Flashcards
AP Language Rhetorical Strategies List 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14689868569 | Connotation | the implied or suggested meaning of a word | 0 | |
| 14689872235 | Dennotation | the strict, literal dictionary definition of a word | 1 | |
| 14689879775 | Ethos | appeals to credibility or ethical values of the character involved | 2 | |
| 14689886791 | Pathos | appeals to the emotions of the audience | 3 | |
| 14689890337 | Logos | an arguement used to persuade an audience using reason or logic | 4 | |
| 14689896126 | Speaker | the voice that is telling the story | 5 | |
| 14689900325 | Occasion | the situation, time, and place that elcits the text | 6 | |
| 14689907107 | Audience | the person or group of people to whom the text is directed | 7 | |
| 14689909653 | Purpose | the reason the author wrote the text | 8 | |
| 14689912444 | Subject | the topic, content, and ideas that are included in the text | 9 | |
| 14689916628 | Tone | the attitude of the author/speaker of the text | 10 | |
| 14689920975 | Ambiguity | The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage. | 11 | |
| 14689923860 | Colloquialism | The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing | 12 | |
| 14689926084 | Euphemism | a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept | 13 | |
| 14689928280 | Hyperbole | a deliberate exaggeration or overstatement | 14 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Language Diction Words Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 11386637197 | Pedantic | overly concerned with minute details or formalisms | 0 | |
| 11386637198 | Euphemistic | substituting a mild term for a harsher or distasteful one | 1 | |
| 11386637199 | Pretentious | characterized by assumption of dignity or importance; making an exaggerated outward show | 2 | |
| 11386637200 | Sensuous | Of, relating to, or derived from the senses | 3 | |
| 11386637201 | Exact- | precise characterized by or using strict accuracy | 4 | |
| 11386637202 | Cultured | enlightened; refined; | 5 | |
| 11386637203 | Plain | clear to the mind; evident, manifest, or obvious; without intricacies or difficulties | 6 | |
| 11386637204 | Literal | accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical | 7 | |
| 11386637205 | Colloquial | characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing | 8 | |
| 11386637206 | Artificial | lacking naturalness or spontaneity; forced; contrived; feigned; synthetic, counterfeit | 9 | |
| 11386637207 | Detached | impartial or objective; disinterested; unbiased | 10 | |
| 11386637208 | Poetic | possessing the qualities or charm of poetry | 11 | |
| 11386637209 | Moralistic | Characterized by or displaying a concern with morality | 12 | |
| 11386637210 | Slang | very informal usage in vocabulary | 13 | |
| 11386637211 | Idiomatic | peculiar to or characteristic of a particular language or dialect | 14 | |
| 11386637212 | Esoteric | understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; private; secret; confidential | 15 | |
| 11386637213 | Symbolic | characterized by or involving the use of symbols | 16 | |
| 11386637214 | Simple | not grand or sophisticated; unpretentious; not complex or complicated | 17 | |
| 11386637215 | Figurative | of the nature of or involving a figure of speech | 18 | |
| 11386637216 | Bombastic | of speech, writing, etc.) high-sounding; high-flown; inflated | 19 | |
| 11386637217 | Abstruse | hard to understand; recondite; esoteric; secret, hidden | 20 | |
| 11386637218 | Grotesque | odd or unnatural in shape, appearance, or character; fantastically ugly | 21 | |
| 11386637219 | Vulgar | characterized by ignorance of or lack of good breeding or taste; indecent | 22 | |
| 11386637220 | Scholarly | concerned with academic learning; of, like, or befitting a scholar | 23 | |
| 11386637221 | Insipid | without distinctive, interesting, or stimulating qualities; vapid, bland | 24 | |
| 11386637222 | Precise | definitely or strictly stated, defined, or fixed, carefully distinct, explicit | 25 | |
| 11386637223 | Learned | having much knowledge; scholarly; erudite; | 26 | |
| 11386637224 | Picturesque | strikingly graphic or vivid; creating detailed mental images | 27 | |
| 11386637225 | Homespun | plain; unpolished; unsophisticated; simple; rustic | 28 | |
| 11386637226 | Provincial | belonging or peculiar to some particular province; local | 29 | |
| 11386637227 | Trite | lacking in freshness or effectiveness because of constant use or excessive repetition; hackneyed; stale | 30 | |
| 11386637228 | Obscure | not clear or plain; ambiguous, vague, or uncertain | 31 | |
| 11386637229 | Archaic | marked by the characteristics of an earlier period; primitive; ancient; old | 32 | |
| 11386637230 | Verbose | characterized by the use of many or too many words; wordy | 33 | |
| 11386637231 | Abstract | difficult to understand; abstruse | 34 | |
| 11386637232 | Biting | cutting, sarcastic | 35 | |
| 11386637233 | Brusque | abrupt in manner; blunt | 36 | |
| 11386637234 | Cacophonous | having a harsh or unpleasant sound; dissonant | 37 | |
| 11386637235 | Casual | without definite or serious intention; careless or offhand | 38 | |
| 11386637236 | Caustic | severely critical or sarcastic; biting, mordant, bitter, scathing | 39 | |
| 11386637237 | Concrete | constituting an actual thing or instance; real | 40 | |
| 11386637238 | Colorful | richly eventful or picturesque; presenting or suggesting vivid or striking scenes; spirited | 41 | |
| 11386637239 | Connotative | having the power of implying or suggesting something in addition to what is explicit | 42 | |
| 11386637240 | Crisp | invigorating, fresh, brisk, bracing | 43 | |
| 11386637241 | Curt | rudely brief in speech or abrupt in manner; short, brief, concise | 44 | |
| 11386637242 | Denotative | the primary or specific meaning of a word. Dictionary definition | 45 | |
| 11386637243 | Divisive | creating dissension or discord; forming or expressing division | 46 | |
| 11386637244 | Emotional | pertaining to or involving emotion or the emotions, temperamental | 47 | |
| 11386637245 | Euphonious | pleasant in sound; agreeable to the ear; characterized by euphony | 48 | |
| 11386637246 | Fanciful | characterized by or showing fancy; capricious or whimsical in appearance | 49 | |
| 11386637247 | Flowery | rhetorically ornate or precious; showy; bombastic | 50 | |
| 11386637248 | Formal | of, reflecting, or noting a usage of language in which syntax, pronunciation, etc., adhere to traditional standards of correctness and usage | 51 | |
| 11386637249 | Inflammatory | tending to arouse anger, hostility, passion; fiery; provocative | 52 | |
| 11386637250 | Informal | suitable to or characteristic of casual and familiar, but educated | 53 | |
| 11386637251 | Insincere | not sincere; not honest in the expression of actual feeling; hypocritical | 54 | |
| 11386637252 | Jargon | the language, the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group | 55 | |
| 11386637253 | Loaded | charged with emotional or associative significance that hinders rational or unprejudiced consideration of the terms involved in a discourse | 56 | |
| 11386637254 | Lyrical | characterized by or expressing spontaneous, direct feeling; having the form and musical quality of a song | 57 | |
| 11386637255 | Melodious | of the nature of or characterized by melody; tuneful; sweet-sounding | 58 | |
| 11386637256 | Monosyllabic | having a vocabulary composed primarily of monosyllables or short, simple words. | 59 | |
| 11386637257 | Nostalgic | a wistful desire to return in thought or in fact to a former time in one's life | 60 | |
| 11386637258 | Offensive | causing resentful displeasure; highly irritating, angering, or annoying | 61 | |
| 11386637259 | Ornate | ostentatious, elaborately adorned, showy, embellished with rhetoric, high- flown | 62 | |
| 11386637260 | Passionate | having, compelled by, or ruled by intense emotion or strong feeling; fervid | 63 | |
| 11386637261 | Patriotic | expressing or inspired by patriotism; love of one's country | 64 | |
| 11386637262 | Political | of, pertaining to, or concerned with politics; government | 65 | |
| 11386637263 | Romantic | of, pertaining to, or of the nature of romance | 66 | |
| 11386637264 | Sentimental | expressive of or appealing to sentiment, esp. the tender emotions and feelings, as love, pity, or nostalgia | 67 | |
| 11386637265 | Shocking | causing intense surprise, disgust, horror; staggering, astounding, startling | 68 | |
| 11386637266 | Sincere | free of deceit, hypocrisy, or falseness; earnest; genuine; real; pure | 69 | |
| 11386637267 | Subdued | quiet; inhibited; repressed; controlled; lowered in intensity or strength | 70 | |
| 11386637268 | Tame | lacking in excitement; dull; insipid; softened; meek; subdued | 71 | |
| 11386637269 | Technical | peculiar to or characteristic of a particular art, science, profession, trade | 72 | |
| 11386637270 | Unifying | to make or become a single unit; unite; combine, merge, fuse | 73 | |
| 11386637271 | Uppity | affecting an attitude of inflated self-esteem; haughty; snobbish | 74 | |
| 11386637272 | Pedantic | overly concerned with minute details or formalisms | 75 | |
| 11386637273 | Euphemistic | substituting a mild term for a harsher or distasteful one | 76 | |
| 11386637274 | Pretentious | characterized by assumption of dignity or importance; making an exaggerated outward show | 77 | |
| 11386637275 | Sensuous | Of, relating to, or derived from the senses | 78 | |
| 11386637276 | Exact- | precise characterized by or using strict accuracy | 79 | |
| 11386637277 | Cultured | enlightened; refined; | 80 | |
| 11386637278 | Plain | clear to the mind; evident, manifest, or obvious; without intricacies or difficulties | 81 | |
| 11386637279 | Literal | accordance with, involving, or being the primary or strict meaning of the word or words; not figurative or metaphorical | 82 | |
| 11386637280 | Colloquial | characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing | 83 | |
| 11386637281 | Artificial | lacking naturalness or spontaneity; forced; contrived; feigned; synthetic, counterfeit | 84 | |
| 11386637282 | Detached | impartial or objective; disinterested; unbiased | 85 | |
| 11386637283 | Poetic | possessing the qualities or charm of poetry | 86 | |
| 11386637284 | Moralistic | Characterized by or displaying a concern with morality | 87 | |
| 11386637285 | Slang | very informal usage in vocabulary | 88 | |
| 11386637286 | Idiomatic | peculiar to or characteristic of a particular language or dialect | 89 | |
| 11386637287 | Esoteric | understood by or meant for only the select few who have special knowledge or interest; private; secret; confidential | 90 | |
| 11386637288 | Symbolic | characterized by or involving the use of symbols | 91 | |
| 11386637289 | Simple | not grand or sophisticated; unpretentious; not complex or complicated | 92 | |
| 11386637290 | Figurative | of the nature of or involving a figure of speech | 93 | |
| 11386637291 | Bombastic | of speech, writing, etc.) high-sounding; high-flown; inflated | 94 | |
| 11386637292 | Abstruse | hard to understand; recondite; esoteric; secret, hidden | 95 | |
| 11386637293 | Grotesque | odd or unnatural in shape, appearance, or character; fantastically ugly | 96 | |
| 11386637294 | Vulgar | characterized by ignorance of or lack of good breeding or taste; indecent | 97 | |
| 11386637295 | Scholarly | concerned with academic learning; of, like, or befitting a scholar | 98 | |
| 11386637296 | Insipid | without distinctive, interesting, or stimulating qualities; vapid, bland | 99 | |
| 11386637297 | Precise | definitely or strictly stated, defined, or fixed, carefully distinct, explicit | 100 | |
| 11386637298 | Learned | having much knowledge; scholarly; erudite; | 101 | |
| 11386637299 | Picturesque | strikingly graphic or vivid; creating detailed mental images | 102 | |
| 11386637300 | Homespun | plain; unpolished; unsophisticated; simple; rustic | 103 | |
| 11386637301 | Provincial | belonging or peculiar to some particular province; local | 104 | |
| 11386637302 | Trite | lacking in freshness or effectiveness because of constant use or excessive repetition; hackneyed; stale | 105 | |
| 11386637303 | Obscure | not clear or plain; ambiguous, vague, or uncertain | 106 | |
| 11386637304 | Archaic | marked by the characteristics of an earlier period; primitive; ancient; old | 107 | |
| 11386637305 | Verbose | characterized by the use of many or too many words; wordy | 108 | |
| 11386637306 | Abstract | difficult to understand; abstruse | 109 | |
| 11386637307 | Biting | cutting, sarcastic | 110 | |
| 11386637308 | Brusque | abrupt in manner; blunt | 111 | |
| 11386637309 | Cacophonous | having a harsh or unpleasant sound; dissonant | 112 | |
| 11386637310 | Casual | without definite or serious intention; careless or offhand | 113 | |
| 11386637311 | Caustic | severely critical or sarcastic; biting, mordant, bitter, scathing | 114 | |
| 11386637312 | Concrete | constituting an actual thing or instance; real | 115 | |
| 11386637313 | Colorful | richly eventful or picturesque; presenting or suggesting vivid or striking scenes; spirited | 116 | |
| 11386637314 | Connotative | having the power of implying or suggesting something in addition to what is explicit | 117 | |
| 11386637315 | Crisp | invigorating, fresh, brisk, bracing | 118 | |
| 11386637316 | Curt | rudely brief in speech or abrupt in manner; short, brief, concise | 119 | |
| 11386637317 | Denotative | the primary or specific meaning of a word. Dictionary definition | 120 | |
| 11386637318 | Divisive | creating dissension or discord; forming or expressing division | 121 | |
| 11386637319 | Emotional | pertaining to or involving emotion or the emotions, temperamental | 122 | |
| 11386637320 | Euphonious | pleasant in sound; agreeable to the ear; characterized by euphony | 123 | |
| 11386637321 | Fanciful | characterized by or showing fancy; capricious or whimsical in appearance | 124 | |
| 11386637322 | Flowery | rhetorically ornate or precious; showy; bombastic | 125 | |
| 11386637323 | Formal | of, reflecting, or noting a usage of language in which syntax, pronunciation, etc., adhere to traditional standards of correctness and usage | 126 | |
| 11386637324 | Inflammatory | tending to arouse anger, hostility, passion; fiery; provocative | 127 | |
| 11386637325 | Informal | suitable to or characteristic of casual and familiar, but educated | 128 | |
| 11386637326 | Insincere | not sincere; not honest in the expression of actual feeling; hypocritical | 129 | |
| 11386637327 | Jargon | the language, the vocabulary, peculiar to a particular trade, profession, or group | 130 | |
| 11386637328 | Loaded | charged with emotional or associative significance that hinders rational or unprejudiced consideration of the terms involved in a discourse | 131 | |
| 11386637329 | Lyrical | characterized by or expressing spontaneous, direct feeling; having the form and musical quality of a song | 132 | |
| 11386637330 | Melodious | of the nature of or characterized by melody; tuneful; sweet-sounding | 133 | |
| 11386637331 | Monosyllabic | having a vocabulary composed primarily of monosyllables or short, simple words. | 134 | |
| 11386637332 | Nostalgic | a wistful desire to return in thought or in fact to a former time in one's life | 135 | |
| 11386637333 | Offensive | causing resentful displeasure; highly irritating, angering, or annoying | 136 | |
| 11386637334 | Ornate | ostentatious, elaborately adorned, showy, embellished with rhetoric, high- flown | 137 | |
| 11386637335 | Passionate | having, compelled by, or ruled by intense emotion or strong feeling; fervid | 138 | |
| 11386637336 | Patriotic | expressing or inspired by patriotism; love of one's country | 139 | |
| 11386637337 | Political | of, pertaining to, or concerned with politics; government | 140 | |
| 11386637338 | Romantic | of, pertaining to, or of the nature of romance | 141 | |
| 11386637339 | Sentimental | expressive of or appealing to sentiment, esp. the tender emotions and feelings, as love, pity, or nostalgia | 142 | |
| 11386637340 | Shocking | causing intense surprise, disgust, horror; staggering, astounding, startling | 143 | |
| 11386637341 | Sincere | free of deceit, hypocrisy, or falseness; earnest; genuine; real; pure | 144 | |
| 11386637342 | Subdued | quiet; inhibited; repressed; controlled; lowered in intensity or strength | 145 | |
| 11386637343 | Tame | lacking in excitement; dull; insipid; softened; meek; subdued | 146 | |
| 11386637344 | Technical | peculiar to or characteristic of a particular art, science, profession, trade | 147 | |
| 11386637345 | Unifying | to make or become a single unit; unite; combine, merge, fuse | 148 | |
| 11386637346 | Uppity | affecting an attitude of inflated self-esteem; haughty; snobbish | 149 |
Flashcards
Christensen AP Language Rhetorical Devices Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9212342384 | tropes | figurative language; figure of speech dealing with the meaning of words, not literal (metaphors, personification, metonymy, irony, hyperbole) | 0 | |
| 9212348355 | schemes | figure of speech dealing with the order of words or its sound, letters, or syntax (parallel structure, antithesis, alliteration) | 1 | |
| 9212353934 | rhetoric | the art/study of using language effectively and persuasively; language that is elaborate, pretentious, insincere, or intellectually vacuous | 2 | |
| 9212358956 | Aristotelian triangle | speaker-audience-subject; writing and speaking involves a 3-way relationship | 3 | |
| 9212370565 | ethos | an argument based on the authority of the person; credibility | 4 | |
| 9212373660 | pathos | an argument based on the emotional appeal; evoking sympathy or empathy | 5 | |
| 9212376609 | logos | an argument based on logic, reason, and facts | 6 | |
| 9212378220 | connotation | the meaning suggested by the word; its emotional meaning; "chicken" as in scaredy cat | 7 | |
| 9212384177 | denotation | the dictionary or literal meaning of a word; "chicken" as in a farm animal | 8 | |
| 9212387418 | propaganda | the manipulation of ideas, facts or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause | 9 | |
| 9212393007 | polemical | a controversial or passionate argument, especially one refuting or attacking a specific opinion or doctrine; Michael Moore, Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde | 10 | |
| 9212402215 | apologists | those who defend their beliefs against polemicists | 11 | |
| 9212409296 | irony | a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action and result | 12 | |
| 9212411542 | colloquialism | a local or regional dialect not used in formal speech; "y'all gonna" | 13 | |
| 9212415918 | dialect | a regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary; especially a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the language; slang, jargon, lexicon | 14 | |
| 9212425206 | vernacular | the spoken language of a particular group, profession, or region | 15 | |
| 9212428254 | tone | the attitude the writer takes toward his character or the subject being discussed | 16 | |
| 9212432240 | alliteration | the repetition of consonant sounds | 17 | |
| 9212433805 | allusion | an implied, indirect or direct reference to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature for comparison to help readers understand | 18 | |
| 9212438670 | anaphora | repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect; "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France. We shall never surrender." | 19 | |
| 9212450791 | epistrophe | repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, usually for extreme emphasis; "The government of the people, by the people, and for the people." | 20 | |
| 9212507479 | chiasmus | a verbal pattern which reverses the order of words but doesn't necessarily use all the same words; "I am stuck on Band-Aid brand, and Band-Aid's stuck on me." "Never let a fool kiss you - or a kiss fool you" | 21 | |
| 9212519801 | antimetabole | a verbal pattern in which the seconds half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the words in reverse grammatical order; "Fair is foul and foul is fair." "Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country." | 22 | |
| 9212528032 | antithesis | the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases or clauses. "One small step for a man, one giant leap for all of mankind." "Not that I love Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more." | 23 | |
| 9212536084 | zeugma | the use of a word to modify or govern two or more words, in such a way that it applies to each in a different sense, or makes sense with only one; can be used for humor or for a profound effect; "The kleptomaniac illusionist stole the show and my wallet." | 24 | |
| 9212574952 | asyndeton | lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words; "We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and success or liberty." | 25 | |
| 9212583267 | polysyndeton | too many conjunctions, used for emphasis; "And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his songs, and his daughter, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had" | 26 | |
| 9212592876 | archaic diction | the use of older, outdated words and expressions | 27 | |
| 9212595395 | hortative | a sentence meant to encourage, to cheer someone on; "Keep going! You can do it!" | 28 | |
| 9212598910 | imperative | a sentence that gives instruction, advice, or a command; "Chew with your mouth closed." "Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country." | 29 | |
| 9212610741 | interrogative | a sentence that asks a question | 30 | |
| 9212612222 | inversion | the different arrangement of words in a sentence; sentence variety, syntax | 31 | |
| 9212614615 | juxtaposition | placing two words or ideas side by side, usually opposites, for a deeper effect | 32 | |
| 9212617613 | oxymoron | a paradox developed through the juxtaposition of words; "home office" "working vacation" "jumbo shrimp" | 33 | |
| 9212622415 | metonymy | the substitution of one word for another which it suggests; INTANGIBLE ; "The pen is mightier than the sword." "He is a man of the cloth." | 34 | |
| 9212628346 | synecdoche | understanding one thing with another, the use of a part for the whole or the whole for the part; TANGIBLE; "All hands on deck." "Get your butt over here." | 35 | |
| 9212642409 | parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses; "We will go, we will fight, we will win." "To laugh at death, to cry at life, to die at peace." | 36 | |
| 9212649170 | cumulative sentence | an independent clause, followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that add more detail; "I will not be defeated, no matter how many men, weapons, or bombs they have." | 37 | |
| 9212655546 | periodic sentence | a sentence whose main clause is held until the end; "No matter how many men, weapons, or bombs they have, I will not be defeated." | 38 | |
| 9212660369 | personification | giving human-like qualities to inanimate objects or ideas; "The sun smiled down at us." | 39 | |
| 9212664739 | rhetorical question | figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of an answer | 40 | |
| 9212667158 | synesthesia | describing a sensual impression using a different sense or transferring one sensory function on to another, "Her voice sounds like money." "Warm Sound." "Yellow cocktail music played throughout the house." | 41 | |
| 9212675606 | anecdote | a personal story or brief narrative often used to illustrate an idea or make a point | 42 | |
| 9212679296 | apostrophe | used to address an absent or imaginary person or non-living entity as if it were able to respond; "Twinkle, twinkle, little star." "O pardon me thou bleeding piece of earth." | 43 | |
| 9212687281 | litotes | a negative statement expressing sarcasm or understatement; instead of saying someone is dumb you would say she is not the brightest bulb | 44 | |
| 9212692856 | euphemism | the polite way to express oneself; instead of saying someone died, you say he passed away | 45 | |
| 9212696044 | paradox | two statements that seem to contradict each other but in reality really make sense together | 46 |
AP language #4 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13421412198 | oligarchy | A government ruled by a few powerful people | 0 | |
| 13421420163 | omnipotent | almighty, having unlimited power or authority | 1 | |
| 13421424193 | orthography | the conventional spelling system of a language. | 2 | |
| 13421431913 | oxidize | combine or become combined chemically with oxygen. | 3 | |
| 13421447599 | parabola | a symmetrical open plane curve formed by the intersection of a cone with a plane parallel to its side. The path of a projectile under the influence of gravity ideally follows a curve of this shape. | 4 | |
| 13421457115 | paradigm | a typical example or pattern of something; a model. | 5 | |
| 13421465383 | parameter | (n.) a determining or characteristic element; a factor that shapes the total outcome; a limit, boundary | 6 | |
| 13421468685 | pecuniary | relating to or consisting of money. | 7 | |
| 13421474607 | photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches | 8 | |
| 13421479019 | plagiarize | take (the work or an idea of someone else) and pass it off as one's own | 9 | |
| 13421488358 | plasma | the colorless fluid part of blood, lymph, or milk, in which corpuscles or fat globules are suspended | 10 | |
| 13421504573 | polymer | a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins. | 11 | |
| 13421519295 | precipitous | dangerously high or steep | 12 | |
| 13421525657 | quasar | a massive and extremely remote celestial object, emitting exceptionally large amounts of energy, and typically having a starlike image in a telescope. It has been suggested that quasars contain massive black holes and may represent a stage in the evolution of some galaxies. | 13 | |
| 13421541199 | quotidian | of or occurring every day; daily. | 14 | |
| 13421547184 | recapitulate | recapitulate; 3rd person present: recapitulates; past tense: recapitulated; past participle: recapitulated; gerund or present participle: recapitulating summarize and state again the main points of. | 15 | |
| 13421557906 | reciprocal | given, felt, or done in return | 16 | |
| 13421563634 | reparation | the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. | 17 | |
| 13421572911 | respiration | the action of breathing. | 18 | |
| 13421577324 | sanguine | optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation. | 19 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13655017322 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 13655017323 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 13655017324 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 13655017325 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 13655017326 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 13655017327 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 13655017328 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 13655017329 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 13655017330 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 13655017331 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 13655017332 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 13655017333 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 13655017334 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 13655017335 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 13655017336 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 13655017337 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 13655017338 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 13655017339 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 13655017340 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 13655017341 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 13655017342 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 13655017343 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 13655017344 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 13655017345 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 13655017346 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 13655017347 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 13655017348 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 13655017349 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 13655017350 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 13655017351 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 13655017352 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 13655017353 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 13655017354 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 13655017355 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 13655017356 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 13655017357 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 13655017358 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 13655017359 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 13655017360 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 13655017361 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 13655017362 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 13655017363 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 13655017364 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 13655017556 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 13655017365 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 13655017366 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 13655017367 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 13655017368 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 13655017369 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 13655017370 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 13655017371 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 13655017372 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 13655017373 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 13655017374 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 13655017375 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 13655017376 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 13655017377 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 13655017378 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 13655017379 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 13655017380 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 13655017381 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 13655017382 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 13655017383 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 13655017384 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 13655017385 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 13655017386 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 13655017387 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 13655017388 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 13655017389 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 13655017390 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 13655017391 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 13655017392 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 13655017393 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 13655017394 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 13655017395 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 13655017396 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 13655017397 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 13655017398 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 13655017399 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 13655017400 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 13655017401 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 13655017402 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 13655017403 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 13655017404 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 13655017405 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 13655017406 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 13655017407 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 13655017408 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 13655017409 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 13655017410 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 13655017411 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 13655017412 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 13655017413 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 13655017414 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 13655017415 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 13655017416 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 13655017417 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 13655017418 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 13655017419 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 13655017420 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 13655017421 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 13655017422 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 13655017423 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 13655017424 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 13655017425 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 13655017426 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 13655017427 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 13655017428 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 13655017429 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 13655017430 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 13655017431 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 13655017432 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 13655017433 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 13655017434 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 13655017435 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 13655017436 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 13655017437 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 13655017438 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 13655017439 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 13655017440 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 13655017441 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 13655017442 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 13655017443 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 13655017444 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 13655017445 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 13655017446 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 13655017447 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 13655017448 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 13655017449 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 13655017450 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 13655017451 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 13655017452 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 13655017453 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 13655017454 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 13655017455 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 13655017456 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 13655017457 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 13655017458 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 13655017459 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 13655017460 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 13655017461 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 13655017462 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 13655017463 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 13655017464 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 13655017465 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 13655017466 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 13655017467 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 13655017468 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 13655017469 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 13655017470 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 13655017471 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 13655017472 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 13655017473 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 13655017474 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 13655017475 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 13655017476 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 13655017477 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 13655017478 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 13655017479 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 13655017480 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 13655017481 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 13655017482 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 13655017483 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 13655017484 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 13655017485 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 13655017486 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 13655017487 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 13655017488 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 13655017489 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 13655017490 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 13655017491 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 13655017492 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 13655017493 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 13655017494 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 13655017495 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 13655017496 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 13655017497 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 13655017498 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 13655017499 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 13655017500 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 13655017501 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 13655017502 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 13655017503 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 13655017504 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 13655017505 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 13655017506 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 13655017507 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 13655017508 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 13655017509 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 13655017510 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 13655017511 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 13655017512 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 13655017513 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 13655017514 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 13655017515 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 13655017516 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 13655017517 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 13655017518 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 13655017519 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 13655017520 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 13655017521 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 13655017522 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 13655017523 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 13655017524 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 13655017525 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 13655017526 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 13655017527 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 13655017528 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 13655017529 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 13655017530 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 13655017531 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 13655017532 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 13655017533 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 13655017534 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 13655017535 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 13655017536 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 13655017537 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 13655017538 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 13655017539 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 13655017540 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 13655017541 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 13655017542 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 13655017543 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 13655017544 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 13655017545 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 13655017546 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 13655017547 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 13655017548 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 13655017549 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 13655017550 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 13655017551 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 13655017552 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 13655017553 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 13655017554 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 13655017555 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
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