Flashcards
AP world history 2 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 15562909421 | Federalism | a political system with multiple levels of government, in which each level has independent authority over some important policy areas | 0 | |
| 15562909422 | Confederation | a political system with multiple levels of government, in which lower-level governments retain full sovereignty and cannot be compelled by the national government to act | 1 | |
| 15562909423 | Dual Federlism | A political system in which each level, national and state, is a sovereignty in its on sphere of political authority | 2 | |
| 15562909424 | Cooperative Federlism | A political system in which both levels of government- national and state- are active in nearly all areas of policy and share sovereign authority | 3 | |
| 15562909425 | Intergovernmentalism | a system in which multiple levels of government are active in a given policy area | 4 | |
| 15562909426 | Intergovernmental relations | The relationship between the different levels of government. For example, it may pertain to the struggle between the national government and the states for authority over a specific policy domain, or it may pertain to the coordination of action between the levels in an effort to achieve common goals. | 5 | |
| 15562909427 | Elastics Clause (N&P Clause) | The provision in Article I, Sector 8, of the constitution that states that congress can make what whatever laws are necessary and proper. In order to provide the means to carry out its enumerated powers | 6 | |
| 15562909428 | Commerce Clause | An enumerated power listed in Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution that grants Congress the power to "regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes." | 7 | |
| 15562909429 | Grant-in-aid | Money that is distributed to lower-level governments with the purpose of funding special projects | 8 | |
| 15562909430 | Categorical Grant | Grants that narrowly define how the funds are to be spent. These grants normally come with conditions that need to be satisfied in order for money to be used. | 9 | |
| 15562909431 | Revenue Sharing | a principle whereby the national government and the lower-level governments cooperate in funding a project | 10 | |
| 15562909432 | Block grants | sums of money transferred to lower-level governments such that, as long as the general purpose of the grant is met, the lower-level governments are allowed considerable freedom in deciding how the money is spent | 11 | |
| 15562909433 | Ballot initiative | an election in which citizens vote directly on a proposition raised by a group of fellow citizens | 12 | |
| 15562909434 | Referendum | an election in which citizens vote directly on whether to overturn a bill or a constitutional amendment that has been passed by the legislature | 13 | |
| 15562909435 | Recall election | an election during the term of an elected government official in which citizens vote directly on whether to remove the individual from office | 14 | |
| 15562909436 | Home rule | the constitutional or legal authority held by local governments that allows them to govern themselves with little or no interference from the state | 15 | |
| 15562909437 | Unitary system | a political system in which the national government holds ultimate authority over all areas of policy and over the actions of subunit governments | 16 | |
| 15562909438 | Reserve powers | those powers that the Constitution does not grant to the National Government and does not, at the same time, deny to the States | 17 | |
| 15562909439 | Civil rights | Rights that enable individuals to engage in activities central to citizenship or legal immigrant status. Such as voting or petitioning the government. Also ensures all individuals receive due process and equal treatment under the law. Or guarantee freedom from discriminatory actions by others that seek to deny an individual's full status as an equal member of society | 18 | |
| 15562909440 | Civil liberties | freedoms protected from interference by the government, such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion | 19 | |
| 15562909441 | Bill of rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution which enumerate a set of liberties not to be violated by the government and a set of rights protected by the government | 20 | |
| 15562909442 | Jim Crow Laws | laws passed after the Civil War to establish a system of segregation of public facilities and private establishments that made African Americans second-class citizens | 21 | |
| 15562909443 | Civil rights Movement | a social movement of the 1950s and 1960s focused primarily on the situation of African Americans, but also promoting the goals that all people be treated as equals under the law and that discrimination based on race, religion, ethnicity, gender, and place of origin be eliminated | 22 | |
| 15562909444 | Due Process | the right to legal protections against arbitrary deprivation of life, liberty, or property | 23 | |
| 15562909445 | Equal Protection | the principle that laws passed and enforced by the states must apply fairly to all individuals | 24 | |
| 15562909446 | Incorporation | the process by which rights and liberties established by the Bill of Rights are applied to state and local governments through the Fourteenth Amendment | 25 | |
| 15562909447 | Strict Scrutiny | The highest-level standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is considered unconstitutional unless it advances a "compelling state interest" and represents the least intrusive means. | 26 | |
| 15562909448 | Rational Basis test | The lowest-level standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is assumed to be constitutional as long as its goals are clearly linked to its means. | 27 | |
| 15562909449 | Intermediate scrutiny | An intermediate standard used by the Supreme Court to determine whether a law is compatible with the Constitution. A law subject to this standard is considered constitutional if it advances "an important government objective" and is "substantially related" to the objective | 28 | |
| 15562909450 | Affirmative Action | efforts to redress previous discrimination against women and minorities through active measures to promote their employment and educational opportunities | 29 |
AP Literature - Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10515763327 | ascetic | 0 | ||
| 10515766141 | usurp | 1 | ||
| 10515767912 | flippant | 2 | ||
| 10515767913 | facetious | 3 | ||
| 10515767914 | factious | 4 | ||
| 10515770942 | earnest | 5 | ||
| 10515788766 | inured | 6 | ||
| 10515788767 | brutalized | 7 | ||
| 10515788768 | calloused | 8 | ||
| 10515791526 | astute | 9 | ||
| 10515793985 | insolent | 10 | ||
| 10515797143 | obdurate | 11 | ||
| 10515797144 | priggish | 12 | ||
| 10515797145 | urbane | 13 | ||
| 10515798600 | licentious | 14 | ||
| 10515798601 | solemnity | 15 | ||
| 10515800901 | piety | 16 | ||
| 10515814382 | droll | 17 | ||
| 10515814676 | buffonery | 18 |
AP Bio Week 2 Flashcards
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| 14805246751 | Population | A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area. | 0 | |
| 14805251738 | Environmental and Social Factors | Populations disperse in a variety of ways that are influenced by ____________ | 1 | |
| 14805265999 | Uniform Distribution | results from intense competition or antagonism between individuals | 2 | |
| 14805268801 | Random Distribution | occurs when there is no competition, antagonism, or tendency to aggregate | 3 | |
| 14805272058 | Clumping | the most common distribution because environmental conditions are seldom uniform | 4 | |
| 14805283035 | Mechanism Against Predation & Efficient Mechanism to trap or corner prey | Clumped distribution in species acts as a ____________________ as well as a _________________. It has been shown that ______ packs of animals tend to have a _______ number of successful kills. | 5 | |
| 14805304319 | Influence of Dispersal on Distribution EX: Cattle egrets late 1800's. | Natural range expansion show the: | 6 | |
| 14805313023 | Adaptive Radiation EX: Hawaiian Silverswords from North American Tarweed. | Long-distance dispersal can lead to | 7 | |
| 14805326343 | 1957 - 1998. No natural predators. | Spread of the Africanized Honeybee | 8 | |
| 14805331367 | North American Birds British Vascular Plants | Small Geographic range | 9 | |
| 14805345235 | Worldwide - Continental - Regional - Physiographic- Cluster - Locality - Colony - Clump | ORDER OF LARGE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE | 10 | |
| 14805361121 | Climate North hot / wet, seasonal drought. Red kangaroos arid / semiarid interior, precipitation low. SE Australia cool, wet. S AUS cool, most winter and warm, dry summer. | Kangaroo Interactions | 11 | |
| 14805372393 | Mark & Recapture (Moving) / Grid (Not Moving) | Estimating Population Size | 12 | |
| 14805376836 | S/N = x /n. S = # individuals marked and released 1st sample. x = # individuals already marked and released 2nd sample. n = Total # individuals 2nd sample. N = Estimated population size. Rearrange: N = sn/x | M&R Formula | 13 | |
| 14805410253 | Long (humans / type 1) Middle (hydra / Prairie dog / / type 2) Low (oyster / type 3) | Survivorship curves | 14 | |
| 14805497934 | dN/dt = B-D change in pop size / change in time = birth rate - death rate | Population Growth Curve | 15 | |
| 14805517809 | idealized population in an unlimited environment (j-curve), can't continue indefinitely. r-selected species. r = per capita growth rate. | Exponential Model | 16 | |
| 14805526979 | dN/dt = rmaxN rmax = maximum per capita growth | Exponential Model equation | 17 | |
| 14805532976 | Considers population density on growth (S-curve), carrying capacity (K), max pop that a particular environment can support. K-selected species. dN/dt = rmaxN(K-N/K) | Logistic Model | 18 | |
| 14805559402 | Per capita rate of increase (rmax) declines as carrying capacity (K) is reached. Starts with exponential model and adds expression that reduces per capita rate of increase as N approaches K. | Logistic Growth Curves | 19 | |
| 14805584987 | Exponential is biotic potential. X-line above is carrying capacity. Space between logistic and exponential is environmental resistance. | Growth Curve Relationship |  | 20 |
| 14805662053 | Opportunistic Short maturation & lifespan Many offspring, 1 early repro No parental High deah | R-Selected | 21 | |
| 14805667317 | Equilibrial Long maturation & life Few large off, sever late repro Extensive parental Low death | K-Selected | 22 | |
| 14805678407 | Overshoots K and then settles down | Paramecium | 23 | |
| 14805682042 | Fluctuate greatly, hard to define K | Daphnia | 24 | |
| 14805696178 | Rapid growth | Afghanistan | 25 | |
| 14805696179 | Slow growth | United States | 26 | |
| 14805698573 | No growth | Italy | 27 | |
| 14805751612 | Ecological time, evolutionary time | Events that occur in the framework of _________________________ (minutes, months, years) translate into effects over the longer scale of ______________ (decades, centuries, millenia, longer) How organisms respond and how they are distributed. | 28 | |
| 14805766740 | Selective Pressure, Variation, Inheritance | Natural Selection 3 Ideas |  | 29 |
| 14805780204 | Ground, Warbler, Tree Parrot, Grasping, Probing, Crushing Fruit, Insect, Cactus, Seed. | Finch types and beaks | 30 | |
| 14805791454 | Disruptive, Stabilizing, Directional | Modes of Selection |  | 31 |
| 14805804210 | Bi-modal curve, extreme traits favored | Disruptive Selection | 32 | |
| 14805806669 | Reduces variance over time, traits closer to mean | Stabilizing | 33 | |
| 14805809104 | Favors a phenotypic trait (selected by environment) | Directional | 34 | |
| 14805840020 | Limits on Distribution of Species, Biogeography | __________________ servers as a starting point to understanding the ____________________________ |  | 35 |
| 14805853845 | Hydrangea, pH of their soil light, soil pH. soil pH. | __________ react to the environment and display phenotype based on _______________. Affected by ______ and _______. ____ exerts main influence on color. | 36 | |
| 14805879556 | Nature, human interactions. | Fish and other aquatic animals deal with changing environments in part due to _____ and in part due to _______. | 37 | |
| 14805891083 | Their bladder fills with gas to equalize internal pressure. | Fish Pressure |  | 38 |
| 14805902298 | Nearctic, Neotropical, Ethiopian, Palearctic, Oriental, Australian. | Biogeographical Realms |  | 39 |
| 14805921933 | No predators, parasites, pathogens that limit populations in native habitats. Disrupt new community by preying on native organisms and outcompeting for resources. | Introduced Species | 40 | |
| 14805931008 | Brown Tree Snake South Pacific World War 2. 12 birds, 6 lizards extinct as a result. No native snakes. | Guam Invasive Species | 41 | |
| 14805938805 | Kudzu Asian Plant introduced by US Dept of Ag good intentions. Japanese Pavilion 1876 Centennial Exposition. Help control erosion, has taken over large areas of landscape. | South U.S | 42 | |
| 14805975901 | European Starling from England. Release every bird named by Shakespeare. Skylarks and song failed, starling continues. Cosliest and noxious. Roosting in hordes of 1 mil, can devour stores of seed and fruit, offsetting insect eating benefit. 20 tons of potatoes in one day. | New York | 43 | |
| 14805998365 | Native to Black Sea and Caspian Sea. Invasive NA, GB, Ire, Ital, Spain, Sweden. Disrupt with monotypic colonization, damage harbors & waterways, ships and boats, water treatment & power plants. WT most impacted water intakes bring microscopic larvae into facilities. Cling on to pipes under water and clog them. | Zebra Museels |  | 44 |
| 14806017430 | Shows fish tolerance | Tolerance Chart |  | 45 |
| 14806037794 | During all life stages compete with native species for food and habitat. Young: Zooplankton, insect larvae, small crustaceans, young of others. Adult: Fish, crust, frogs, reptiles, birds / mammals Disrupt food webs & ecological conditions, forever change native aquatic systems by modifying the array of native species. | Snakehead Fish | 46 | |
| 14806054016 | Sea Urchins are limiting biotic factor, more should invade an area where they have been removed. | W.J.Fletcher |  | 47 |
| 14806075468 | Relationship between temperature and precipitation | Relationship between ________ and _________. |  | 48 |
Flashcards
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AP LANG "Language of the Discipline" Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10527290149 | asyndeton | leaves out a conjuction between a list for effect ex: he was tall, dark, handsome | 0 | |
| 10534747599 | alliteration | the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words | 1 | |
| 10534749994 | conceit | a fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor | 2 | |
| 10534752419 | euphemism | An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 3 | |
| 10534756820 | invective | insulting, abusive, or highly critical language | 4 | |
| 10534759813 | sarcasm | From the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony as a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic (that is, intended to ridicule). | 5 | |
| 10534774670 | litotes | A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite (ex: I am not that strong of a swimmer.) | 6 | |
| 10527290151 | understatement | intentionally giving a lesser description ex: I did NOTHING at school today | 7 | |
| 10527290152 | hyperbole | extreme exaggeration ex: This room is as cold as the Ice Age | 8 | |
| 10527290153 | antithesis | contrasting any of the parts of a statement ex: The love that was once an oasis is now a barren desert | 9 | |
| 10527290155 | rhetorical question | asking a question and the answer is implied ex: How can we expect a man to give more than we ourselves are willing to give? | 10 | |
| 10527290157 | allusion | a reference to a well-known event, place or person ex: He hammered the ball the way Babe Ruth did | 11 | |
| 10527290161 | aphorism | a short statement that gives and observation about life ex: a stitch in time saves nine | 12 | |
| 10527290163 | paradox | a statement that seems self-contradictory but later reveals a truth ex: Much madness is the divinest sense ex: falling in love | 13 | |
| 10527290164 | anecdote | a brief story meant to prove a point | 14 | |
| 10527290165 | personification | giving things human characteristics | 15 | |
| 10527290169 | synechdoche | using a part of something instead of referring to the whole ex: The rancher boasted about how many head of cattle he had ex: The captain needed all hands on deck | 16 | |
| 10527290170 | metonymy | referring to something closely related to the actual object, person, or thing ex: The White House made a last minute decision ex: The brass showed up to take witness statements | 17 | |
| 10527290172 | Transcendentalism | a 19th-century idealistic philosophical and social movement that taught that divinity pervades all nature and humanity | 18 | |
| 10527290173 | Romanticism | an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1840 (The movement valued feeling over reason) | 19 | |
| 10527290178 | denotation | a word's literal meaning | 20 | |
| 10527290179 | connotation | the association evoked by words beyond its literal meaning. It reflects broad cultural associations (ethos) | 21 | |
| 10527290180 | allegory | type of narrative that has two levels of meaning: surface and deeper | 22 | |
| 10527290181 | ambiguity | result of something being stated in such a law that its meaning cannot be determined definitely | 23 | |
| 10527290182 | syntax | a. the study of the rules for the formation of grammatical sentences in a language b. the study of the patterns of formation of sentences and phrases from words c. the rules or pattens so studied: English syntax | 24 | |
| 10527290192 | analogy | a comparison of the similar characteristics of two unlike things | 25 | |
| 10527290193 | antagonists | character who opposes protagonist | 26 | |
| 10527290194 | apostrophe | addressing or speaking to some abstract quality or non-human entity | 27 | |
| 10527290195 | archetype | story or pattern repeated from generation to generation ex: searching for the fountain of youth, selling your soul to the devil | 28 | |
| 10527290196 | assonance | repetition of vowel sounds | 29 | |
| 10527290197 | chiasmus | a figure of speech in which a grammatical structure is repeated but in inverse order ex: ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country | 30 | |
| 10527290198 | colloquial | language that is informal or familiar to a group of people | 31 | |
| 10527290199 | consonance | where a poet repeats the identical consonant sounds typically in the last syllable of words | 32 | |
| 10527290206 | juxtaposition | the placement of items of close together often for purposes of contrasting or comparision | 33 | |
| 10527290207 | logos | rhetorical appeal focusing on logic | 34 | |
| 10527290208 | ethos | rhetorical appeal focusing on ethics (what is accepted among people who live in same time and place) | 35 | |
| 10527290209 | pathos | rhetorical appeal focusing on emotions | 36 | |
| 10534784128 | style | the choices a writer makes; the combination of distinctive features of a literary work | 37 | |
| 10534788907 | syllogism | a logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion | 38 | |
| 10534792118 | loose sentence | A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses | 39 | |
| 10534794201 | periodic sentence | A sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. | 40 | |
| 10534795324 | parallelism | The repetition of similar grammatical or syntactical patterns. | 41 | |
| 10534800986 | anaphora | the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences | 42 | |
| 10534801866 | parody | A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule (satire) | 43 | |
| 10534810186 | polysyndeton | the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural | 44 | |
| 10534812106 | satire | the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues. | 45 | |
| 10535530417 | oxymoron | A figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms | 46 | |
| 10535533502 | situational irony | irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected. | 47 | |
| 10535535933 | dramatic irony | when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't | 48 | |
| 10535536945 | inference | A conclusion one can draw from the presented details. | 49 | |
| 10535541493 | imagery | The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. | 50 |
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