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AP World South Asia and Southeast Asia Flashcards

11492073651	After Gupta, when does India unify?	16th century. decentralized politician landscape until then for 1000 years	0
11492076915	Southern India	more stable, had two successful centralized governments in the period of disunity after the Gupta fell	1
11492083486	Chola Kingdom	ruled 400 years, conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, dominated the sea with great navy, reached the South China Sea, drove out by Ceylon natives and reduced to a small kingdom	2
11492110809	Vijayanagar Kingdom	overseas trade brought new technologies, languages of Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. promoted Hinduism as a unifying factor, founded by two brothers who left the Delhi Sultanate, eventually overthrown by Muslim kings	3
11492133282	Northern India	far less stable, invaded four times by Muslim armies through the northwest mountain passages	4
11492150020	Umayyads	invaded northern Sind region, on fringe of Islam Empire, changed very little of daily lives, low Muslim influence on culture	5
11492158577	Mahmud of Ghanzi	introduced Islam to India, conquered Punjab region, plundered temples and shrines, erected mosques on Hindu holy sites, unsuccessful attempt of Islamic conversion	6
11492173648	Delhi Sultanate	reigned 300 years, poor implementation of government policies, turned to defense against the Mongols, imposed tax as an incentive to convert	7
11492187076	Jizya	Poll tax that non-Muslims had to pay when living within the Delhi Sultanate Muslim empire, unsuccessful due to native resentment of foreign rulers	8
11492208080	Indian Ocean Basin Trade	depended on the monsoon winds to carry the ships all over, goods would come from the Northern Africa to India to Asia, connected by Islam	9
11492218086	Calicut, India	Portuguese merchants settled there, bought spices at low prices, and shipped them back to Europe	10
11492223643	Indian goods	high quality fabric, woven carpets, pepper, tanned leather, stonework, high-carbon steel	11
11492228999	Spice Islands	Europeans' name for the Moluccas, islands rich in cloves and nutmeg. modern Malaysia and Indonesia	12
11492234194	Swahili Coast goods	slaves, gold, ivory	13
11492250093	Chinese goods	silk and porcelain	14
11492253724	Southwest Asian goods	horses, figs, and dates	15
11492259098	monsoon winds	seasonal wind in India, the winter monsoon brings hot, dry weather and the summer monsoon brings rain, made merchants time voyages very particularly	16
11492265307	intermarriage	how Islam was introduced to South Asia	17
11492270975	Proselytizing	Islam actively sought converts in South Asia from Hindu	18
11492278904	Islam's appeal to low-caste Hindus	equality of all believers	19
11492282289	Buddhists	largest number of converts to Islam due to corruption within its own monasteries	20
11492288867	Sufis	mystics, individual and emotional connection to God, most successful missionaries of Islam	21
11492295172	Bhakti Movement	An immensely popular development in Hinduism, emphasized love and devotion to God, didn't discriminate against women or those of a lower status	22
11492305321	Mira Bai	Celebrated Hindu writer of religious poetry, songs of devotion, part of the Bhakti movement	23
11492312560	Guru Kabir	a blind weaver, who was one of the most famous Bhakti teachers, went so far to teach that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of single, universal deity. famous poet, look to youself to find religious truth, emotional connection to God	24
11492328663	Jatis	a social group that does a particular job and that a person is born into, Muslim merchants made new ones when absorbed into Indian culture/society	25
11492341987	Islam influence on Indian society	very little change to basic structure and gender norms	26
11492349416	Islam and Indian Culture	Indian science and math translated into Arabic, scholars combined knowledge	27
11492353497	Islam and Indian Architecture	Islamic geometric patterns with Hindu details	28
11492358432	Qutab Minar	A gigantic leaning tower, the tallest structure in India, towering over a mosque on top of a Hindu temple	29
11492361669	Urdu	language of Hindi grammar, Arabic and Farsi vocabulary, official language of Pakistan	30
11492374602	Southeast Asia	Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, some of Vietnam. heavily influenced by South Asia and Indian Merchants	31
11492382788	Funan	society in Southeast Asia, rules called "Raja", used Sanskrit, Hinduism accepted in larger culture, local deities and spirits, controlled thin shortcut between India and China, extracted fee from all traders who used it. Very wealthy. extensive irrigation system. Invaded by Chams and Khmers	32
11492404603	Raja	King in Sanskrit	33
11492411522	Khmer/Angkor	most successful kingdom to control Southeast Asia, near Mekong River, lasted over 500 years.	34
11492418911	Angkor Thom	Capital of the Khmer/Angkor kingdom, built to house the king and display grandeur. Hindu and Buddhist art, surrounded by a large moat	35
11492430793	Khmer innovations	extensive irrigation allowed multiple harvests a year, drainage system reduced impact of monsoon rains	36
11492442952	Angkor Wat	huge Buddhist temple in Khmer kingdom, on UNESCO World Heritage List	37
11492452315	Islam and SE merchants	merchants converted in hopes of having better trading relations	38
11492459225	Melaka	The first major center of Islam in Southeast Asia, built navy, imposed fees on ships passing through the Strait of Melaka, which was between Chinese and Indian ports	39
11492471131	Sultanate of Melaka	ended when Portuguese invaded in 1511	40
11492476857	Portuguese in Melaka	generated wealth but caused conflicts that caused traders to diversify their routes and ports used so the strait was not as wealth-generating	41

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DAR AL ISLAM TEST Flashcards

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14919567853	Bedouins	small groups of nomadic people in Arabia	0
14919571961	role of clans	bc nomadic, had to have people together	1
14919582540	Shaykh	A teacher and master in Islam	2
14919587117	mecca	City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.	3
14919589636	Umayyad	the first dynasty of Arab caliphs whose capital was Damascus	4
14919594484	Quraysh	Tribe of bedouins that controlled Mecca in 7th century C.E.	5
14919601065	ka'ba	the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth	6
14919604569	medina	City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.	7
14919607054	allah	God of Islam	8
14919625388	Muhammad	Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.	9
14919630272	Khadija	First wife of muhammad and first to convert to Islam.	10
14919634103	Quran	the sacred writings of Islam revealed by God to the prophet Muhammad during his life at Mecca and Medina	11
14919643866	umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	12
14919650775	zakat	Tax for charity; obligatory for all Muslims	13
14919657934	Five Pillars of Islam	Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage	14
14919657935	hajj	Pilgrimage to Mecca	15
14919660997	Ramadan	the ninth month of the Muslim year, during which strict fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset.	16
14919665288	Caliph	A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	17
14919665289	abu bakr	first caliph after death of Muhammad	18
14919667584	Ridda Wars	Wars that followed Muhammad's death in 632; resulted in defeat of rival prophets and some of larger clans; restored unity of Islam	19
14919672067	jihads	Struggles; often used for wars in defense of the faith, but also a term to indicate personal quests for religious understanding	20
14919677503	Uthman	Third caliph and member of Umayyad clan; murdered by mutinous warriors returning from Egypt; death set off civil war in Islam between followers of Ali and the Umayyad clan	21
14919681199	Battle of Siffin	Fought in 657 between forces of Ali and Umayyads; settled by negotiation that led to fragmentation of Ali's party	22
14919683764	Mu'awiya	Leader of the Umayyad clan; first Umayyad caliph following civil war with Ali	23
14919683765	sunni	A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad	24
14919687161	sh'ia	the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad	25
14919693146	who moved capital to damascus?	Umayyads	26
14919693147	mawali	Non-Arab converts to Islam	27
14919703689	Dmimmi	people of the book	28
14919708653	Hadiths	Traditions of the prophet Muhammad	29
14919712393	abbasid	Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam; came to power in 750 C.E.	30
14919717617	Battle of the River Zab	Victory of Abbasids over Umayyads; resulted in conquest of Syria and capture of Umayyad capital	31
14919720875	baghdad	Capital of Abbasid dynasty located in Iraq near ancient Persian capital of Ctesiphon	32
14919725408	dhows	Large ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors that could carry up to four hundred tons of cargo.	33
14919738229	Buyids	Regional splinter dynasty of the mid-10th century; invaded and captured Baghdad; ruled Abbasid Empire under title of sultan; retained Abbasids as figureheads	34
14919738230	crusades	A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.	35
14919743586	Seljuk Turks	nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly	36
14919763188	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Arab general; conquered Sind in India; declared the region and the Indus valley to be part of Umayyad Empire	37
14919775873	Shrivijaya	Trading empire centered on Malacca Straits between Malaya and Sumatra; controlled trade of empire; Buddhist government resistant to Muslim missionaries; fall opened up southeastern Asia to Muslim conversion.	38
14919781584	Malacca	Flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya.	39
14919792975	king of mali	Mansa Musa	40
14919797818	Ibn Battuta	Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.	41
14919801487	Timbuktu	City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning.	42
14919806116	Songhay	Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali	43
14919809381	Muhammad the Great	Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century	44
14919842664	What were major traits and characteristics of the pre-Islamic Arabian world?	Before the Islamic rise, these areas were dominated by nomadic tribes who relied on agriculture for survival.	45
14919842665	How did geography influence the pre-Islamic Arabian world?	It was a desert with mountains regions, meaning it had a lack of water and was hard to farm on.	46
14919848082	Analyze and explain key traits of bedouin culture in the pre-Islamic Arabian world.	Were polytheistic, relied on herding livestock, major source of income was caravans.	47
14919848083	Analyze the significance of major towns and trade in the pre-Islamic Arabian world.	Some major cities included Mecca, Medina (Yathrib), Karbala, and Damascus--The most important of these cities was Mecca, which was an important center of trade in the area, as well as the location of the Kaaba (or Ka'ba), one of the most revered shrines in polytheistic Arabia	48
14919851882	Identify and analyze the significance of Muhammad to Islam and key events from his lifetime.	Muhammad- an Arab religious, social and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet, sent to present and confirm the monotheistic teachings preached previously by Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is viewed as the final prophet of God in all the main branches of Islam, though some modern denominations diverge from this belief. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief.	49
14919855316	Identify and explain key traits of Islam and analyze why it was appealing to the Arab community.		50
14919858187	Identify the cause of the Shi'a-Sunni split and the impacts of this conflict.	The Sunni-Shite divide occurred in 632 A.D. when the prophet, Muhammad, died. Sunnis believed that the new leader should be elected. They chose Muhammad's advisor, Abu Bakr. Shiites believed that the new leader should have been Muhammad's cousin/son-in-law, Ali bin Abu Talib. As a result, Shiites have their own Imams, who they consider holy. They consider their Imams to be the true leaders, not the state.	51
14919858188	Explain the significance of Arab and Islamic expansion in the 7th and 8th centuries and key factors, motivations, etc. in this expansion	They began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in the Arabian Peninsula which under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates saw a century of rapid expansion. The resulting empire stretched from the borders of China and the Indian subcontinent, across Central Asia, the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Europe. He wanted to unify the entire world under Muslim ideas.	52
14919862234	How did Islam improve conditions for women during the first few centuries of Arab conquest and rule?	Women could own property and businesses, and remarriage after divorce was legal	53
14919862235	Be able to identify key traits of the Umayyad Caliphate and causes for their eventual decline.	Key traits: ruled the Islamic Empire from 661-750 CE, controlled the Middle East, parts of India, much of North Africa, and Spain, creating a common coinage, establishing Arabic as the official language throughout the empire, and standardizing weights and measures	54
14919865436	Be able to identify key traits of the Abbasid Caliphate and causes for their success in the 8th century.	Key traits: built a centralized order, capital at Baghdad, made advancements in Science, math, and the arts.	55
14919865437	What were the key causes of imperial decline and turmoil during the Abbasid era?	Decline: invasions, fought with Shia Muslims, economic troubles, leaders didn't reflect Muhammad's beliefs	56
14919870388	How did the role of women change during the Abbasid era?	the practice of keeping women out of public life, cloistering them and restricting their movements	57
14919870389	How did Islam spread to SE Asia?	Islam spread to SE Asia mainly by way of Muslim merchants who brought their religion with them along trade routes. In addition, the rulers of the SE Asian kingdom of Melaka sponsored and promoted the religion, which helped it spread much more rapidly.	58
14919873884	What factors caused the success of Islam in SE Asia?		59
14919873885	How did geography impact the development of African societies and empires?	There were many coastal lands making it easy for people to trade with them from Europe and Asia.	60
14919876974	What were the impacts of the growing international trade network in Africa in the postclassical period?	Islam spread to many different places, Africa became very wealthy, North Africa became a hub for trade. What was the impact of the spread of Islam on African societies? Many leaders and merchants converted to Islam so that they could have a common belief for trade.	61
14919876975	What was the impact of the spread of Islam on African societies?	Many leaders and merchants converted to Islam so that they could have a common belief for trade.	62
14919880536	What are the defining features and traits of various African societies, empires, and kingdoms?	Wealthy from trading gold, could be located on the coast, trading hubs.	63
14919880537	Sudanic States/West Africa	Ghana- founded in the Sahel, ruler converted to Islam Mali - broke away from Ghana in the 13th century, became a model of Islam, important traders Songhay- successor state to Mali, became a thriving cultural and commercial center	64
14919883718	West African Slave Trade	started with African tribes raiding each other, Arabic Muslim slave traders active for centuries and brought out the largest number of slaves, Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish slave forts on the west coast	65
14919883719	East African City-States	Trading centers such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala that grew into busy market places and trade centers and were connected to other regions of the world especially India because of the monsoon winds and Indian Ocean trade	66

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AP WORLD HISTORY FINAL REVIEW PACKET (Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasties) Flashcards

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14284866581	what happened in 589 CE (sui dynasty)?	Sui reestablish centralized government in China after a period of disorder following the collapse of the Han Dynasty	0
14284868981	what was built in the Sui Dynasty?	built Grand Canal	1
14284870328	how long did the Sui Dynasty last?	very brief rule, followed by internal chaos again	2
14284872189	what year was the rise of the Tang?	618 CE	3
14284876377	the Tang Dynasty expanded Chinese authority to include who?	expanded Chinese authority to include Central Asia (Modern Afghanistan), Tibet, Manchuria, and Vietnam (Cosmopolitan)	4
14284879776	the Tang Dynasty continued construction of what?	continued construction of the Great Wall	5
14284887115	what system did the Tang Dynasty use and for what?	use of tributary system to acknowledge supremacy of emperor	6
14284891425	there was a revival of what in the Tang Dynasty?	revival of scholar-gentry (Confucian scholars as workers in the bureaucracy/civil service exam)	7
14284910635	what happened with Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty?	Buddhism gained popularity and acceptance; rapid and prodigious construction of Buddhist monasteries; Empress Wu supported Buddhism; tax exemptions led to monasteries growing wealthy; later Tang rulers worked to stop the growing influence of Buddhists ("foreign faith"); persecuted many Buddhists	8
14284918515	what occurred with confucianism in the Tang Dynasty?	Confucianism regained popularity as Buddhism receded into the background	9
14284921045	what were the achievements of the Tang Dynasty?	trade/travel protected and increased; trade by sea increased (junk ships very advanced); use of paper money and earliest forms of credit (letters of credit); urbanization; public works projects like canals and irrigation increased agricultural production	10
14284931410	what happens with the population in the Tang Dynasty?	population in rice growing areas (south) becomes larger than in wheat=growing areas (north) [CHAMPA RICE imported from Vietnam]	11
14284935338	how did the Tang Dynasty fall?	Tang rule weakened and collapsed due to invasions from the North	12
14284937218	what happened in 960 CE (song dynasty)	Song dynasty gains control of most of China, but pays tribute to settled invaders (Mongols) in the north	13
14284940803	what is Neo-Confucianism (song)	blending of Confucianism and Buddhism; reinforced traditional ideas about respect for authority, family values, and gender roles	14
14284945227	Song preference of scholars over soldiers prevented what?	prevented the Song from overpowering the northern invaders; taxes to pay tribute burdened the peasant class	15
14284950091	what happened to the Northern part of Song China?	Northern part of Song China invaded by nomads in the North and Song influence retreated south of the Yangtze River	16
14284956495	song continued to rule what area until when?	continued to rule the area south of the Yangtze River until the late 13th century	17
14284960539	what were achievements of the Song dynasty?	advanced weapons (catapults); moveable type; compasses, steel, GUNPOWDER!	18
14284965582	what was the Patriarchy in the Song dynasty?	Patriarchy: foot binding and deterioration of the status of women	19
14284977706	who did the song fall to and what happened?	Fall of Song to Mongols who established the Yuan Dynasty	20

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Chapter 10 China--Sui, Tang, Song Flashcards

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13251706026	Li Bo	(701-762 CE) Accomplished poet of the Tang Era whose poems based in nature reflect the prosperity of that era.	0
13251706027	Post Classical Period	600 CE - 1450 CE characterized by the emergence of trans-regional trade, and the spread of world religions.	1
13251706028	Sui Dynasty	(589-618 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was like the Qin Dynasty in imposing tight political discipline; this dynasty built the Grand Canal	2
13251706029	Sui Yangdi	Second emperor of Sui; completes Grand Canal; high taxes and forced labor spur hostility resulting in his assassination in 618.	3
13251706030	Grand Canal	The 1,100-mile waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.	4
13251706031	Hangzhou	China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people; at the south end of the Grand Canal.	5
13251706032	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	6
13251706033	Tributary System	As the Tang Dynasty grew in influence and size other kingdoms had to pay taxes or service to the Chinese Emperor.	7
13251706034	Middle Kingdom	In much of Chinese history, but in particular, the Tang, China viewed itself as the center of the world around which all others revolved.	8
13251706035	Silla Kingdom	This kingdom in Korea had to pay large tributaries to the Chinese emperor.	9
13251706036	kowtow	A former Chinese custom of touching the ground with the forehead as a sign of respect or submission to the emperor and China.	10
13251706037	Tang Taizong	Great emperor of the Tang Dynasty from 627-649 CE; known for developing transportation systems, and a postal messenger service.	11
13251706038	Civil Service Exam	Used throughout Chinese history, used by the Tang Dynasty to ensure an efficient bureaucracy by training highly qualified individuals for government work.	12
13251706039	Xuanzang	A famous Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator who described the interaction between China and India in the early Tang period. He became famous for his 17 year trip to India and back.	13
13251706040	Hsuan Tsung	(ruled 712-756) Final emperor of the Tang Dynasty; was distracted from gov't affairs by concubine Yang Guifei.	14
13251706041	An Lushan	Led rebellion to overthrow Tang.	15
13251706042	Uighurs	Fought against the rebels to keep the Tang in power. They won, but the Tang dynasty collapsed shortly.	16
13251706043	Song Dynasty	(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.	17
13251706044	Jin	Kingdom north of the Song Empire; established by Jurchens; made the Song Dynasty smaller than the Tang.	18
13251706045	Song Taizu	First Song dynasty emperor who reigned from 960-976 CE. He focused his rule on civil administration, industry, and the arts rather than on military affairs. Inaugurated bureaucracy of merit; education of young me of lower strata.	19
13251706046	scholar gentry	Important Chinese bureaucrats who were learned in Confucianism and Chinese classics, but not experts in military affairs, which made China vulnerable to outside invasion.	20
13251706047	Kaifeng	New capital city of the Song dynasty, moved from Chang'an to get away from threat from nomads.	21
13251706048	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; replaced the surviving Southern Song Dynasty.	22

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China-Sui, Tang, and Song Flashcards

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11526212624	Neo-Confucianism helped create the _________ class in China.	scholar official class	0
11526212626	Yangdi	Second Sui ruler; restored Confucian examination system; constructed canal system; assassinated in 618.	1
11526331845	Buddhism spread from China to what TWO countries?	Korea and Japan	2
11526331846	A reform carried out by Tang dynasty rulers restored the ______________ exam system.	civil service exam	3
11526331847	Why did many Chinese people become Buddhists in the late AD 100s?	They were looking for comfort in a time of widespread war and famine.	4
11526331848	Neo-Confucianism became popular in part because...	it was supported by the government, incorporated Buddhist beliefs, and was more than a system of rules	5
11526331849	In traditional Chinese culture, which philosophy had the greatest influence on the development of social order and political organization?	Confucianism	6
11526387832	scholar-official class	Chinese educated elite that included both scholars and officials. The officials had usually gained office by passing the highly competitive civil service examination.	7
11526402850	Under the emperors of the Tang dynasty, China	united and expanded greatly in size	8
11526414963	Civil Service	the group of people whose job it is to carry out the work of the government	9
11526424350	Confucianism teaches about	ethics and proper behavior	10
11526459271	Buddhism	Which taught how to deal with suffering?	11
11526463728	Sui Dynasty	The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government	12
11526481039	Wendi	A Chinese general who declared himself emperor when China reunited. He founded a new dynasty called the Sui Dynasty.	13
11526507845	Philosophies and Religions in Tang Dynasties	Buddhism and Confucianism	14
11526524507	How was Chinese civilization affected by mountains and deserts?	Isolated from other civilizations	15
11526561035	Empress Wu	Empress of China during the Tang dynasty, she ruled ruthlessly and brought prosperity to China	16
11526570398	Silk Road	Trade route that stretched from western China to southern Asia	17
11526579434	Taizong	brought back the civil exams during the Tang Dynasty	18
11526326266	Buddhism spread from China to what TWO countries?	Korea and Japan	19
11526326267	A reform carried out by Tang dynasty rulers restored the ______________ exam system.	civil service exam	20
11526326268	Why did many Chinese people become Buddhists in the late AD 100s?	They were looking for comfort in a time of widespread war and famine.	21
11526326269	Neo-Confucianism became popular in part because...	it was supported by the government, incorporated Buddhist beliefs, and was more than a system of rules	22
11526326270	In traditional Chinese culture, which philosophy had the greatest influence on the development of social order and political organization?	Confucianism	23

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AP Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

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12551660823	Cognition	Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating	0
12551660824	Concept	A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (similar to perceptual set)	1
12551660825	Prototype	A mental image or best example of a category	2
12551660826	Algorithm	A step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.	3
12551660827	Heuristic	A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.	4
12551660828	Availability Heuristic	Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common	5
12551660829	Representativeness Heuristic	Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.	6
12551660830	Insight	A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem	7
12551660831	Confirmation Bias	A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence	8
12551660832	Mental Set	A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past	9
12551660833	Functional Fixedness	Tendency to see objects as only working in a particular way.	10
12551660834	Intuition	Immediate and automatic feeling and thought	11
12551660835	Trial and Error	Most fundamental method of problem solving	12
12551660836	Overconfidence	Tendency to overestimate our judgement	13
12551660837	Belief Perserverance	Clinging to your initial belief in something despite no evidence proving it	14
12551660838	Framing	The way we present an issue, can impact judgement	15
12551660839	Language	Spoken, written, signed words that we communicate into meaning	16
12551660840	Phonemes	Smallest distinctive sound unit	17
12551660841	Morphemes	Smallest unit of sound that holds meaning	18
12551660842	Grammar	System of rules that enables us to communicate	19
12551660843	Semantics	Rules for deriving meaning from words	20
12551660844	Syntax	Rules to combine words	21
12551660845	Receptive Language	In infants, the ability to understand what is said to them and about them	22
12551660846	Productive Language	The ability to produce words	23
12551660847	Babbling Stage	About 4 months, speech development unrelated to household language	24
12551660848	One Word Stage (Holophrastic)	Around 1-2 years old, communicating in single worded phrases "ma" "uh"	25
12551660849	Two Word Stage	Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statement, overgeneralizes wants and needs	26
12551660850	Telegraphic Stage	Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words	27
12551660851	Critical Period Theory (Language Development)	The window on language development closes gradually in early childhood	28
12551660852	"Genie"	A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period where she could have learned language so she could not speak and was extremely socially delayed	29
12551660853	Aphasia	Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).	30
12551660854	Brocas Area	Controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech	31
12551660855	Wernickes Area	Language comprehension, left temporal lobe	32
12551660856	Noam Chomsky	Language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language	33
12551660857	Nativist Theory	You have the ability to pick up language which is inborn, but it has to be natured	34
12551660858	Belief Bias	The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid	35
12551660859	Convergent	Ideas come together	36
12551660860	Divergent	Ideas come apart	37
12551660861	Linguistic Determinism	Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think, we cannot think things if we cannot say them	38
12551660862	Bilingual Advantage	The advantage of bilingual individuals to inhibit one language while using the other and inhibit attention to irrelevant information	39
12551660863	Nondeclarative Memory	Mental picture of how you do something, implicit memory	40
12551660864	Mental Practice	Mentally rehearsing future behaviours, activates the same part of your brain as if you were really doing the action	41
12551660865	Artificial intelligence - Practical	Robots that can sense their environment.	42
12551660866	Artificial intelligence - Theoretical	Computers that mimic human thinking.	43
12551660867	Artificial intelligence - Computer Neural Networks	Mimic the brain's interconnected neural networks.	44
12551660868	Gadner	Taught Washoe the chimp 132 signs by age 4 and 181 by age 32. Speech evolved from gestures.	45

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AP Language Rhetoric Test Flashcards

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14857681505	rhetoric	-the art of finding and analyzing all the choices involving language as a writer, speaker, readers, or listener might make in a situation so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners -the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a situation	0
14857734969	exigence	the urgency of the speaker	1
14857748970	audience	the listener, viewer, or reader of a text	2
14857755472	purpose	what the speaker wants the audience to do or think about	3
14857831325	exigence audience purpose logos ethos pathos	rhetorical framework	4
14857807443	subject occasion audience purpose speaker tone	SOAPStone	5
14857834367	logos	the argument itself; the reasoning the author uses; logical evidence	6
14857841530	logos	type of ________ appeals -theories/sci. facts -indicated meanings or reasons (because. . .) -literal or historical analogies -definitions -factual data and statstics -quotations -citations from experts and authorities -inform opinions -real life examples -personal anecdotes	7
14857877639	logos	evokes a cognitive, rational response to the audience	8
14857901565	ethos	how an author builds credibility and trustworthiness	9
14857904898	ethos	ways to develop __________ -author's profession/background -author's publication -appearing sincere, fair minded, knowledgeable -conceding to opposition where appropriate -morally/ethically likeable -appropriate language for audience and subject -appropriate vocabulary -correct grammar -professional format	10
14857929243	ethos	helps reader to see the author as reliable, trustworthy, competent, and credible	11
14857955188	pathos	words or passages an author uses to activate emotions	12
14857971305	pathos	types of _________ appeals -emotionally loaded language -vivid descriptions -emotional examples -anecdotes, testimonies, or narratives about emotional experiences or events -figurative language -emotional tone	13
14858000702	pathos	evokes an emotional response; persuasion by emotion; usually evokes fear, sympathy, empathy, and/or anger	14

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Platt AP Language Unit 7 Vocabulary Flashcards

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15319732315	acerbic	biting, bitter in tone or taste	0
15319732316	blandish	to coax by using flattery	1
15319738257	capricious	subject to whim, fickle	2
15319747203	cleave	divide into parts	3
15319753628	consign	to give something over to another's care	4
15319759564	coup	a brilliant, unexpected act	5
15319765872	defile	to make unclean, impure	6
15319765967	effervescent	bubbly, lively	7
15319771537	enfranchise	to grant the vote to	8
15319775923	fetter	to chain, restrain	9
15319775924	goad	to urge, spur, incite to action	10
15319781790	ignominious	humiliating, disgracing	11
15319787235	incontrovertible	indisputable	12
15319790725	innuendo	an insinuation	13
15319790820	irreverence	disrespect	14
15319795986	luminous	brightly shining	15
15319800600	morass	a wet swampy bog; figuratively, something that traps and confuses	16
15319800601	obfuscate	to render incomprehensible	17
15319804976	perspicacity	lacking color	18
15319810357	pallid	shrewdness, perceptiveness	19
15319810358	precipice	the face of a cliff, a steep or overhanging place	20
15319817722	protean	able to change shape; displaying great variety	21
15319821189	recalcitrant	defiant, unapologetic	22
15324723009	sanctimonious	giving a hypocritical appearance of piety	23
15324726539	staid	sedate, serious, self-restrained	24
15324726540	tenuous	having little substance or strength	25
15324730846	undulate	to move in waves	26
15324730847	viscous	not free flowing, syrupy	27
15324733702	abdicate	to give up a position, usually one of great power or authority	28
15324733703	acquiesce	to agree without protesting	29

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Chapter 17 AP World History Review Flashcards

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12977554444	The economic development of Latin America depended heavily on	foreign capital	0
12977554445	why did industrialization first occur in Europe?	European rulers fostered unusually close alliances with their merchant class.	1
12977554446	what explanation for Europe's Industrial Revolution that most historians criticize as Eurocentric and deterministic?	Unique features of European society, economy, or history gave it long-term advantage and head start in Industrialization.	2
12977554447	what arguments serves to counter the notion that European culture is inherently more suited to industry and technology.	until about 1750, core areas of Europe, India, and China enjoyed similar levels of economic development	3
12977554448	what has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to industrialize?	Britain had a supply of coal and iron ore, the resources that fueled industrialization.	4
12977554449	In what parts of the world did industrialization lead to major social transformations?	Britain, US, and Japan	5
12977554450	In 19th century Britain, women from the laboring classes found jobs as	factory workers and servants	6
12977554451	How did the working class movement in Britain differ from the one in Russia?	It advocated a reformist program and a reformist transformation to socialism	7
12977554452	What was the reason for the failure of socialism to take root in the United States?	The availability of cheap land and high rates of home ownership	8
12977554453	What played a greater role in industrial development in Russia than in the US or Western Europe?	The state	9
12977554454	Industrialization was associated with violent social revolution only in	Russia	10
12977554455	What agricultural break through sustained the Industrial Revolution?	The use of gaunt excrement as fertilizer	11
12977554456	What best describes the situation in Latin America after Independence?	Internal divisions, regional revolts, and foreign wars created political instability.	12
12977554457	In what way did the Industrial Revolution transform the human relationship to the natural world?	People learned to access energy resources derived from outside the biosphere for industrializing countries	13
12977554458	describe how the movement toward industrialization in the 19th century affected Latin America?	Latin America provided the food products, raw materials, and markets.	14
12977554459	Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?	Great Britain/Europe/England	15
12977554460	In the 18th century, how did the industrial revolution solve an emerging energy crisis?	It introduced the use of coal, oil, and natural gas as sources of fuel.	16
12977554461	how did Britain's geography affect its industrial revolution?	coal and iron ore deposits were abundant and close together.	17
12977554462	What increased in production as a result of the industrial revolution?	mining, manufacturing, and service	18
12977554463	What group benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century?	The middle class	19
12977554464	In 19th century Britain, most members of the aristocracy derived their wealth from	Land ownership	20
12977554465	What made global migration an appealing option for many Europeans during the nineteenth century?	The demand for labor overseas	21
12977554466	What describes a feature of Karl Marx's vision of the society he predicted would emerge after the collapse of capitalism?	A society without classes	22
12977554467	What group in the united states in the early twentieth century supported reforms to improve working conditions and called for greater government intervention in the economy?	The Progressives	23
12977554468	Most of the European capital invested in Latin America was used to finance	Railroads	24
12977554469	What was the only country in Latin America to experience a nationwide revolution in the early 20th century?	Mexico	25
12977554470	What phrase that has been used to describe the form of economic growth in Latin America in the 19th and early 20th centuries?	Dependent Development	26
12977554471	What was a value associated with middle class culture in the 19th century Britain?	Respectability	27
12977554472	what was the factors that pushed many Europeans to immigrate in the 19th century?	The decline in peasant farming in their homelands.	28
12977554473	what was the reason for US intervention in Central America in the early 20th century?	Economic gain	29

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13663378012	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13663378013	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13663378014	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13663378015	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13663378016	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13663378017	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13663378018	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13663378019	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13663378020	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13663378021	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13663378022	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13663378023	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13663378024	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13663378025	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13663378026	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13663378027	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13663378028	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13663378029	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13663378030	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13663378031	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13663378032	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13663378033	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13663378034	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13663378035	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13663378036	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13663378037	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13663378038	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13663378039	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13663378040	theory	general idea being tested	28
13663378041	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13663378042	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13663378043	mode	appears the most	31
13663378044	mean	average	32
13663378045	median	middle	33
13663378046	range	highest - lowest	34
13663378047	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13663378048	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13663378049	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13663378050	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13663378051	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13663378052	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13663378053	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13663378054	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13663378251	neuron		43
13663378055	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13663378056	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13663378057	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13663378058	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13663378059	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13663378060	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13663378061	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13663378062	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13663378063	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13663378064	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13663378065	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13663378066	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13663378067	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13663378068	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13663378069	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13663378070	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13663378071	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13663378072	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13663378073	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13663378074	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13663378075	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13663378076	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13663378077	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13663378078	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13663378079	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13663378080	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13663378081	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13663378082	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13663378083	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13663378084	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13663378085	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13663378086	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13663378087	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13663378088	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13663378089	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13663378090	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13663378091	occipital lobe	vision	80
13663378092	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13663378093	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13663378094	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13663378095	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13663378096	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13663378097	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13663378098	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13663378099	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13663378100	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13663378101	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13663378102	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13663378103	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13663378104	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13663378105	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13663378106	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13663378107	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13663378108	rods	night time	97
13663378109	cones	color	98
13663378110	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13663378111	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13663378112	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13663378113	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13663378114	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13663378115	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13663378116	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13663378117	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13663378118	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13663378119	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13663378120	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13663378121	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13663378122	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13663378123	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13663378124	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13663378125	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13663378126	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13663378127	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13663378128	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13663378129	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13663378130	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13663378131	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13663378132	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13663378133	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13663378134	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13663378135	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13663378136	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13663378137	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13663378138	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13663378139	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13663378140	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13663378141	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13663378142	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13663378143	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13663378144	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13663378145	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13663378146	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13663378147	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13663378148	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13663378149	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13663378150	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13663378151	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13663378152	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13663378153	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13663378154	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13663378155	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13663378156	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13663378157	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13663378158	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13663378159	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13663378160	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13663378161	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13663378162	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13663378163	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13663378164	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13663378165	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13663378166	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13663378167	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13663378168	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13663378169	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13663378170	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13663378171	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13663378172	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13663378173	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13663378174	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13663378175	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13663378176	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13663378177	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13663378178	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13663378179	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13663378180	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13663378181	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13663378182	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13663378183	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13663378184	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13663378185	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13663378186	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13663378187	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13663378188	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13663378189	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13663378190	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13663378191	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13663378192	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13663378193	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13663378194	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13663378195	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13663378196	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13663378197	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13663378198	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13663378199	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13663378200	encoding	information going in	189
13663378201	storage	keeping information in	190
13663378202	retrieval	taking information out	191
13663378203	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13663378204	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13663378205	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13663378206	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13663378207	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13663378208	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13663378209	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13663378210	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13663378211	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13663378212	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13663378213	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13663378214	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13663378215	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13663378216	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13663378217	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13663378218	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13663378219	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13663378220	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13663378221	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13663378222	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13663378223	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13663378224	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13663378225	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13663378226	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13663378227	context	environment helps with memory	216
13663378228	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13663378229	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13663378230	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13663378231	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13663378232	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13663378233	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13663378234	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13663378235	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13663378236	prototypes	generalize	225
13663378237	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13663378238	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13663378239	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13663378240	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13663378241	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13663378242	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13663378243	grammar is _________	universal	232
13663378244	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13663378245	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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