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Rhetorical Modes AP Language Flashcards

Approaches to writing the essays for the AP English Language and Composition Exam.

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14691491723Example or illustrationUsing specific examples to illustrate an idea. Tips: 1). Use examples that your reader will identify with and understand 2). Draw examples from "real life," "real" culture, and well-known folklore 3). Make sure examples really do illustrate the main point 4). Introduce examples with transitions0
14691491724ClassificationDividing up whatever is at hand into groups according to certain characteristics. Used to more easily analyze and explain. Tips: 1). Very useful for analyzing or explaining 2). Make sure there is a central idea (thesis) 3). Sort information into a manageable amount of meaningful groups that do not overlap 4). Justify the thesis, not the categories1
14691491725Comparison and contrastFinding the similarities and differences between objects, people, characteristics, and actions. Used to explain, or to argue in favor of one of the two elements. Tips: 1). Find common elements from both A and B 2). Do not write A in one paragraph and B in another 3). Combine common elements into a limited number of groups 4). Do not attempt to justify the groups, only present them2
14691491726AnalogyExplaining things by comparing them with other things. Tips: 1). Use for expository writing, not argumentative writing 2). Use to explain something difficult to understand or that is abstract 3). Make sure the audience will readily understand the "simple" or concrete subject3
14691491727Process analysisExplaining how to do something or how it was done. Tips: 1). Sequence is chronological and usually fixed 2). Make sure the stages are clear by using transitions 3). Make sure the terminology is appropriate for the reader4
14691491728Cause and effectExplaining why things should be or should have been done. Tips: 1). Do not confuse the relating of mere circumstances with a cause-and-effect 2). Turn casual relationships into causes and effects with carefully chosen examples 3). Make sure to carefully address each step in a series of casual relationships5
14691491729DefinitionDefining things in terms everyone would understand. Tips: 1). Keep the reasoning for defining something in mind while writing 2). Define key terms according to what you know of your audience 3). Explain the background (history) when relevant to the definition 4). Define by negation when appropriate6
14691491730DescriptionDescribing things in order to make the essay lively and interesting and hold the reader's interest. Tips: 1). When possible, call on all five senses 2). Place most striking examples at the beginning and end of paragraphs 3). Use concrete nouns and adjectives; nouns should dominate. 4). Employ figures of speech and action verbs when appropriate7
14691491731NarrationA story in which pieces of information are arranged in chronological order. Tips: 1). Structure events in chronological order 2). Make the story complete with a beginning middle and end 3). Provide a realistic setting 4). Establish a clear point of view8
14691491732Induction and deductionUsing specific examples to reach general conclusions, and using generalizations to draw a conclusion about a specific case. Tips: 1). Induction goes from the specific to a generalization 2). Make sure there is sufficient evidence to support the claim 3). Deduction goes from a generalization to the specific 4). Make sure the generalization has sufficient credibility before applying it to specific cases9
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ap Flashcards

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14138481615Why study anatomy & physiology?curiosity about the human body and how it works it is basis for medicine and improving human life0
14138481616What is anatomy?the study of bodily structure location and organization1
14138481617What is physiology?the study of bodily functionality2
14138481618How are anatomy and physiology interconnected?the structure of the human body at all levels of organization allows for its functionality3
14138481619How is the human body organized?from smallest to largest atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems body4
14138481620What types of teamwork exist in the human body?cells work with cells organs work with organs organ systems work with organ systems5
14138481621What is the meaning of human life?to maintain homeostasis (i.e. survive) in order to reproduce6
14138481622What is homeostasis?the minoriting of external and internal conditions and making necessary changes for survival7
14138481623How are external and internal conditions monitored?signals are received by sensors that communicate the message to the brain8
14138481624What are negative feedback loops?mechanisms that regulate homeostasis by returning the body to an ideal state (i.e. reverse change)9
14138481625What are positive feedback loops?mechanisms that regulate homeostasis by telling the body from its normal state (i.e. embrace chance)10
14138481626What are the three major requirements for maintaining homeostasis?food oxygen and water11
14138481627Why is food a requirement for maintaining homeostasis?it provides the necessary nutrients for cells to function the body as a whole to grow and develop12
14138481628Why is oxygen a requirement for maintaining homeostasis?it allows for cells to perform cellular respiration to produce atp which is needed to release energy13
14138481629Why is water a requirement for maintaining homeostasis?it allows for dissolving of substances and setting for metabolism (reactions) within cells/ the body14
14138481630What are the major organs of the nervous system?brain, spinal cord, nerves15
1413848167416
14138481631What are the organs of the nervous system made up of?nervous tissue which primarily made up of neurons (cells)17
14138481632What is the big picture physiology of the nervous system?to control all other body systems and the body as a whole through communication18
14138481633How does the nervous system control the body?electrical and chemical systems allow for the stimulation and inhibition of muscles and glands19
14138481634What are action potentials?the electrical systems are generated and transmitted by neurons in the nervous system20
14138481635What are neurotransmitters?the chemical signals released by neurons in the nervous system21
14138481636What is the three step process of the nervous system?sensory input integration and motor output22
14138481637What is sensory input?how the brain becomes aware of its internal and external environments23
14138481638What makes sensory input possible?sensors receptor cells and sensory neurons24
14138481639What is integration?the brain's job of processing sensory input to make decisions different regions have different functions25
14138481640What makes integration possible?communication between interneurons in the brain26
14138481641What is motor output (voluntary response)?skeletal muscle is contracted to move skeleton27
14138481642What is motor output (involuntary response)?smooth or cardiac muscle is contracted glands are stimulated28
14138481643What makes motor output possible?motor neurons and effector tissues (muscles and glands)29
14138481644In certain cases is there a lack of motor output?yes communication between interneurons in the brain can create its own end result30
14138481645Why are nutrients important?they play specific roles in maintaining homeostasis and cellular metabolism in the body31
14138481646What is the major organ of the digestive system?the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach and intestines32
14138481647Which organs assist the GI tract in digestion?the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas33
14138481648What is ingestion?eating and drinking34
14138481649What is propulsion?the movement of food and drink through the GI tract35
14138481650What allows for propulsion?swallowing followed by involuntary contractions of smooth muscle lining in the GI tract36
14138481651What is the epiglottis and its function?An elastic, cartilaginous flap that blocks food from entering the trachea37
14138481652What is mechanical breakdown?food is broken down physically38
14138481653Where does mechanical digestion take place?In the mouth (chewing), stomach (churning), and intestines (segmentation)39
14138481654What is chemical breakdown?food is broken down by enzymes and other substances40
14138481655Where does chemical digestion take place?In the mouth (saliva), stomach (acid), and intestines (pancreatic enzymes and bile)41
14138481656What is absorption?nutrients from the breakdown move from the GI tract to the bloodstream42
14138481657Where does the majority of absorption take place?At the villi & microvilli (folds) of the small intestine43
14138481658What is defecation?feces (i.e waste) from the digestive process is expelled from the anus of the large intestine44
14138481659What are the anatomical components of the cardiovascular system?Blood, blood vessels, and the heart45
14138481660What are the major functions of blood?1. red blood cells and dissolved proteins transport o2, co2, nutrients, waste, etc. from the body cells 2. white blood cells and antibiotics allow for immune defense46
14138481661What are the functions of the liver?to process, detoxify, and synthesize the substances in blood47
14138481662What is the function of the kidneys?to filter excess water and waste from food (urine is formed)48
14138481663What is the physiology of the respiratory system?to allow for gas exchange with the bloodstream ; o2 is supplied while co2 is removed49
14138481664How does inhalation occur?air moves from the mouth/nose > pharynx > trachea > bronchi > alveoli of lungs50
14138481665What muscles allow for breathing?the diaphragm (sits below rib cage) and intercostals (between ribs)51
14138481666What are blood vessels?hollow organs that transport blood around the body the three types veins arteries and capillaries52
14138481667What are arteries?blood vessels that transport o2/ nutrient rich blood away from the heart and towards body cells53
14138481668What are veins?blood vessels that transport co2/ nutrient pure blood towards the heart and away from the body cells54
14138481669What are capillaries?tiny thin walled vessels that exchange o2 nutrients etc. in blood for co2 and other waste in body cells55
14138481670What is the heart?A muscular organ made up of hollow chambers that pumps blood around the body56
14138481671What is the physiology of the heart?To pump blood to the alveoli of the lungs to allow gas exchange to occur57
14138481672What is the importance of valves found in the heart and in blood vessels?To pump blood to the rest of the body to allow capillary exchange to occur58
14138481673What allows for cardiac muscle contractions?To prevent the backflow of blood in the circulation59
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AP Language Vocabulary Lesson 3 Flashcards

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14382387880abstrusedifficult to understand0
14382387881affablecourteous and pleasant, sociable, easy to speak to1
14382387882audacityexcessive boldness, rashness, daring2
14382387883contriteextremely apologetic, remorseful, repentant3
14382387884credulousbelieving on slight evidence, gullible, trusting4
14382387885depravitymoral corruption, a wicked or perverse act5
14382387886deprecateto express strong disapproval of6
14382387887didacticintended to instruct or teach7
14382387888dormantinactive, sleeping, in a state of suspension8
14382387889enigmaticmysterious, inexplicable, puzzling9
14382387890eruditescholarly, learned, bookish10
14382387891exoticforeign, charmingly unfamiliar or strikingly unusual11
14382387892fuseto mix or to join (usually by melting)12
14382387893immutableunchangeable, constant13
14382387894incorrigiblenot able to be corrected, beyond control14
14382387895loathefeel intense dislike or disgust for15
14382387896mitigateto make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity16
14382387897nullifyto make of no value or consequence, cancel17
14382387898pacifisticopposed to war or use of force18
14382387899pretentiouspompous, self-important19
14382387900prologueintroductory remarks in a speech, play or literary work20
14382387901recantto withdraw a statement or belief to which one has previously been committed, renounce, retract21
14382387902servileoverly submissive22
14382387903trepidationa feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen23
14382387904vilifyto malign, to defame, to utter abusive statements against24
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