Flashcards
AP Euro - Reformation in Europe Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14835720045 | Martin Luther | - German Theologian - 95 Theses (1517) - Against Indulgences - Argued For Direct Connection To God Via Scripture - Opposed Political Dissent - Opposed German Peasant's War (1525) - Beliefs Primarily Centered in Central and Eastern Europe and Scandinavia | 0 | |
| 14835720046 | Lutheranism | - Branch of Protestantism Founded on Martin Luther's Teachings - Central, Eastern, and Northern Europe |  | 1 |
| 14835720047 | John Calvin | - Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) - Genevan Consistory - Predestination - Supported Political Dissent - Reform Church - | 2 | |
| 14835720048 | Similarities B/twn Calvinism & Lutheranism | - Both Preached Scriptural Reading As Primary Road To Connecting To God | 3 | |
| 14835720049 | Differences B/twn Calvinism & Lutheranism | - Calvinism Supported Political Dissent; Lutheranism Did Not - Calvinism Preached Predestination; Lutheranism Did Not - Lutheran Ideas Spread To One Distinct Region of Europe; Calvinism Spread To Various Regions & Was Often Tied To Political Discontent | 4 | |
| 14835720050 | Reasons for the Reformation | - People Heavily Invested in Religion (Integral Part Of Their Daily Lives) - Ignorance and Corruption in the Church (Indulgences, Pluralism, Clerical Exemption From Taxation) - History of Dissent in Europe | 5 | |
| 14835720051 | Ulrich Zwingli | - Swiss Protestant Leader and Thinker (Zurich) - Agreed With Many Of Luther's Ideas - Disagreed with Luther on Specifics of Eucharist | 6 | |
| 14835720052 | Protestantism | - Generally Believed Similar Things: Faith and Scripture Were Only Way To Salvation - Disagreed About Role of Eucharist (Lutherans - Christ Was "In" The Eucharist, Zwingli - Christ Was Symbolized By Eucharistic Celebration) | 7 | |
| 14835720053 | German Peasant's Revolt | - Central Holy Roman Empire (1525) - Aggravated by Crop Failures in 1523 & 1524 - Over 70,000 Peasants Killed By Noble Response |  | 8 |
| 14835720054 | Protestantism & Marraige | - Protestants Saw Marriage As A Sacred Responsibility - Did Not See Celibacy As Natural (Opposed Celibate Clergy) - Believed Women Were Subject To Men In Marital Relationships - Supported Divorce As A Means Of Fixing Extreme Marital Problems | 9 | |
| 14835720055 | Protestantism & Women | - Convents Were Closed By Protestants - Condemned Prostitution Due To Belief That Marriage Was The Only Pious Solution For Sexual Lust - Women's Roles Came To Be Seen As Primarily Related To Marriage | 10 | |
| 14835720056 | Charles V & Habsburg Rule | - Charles V (1519 - 1556) Inherited Both Spain & Territories W/in the Holy Roman Empire - Elected Holy Roman Emperor In 1519 - Oversaw Spanish Empire In New World - Strongly Catholic |  | 11 |
| 14835720057 | Religious Wars | - Switzerland (1520s - 1530s) - German States (1546 - 1555) (Peace of Augsburg) - France (1562 - 1598) (Est 2 - 4 Million People Killed) | 12 | |
| 14835720058 | Peace of Augsburg | - Ended 16th Century Religious Wars In Germany (1555) - "Whose Realm, His Religion" - Resulted in Religious Refugees Throughout Germany | 13 | |
| 14835720059 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | - 1494 to 1559 (a.k.a. - Italian Wars) - Wars Fought Over Control Of Italian City-States - Belligerents: France, Holy Roman Empire, Ottoman Empire, England, Scotland, Spain, Swiss Confederation, Saxony, and the Various Italian City-States | 14 | |
| 14835720060 | Henry VIII | - Tudor King - King of England Responsible for Founding of Anglican Church (1534) - Dissolved English Monasteries & Confiscated Church Land - Enforced Adoption of Anglicanism In Largely Catholic Ireland | 15 | |
| 14835720061 | Elizabeth I | - Henry VIII's Daughter From Anne Boleyn - Protestant But Ruled Moderately In Terms Of Religion - Oversaw English Victory Over Spanish Armada (1588) - Major Contribution Was Helping To End Large Scale Religious Disunity In England | 16 | |
| 14835720062 | Protestantism In Eastern Europe | - Protestant Ideas Spread Intermittently To Eastern Europe - Many Regions Resisted Protestant Influence Out Of Strong Anti-German Sentiment - Lutherans, Calvinists, & Other Groups Had Trouble Unifying In Places Like Poland (Poland Remained Strongly Catholic) | 17 | |
| 14835720063 | Council of Trent | - 1545 to 1563 - Called By Pope Paul III To Reform Church - Reaffirmed The 7 Sacraments - Gave Equal Validity to Scripture & Church Rulings - Tried To Improve Corruption Issues - Decreed Marriage To Be A Publicly Held Event (Ended Tradition of Secret Marriages) | 18 | |
| 14835720064 | Society of Jesus | - Jesuits - Founded in 1540 by Ignatius Loyola - Goal: "To Help Souls" - Special Obedience To Pope - Hierarchical - Responsible For Missionary Activity That Brought Large Parts of Europe Back To Catholicism (Also, Brazil, Japan, & Congo) | 19 | |
| 14835720065 | St Bartholomew's Day Massacre | - 1572 (Paris) - Sparked Wave Of Religious Wars In France - Thousands Killed |  | 20 |
| 14835720066 | Dutch Revolts | - 1568 to 1609 - Began As An Independence Movement Against Habsburgs - Developed Into Religious War As Well (Habsburgs & Catholics vs Rebels & Protestants) - Resulted in Union of Utrecht (1581) - Independence of United Provinces (1609) |  | 21 |
| 14835720067 | European Witchhunts | - Height of Witchhunts, Late 1500s to Mid 1600s - Centered In Germany, Switzerland, Parts of France, Eastern Europe - Did Not Develop In Spain or Italy - Est 40,000 - 60,000 People Executed (Approx 75% Women) |  | 22 |
| 14835720068 | Edict of Nantes | - France (1598) - Issued By Henry IV - Ended The French Religious Wars - Recognized Catholicism As Official Religion of France - Gave Protection & Some Freedom of Worship to French Huguenots (French Calvinists) | 23 | |
| 14835720069 | Huguenots | - French Calvinists - Numbered Approx 2 Million in 1562 (Out Of A Total French Population Of Approx 19 Million) | 24 | |
| 14835720070 | Henry IV (Navarre) | - King of France (1589 - 1610) - Politique - Born Catholic, Raised Protestant, Confirmed Catholic After Assuming French Throne - Distrusted By Catholics (Fought War Against Catholic League) - Traitorous To Protestants - Survived 12 Assassination Attempts (Died By Assassination in 1610) - Known Posthumously As "Good King Henry" - Issued Edict of Nantes | 25 | |
| 14835720071 | Holy Roman Empire Troops Sack Rome | - 1527 - Part of Habsburg-Valois Wars - Troops of Holy Roman Empire Mutinied & Pillaged Rome (Charles V Could Not Control Them) - Pope Clement VII Kept Hostage During Month Long Pillage - Population of Rome Dropped From 55,000 to 10,000 Following - Approx 1,000 Guards Executed - 6,000 to 12,000 Roman Citizens Murdered - Ended The Renaissance in Rome | 26 | |
| 14835720072 | Thomas Cranmer | Archbishop of Canterbury who influenced King Henry and the direction of the English Ref. | 27 | |
| 14835720073 | Jan Hus | Bohemian critic of the church (14th century) | 28 | |
| 14835720074 | Erasmus | Christian Humanist who criticized the church, as well as Luther. Laid the egg that Luther hatched. | 29 | |
| 14835720075 | Anabaptists | Protestants who were largely hated by everyone. Believed in separation of church and state | 30 | |
| 14835720076 | Philip Melanchthon | Luther's colleague, a Christian Humanist who helped set up schools in newly Lutheran states | 31 | |
| 14835720077 | Peace of Augsburg | Ended religious wars in Holy Roman Empire. Allowed Princes to decided between Catholicism and Lutheranism (not Calvinism) | 32 | |
| 14835720078 | Calvinism | Protestant reform group in Netherlands, Scotland, parts of France and England (Puritans) | 33 | |
| 14835720079 | Two sacraments accepted by protestants | holy communion (Lord's supper) and baptism. | 34 | |
| 14835720080 | Issue that Luther and Zwingli fought over | communion/Holy Supper | 35 | |
| 14835720081 | Predestination | Idea of Calvin that said God determined who would be saved and damned at the beginning of time. | 36 | |
| 14835720082 | Anglicanism | church of England | 37 | |
| 14835720083 | Phillip II | Most Catholic of Kings. Lost the Netherlands (United Provinces) | 38 | |
| 14835720084 | Politiques | Leaders who put welfare of their nation above their religious concerns. Elizabeth and Henry IV are examples of this. | 39 |
Ap vocab Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13556047639 | Sardonic | Characterized by scorn; mocking;cynical;sneering | 0 | |
| 13556102363 | Self-deprecating | belittling or undervaluing oneself; excessively modest | 1 | |
| 13556125308 | penitent | feeling or expressing sorrow wrongdoing or sin; repentant;contrite | 2 | |
| 13556140424 | scornful | expressing extreme contempt | 3 | |
| 13556218484 | placid | pleasantly calm or peaceful | 4 | |
| 13556221920 | reticent | disposed to be silent or not to speak freely; reserved; restrained | 5 | |
| 13556226181 | sinister | threatening or portending evil, harm, or trouble; ominous | 6 | |
| 13556232492 | sanguine | cheerfully hopeful, or confident | 7 | |
| 13556236664 | somber | gloomy, depressing, or dismal; extremely serious; grave | 8 | |
| 13556242638 | pretentious | characterized by assumption of dignity or importance | 9 | |
| 13556248543 | risible | causing or capable of causing laughter; laughable; ludicrous | 10 | |
| 13556252425 | poignant | keen or strong in mental appeal | 11 | |
| 13556256357 | recalcitrant | resisting authority or control; not obedient or compliant; refractory | 12 | |
| 13556259948 | sophomoric | intellectually pretentious, overconfident, conceited, immature | 13 | |
| 13556264323 | pensive | expressing or revealing thoughtfulness, usually marked by some sadness | 14 |
Flashcards
AP US History: Chapter 31 Flashcards
Ch. 31 Enduring Vision
Terms : Hide Images
| 11310522842 | Dick Cheney | VP under George W. Bush (01-09); oversaw the 1991 operation desert storm under GHWBush; considerable influence in the Iraq War (Hussein and wmd; "enhanced interrogation") | 0 | |
| 11310522843 | Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense under G.W.Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction" | 1 | |
| 11310522844 | September 11, 2001 | AI-Qaeda terrorists, living in the U.S., hijacked several commercial airliners and crashed them into the Pentagon and World Trade Center. | 2 | |
| 11310522845 | al Qaeda | Islamist terrorist organization that launched a series of attacks against U.S. | 3 | |
| 11310522846 | Osama bin Laden | Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks. | 4 | |
| 11310522847 | Taliban | A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996 | 5 | |
| 11310522848 | Guantanamo Bay | Military base granted to the US in Cuba which is now used as a prison; housed possible Arab terrorists | 6 | |
| 11310522849 | Transportation Security Administration | federal agency created two months after the 9/11 attack on America; developed to take over the security screening functions for all commercial flights in the US. | 7 | |
| 11310522850 | Patriot Act | controversial law passed by Congress after the terrorist attacks of September 11 on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. It greatly expanded the power of federal law enforcement authorities to move against suspected terrorists; surveillance on persons in US | 8 | |
| 11310522851 | Department of Homeland Security | established as the newest member of the cabinet with the goal to secure America; created after 9/11 | 9 | |
| 11310522852 | Saddam Hussein | President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003. | 10 | |
| 11310522853 | Neoconservatives | considered the Iraq war essential for the future security of the United States, necessary even if he did not have weapons of mass destruction, because his was a dangerous and aggressive government. | 11 | |
| 11310522854 | Bush Doctrine | A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserts America's right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad. | 12 | |
| 11310522855 | WMD | a weapon that kills or injures civilian as well as military personnel (nuclear and chemical and biological weapons) | 13 | |
| 11310522856 | Iraq civil war | Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, Kurds | 14 | |
| 11310522857 | Bush tax cuts | in 2001 and 2003, 2 enormous tax cuts primarily benefiting very wealthy tax payers that most Americans supported | 15 | |
| 11310522858 | No Child Left Behind | An act intended to help ensure that all children have the opportunity to obtain a high-quality education and reach proficiency on challenging state academic standards and assessments; relies on standardized testing; cuts federal aid to "failing schools" | 16 | |
| 11310522859 | Abu Ghraib | One of Saddam's most notorious prisons for dissenters; when Americans took over, it became notorious for a place of torment, humiliation and torture for detainees | 17 | |
| 11310522860 | enhanced interrogation | Another word for torture, started by Bush; use of electric shock and waterboarding | 18 | |
| 11310522861 | Nuclear Proliferation | the spread of nuclear weapons to new nations | 19 | |
| 11310522862 | Kim Jong Il | He was North Korea's dictator and died in December 2011; initiated North Korea's nuclear program | 20 | |
| 11310522863 | Mahmoud Ahmadinejad | Current president of Iran; Iran's nuclear program | 21 | |
| 11310522864 | Vladimir Putin | 2000-2008; president of Russia; former KGB officer; promotes capitalism; current prime minister | 22 | |
| 11310522865 | global warming | An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes). | 23 | |
| 11310522866 | Kyoto Accords | international climate treaty; 2001, US did not sign | 24 | |
| 11310522867 | Sonia Sotomayor | Appointed by President Obama in 2009, first Hispanic Supreme Court Justice | 25 | |
| 11310522868 | Hurricane Katrina | Considered to be the one crisis of the Bush administrations second term and its inefficiency to deal with the crisis. It destroyed 80% of New Orleans and more than 1300 people died, while the damages were $150 billion. | 26 | |
| 11310522869 | subprime mortgages | granted to borrowers whose credit history is not sufficient to get a conventional mortgage. Often these borrowers have impaired or no credit history. Cause of stock market decline and collapse of home-loan agencies; financial crisis of 2008 | 27 | |
| 11310522870 | Hillary Clinton | Former Secretary of State, Senator and First Lady; once (and future?) front runner for the Democratic presidential nomination | 28 | |
| 11310522871 | Barack Obama | 2008; Democrat; first African American president of the US, health care bill; removing troops from Iraq, strengthened numbers in Afghanistan; repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell; controversial use of drones | 29 | |
| 11310522872 | John McCain | Veteran reform-minded senator who won the Republican Party presidential nomination in 2008 | 30 | |
| 11310522873 | Affordable Care Act | Obamacare, sets up medical insurance for people who can't afford it. | 31 | |
| 11310522876 | Al Gore | vice president for Bill Clinton; In 2000 he won the popular vote but lost in the electoral college vote; author of "An Inconvenient Truth" (concerns of global warming) | 32 |
Flashcards
AP Spanish Literature Authors Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 12305190152 | El conde Lucanor (Ejemplo XXXV: De lo que le pasó a un mancebo que se casó con una mujer muy brava) | Don Juan Manuel |  | 0 |
| 12305190153 | Romance del Rey moro que perdió la Alhama | Anónimo |  | 1 |
| 12305190154 | Soneto XXIII (En tanto que de rosa y azucena) | Garcilaso de la Vega |  | 2 |
| 12305190155 | Segunda carta de relación | Hernán Cortés |  | 3 |
| 12305190156 | Visión de los vencidos (Los presagios y Se ha perdido el pueblo mexica) | Miguel León Portilla |  | 4 |
| 12305190157 | Soneto CLXVI (Mientras que por competir con tu cabello) | Luis de Góngora |  | 5 |
| 12305190158 | Lazarillo de Tormes | Anónimo |  | 6 |
| 12305190159 | El ingenioso hidalgo, Don Quijote de la Mancha | Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra | 7 | |
| 12305190160 | El burlador de Sevilla y el convidado de piedra | Tirso de Molina | 8 | |
| 12305190161 | Salmo XVII (Miré los muros de la patria mía) | Francisco de Quevedo | 9 | |
| 12305190162 | Redondillas (Hombres necios que acusais) | Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz | 10 | |
| 12305190163 | En una tempestad | José María Heredia | 11 | |
| 12305190164 | Rima LIII (Volverán las oscuras golondrinas) | Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer | 12 | |
| 12305190165 | El hijo | Horacio Quiroga | 13 | |
| 12305190166 | Las medias rojas | Emilia Bazán |  | 14 |
| 12305190167 | A Roosevelt | Rubén Darío | 15 | |
| 12305190168 | Nuestra América | José Martí | 16 | |
| 12305190169 | Peso Ancestral | Alfonsina Storni | 17 | |
| 12305190170 | San Manuel Bueno, mártir | Miguel de Unamuno | 18 | |
| 12305190171 | A Julia de Burgos | Julia de Burgos | 19 | |
| 12305190172 | Soledades II (He andado muchos caminos) | Antonio Machado | 20 | |
| 12305190173 | Walking Around | Pablo Neruda | 21 | |
| 12305190174 | Prendimiento de Antoñito el Camborio | Federico García Lorca | 22 | |
| 12305190175 | Balada de los dos abuelos | Nicolás Guillén | 23 | |
| 12305190176 | La casa de Bernarda Alba | Federico García Lorca | 24 | |
| 12305190177 | No oyes ladrar los perrros | Juan Rulfo | 25 | |
| 12305190178 | Chac Mool | Carlos Fuentes | 26 | |
| 12305190179 | El Sur | Jorge Luis Borges | 27 | |
| 12305190180 | Borges y yo | Jorge Luis Borges | 28 | |
| 12305190181 | La noche boca arriba | Julio Cortázar | 29 | |
| 12305190182 | La siesta del martes | Gabriel García Márquez | 30 | |
| 12305190183 | El ahogado más hermoso del mundo | Gabriel García Márquez | 31 | |
| 12305190184 | Mi caballo mago | Sabine Ulibarrí | 32 | |
| 12305190185 | Dos palabras | Isabel Allende | 33 | |
| 12305190186 | Y no se lo tragó la tierra | Tomás Rivera | 34 | |
| 12305190187 | Mujer negra | Nancy Morejón | 35 | |
| 12305190188 | La noche buena | Tomás Rivera | 36 | |
| 12305190189 | El hombre que se convirtió en perro | Osvaldo Dragún | 37 | |
| 12305190190 | Como la vida misma | Rosa Montero | 38 |
Flashcards
AP World History: Ch. 2 Early Civilizations, 3500-600 BCE Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14610231635 | Civilization | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses. | 0 | |
| 14610231636 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers" -- the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. | 1 | |
| 14610231637 | 3500 BCE | Civilization developed in Mesopotamia on the heels of changes in technology and communication. | 2 | |
| 14610231638 | 4 Distinctive Features of Civilization | economic surplus, formal governments, writing, urban centers. | 3 | |
| 14610231639 | Sumerians | People who migrated into Mesopotamia in about 4000 BCE by organizing region into city-states. | 4 | |
| 14610231640 | Cuneiform | First known form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 5 | |
| 14610231641 | Ziggurat | Massive temples operated by priests in Mesopotamia, and were examples of the first monumental architecture. | 6 | |
| 14610231642 | Polytheism | Belief in multiple gods, and seeing aspects of gods in many aspects of nature. | 7 | |
| 14610231643 | city-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia where a king ruled claiming divine authority. | 8 | |
| 14610231644 | Patriarchal Structure | Societal structure where men were dominant in the public and private realms of life. | 9 | |
| 14610231645 | Akkadians | Invaders who supplanted the Sumerians around 2400 BCE. | 10 | |
| 14610231646 | Sargon | Great Akkadian king who unified the empire and maintained a professional army. | 11 | |
| 14610231647 | Babylonians | Following the Akkadians, they extended their empire and extended their civilization to other parts of the Middle East. | 12 | |
| 14610231648 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who introduced a code of law that established procedure for courts of law, property rights and duties of family members. | 13 | |
| 14610231649 | Hammurabi's Code | A set of laws that set harsh punishments for crimes. | 14 | |
| 14610231650 | Semitic | A group of people and a language that came to dominate the Mesopotamian region. | 15 | |
| 14610231651 | Egyptian Civilization | The second major civilization to arise, occurring along the Nile River around 3000 BCE. | 16 | |
| 14610231652 | Pharaoh | Egyptian king who possessed immense power, and were viewed as god, or god-like by their people. | 17 | |
| 14610231653 | Pyramids | Tombs for Egyptian pharaohs. | 18 | |
| 14610231654 | Kush | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of Nile around 1000 BCE. | 19 | |
| 14610231675 | Mesopotamian Ziggurat |  | 20 | |
| 14610231676 | Egyptian Pyramid |  | 21 | |
| 14610231655 | Indus River | River whose source is in the Himalayas and the home of Harappan Civilization around 2500 BCE. | 22 | |
| 14610231656 | Harappa | Major urban complex in the Indus Rive Valley Civilization, which was laid out on a grid pattern. | 23 | |
| 14610231657 | Aryans | Indo-European nomadic pastoralists originating from Central Asia who replaced Harappan civilization. | 24 | |
| 14610231658 | Vedas | Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally, but eventually written as sacred books beginning around the 6th century BCE. | 25 | |
| 14610231659 | Rig-Veda | The first epic consisting of 1028 hymns dedicated to the Aryan gods. | 26 | |
| 14610231660 | Mahabharata | India's greatest Epic Age poem created between 1000-600 BCE. | 27 | |
| 14610231661 | Ramahyana | Another great epic poem dealing with mythical battles and narrates the life of Rama. | 28 | |
| 14610231662 | Upanishads | Epic poems that were more mystical in nature. | 29 | |
| 14610231663 | Yellow River | Huanghe civilization--major civilization in China. | 30 | |
| 14610231664 | Ideography | Chinese form of writing that had formed at least 3000 pictographic characters by 1500 BCE. | 31 | |
| 14610231665 | Shang | First Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence suggests. | 32 | |
| 14610231666 | Zhou | Second Chinese dynasty flourishing between 1029-700 BCE. | 33 | |
| 14610231667 | Mandate of Heaven | Divine support and basis for rule by Chinese emperors. | 34 | |
| 14610231668 | Mandarin | Language supported initially by the Zhou to create cultural unity. | 35 | |
| 14610231669 | Olmecs | Established the first civilization in the Americas, on a coastal area of what is now called the Gulf of Mexico. | 36 | |
| 14610231670 | Chavin de Huanter | Important pottery making center in the highlands of what is now Peru. | 37 | |
| 14610231671 | Phoenicians | Society that emerged along the Mediterranean coast of the Middle East who were a seafaring people that devised a simplified 22 letter alphabet. | 38 | |
| 14610231672 | Jews | A semitic speaking people influenced by Babylonian civilization who settled near the Mediterranean around 1200 BCE. | 39 | |
| 14610231673 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of a single god. | 40 | |
| 14610231674 | Jehovah | The single god worshipped by the Jews. | 41 |
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