam War	war which occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1956 to 1975; U.S. entered the war to prevent South Vietnam from becoming communist, as a result of its containment policy; Soviet Union backed Northern Vietnamese forces in an attempt to spread communism to Southeast Asia; resulted in the unification of Vietnam under a communist government and the spread of communism to Cambodia and Laos	82
13780214499	Weimar Republic	the federal republic and semi-presidential representative democracy established in 1919 in Germany to replace the imperial form of government after World War I; lasted until the Nazi Party rose to power in 1933; faced numerous problems, including hyperinflation, political extremists and continuing contentious relationships with the victors of World War I	83
13780214500	Winston Churchill	lived from 1874 to 1965; British politician; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1955	84
13780214501	weapon of mass destruction	WMD; a weapon which has the capability to kill large numbers of people and decimate large swaths of land	85
13780214502	Woodrow Wilson	lived from 1856 to 1924; 28th President of the United States (1913-1921); leader of the Progressive Movement; famous for his Fourteen Points, which sought to avoid another worldwide conflict	86
13780214503	Fourteen Points	a statement given on January 8, 1918 by United States President Woodrow Wilson declaring that World War I was being fought for a moral cause and called for postwar peace in Europe	87
13780214504	World Bank	a United Nations international financial institution that provides loans to developing countries for capital programs; its primary goal is to reduce poverty	88
13780214505	World War I	war which lasted from 1914 to 1918; also known as the Great War; pitted the Allies (United Kingdom, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria); resulted in an Allied victory and Treaty of Versailles, which set the stage for another world war	89
13780214506	World War II	war which lasted from 1939 to 1945; pitted the Allied Powers (Soviet Union, United Kingdom, United States, China and France) against the Axis Powers (Germany, Japan, and Italy); resulted in an Allied victory, the creation of the United Nations, and set the stage for the Cold War	90
13780214507	World Trade Organization	WTO; established in 1994 by the 123 members of GATT; took over GATT activities in 1995; developed into a forum for settling international trade disputes	91
13780214508	Yalta Conference	conference which lasted from February 4 to February 11, 1945; meeting attended by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Premier Joseph Stalin for the purpose of discussing Europe's post-war reorganization; convened in the Livadia Palace near Yalta in Crimea	92
13780214509	Zionist Movement	the national movement of Jews and Jewish culture that supports the creation of a Jewish homeland in the territory defined as the Land of Israel	93
13780214512	Brazilian Solution	Combination of dictatorship, violent repression, and gov't promotion of industrialization in South American countries	94
13780214513	Universal Declaration of Human Rights	A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights.	95
13780214514	nongovernmental organizations	Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International.	96
13780214515	Tiananmen Square	Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.	97
13780214516	keiretsu	Japanese business groups after the post-WWII dismantling of the zaibatsu. They are Alliances of corporations each often centered around a bank. They dominate the post-WWII Japanese economy.	98
13780214517	Salvador Allende	The first Marxist politician elected president in the Americas. He was elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by a US-backed military coup in 1973.	99
13780214518	NATO	An international organization created in 1949 by the North Atlantic Treaty for purposes of collective security.	100
13780214519	Warsaw Pact	An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO	101