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AP Literature Devices and Terms Flashcards

13590064877	Aesthetic	beauty/looks - beautiful image	0
13590064878	Allegory	ex allegory of plato's cave (a narrative that expresses a certain lesson or idea)	1
13590064879	Alliteration	Repetition of the same first letter in a phrase	2
13590064880	Ambiguity	Sense of confusion	3
13590064881	Allusion	A reference to something or someone from a famous piece of literature	4
13590064882	Aphorsim	A small saying, short statement of principle	5
13590064883	Apostrophe	Addressing something that cannot respond back	6
13590064884	Assonance	Alliteration with vowels	7
13590064885	Asyndeton	The omission of a conjunction between parts of a sentence	8
13590064886	Anachronism	Has to do with time, in the wrong time	9
13590064887	Analogy	Associations between two relationships	10
13590064888	Anaphora	Repetition of a phrase	11
13590064889	Anthimeria	Creation of a new work by shifting a words part of speech	12
13590064890	Antithesis	Opposites - contrasting elements —> "It was the best of times. It was the worst of times"	13
13590064891	Archaic Diction	Old language	14
13590064892	Asyndeton	Lack of conjunctions	15
13590064893	Ballad	Poetic form. Has a narrative. Often sung. May have refrain (repetitive elements)	16
13590064894	Blank Verse	Unrhymed iambic pentameter	17
13590064895	Catharsis	Drama Term. Release of emotion. When the audience experiences a string release of emotion due to the characters behavior (climax and falling action)	18
13590064896	Cacophany	Style of writing that produces harsh/bad sounds	19
13590064897	Caesura	Poetry only. A pause at the end of a line	20
13590064898	Chiasmus	Grammatical constructions repeated in reverse order "ask not what your country can do, but what you can do for your country"	21
13590064899	Cliché	Overused expression	22
13590064900	Colloquialism	Regional slang ("so like...howdy")	23
13590064901	Conceit	Unlikely comparisons between two things	24
13590064902	Connotation	Thoughts, feelings, ideas associated with a word around its meaning	25
13590064903	Consonance	Beginning multiple words in a line with the same consonant sound	26
13590064904	Couplet	A two line stanza that rhymes	27
13590064905	Denotation	Dictionary definition	28
13590064906	Dialect	Reflection of local color in language	29
13590064907	Didactic	Teaching especially for moral purpose	30
13590064908	Digression	Going off topic or task	31
13603378139	double Entendre	Double meaning, words often have risqué interpretation	32
13603378140	Dramatic monologue	A poem spoken by a single person who reveals his personality through the piece (Porphyria's lover)	33
13603378141	Ellipsis	Name of three little dots	34
13603378142	Euphemism	Saying something that is less harsh sounding than the real thing	35
13603378143	Extended metaphor	A metaphor that extends for the entire story	36
13603378144	Enjambment	A continuation between lines without a stop	37
13603378145	End stop	Occurs when a line of poetry ends with a period or definite punctuation mark, such as a colon	38
13603378146	Epigram	Short statement or poem, especially one with a witty feel (ex. Women are a decorative sex. They never have anything to say but they say it so charmingly)	39
13603378147	Epiphany	(Agnorisis) sudden realization of true situation	40
13603378148	Epithet	Phrase expressing a quality (ex. "Dirty old man" racial epithet)	41
13603378149	Epizeuxis	Repetition of a word or phrase (with no words in between) for emphasis (ex. I slowly, slowly walked to the door) (Josh does it a lot in Drake and Josh)	42
13622241197	Euphony	Pleasant, pleasing sounds	43
13622241198	Figurative Language	Something not literal; basically anything used to hint at something it is not	44
13622241199	Foreshadowing	Hinting to what it to come	45
13622241200	Foil	Used in drama, character is in contrast to something else, kind of like Megan in Drake and Josh	46
13622241201	Foot/feet	One element of individual meter pattern	47
13622241202	Free verse	Has no meter or rhyme pattern (modern)	48
13622241203	Genre	Group of similar pieces of literature; can have smaller genres (ex. Poetry and romantic poetry)	49
13622241204	Hamartia	Tragic flaw (Greek term)	50
13622241205	Heroic couplet	Rhymes, iambic pentameter	51
13622241206	Hyperbole	An extreme exaggeration	52
13622241207	Idiom	A phrase that does not translate (ex. "It was raining cats and dogs") (specific to a certain language)	53
13622241208	Imagery	Words/phrases that paint a picture	54
13622241209	Imperative	Type of sentence that gives a command	55
13622241210	Invective	Insulting words or phrases	56
13622241211	In media res	Story or plot starts in the middle (ex. Odysseus)	57
13622241212	Irony (Dramatic)	Audience/reader knows something the characters don't (ex. Iago in Othello)	58
13622241213	Irony (Verbal)	You say one thing but mean the opposite	59
13622241214	Irony (Situational)	Opposite event happens from what it expected	60
13622241215	Jargon	Words or phrases particular to a sport or career	61
13622241216	Juxtaposition	The placement of things side by side (ex. White paper against black ink symbolizes...)	62
13622241217	Litote	Extreme understatement	63
13622241218	Local color	Regionalism ("I've been a climbin' on")	64
13622241219	Lyric	Poem focusing on emotion or idea, musical quality	65
13622241220	Metanoia	Conversion of the heart	66
13622241221	Meter	Iambic: unstressed/ stressed (When I) invite Trochaic: stressed/ unstressed (once upon) deadline (Poe's "The Raven") Anapestic: unstressed/ unstressed/ stressed (to the beach) Dactylic: stressed / unstressed / unstressed (frequently) Spondaic: unstressed / unstressed (equally stressed) true blue	67
13622241222	Metonymy	Using a word that describes an attribute to represent something else (saying "The Crown" when referring to the Queen of England)	68
13622241223	Mood	Literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions; atmosphere of the piece	69
13622241224	Motif	An idea, an object, a concept, a character archetype, the weather, a color, or even a statement; used to establish a theme or a certain mood	70
13622241225	Neologism	New words or a new use for an old word, or the act of making up new words; comedian coining new terms on a TV show like Stephen Colbert's creation of the term "truthiness"	71
13622241226	Ode	Form of lyric poetry expressing praise; it's usually addressed to someone or something	72
13622241227	Omniscient	Technique of writing a narrative in third person, in which the narrator knows the feelings and thoughts of every character in the story	73
13622241228	Onomatopoeia	The formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named (ex. Cuckoo, sizzle, drip drop)	74
13622241229	Oxymoron	Contradictory descriptors (ex. Jumbo shrimp)	75
13622241230	Parable	Presents a short story typically with a moral lesson at the end (many in Bible)	76
13622241231	Paradox	Statement that may seem absurd or contradictory but can be true or at least make sense; contrary to what is believed (jumbo shrimp)	77
13622241232	Parallelism	Parts of the sentence are grammatically the same, or are similar in construction; can be a word, a phrase, or an entire sentence repeated ("I Have A Dream")	78
13622241233	Parody	An imitation of a style of writing, a movie, a song, another person, etc./a humorous exaggeration	79
13622619113	Pastoral	Anything about a pasture; cows and stuff	80
13622619114	Personification	Giving human characteristics to an inhuman object	81
13622619115	Point of View	First Person: Using "I" or "me" as the pronoun Second Person: Using "you" or "yourself" as the pronoun Third Person Limited: Using "he," "she," or "it" and the narrator can only see into certain people's thoughts Third Person Omniscient: Using "he," "she," or "it" and the narrator can see into everyone's thoughts	82
13622619116	Poetic License	Artistic right to break poetic structure for effect	83
13622619117	Polysyndeton	A list which has conjunctions between each separate idea (used for effect)	84
13622619118	Prose	Form of language that has no formal metrical structure; applies a natural flow of speech, and ordinary grammatical structure, rather than rhythmic structure (not poetry closest to normal human speech)	85
13622619119	Regionalism	Literature focused on the characters, dialect, customs, topography and other features particular to a specific region	86
13622619120	Rhyme	repetition of the same or similar sounds occurs in two or more words, usually at the end of lines in poems or songs End: ending words sound the same (star light, star bright) Near/Slant: stressed syllables of ending consonants match; preceding vowel does not (poem and goin') Eye: similarity between words in spelling but not sound (enough and cough)/ Internal: word in the middle of a line and another at the end or middle of next line rhyme	87
13622619121	Realism	Movement to portray life as it really is	88
13622619122	Romanticism	Movement in the late 1700s (Europe) characterized by interest in nature, emphasis on the individuals expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of class, and rebellion against established social rules	89
13622619123	Satire	Making fun of something by pretending to be serious about it	90
13622619124	Scansion	Scanning a line to determine its rhym	91
13622619125	Sestine	Six stanzas with six lines each and three line ending; the words that end each line of the first stanza are used as line endings in each of the following stanzas, rotated in a set pattern	92
13622619126	Soliloquy	Speaking ones thought aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character alone on stage	93
13622619127	Sonnet	14 lines English: (Shakespearean) 3 quatrains followed by a couplet Rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg Italian: (Petrachan) octave followed by a sestet Rhyme scheme: abbaabba cdecde (or cdcdcd)	94
13622619128	Stream of Consciousness	Narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind"	95
13622619129	Synecdoche	A figure of speech which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs (meaning "Clevelands baseball team")	96
13622619130	Syntax	sentence structure; the way in which words and sentences are placed together	97
13622619131	Synesthesia	Using terms for one sense to describe something not of that sense (she had laughing eyes)	98
13622619132	Tension	Balance maintained between two opposing forces or elements; controlled dynamic quality	99
13622619133	Tercet	A stanza with three lines	100
13622619134	Tone	Attitude of a writer towards a subject or an audience; conveyed through word choice or viewpoint of the author/speaker	101
13622619135	Tragic hero	Protagonists of a tragedy; Aristotle strictly defines the place that the tragic hero must play and the kind of man he must be	102
13622619136	Transcendentalism	Social and literary movement in which divinity lies in nature	103
13622619137	Quatrain	A stanza with four lines	104
13622619138	Understatement	Figure of speech used to intentionally make a situation seem less important	105
13622619139	Utopia/Dystopia	Characteristics of science fiction and fantasy and both are usually set in a future in which technology has been used to create perfect living conditions - Utopia: perfect society - Dystopia: opposite of utopia	106
13622619140	Villanelle	19 lines organized into tercetos (3 lines each stanza); last stanza has 4 lines	107
13622619141	Voice	The authors style, the quality that makes his or her writing unique, and which conveys the authors attitude, personality, and character	108

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AP Vocabulario "El Tiempo" #4 Flashcards

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6571343021	desastres naturales	natural disasters	0
6571343022	deslizamiento	landslide	1
6571343023	erupción volcánica	volcanic eruption	2
6571344272	huracán	hurricane	3
6571344273	inundación	flooding	4
6571344274	nevasca	snow storm	5
6571345327	sequía	drought	6
6571345328	terremoto	earthquake	7
6571346357	tormenta eléctrica	thunderstorm	8
6571346358	tornado	tornado	9
6571346359	incendio	wildfire	10
6571347504	nevar	to snow	11
6571347505	llover	to rain	12
6571347506	hace sol	sunny	13
6571348422	hace viento	windy	14
6571348423	nublado	cloudy	15
6571348424	llovizna	drizzle	16
6571349407	niebla	fog	17
6571357012	hace frío	cold	18
6571357013	hace calor	hot	19
6571357014	granizo	hail	20
6571358050	trueno	thunder	21
6571358051	rayo (1)	lightning (1)	22
6571366922	relámpago	lightning	23
6571359146	ola de calor	heat wave	24
6571359147	Planeta Tierra	Planet Earth	25
6571359148	el mar	sea	26
6571360741	Norte	North	27
6571360742	Sur	South	28
6571360743	Este	East	29
6571361780	Oeste	West	30

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AP Literature- Common Literary Terms Flashcards

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7178486829	Abstract Language	Language describing ideas and qualities rather than observable or specific things, people, or places. The observable or "physical" is usually described in concrete language	0
7178488434	Ad homonym	Latin for "against the man." When a writer personally attacks his or her opponents instead of their arguments	1
7178492262	Ad populum	Latin for "to the crowd." A fallacy of logic in which the widespread occurrence of something is assumed to make it true	2
7178494205	Allegory	A narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one. A story, fictional or nonfiction, in which, characters, things, and events represent qualities or concepts. The interaction of these characters, things, events is meant to reveal an abstraction or a truth. These characters, etc. may be symbolic of the ideas referred to.	3
7178499728	Alliteration	The repetition at close intervals or initial identical consonant sounds. Or, vowel sounds in successive words or syllables that repeat	4
7178501725	Allusion	An indirect reference to something (usually a literary text) with which the reader is expected to be familiar. They are usually literary historical, Biblical, or mythological	5
7178507337	Ambiguity	An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way. Also, the manner of expression of such an event or situation may be this. Artful language may be this.	6
7178517245	Anachronism	Assignment of something to a time when it was not in existence, e.g. the watch Merlyn wore in "The Once and Future King"	7
7178524575	Analogy	A comparison to a directly parallel case. When a writer uses one, he or she argues that a claim reasonable for one case is reasonable for the ____ case	8
7178527673	Anaphora	Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This device is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent	9
7178529391	Anecdote	A brief recounting of a relevant episode. They are often inserted into fictional or nonfiction texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor	10
7178532222	Angst	A term used in existential criticism to describe both the individual and the collective anxiety-neurosis of the period following the Second World War. This feeling of anxiety, dread, or anguish is notably present in the works of writers like Jean Paul Sartre and Albert Camus	11
7178536211	Annotation	Explanatory notes added to a text to explain, cite sources, or give bibliographic data (by the author or student)	12
7178545003	Antithesis	A balancing of two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses	13
7178547519	Apostrophe	An address to the dead as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as if present; to the unborn as if alive. Examples: "O Julius Caesar thou are mighty yet; they spirit walks abroad," or "Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll."	14
7178553652	Archetype	A term borrowed by psychologist Carl Jung who described them as "primordial images" formed by repeated experiences in the lives of our ancestors, inherited in the "collective unconscious" of the human race and expressed in myths, religion, dreams, fantasies, and literature. These "images" of character, plot pattern, symbols recur in literature and evoke profound emotional responses in the reader because they resonate with an image already existing in our unconscious mind, e.g. death, rebirth	15
7178579616	Argumentation	Exploring of a problem by investigating all sides of it; persuasion through reason. One of the four chief forms of discourse, the others being exposition, narration, and description. The purpose of this is to convince by establishing the truth of falsity of a proposition	16
7178586064	Aside	A dramatic convention by which an actor directly addresses the audience but it is not supposed to be heard by the other actors on the stage	17
7178588908	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity. "Fake" and "lake" denote rhyme; "lake" and "fate" demonstrate this	18
7178593621	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction), e.g. "I came, I saw, I conquered." The parts of the sentence are emphasized equally; in addition, the use of commas with no intervening conjunction speeds up the flow of the sentence	19
7178597852	Balance	Construction in which both halves of the sentence are about the same length and importance, sometimes used to emphasize contrast	20
7178600986	Bandwagon	Trying to establish that something is true because everyone believes it is true	21
7178604793	Catharsis	The process by which an unhealthy emotional state produced by an imbalance of feelings is corrected and emotional health is restored	22
7178608287	Causal Relationship	(cause and effect) In this, a writer asserts that one thing results from another. To show how one thing produces or brings about another is often relevant in establishing a logical argument	23
7178612397	Characterization	The method an author uses to develop characters in a work. In direct _______, the author straightforwardly states the character's traits. With indirect ______, those traits are implied through what the character says, does, how the character dresses, interacts with other characters, etc.	24
7178618786	Chiasmus	Arrangement of repeated thoughts in the pattern of X Y Y X. It is often short and summarizes a main ideas, e.g., :ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."	25
7178624573	Chronological Ordering	Arrangement of ideas in the order in which things occur; may move from past to present or in reverse, from present to past	26
7178626076	Classification	(as means of ordering) Arrangement of objects according to class; e.g., media classified as print, television, radio	27
7178630299	Comedy of Manners	Deals with the relations and intrigues of gentlemen and ladies living in a polished and sophisticated society; it evokes laughter mainly at the violations of social conventions and decorum and relies on the wit and humor of the dialogue for its effect	28
7178633651	Comic relief	Humorous speeches and incidents in the course of the serious action of a tragedy; frequently it widens enriches the tragic significance of the work	29
7178635299	Conceit	Unusual or surprising comparisons between two very different things (a special kind of metaphor or complicated analogy)	30
7178639393	Concrete Language	Language that describes specific, observable things, people or places, rather than ideas of qualities	31
7178641128	Connotation	Rather than the dictionary definition, the associations associated by a word. Implied meaning rather than literal meaning or denotation	32
7178648973	Consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity	33
7178650553	Conventional	Following certain conventions, or traditional techniques of writing. An over reliance on conventions may result in a lack of originality.	34
7178656235	Cumulative	Sentence which begins with the main idea and then expands on that idea with a series of details or other particulars	35
7178660104	Deduction	A form of reasoning that begins with a generalization, then applies the generalization to a specific case or cases	36
7178664991	Diction	Word choice, particularly as an element of style. Different types and arrangements of words have significant effects on meaning.	37
7178669315	Didactic	A term used to describe fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model or correct behavior or thinking	38
7178673111	Digression	A temporary departure from the main subject in speaking or writing	39
7178674435	Dramatic Irony	When the reader is aware of an inconsistency between fictional or nonfictional character's perception of a situation and the truth of the situation	40
7178678908	Elegy	A formal sustained poem lamenting the death of a particular person	41
7178683924	Elliptical	Sentence structure which leaves out something in the second half. Usually, there is a subject-verb-object combination in the first half of the sentence, and the second half of the sentence will repeat the structure but omit the verb and use a comma to indicate the ellipses material	42
7178696645	Emotional Appeal	When a writer appeals to an audience's emotion (often through "pathos") to excite and involve them in the argument	43
7178700743	Ennui	A persistent feeling of tiredness or weariness which often afflicts existential man, often manifesting as boredom	44
7178703031	Enthymeme	A syllogism in which one of the premises--often the major premise--is unstated, but meant to be understood, e.g., "Children should be seen and not heard. Be quiet, John." Here, the minor premise--that John is a child--is left to the ingenuity of the reader	45
7178709112	Epigraph	A quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of a theme. One found at the beginning of John Kennedy Toole's Confederacy of Dunces. "When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign; that all the dunces are in a confederacy against him." --Jonathon Swift	46
7178715765	Epiphany	A major character's moment or realization or awareness	47
7178716626	Epithet	A term used to characterize a person or thing, such as rosy-fingered in rosy-fingered dawn or the Great in Catherine the Great. Also a term used as a descriptive substitute for the name or title or a person, such as The Great Emancipator for Abraham Lincoln	48
7178722002	Ethical Appeal	When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence	49
7178724937	Euphemism	The use of a word or phrase that is less direct, but is also considered less distasteful or less offensive than another. E.g. "He is at rest" instead of "He is dead." Also considered "Technicolor yawn" for "vomiting."	50
7178729990	Example	An individual instance taken to be representative of a general pattern.	51
7178957933	Explication	The act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. Usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language	52
7178960148	Exposition	Background information provided by a writer to enhance a reader's understanding of the context of a fictional or nonfictional story	53
7178963995	False Analogy	When two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them	54
7178967807	Farce	A type of comedy in which one-dimensional characters are put into ludicrous situations; ordinary standards of probability and motivation are freely violated in order to evoke laughter	55
7178971467	Fiction	A product of a writer's imagination, usually made up of characters, plot, setting, point of view, and theme	56
7178972725	Figurative Language	A word or words that are inaccurate literally, but describe by calling to mind sensations or responses that the thing described evokes.	57
7178977218	Figure of Speech	A form of expression in which words are used out of the usual sense in order to make the meaning more specific	58
7178979070	Flat Character	A character constructed around a single idea or quality	59
7178982689	Foil	A character whose traits are the opposite of another and who thus points up the strengths and weaknesses of the other character	60
7178986370	Freight-train	Sentence consisting of three or more very short independent clauses joined by conjunctions	61
7178990865	Generalization	When a writer bases a claim upon an isolated example or asserts that a claim is certain rather than probable. Sweeping ____ occur when a writer asserts that a claim applies to all instances instead of one	62
7178993965	Genre	French, a literary form or type; classification. E.g. tragedy, comedy, novel, essay, poetry	63
7178995079	Hubris	Overwhelming pride or insolence that results in the misfortune of the protagonist of a tragedy. It is the particular form of tragic flaw that results from excessive pride, ambition, or overconfidence. The excessive pride Macbeth is a standard example of hubris in English drama.	64
7179005642	Hyperbole	Conscious exaggeration used to heighten effect. Not intended literally and is often humorous. Example: "And fired the shot heard round the world"	65
7179008079	Image	A word or group of words, either figurative or literal, used to describe a sensory experience or an object perceived by the senses. It is always a concrete representation	66
7179012286	Imagery	The use of images, especially in a pattern of related images, often figurative, to create a strong unified sensory impression	67
7179018206	Induction	A form or reasoning which works from a body of facts to the formulation of a generalization frequently used in science and history	68
7179021700	Inversion	Variation of the normal word order (subject first, then verb, then complement) which puts a modifier or the verb as first in the sentence. The element that appears first is emphasized more than the subject	69
7179026001	Irony	When a reader is aware of a reality that differs from a character's perception of reality (dramatic irony)/ The literal meaning of a writer's words may be verbal irony. Generally speaking, a discrepancy between expectation and reality	70
7179040036	Litotes	Opposite of hyperbole; intensifies an idea understatement by stating through the opposite. E.g. saying "It wasn't my best day" instead of "It was my worst day"	71
7179042397	Logical Appeal	Relies on the audience's logical faculties; moves from evidence to conclusion	72
7179044459	Metaphor	A comparison of two things, often unrelated. A figurative verbal equation results where both "parts" illuminate one another. They may occur: in a single sentence--"Talent is a cistern; genius is a fountain;" as controlling image of an entire work--"Pilgrim at sea by Par. F. Lagerkvist; as obvious ("His fist was a knotty hammer.") or implied (But O beware the middle mind that purrs and never shows a tooth.")	73
7179054821	Dead Metaphor	So overused that its original impact has been lost	74
7179055464	Extended Metaphor	One developed at length and involves several points of comparison	75
7179056597	Mixed Metaphor	When two metaphors are jumbled together, often illogically	76
7179057346	Metonymy	Designation of one thing with something closely associated with it. E.g. calling the head of a committee a CHAIR, the king the CROWN, a newspaper the PRESS, or old people the GRAY HAIRS	77
7179060956	Mood	An atmosphere created by a writer's word choice (diction) and the details selected. Syntax is also a determining factor because of sentence strength, length, and complexity affecting pacing	78
7179063705	Moral	The lesson drawn from a fictional or nonfictional story. A heavily didactic story	79
7179064726	Motif	A frequently recurrent character, incident, or concept in literature	80
7179065955	Negative-Positive	Sentence that begins by stating what is not true, but ending by stating what is true	81
7179067585	Non-sequiter	Latin for "it does not follow." When one comment isn't logically related to another	82
7179069238	Novel	An extended Piece of prose fiction	83
7179071593	Sociological novel	Emphasizes the influence of economic and social conditions on characters and events and often embodies an implicit thesis for social reform	84
7179071594	Historical Novel	Takes its setting and a number of its characters and events from history	85
7179072060	Regional Novel	Emphasizes setting and mores of a particular locality as these affect character and action (local color); e.g. Confederacy of Dunces by John Kennedy Toole	86
7179072588	Epistolary Novel	Tells narrative through letters (beginning of Frankenstein by Mary Shelly)	87
7179073725	Onomatopoeia	The use of a word whose pronunciation suggests its its meaning. "Buzz," "hiss," "slam," and "pop" are commonly used examples	88
7179075834	Oxymoron	A rhetorical antithesis. Juxtaposing two contradictory terms, like "wise fool" or "deafening silence"	89
7179078727	Parable	A short story from which a lesson may be drawn	90
7179082126	Paradox	A seemingly contradictory statement or situation which is actually true. This rhetorical device is often used for emphasis or simple to attract attention	91
7180833863	Parallelism	Sentence construction which places in close proximity two or more equal grammatical constructions.	92
7180845749	Parody	An exaggerated imitation of usually more serious work for humorous purposes. The writer of a one uses the quirks of style of the imitated piece in extreme or ridiculous ways	93
7180851906	Pathos	Qualities of a fictional or nonfictional work that evoke sorrow or pity. Over-emotionalism can be the result of an excess of pathos	94
7180853943	Periodic Sentence	A sentence that places the main idea or central complete thought at the end of the sentence, after all introductory elements--e.g. "Across the stream, beyond the clearing, from behind a fallen a tree, the lion emerged."	95
7180862067	Peripety	Reversal in the hero's fortunes	96
7180862603	Persona	A writer often adopts a fictional voice to tell a story. It is usually determined by a combination of subject matter and audience	97
7180865093	Personification	Figurative Language in which inanimate objects, animals, ideas, or abstractions are endowed with human traits or human form--e.g. "When Duty whispers..."	98
7180868238	Plot	System of actions represented in a dramatic narrative work	99
7180869659	Point of View	The perspective from which a fictional or nonfictional story is told.	100
7180872992	Polysyndeton	A sentence which uses and or another conjunction, with no commas, to separate the items in a series, usually appearing in the form X and Y and Z, stressing equally each member of the series. It makes the sentence slower and the items more emphatic than in the asyndeton	101
7180877864	Post hoc Fallacy	Latin for "after this, therefore because of this." When a writer implies that because one thing follows another, the first caused the second. Establishes an unjustified link between cause and effect	102
7180880775	Protagonist	Chief character in a dramatic or narrative work, usually trying to accomplish some objective or working toward some goal	103
7180884096	Pun	A play on words that are identical or similar in sound but have sharply diverse meanings	104
7180887738	Red Herrings	Device through which a writer raises an irrelevant issue to draw attention away from the real issue	105
7180889449	Refutation	Occurs when a writer musters relevant opposing arguments	106
7180891664	Repetition	Word or phrase used two or more times in close proximity	107
7180894721	Rhetoric	The art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse. Focuses on the interrelationship of invention, arrangement, and style in order to create felicitous and appropriate discourse	108
7180900933	Rhetorical Criticism	Emphasizes communication between the author and reader. Analyzes the elements employed in a literary work to impose on the reader the author's view of the meaning, both denotative and connotative, of the work	109
7180906311	Rhetorical Question	A question asked for rhetorical effect to emphasize a point; no answer is expected	110
7180907423	Round Character	A character drawn with sufficient complexity to be able to surprise the reader without losing credibility	111
7180908674	Satire	A work that reveals a critical attitude toward some element of human behavior by portraying it in an extreme way. It doesn't simply abuse (as with invective) or get personal (as with sarcasm). It usually targets groups or large concepts rather than individuals; its purpose is customarily to inspire change	112
7180916875	Sarcasm	A type of verbal irony in which, under the guise of praise, a caustic and bitter expression of strong and personal disapproval is given. It is personal, jeering, and intended to hurt	113
7180922704	Setting	Locale and period in which the action takes place	114
7180924583	Simile	A figurative comparison of two things, often dissimilar, using the connecting words: "like," "as," or "then." E.g. "More rapid than eagles his coursers they came."	115
7180932640	Situational Irony	Applies to works which contain elaborate expressions of the ironic spirit. Also, irony applies to both Hamlet's situation and to his famous soliloquy, "To be or not to be."	116
7180935906	Soliloquy	When a character in a play speaks his thoughts aloud --usually by him or herself	117
7180936647	Stock Character	Conventional character types that recur repeatedly in various literary genres. E.g. the wicked stepmother or Prince Charming or the rascal	118
7180939548	Stream of Consciousness	Technique of writing that undertakes to reproduce the raw flow of consciousness, with the perception, thoughts, judgments, feelings, associations, and memories presented just as they occur without being tidied into grammatical sentences or given logical and narrative order	119
7180943410	Style	The choices in diction, tone, and syntax that a writer makes. In combination, they create a work's manner of expression. It is thought to be conscious and unconscious and may be altered to suit specific occasions. It is often habitual and evolves over time	120
7180949019	Syllogism	A form of reasoning in which two statements or premises are made and a logical conclusion is drawn from them (a form of deductive reasoning)	121
7180951378	Symbol	A thing, event, or person that represents or stands for some idea or event. They also simultaneously retain their own literal meanings. A figure of speech in which a concrete object is used to stand for an abstract idea --e.g. the cross for Christianity	122
7180954159	Synecdoche	Part of something is used to stand for the whole --e.g. "threads" for clothes; "wheels" for cars	123
7180955885	Syntax	In grammar, the arrangement of words as elements in a sentence to show their relationship	124
7180957347	Theme	A central idea of a work of fiction or nonfiction revealed and developed in the course of a story or explored through argument	125
7180961394	Tone	A writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization of the sentence and global levels	126
7180963717	Tragedy	Representation of serious actions which turn out disastrously	127
7180964944	Tragic Flaw	Tragic error in judgment; a mistaken act which changes the fortune of the tragic hero from happiness to misery; also know as hamartia	128
7180968157	Understatement	Deliberately representing something as much less than it really is --e.g. "Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her appearance." --Jonathan Swift	129
7180972576	Unity	A work of fiction or nonfiction is said to be unified is all the parts are related to one central idea or organizing principle. Thus, it is dependent upon coherence	130
7180974436	Verbal Irony	When the reader is aware of a discrepancy between the real meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the writer's words	131
7180976050	Zeugma	The writer uses one word to govern several successive words or clauses --e.g. She discovered New York and her world	132

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AP World History AMSCO Chapter 6 vocab Flashcards

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10683318137	City-state	Each one ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory.	0
10683318138	Tribute	Payments from the conquered to the conqueror.	1
10683318139	Moche	One of the most significant civilizations to develop in the Andes.	2
10683318140	Huaca del Sol	(Temple of the Sun) A stepped pyramid.	3
10683318141	Huaca de la Luna	(Temple of the Moon) A terraced platform.	4
10683318142	Ayllus	Small communities based on the idea of communal work.	5
10683318143	Mesoamerica	Central America and what is now Mexico.	6
10683318144	Olmec	A foundational civilization in Mesoamerica that heavily influenced two later groups, the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.	7
10683318145	Teotihuacan	Founded around 150 B.C.E. not far from where Mexico City is today.	8
10683318146	Maya	Terraced fields to limit erosion of the land that they had cleared on hillsides.	9
10683318147	Mayan	A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E..	10
10683318148	Mother civilization	Another name for the Olmec's.	11
10683318149	Hieroglyphics	An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds.	12
10683318150	Classic Period	250-900 C.E.	13
10683318151	Caracol	An observatory, built around 1000 C.E. by the Maya.	14
10683318152	Chichen Itza	A city where the Caracol is located.	15
10683318153	Obsidian	Hard glass rock.	16
10683318154	Slash-and-burn agriculture	A farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land.	17

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AP Psych: Module 9 Flashcards

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15303300307	biological psychology	the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes	0
15303300308	neuron	a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system	1
15303300309	dendrites	a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body	2
15303300310	axon	the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands	3
15303300311	myelin sheath	a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons	4
15303300312	action potential	a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon	5
15303300313	refractory period	a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired	6
15303300314	synapse	the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron	7
15303300315	neurotransmitters	chemical messages that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons	8
15303300316	reuptake	a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron	9
15303300317	endorphins	"morphine within" - natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to please	10
15303300318	agonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response	11
15303300319	antagonist	a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response	12
15303300320	nervous system	the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system	13
15303300321	central nervous system	the brain and spinal cord	14
15303300322	peripheral nervous system	the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body; consists of all your other nerves, ones not encased in bone	15
15303300323	nerves	bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs	16
15303300324	sensory (afferent) neurons	neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord	17
15303300325	motor (efferent) neurons	neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cold to the muscles and glands	18
15303300326	interneurons	neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs	19
15303300327	somatic nervous system	the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muslces	20
15303300328	automatic nervous system	the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs	21
15303300329	sympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations	22
15303300330	parasympathetic nervous system	the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy	23
15303300331	reflex	a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response	24
15303300332	endocrine system	a body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream	25
15303300333	hormones	chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues	26
15303300334	adrenal glands	a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress	27
15303300335	pituitary gland	the endocrine system's most influential gland; under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands	28
15303300336	lesion	tissue destraction	29
15303300337	electroencephalogram (EEG)	an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brains surface	30
15303300338	computed tomography (CT) scan	a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice of the brain's structure	31
15303300339	positron emission tomography scan	a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task	32
15303300340	magnetic resonance imaging	a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated image of soft tissue, brain anatomy	33
15303300341	fMRI (functional MRI)	a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans, brain function	34
15303300342	brainstem	the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull, the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions	35
15303300343	medulla	the base of the brainstem; controls heart beat and breathing	36
15303300344	thalamus	the brain's sensory control center, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla	37
15303300345	cerebellum	the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory	38
15303300346	limbic system	neural system located below the cerebral hemisphere; associated with emotions and drives	39
15303300347	amygdala	two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked with emotion	40
15303300348	hypothalamus	a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward	41
15303300349	cerebral cortex	the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemisphere; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center	42
15303300350	glial cells (glia)	cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking	43
15303300351	frontal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscles movements and in making plans and judgements	44
15303300352	parietal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and towards the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position	45
15303300353	occipital lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields	46
15303300354	temporal lobes	portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the authority areas, each receiving information primarily from the opposite ear	47
15303300355	motor cortex	an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements	48
15303300356	somatosensory cortex	area of the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations	49
15303300357	association areas	areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking	50
15303300358	plasicity	the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience	51
15303300359	neurogenesis	the formation of new neurons	52
15303300360	behavior genetics	the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior	53
15303300361	environment	every external influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things arounds us	54
15303300362	chromosomes	threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain genes	55
15303300363	DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)	a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes	56
15303300364	genes	the biochemical unites of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins	57
15303300365	genome	the complete instructions of making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes	58
15303300366	molecular genetics	that subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes	59
15303300367	heritability	the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes	60
15303300368	interaction	the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor depends on another (environment, heredity)	61
15303300369	epigenetics	the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change	62

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AP Language Flashcards

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12545434759	Argumentative Writing	Requires that the writer make a particular claim about an issue and support that claim with evidence.	0
12545457796	analytical writing	breaks a large idea into parts to help the reader see how they work together as a whole	1
12545479773	expository writing	writing that explains or informs	2
12545491710	narrative writing	writing that tells a story	3
12545556328	expository- process essay	Used to explain the steps or stages in processes or procedures. Organized chronologically or in order of time.	4
12545690728	expository- comparison/contrast essay	used to either compare or contrast or to both compare and contrast two (or more) things. Writers can emphasize the similarities and differences of the things they are comparing and contrasting.	5
12545840149	expository- Classification Essay	used to group items according to their similarities and differences. Involves more than just making a list of items.	6
12545878344	expository- Definition Essay	used to explain a commonly used term or concept that is not easy to define. It may be that the term is complicated or that it means different things o different people.	7
12545946741	expository- Problem/Solution Essay	used to provide readers with a detailed analysis of a subject-from of a subject- from a clear statement of the problem to a full discussion of possible solutions. It is important to examine your subject from a number of different angles before proposing any solutions.	8
12546168158	expository- Exemplification Essay	Used to order the importance of topics.	9
12546185012	informal diction	More relaxed and casual language. Used on a daily basis.	10
12546199060	Formal Diction	Language that is sophisticated and often technical in nature.	11
12546211047	abstract diction	Describing things that cannot be perceived by the five senses.	12
12546223528	concrete diction	Specific or concrete ideas or description of something.	13
12546241075	Connotation/Diction	Word choice an author uses that goes beyond the literal meaning and has a new, implied meaning based on context or tone.	14
12546250115	Denotation Diction	The dictionary definition of a word	15
12546258336	dialect diction	a unique language, pronunciation or spelling of words (Huck from Huck Finn)	16
12546274664	Pedantic Diction	Very detailed and precise language in order to present to others a more formal, educated view of themselves. In other words language used to impress someone.	17
12546319052	Pedestrian Diction	Talking down to someone or language that is dull and uninspiring.	18
12546337484	Neutral Diction	Geared towards the general population and no specialized language.	19
12546352624	Jargon Diction	Specialized terms, phrases and words that are not understood by others. These are normally specific careers or professions.	20
12546386583	Colloquial Diction	Everyday words and phrases that are unique to the local community, but not understood by everyone.	21
12546401318	Slang Diction	Words or phrases that may have meant something different in the past or had no meaning before a specific time. Very informal way of speaking.	22
12546435700	Syntax- Imperative Sentence	Sentences that are a command.	23
12546438779	Syntax- Interrogative	Sentences that are a question	24
12546447239	Syntax- Exclamatory	Sentences that are an exclamation.	25
12546451901	Syntax- Declarative	Sentences that state something or a fact.	26
12546458760	Syntax	Sentence structure	27
12546461369	Diction	word choice	28
12546466530	Syntax- Staccato	Sentences that are 1-3 words. Used to create emphasis to the chosen words.	29
12546473572	Syntax- Telegraphic	Sentences that are 3-5 words . Used for simple phrases, normally a given command.	30
12546492028	Syntax- Short	Sentences that are 5-15 words. Most commonly used in everyday life.	31
12546506457	Syntax- Medium	Sentences that are 15-25 words. More descriptive language used.	32
12561651076	Syntax- Long	Sentence 25 or more words. More descriptive language used.	33
12561670004	Syntax- Simple	One independent clause.	34
12561684780	Syntax- Compound	Two independent clauses; these are separated by a semi-colon.	35
12561702091	Syntax- Complex	One independent clause and one dependent clause; these are separated by a comma.	36
12561713867	syntax- compound-complex	Two independent clauses and one dependent clause; these are separated by semi-colon and comma.	37
12561769044	independent clause	expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.	38
12561773709	dependent clause	does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence	39
12561784050	phrase	a group of words	40
12561790821	prepositional phrase	A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun.	41
12561800923	adjective phrase	a prepositional phrase used as an adjective	42
12561810041	adverb phrase	a prepositional phrase used as an adverb	43
12561823380	Appositive	A noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning	44
12561843760	Participle	A verb form that can be used as an adjective	45
12561846925	participle phrase	phrase that includes the participle, its modifier, and its objects;	46
12561894726	Gerund	verb ending in -ing	47
12561910260	gerund phrase	Consists of a gerund and any modifiers or complements the gerund has. The entire phrase is used as a noun.	48
12562067970	Argument Format	Includes an intro with a thesis (thesis should address the other side as well as your points as to why the writer chose a certain side), narration (body paragraph 1)- provides background info on the topic and how the argument arose, confirmation (body paragraph 2)- standard body in which the author supports the claim(s) given in the thesis, refutation/concession (body 3)- addresses the other side of the argument and why it is incorrect or flawed, and conclusion.	49
12562187053	ad hominem	In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."	50
12562199964	Ad ignorantiam	Arguing that a claim is true just because it has not been shown to be false.	51
12562206916	ad populum	Bandwagon argument	52
12562220298	Argument from Authority	argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is	53
12562228959	Hasy Generalization	drawing conclusions based on insufficient or unrepresentative evidence	54
12562256335	Slippery Slope	A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented	55
12562269769	Straw Man	when a person ignores one actual position and presents another exaggerated form.	56
12562288639	False Dichotomy	only presenting two options when there are more.	57
12562296181	Red Herring	ignores the question being asked.	58
12562310738	begging the question	Also known as circular reasoning, when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	59
12562348608	figurative language	writing or speech that is not meant to be taken literally	60
12562356330	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. Does not use like or as.	61
12562360677	Simile	A comparison of two unlike things using like or as	62
12562367646	Onomatopoeia	A word that imitates the sound it represents.	63
12562370806	Personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	64
12562378560	Oxymoron	A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. Jumbo Shrimp!	65
12562387563	Hyperbole	extreme exaggeration	66
12562390351	Allusion	A reference to a well-known person, place, event, literary work, or work of art	67
12562394505	Idiom	an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up	68
12562432009	Symbolism	the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities	69
12562434755	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	70
12562437904	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	71
12562444008	Consonance	Repetition of consonant sounds	72
12562448099	Metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant	73
12562457824	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).	74
12562487370	Irony	the expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect.	75
12562494180	Sarcasm	harsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule. Means to "tear flesh" or "grind the teeth."	76
12562506355	Litotes	A form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying its opposite	77
12577770677	Anaphora	the deliberate repetition of the first part of the sentence in order to achieve an artistic effect.	78
12577878149	tautology	the repetitive use of phrases or words have similar meaning. It is expressing the same thing, an idea, or saying, two or more times.	79
12577903574	Imagery	Description that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)	80
12577907209	figurative language	Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.	81
12577938607	Satire	The use of humor, iron	82

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