AP Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards
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| 15225344304 | plasma membrane | seperates the living cell from its surroundings. Contros traffic in and out of the cell. Is selectively permeable. |  | 0 |
| 15225344305 | selectively permeable | allows some substances to cross more easily than others. | 1 | |
| 15225344306 | phospholipids | most abundant lipids |  | 2 |
| 15225344307 | lipids and proteins | main macromolecules in membranes |  | 3 |
| 15225344308 | amphipatic molecules | have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |  | 4 |
| 15225344309 | fluid mosaic model | The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in biological membranes is described by the... |  | 5 |
| 15225344310 | freeze-fracture | preparation technique that splits a membrane along the middle of the phospholipid bilayer |  | 6 |
| 15225344311 | transmembrane proteins | the integral protein completely spans the membrane as... |  | 7 |
| 15225344312 | integral proteins | proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer |  | 8 |
| 15225344313 | peripheral proteins | proteins that are not embedded in the lipid bilayer |  | 9 |
| 15225344314 | cell-cell recognition | the ability of a cell to disitnguish one type of neighboring cell from another. |  | 10 |
| 15225344315 | supramolecular structure | many molecules ordered into a higher level of organization with emergent properties than those of the individual molecules. | 11 | |
| 15225344316 | transport proteins | proteins that span the membrane. |  | 12 |
| 15225344317 | channel proteins | transport proteins that have a hydrophilic channel that certain molecules or ions use as a tunnel though the membrane. |  | 13 |
| 15225344318 | aquaporins | channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water |  | 14 |
| 15225344319 | carrier proteins | transport proteins that bind to molecules and change shape to shuttle them across the membrane. |  | 15 |
| 15225344320 | diffusion | movement of molecules of any substance to spread out in available space |  | 16 |
| 15225344321 | concentration gradient | the region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |  | 17 |
| 15225344322 | passive transport | transport that requires no energy from the cell to make it happen |  | 18 |
| 15225344323 | osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |  | 19 |
| 15225344324 | tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water. |  | 20 |
| 15225344325 | isotonic (animal cell) | if a cell with no cell wall is immersed in an enviroment where there is no net movement of water across the plasma membrane. Stays the same. |  | 21 |
| 15225344326 | hypertonic (animal cell) | when the cell is immersed in a solution where it loses water to its environment, shrivels and probably dies. |  | 22 |
| 15225344327 | hypotonic (animal cell) | when a cell is immersed in a solution, water enters the cell faster than it leaves, it swells and lyses (explodes) like an overfilled water balloon. |  | 23 |
| 15225344328 | osmoregulation | the control of water balance |  | 24 |
| 15225344329 | Paramecium | is a protist that is hypertonic to the pond water in which it lives. |  | 25 |
| 15225344330 | turgid | when the plant cell is very firm, which is a healthy state for most plant cells. |  | 26 |
| 15225344331 | hypotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a __________ solution the cell contents swell due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts turgor pressure on the cell that opposes further water outake. |  | 27 |
| 15225344332 | isotonic (plant cell) | when a plant cell is immersed in a _______ solution; there is no net movement. The cell becomes flaccid and the plant may wilt. |  | 28 |
| 15225344333 | flaccid | limp, not firm or strong (If a plant is not watered enough, its leaves become droopy and flaccid.) | | 29 |
| 15225344334 | hypertonic (plant cells) | the plant cell loses water, its volume shrinks. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall, this is plasmolysis. It is lethal to the cell. |  | 30 |
| 15225344335 | plasmolysis | This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. The plasma membrane pulls away from the wall. |  | 31 |
| 15225344336 | facilitated diffusion | the passive movement of molecules down their concentration gradient with the help of transport proteins. |  | 32 |
| 15225344337 | ion channels (gated channels) | Channels that open or close depending on the presence or abscence of an electrical, chemical, or physical stimulus. |  | 33 |
| 15225344338 | cystinuria | human disease characterized by the absence of a carrier protein that transports cysteine and other amino acids across the membranes of kidney cells. | 34 | |
| 15225344339 | active transport | transport that requires the cell to expend metabolic energy and enables a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules. Requires energy. |  | 35 |
| 15225344340 | ATP | supplies energy for most active transport |  | 36 |
| 15225344341 | sodium-potassium pump | transport protein that, translocating the bound solute across the membrane. Exchanges sodium ions (Na) for potassium ions (K) across the plasma membrane of animal cells. |  | 37 |
| 15225344342 | membrane potential | voltage across a membrane. Ranges form -50 to -200 millivolts. The inside of the cell is negative to the outside. | 38 | |
| 15225344343 | electrochemical gradient | 2 combined forces drive the diffusion of ions across the membrane. |  | 39 |
| 15225344344 | electrogenic pumps | special transport proteins that generate the voltage gradient across a membrane. Ex. sodium potassium pump and proton pumps. |  | 40 |
| 15225344345 | sodium-potassium pump | major electrogenic pump in animals. Restores the electrochemical gradient by setting up a concentration gradient. It pumps 2 K ions for every 3 Na ions that it moves out, it generates a voltage. |  | 41 |
| 15225344346 | proton pumps | the major electrogenic pump. Transports protons out of the cell and transfers positive charge form the cytoplasm to the extracellular solution. | | 42 |
| 15225344347 | cotransport | single ATP-powered pump that transports a specific solute can indirectly drive the active transport of several other solutes in a mechanism. |  | 43 |
| 15225344348 | exocytosis | transport vesicle budded from the Golgi apparatus is moved by the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. When the 2 membranes come in contact, the bilayers fuse spill the contents. |  | 44 |
| 15225344349 | endocytosis | a cell brings in biological molecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane. 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis. |  | 45 |
| 15225344350 | phagocytosis | a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole. The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle. |  | 46 |
| 15225344351 | pinocytosis | molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is "gulped" into tiny vesicles. |  | 47 |
| 15225344352 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | endocytosis that enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific materials that may be in low concentrations in the environment. |  | 48 |
| 15225344353 | lipoproteins | complexes of proteins and lipids. Cholesterol travels in low density _______ |  | 49 |
| 15225344354 | ligands | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. |  | 50 |
| 15225344355 | dialysis | movement of particles in a solution through permeable membranes. The diffusion of small solutes through a selectively permeable membrane. |  | 51 |
AP Microeconomics Chapter 8 Flashcards
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| 12190476339 | Production Function | The relationship between the quantity of inputs a firm uses and the quantity of outputs it produces |  | 0 |
| 12190476340 | Fixed Input | An input whose quantity is fixed and cannot be varied Connection: An example of a fixed input on a farm is land. | 1 | |
| 12190476341 | Variable Input | An input whose quantity the firm can vary Connection: The ink at a printing press. | 2 | |
| 12190476342 | Long Run | The time period in which all inputs can be varied Connection: Everything can change in the long run. | 3 | |
| 12190476343 | Short Run | The time period in which at least one input is fixed Connection: There is not enough time to change some inputs during the short run. | 4 | |
| 12190476344 | Total Product Curve | Shows how the quantity of output depends on the quantity of the variable input, for a given quantity of the fixed input Connection: The total product curve is upward sloping but begins to flatten out as output increases, indicating diminishing returns to an input. | 5 | |
| 12190476345 | Marginal Product | The additional quantity of output that is produced by using one more unit of that input Connection: One more worker yields 6 more shirts, which is the marginal product. | 6 | |
| 12190476346 | Diminishing Returns to an Input | When an increase in the quantity of that input, holding the levels of all other inputs fixed, leads to a decline in the marginal product of that input Connection: If you have too many workers, you may experience diminishing returns. | 7 | |
| 12190476347 | Fixed Cost | A cost that does not depend on the quantity of output produced; it is the cost of the fixed input Connection: The cost of the land on a farm, being a fixed input, would be the fixed cost. So, if the land is $400, the fixed cost is $400. | 8 | |
| 12190476348 | Variable Cost | A cost that depends on the quantity of output produced; the cost of the variable input Connection: Labor is a variable cost because you can hire/fire workers. | 9 | |
| 12190476349 | Total Cost | Total cost of producing a given quantity of output is the sum of the fixed cost and the variable cost of producing that quantity of output Connection: If land on a farm is $800 and labor is $200 per worker with three workers, the total cost would be $1400. | 10 | |
| 12190476350 | Total Cost Curve | Shows how total cost depends on the quantity of output |  | 11 |
| 12190476351 | Marginal Cost | The cost of each additional unit Connection: Pens have a low marginal cost since the inputs are cheap. | 12 | |
| 12190476352 | Average Total Cost | Often referred to as simply average cost, total cost divided by the quantity of output produced |  | 13 |
| 12190476353 | Average Cost | Synonym of Average Total Cost |  | 14 |
| 12190476354 | U-Shaped Average Total Cost Curve | Falls at low levels of output then rises at higher levels Connection: Long run average total cost declines as output increases (economies of scale) and then begins to increase (diseconomies of scale). | 15 | |
| 12190476355 | Average Fixed Cost | The fixed cost per unit of output Connection: falls as more output is produced as the numerator is fixed but the denominator increases. | 16 | |
| 12190476356 | Average Variable Cost | The variable cost per unit of output |  | 17 |
| 12190476357 | Minimum-Cost Output | The quantity of output at which average total cost is lowest - the bottom of the U-Shaped Average Total Cost Curve Connection: At this point, ATC= MC |  | 18 |
| 12190476358 | Long Run Average Total Cost Curve | Shows the relationship between output and average total cost when fixed cost has been chosen to minimize average total cost for each level of output Connection: U-Shaped curve. | 19 | |
| 12190476359 | Economies of Scale | When long run average total cost declines as output increases Connection: Ryan's hats experiences economies of scale from boot output 0-8 - the output levels over which the long run average total cost curve is declining. | 20 | |
| 12190476360 | Diseconomies of Scale | When long run average total cost increases as output increases Connection: Ryan's hats Boots experiences diseconomies of scale from boot output of 8 or more, the output levels over which its long run average total cost curve is rising. | 21 | |
| 12190476361 | Constant Returns to Scale | When long run average total cost is constant as output increases Connection: The firm's long run average total cost curve is horizontal over the output levels for which there are constant returns to scale. | 22 |
Pre AP World History Vocabulary Unit 2 Flashcards
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| 8256886513 | Diaspora | The dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel | 0 | |
| 8256899887 | Reincarnation | The rebirth of a soul in a new body | 1 | |
| 8257017625 | Caste System/varnas | A class structure that is determined by birth | 2 | |
| 8257017626 | Monotheism | belief in only 1 god | 3 | |
| 8257020498 | polytheism | belief in more than 1 god | 4 | |
| 8257020499 | missionary | a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to promote Christianity in a foreign country | 5 | |
| 8257020500 | filial piety | a virtue of respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors | 6 | |
| 8257020501 | monasticism | a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work | 7 | |
| 8257028147 | shamanism | a religion practiced by indigenous peoples of far northern Europe and Siberia that is characterized by belief in an unseen world of gods, demons, and ancestral spirits responsive only to the shamans | 8 | |
| 8257028148 | animism | the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe | 9 | |
| 8257028149 | ancestor veneration | the custom of venerating deceased ancestors who are considered still a part of the family and whose spirits are believed to have the power to intervene in the affairs of the living | 10 | |
| 8257028150 | shi huangdi | the first emperor of a unified China | 11 | |
| 8257028151 | zhou dynasty | a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang dynasty and preceded the Qin dynasty | 12 | |
| 8257028152 | qin dynasty | the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC | 13 | |
| 8257032443 | han dynasty | the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period | 14 | |
| 8257044036 | great wall | a series of fortifications made of stone, brick, tamped earth, wood, and other materials, generally built along an east-to-west line across the historical northern borders of China to protect the Chinese states and empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe | 15 | |
| 8257044037 | muarya | a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power founded by Chandragupta Maurya which dominated ancient India between 322 BCE and 187 BCE | 16 | |
| 8257044038 | gupta | an ancient Indian empire founded by Sri Gupta. The empire existed at its zenith from approximately 315 to 551 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent | 17 | |
| 8257044039 | ashoka | an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE | 18 | |
| 8257047051 | rome | Rome is the capital of Italy and a special comune Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region | 19 | |
| 8257047052 | currency | refers to money in any form when in actual use or circulation as a medium of exchange, especially circulating banknotes and coins | 20 | |
| 8257047053 | bureaucracy | a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives | 21 | |
| 8257047054 | forification | a defensive wall or other reinforcement built to strengthen a place against attack | 22 | |
| 8257049752 | hellenism | the national character or culture of Greece, especially ancient Greece | 23 | |
| 8257049753 | corvee labor | unpaid labor (as toward constructing roads) due from a feudal vassal to his lord. | 24 | |
| 8257049754 | chattel slavery | the kind of slavery that existed in the United States before the Civil War | 25 | |
| 8257049755 | tribute | an act, statement, or gift that is intended to show gratitude, respect, or admiration. | 26 | |
| 8257049756 | silk road | an ancient network of trade routes that were for centuries central to cultural interaction originally through regions of Eurasia connecting the East and West and stretching from the Korean peninsula and Japan to the Mediterranean Sea. | 27 | |
| 8257049757 | trans-saharan trade route | requires travel across the Sahara (north and south) to reach sub-Saharan Africa from the North African coast | 28 | |
| 8257049758 | Alexander the Great | A ruler of Greece in the fourth century b.c. | 29 | |
| 8257057886 | Julius Caeser | c100-44 b.c, Roman general, statesman, and historian. | 30 | |
| 8257057887 | oligarchy | a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution. | 31 | |
| 8257057888 | democracy | a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives. | 32 | |
| 8257057889 | syncretism | the amalgamation or attempted amalgamation of different religions, cultures, or schools of thought. | 33 | |
| 8257057890 | sanskrit | an ancient Indic language of India, in which the Hindu scriptures and classical Indian epic poems are written and from which many northern Indian languages are derived. | 34 | |
| 8257057891 | stupa | a dome-shaped structure erected as a Buddhist shrine. | 35 | |
| 8257057892 | buddha | a person who has attained full prajna, or enlightenment; Arhat. | 36 | |
| 8257060178 | confucius | a person who believes in the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. | 37 | |
| 8257060179 | jainism | a nontheistic religion founded in India in the 6th century BC by the Jina Vardhamana Mahavira as a reaction against the teachings of orthodox Brahmanism | 38 | |
| 8257060180 | Christianity | the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. | 39 | |
| 8257060182 | Cyrus the Great | the founder of the Achaemenid Empire. | 40 | |
| 8257060183 | Royal road | a way of attaining or reaching something without trouble. | 41 | |
| 8257060184 | Daoism | philosophical system developed by Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events | 42 | |
| 8257062897 | legalism | excessive adherence to law or formula. | 43 | |
| 8257062898 | satraps | a provincial governor in the ancient Persian empire. | 44 | |
| 8257062899 | shamans | a person regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of good and evil spirits, especially among some peoples of northern Asia and North America. | 45 | |
| 8257073308 | Yellow Turban Revolution | a peasant revolt in China against the Eastern Han dynasty. | 46 | |
| 8257062900 | white huns | a race of largely nomadic peoples who were a part of the Hunnic tribes of Central Asia. | 47 |
Flashcards
AP Language Vocabulary Lesson 4 Flashcards
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| 14382415519 | aesthetic | concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty | 0 | |
| 14382415520 | aloof | reserved, distant | 1 | |
| 14382415521 | archaic | antiquated, old, out of use | 2 | |
| 14382415522 | assuage | to make something unpleasant less severe | 3 | |
| 14382415523 | belie | to contradict, to misrepresent, to give a false impression | 4 | |
| 14382415524 | contentious | quarrelsome, inclined to argue | 5 | |
| 14382415525 | duant | to overcome with fear, intimidate, to dishearten, discourage | 6 | |
| 14382415526 | debilitate | to make weak or feeble | 7 | |
| 14382415527 | discord | lack of agreement or harmony | 8 | |
| 14382415528 | dissemination | the act of spreading something, especially information | 9 | |
| 14382415529 | dogmatic | strongly opinionated in an unwarranted manner | 10 | |
| 14382415530 | duplicity | treachery, deceitfulness | 11 | |
| 14382415531 | egocentric | self-centered, selfish | 12 | |
| 14382415532 | euphemism | an indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant | 13 | |
| 14382415533 | gluttonous | greedy for food and drink | 14 | |
| 14382415534 | mundane | ordinary, commonplace, earthly | 15 | |
| 14382415535 | ominous | unfavorable, threatening, of bad omen | 16 | |
| 14382415536 | petulance | unreasonable touchiness or irritability | 17 | |
| 14382415537 | pompous | overly self-important in speech and manner | 18 | |
| 14382415538 | precocious | exceptionally early in development or occurrence | 19 | |
| 14382415539 | slothful | lazy, indolent | 20 | |
| 14382415540 | trivia | insignificant matters | 21 | |
| 14382415541 | verbose | wordy, very talkative | 22 | |
| 14382415542 | virulent | extremely poisonous, hateful | 23 | |
| 14382415543 | volatile | easily changed, lively or explosive | 24 |
AP World History - Strayer - Chapter 10 Flashcards
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| 15237214613 | Jesus Sutras | products of Nestorian Christians in China. It articulates the Christian message using Buddhist and Daoist concepts. |  | 0 |
| 15237214614 | Nubian Christianity | several kingdoms of Nubia Christian church thrived for 600 years. | 1 | |
| 15237214615 | Ethiopian Christianity | conversion of rulers in Axum (highlands of Ethiopia). It was more resilient than other early Christian churches in Africa. | 2 | |
| 15237214616 | Byzantine Empire | surviving Eastern Roman Empire (on the site of new capital: Constantinople). |  | 3 |
| 15237214617 | Constantinople | new capital of eastern half of Roman Empire. It was highly defensible and economically important, and helped assured the cultural and strategic importance of the Byzantine Empire. |  | 4 |
| 15237214618 | Justinian | Byzantine Emperor (527 - 565 CE). He embarked on a short-lived conquest of much of the former Western Roman Empire. |  | 5 |
| 15237214619 | caesaropapism | political and religious system in which the secular ruler is also the head of the religious establishment (Byzantine Empire). | 6 | |
| 15237214620 | Eastern Orthodox Christianity | a branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. | 7 | |
| 15237214621 | icons | holy images venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church. |  | 8 |
| 15237214622 | Kievan Rus | a state that emerged around the city of Kiev (9th century). It is a culturally diverse region with Vikings, Finnic, and Baltic peoples. |  | 9 |
| 15237214623 | Prince Vladmir of Kiev | the Grand Prince of Kiev (978 - 1015 C.E.) He converted to Orthodox Christianity, which led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy. | 10 | |
| 15237214624 | Charlemagne | the ruler of the Carolingian Empire (768 - 814 CE). |  | 11 |
| 15237214625 | Holy Roman Empire | describes the Germanic-based empire founded by Otto I in 962. |  | 12 |
| 15237214626 | Roman Catholic Church | Western European branch of Christianity (separate from the Eastern Orthodox). |  | 13 |
| 15237214627 | Western Christendom | west European branch of Christianity. | 14 | |
| 15237214629 | Crusades | "Ventures of the Cross" meaning the holy wars waged by the Western Christendom (1095 until the end of the Middle Ages). It was declared by the Pope. |  | 15 |
Flashcards
Flashcards
AP Language Set G Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13378469545 | PENSIVE | wistfully thoughtful, usually marked by sadness | 0 | |
| 13378469546 | COLLOQUIAL | appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing | 1 | |
| 13378469547 | COLLUSION | a secret agreement between two parties to appear as adversaries as a way to defraud a third party | 2 | |
| 13378469548 | CLANDESTINE | characterized by or done in secrecy for the purpose of deception | 3 | |
| 13378469549 | SURREPTITIOUS | done by stealth; secret actions | 4 | |
| 13378469550 | PERFUNCTORY | performed merely as a routine; going through the motions only | 5 | |
| 13378469551 | MYOPIC | narrow-minded; lack of foresight | 6 | |
| 13378469552 | COMPLACENT | self-satisfied; pleased without awareness of some potential danger or defect | 7 | |
| 13378469553 | VOLATILE | highly unstable; explosive | 8 | |
| 13378469554 | TOUT | to publicly brag, promote | 9 | |
| 13378469555 | MORASS | a wet swampy bog; figuratively, something that traps and confuses | 10 | |
| 13378469556 | OBTUSE | lacking sharpness of intellect | 11 | |
| 13378469557 | PALPABLE | capable of being touched or felt | 12 | |
| 13378469558 | PANACEA | a remedy for all ills; cure-all; an answer to all problems | 13 | |
| 13378469559 | PRISTINE | untouched; original purity | 14 | |
| 13378469560 | MALLEABLE | capable of being changed; easily shaped | 15 | |
| 13378469561 | PARAMOUNT | of chief concern or importance | 16 | |
| 13378469562 | FLIPPANT | lacking proper respect or seriousness | 17 | |
| 13378469563 | PATRONIZE | treat with an apparent kindness that betrays a feeling of superiority | 18 | |
| 13378469564 | DUPLICITOUS | deliberately deceptive | 19 | |
| 13378469565 | SPECIOUS | deceptively attractive; seemingly plausible but fallacious | 20 | |
| 13378469566 | OSTENSIBLE | appearing as such, seemingly | 21 | |
| 13378469567 | TRANSIENT | lasting only a short time, fleeting; one who stays only a short time | 22 | |
| 13378469568 | VERACITY | truthfulness | 23 | |
| 13378469569 | FORTIUITOUS | happening by chance | 24 |
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