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AP Chemistry Flashcards

13916842347	isotope	element with a different number of neutrons	0
13916842348	mass spectrometry	mass of various isotopic elements to create a mass spectrum graph	1
13916842349	avogadros number	6.022 E23	2
13916842350	? L/mol	22.4 L	3
13916842351	empirical formula	simplest ratio of the molecules making up a compound	4
13916842352	molecular formula	actual formula for a substance	5
13916842353	coulombs law	the amount of energy that an electron has depends on its distance from the nucleus of an atom; e=k(q1*q20)/r	6
13916842354	ionization energy	amount of energy necessary to remove electrons from an atom (electromagnetic energy exceeds binding energy)	7
13916842356	periodic trend: left to right	periodic trend: atomic radius decreases; protons are added to the nucleus so valence electrons are more strongly attracted ionization energy increases (protons are added to the nucleus)	8
13916842357	periodic trend: down a group	periodic trend: atomic radius increases; shells of electrons are added which shield the more distant shells and valence e- get farther away ionization energy decreases (shells of e- added, each inner shell shields more and reduces the pull on valence e- so they are easier to remove)	9
13916842358	ionic bond	bond between metal and nonmetal; electrons are NOT shared: the cation gives an e- up to the anion	10
13916842359	metallic bonding	bond between two metals; sea of electrons that make metals such good conductors; delocalized structure allows for malleability and ductility	11
13916842360	interstitial alloy	metal atoms with vastly different radii combine; ex. steel	12
13916842361	substitutional alloy	metal atoms with similar radii combine; ex. brass	13
13916842362	covalent bonds	bond in which two atoms share electrons; each atom counts the e- as a part of its valence shell	14
13916842363	single bonds	one sigma bond, one e- pair; longest bond, least energy	15
13916842364	double bonds	one sigma bond, one pi bond; two e- pairs	16
13916842365	triple bonds	one sigma bond, two pi bonds; 3 e- pairs; shortest bond, most energy	17
13916842366	network covalent bonds	lattice of covalent bonds; network solid (acts similar to one molecule); very hard, high melting/boiling points; poor conductors	18
13916842367	the common network solids	SiO2,	19
13916842368	doping	the addition of an impurity to an existing lattice	20
13916842369	p-doping	create a hole (positively charged) that draws electrons through the substance (add a substance with one LESS valence e-) i.e. si + al	21
13916842370	n-doping	add a substance with one MORE valence e- which leaves a free e- to travel freely i.e. si + p	22
13916842371	polarity	exists when a molecule has a clustering of negative charge on one side due to unequal sharing of electrons (e- are pulled to the more electronegative side); creates dipoles in molecules	23
13916842372	dipole moment	the measurement of the polarity of a molecule; the unit of measurement is a debye (D)	24
13916842373	more polar molecule....	.... larger dipole moment	25
13916842374	intermolecular forces (IMFs)	forces that exist between molecules in a covalently bonded substance; not bonds	26
13916842375	dipole-dipole forces	the positive end of one polar molecule is attracted to the negative end of another molecule; relatively weak attraction force	27
13916842376	hydrogen bonding	strong IMF between two moelcules; F, O, N; have higher melting and boiling points than molecules with other IMFs	28
13916842377	london dispersion forces	IMFs that occur between all molecules; occur because of the random motions of electrons on atoms within molecules to create instantaneous polarities; molecules with more e- will have greater _________________ forces	29
13916842378	substances with only london dispersion forces usually...	... are gases at room temp, and boil/melt at extremely low temps	30
13916842379	melting & boiling points of a covalent substance is almost always _____________ than that of ionic substances	lower	31
13916842380	vapor pressure	the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid	32
13916842381	resonance structures	structures that occur when it is possible to draw two or more valid lewis electron dot diagrams that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion	33
13916842382	formal charge	used to find which structure is most likely to occur; valence - assigned	34
13916842383	linear geometry	sp hybridization 0 lone pairs ex. BeCl2 & CO2	35
13916842384	trigonal planar geometry	sp2 hybridization bond angles 120 0 lone pairs: trigonal planar (three bonds) 1 lone pair: bent (two bonds)	36
13916842385	tetrahedral geometry	4 e- pairs, sp3 hybridization angles 109.5 0 lone pairs: tetrahedral (four bonds) [CH4, NH4+, ClO4-, SO4 2-, PO4 3-] 1 lone pair: trigonal pyramidal (3 bonds) [NH3, PCl3, SO3 2-] 2 lone pairs: bent (2 bonds) [H2O, OF2, NH2-]	37
13916842386	trigonal bipyramidal geometry	5 e- pairs, sp4 hybridization 0 lone pairs: trigonal bipyramidal (5 bonds) [PCl5, PF5] 1 lone pair: seesaw (4 bonds) [SF4, IF4+] 2 lone pairs: t-shaped (3 bonds) [ClF3, ICl3] 3 lone pairs: linear (2 bonds) [XeF2, I3-]	38
13916842387	octahedral geometry	6 e- pairs, sp5 hybridization 0 lone pairs: octahedral (6 bonds) [SF6] 1 lone pair: square pyramidal (5 bonds) [BrF5, IF5] 2 lone pairs: square planar (4 bonds) [XeF4]	39
13916842388	maxwell-boltzmann diagrams	shows the range of velocities for molecules of a gas	40
13916842389	effusion	the rate at which a gas will escape from a container through microscopic holes in the surface of the container	41
13916842390	mole fraction	moles of substance/total moles in solution	42
13916842391	dissociation	when ionic substances break up into ions into solution	43
13916842392	electrolytes	free ions in solution that conduct electricity	44
13916842393	paper chromatography	the separation of a mixture by passing it through a medium in which the components of the solution move at different rates	45
13916842394	retention factor	stronger the attraction between the solute and the solvent front is, the larger the Rf value will be	46
13916842395	column chromatography	a column is packed with stationary substance, then the solution to be separated (analyte) is injected into the column where it adheres to the stationary phase, then the eluent solution is injected into the column. as the eluent solution passes through the stationary phase the analyte molecules will be attracted to it with varying degrees of strength based on polarity	47
13916842396	distillation	the process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points	48
13916842397	precipitation reaction	a reaction in which an insoluble substance (salt) forms and separates from the solution	49
13916842398	net ionic equation	an equation for a reaction in solution showing only those particles that are directly involved in the chemical change	50
13916842399	limiting reactant	the substance that controls the quantity of product that can form in a chemical reaction; moles of each reactant divided by moles used in reaction	51
13916842400	gravimetric analysis	a type of quantitative analysis in which the amount of a species in a material is determined by converting the species to a precipitate that can be isolated completely and weighed	52
13916842401	when bonds are formed	...energy is released	53
13916842402	when bonds are broken	...energy is absorbed	54
13916842403	exothermic	products have stronger bonds than the reactants; heat is released, - ΔH	55
13916842404	endothermic	reactants have stronger bonds than the products; heat is absorbed, + ΔH	56
13916842405	activation energy	the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction	57
13916842406	catalyst	substance that speeds up a reaction by reducing the activation energy required by the reaction; provides an alternate reaction pathway; no effect on equilibrium conditions	58
13916842407	oxidation number: H	+1	59
13916842408	entropy	ΔS; a measure of the randomness or disorder of the system	60
13916842409	enthalpy	ΔH; heat of a system at constant pressure	61
13916842410	Gibbs free-energy	ΔG; a measure of whether or not a process will proceed without the input of outside energy ∆G=∆H-T∆S (T in degrees Kelvin) when ΔG=0, the reaction is at equilibrium	62
13916842411	spontaneous	thermodynamically favored; -ΔG	63
13916842412	nonspontaneous	thermodynamically unfavored; +ΔG	64
13916842413	Arrhenius acids	a substance that ionizes in water and produces hydrogen ions	65
13916842414	Arrhenius bases	a substance that ionizes in water and produces hydroxide ions	66
13916842415	Brønsted-Lowry acids	a substance that is capable of donating a proton	67
13916842416	Brønsted-Lowry bases	a substance that is capable of accepting a proton	68
13916842417	pH	-log [H+]	69
13916842418	pOH	-log [OH-]	70
13916842419	pKa	-log [Ka]	71
13916842420	pKb	-log [Kb]	72
13916842421	amphoteric	a substance that can act as both an acid and a base; ex. H2O	73
13916842422	strong acids	dissociate completely in water; reaction goes to completion and never reaches equilibrium	74
13916842423	weak acid	most of the acid molecules remain in solution and very few dissociate	75
13916842424	percent dissociation	the ratio of the amount of a substance that is dissociated at equilibrium to the initial concentration of the substance in a solution, multiplied by 100	76
13916842425	oxoacids	acids that contain oxygen; the more oxygens, the stronger the acid	77
13916842426	polyprotic acids	acids that can donate more than one H+	78
13916842427	Kw	1.0x10^-14	79
13916842428	henderson hasselbach	pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])	80
13916842429	buffers	weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH	81

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Glossary of Terms- AP Language Flashcards

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8735283225	Allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions	0
8735283226	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds	1
8735283227	Allusion	A reference to another work of literature, person, or event	2
8735283228	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
8735283229	Anadiplosis	repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause	4
8735283230	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	5
8735283231	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	6
8735283232	Anecdote	A brief narrative that focuses on a particular incident or event.	7
8735283233	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.	8
8735283234	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.	9
8735283235	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work	10
8735283236	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	11
8735283237	Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing	12
8735283238	Coherence	A principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.	13
8735283239	Conceit	A fanciful, particularly clever extended metaphor between dissimilar objects.	14
8735283240	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	15
8735283241	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	16
8735283242	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	17
8735283243	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing moral or ethical principles.	18
8735283244	Epistrophe	The opposite of anaphors, repetition at the END of successive clauses.	19
8735283245	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are more agreeable terms for a generally unpleasant concept	20
8735283246	Exposition	In essays, one of the four chief types of composition. The purpose is to explain something. Sometimes establishes a tone or setting.	21
8735283247	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	22
8735283248	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning	23
8735283249	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things.	24
8735283250	Generic Conventions	This term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing.	25
8735283251	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits.	26
8735283252	Homily	Any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	27
8735283253	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.	28
8735283254	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions	29
8735283255	Infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	30
8735283256	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	31
8735283257	Irony	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant.	32
8735283258	Loose Sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	33
8735283259	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other.	34
8735283260	Metonymy	A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name," it is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for another that is closely associated with it. i.e. "The White House says"	35
8735283261	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and effect can affect the mood.	36
8735283262	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	37
8735283263	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	38
8735283264	Oxymoron	A figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. i.e. "jumbo shrimp"	39
8735283265	Paradox	A statement that appears to be contradictory but upon closer inspection contains some validity.	40
8735283266	Parallelism	The grammatical or rhetorical framing of words to give structural similarity. "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness."	41
8735283267	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect or ridicule. i.e. Saturday Night Live	42

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AP World History Time Period 2 Flashcards

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15134626474	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
15134626475	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
15134626476	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
15134626477	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
15134626478	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	4
15134626479	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	5
15134626480	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	6
15134626481	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	7
15134626482	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	8
15134626483	Han dynasty	Chinese dynasty that restored unity in China softened legalist policies. Begun in 202 B.C. by Liu Bang, the Han ruled China for more than 400 years.	9
15134626484	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	10
15134626485	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	11
15134626486	hoplite	A heavily armed Greek infantryman. Over time, the ability to afford a military wares and to fight for the city came to define Greek citizenship.	12
15134626487	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
15134626488	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
15134626489	Battle of Marathon	Athenian victory over a Persian invasion in 490 B.C.E.	15
15134626490	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	16
15134626491	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
15134626492	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
15134626493	Peloponnesian War	Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age.	19
15134626494	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	20
15134626495	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	21
15134626496	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	22
15134626497	Punic Wars	Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean.	23
15134626498	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	24
15134626499	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	25
15134626500	Solon	Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy.	26
15134626501	Wudi	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	27
15134626502	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	28
15134626503	Aristotle	A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.	29
15134626504	Atman	The human soul, which in classic Hindu belief seeks union with Brahman.	30
15134626505	Bhagavad Gita	A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation.	31
15134626506	Brahman	The "World Soul" or final reality in upanishadic Hindu belief.	32
15134626507	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	33
15134626508	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	34
15134626509	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	35
15134626510	Confucius	The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history.	36
15134626511	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	37
15134626512	Daodejing	The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.	38
15134626513	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	39
15134626514	Filial piety	respect shown by children for their parents and elders	40
15134626515	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	41
15134626516	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	42
15134626517	Hippocrates	A very influential Greek medical theorist (ca. 460-ca. 370 B.C.E.); regarded as the father of medicine.	43
15134626518	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	44
15134626519	Yahweh	A form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god with concerns for social justice.	45
15134626520	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	46
15134626521	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	47
15134626522	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	48
15134626523	Mahayana	"Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism.	49
15134626524	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	50
15134626525	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	51
15134626526	Plato	A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E.	52
15134626527	Pythagoras	A major Greek philosopher (ca. 560-ca. 480 B.C.E.) who believed that an unchanging mathematical order underlies the apparent chaos of the world.	53
15134626528	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	54
15134626529	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	55
15134626530	Theravada	"The Teaching of the Elders," the early form of Buddhism according to which the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine and which emphasizes practices rather than beliefs.	56
15134626531	Upanishads	Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E.	57
15134626532	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	58
15134626533	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	59
15134626534	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	60
15134626535	Zarathustra	A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism.	61
15134626536	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	62
15134626537	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	63
15134626538	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	64
15134626539	helots	The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society.	65
15134626540	Kshatriya	The Indian social class of warriors and rulers.	66
15134626541	latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire	67
15134626542	Pericles	A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age.	68
15134626543	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	69
15134626544	Sudra	The lowest Indian social class of varna; regarded as servants of their social betters; eventually included peasant farmers	70
15134626545	the "three submissions"	In Chinese Confucian thought, the notion that a woman is permanently subordinate to male control: first that of her father, then of her husband, and finally of her son.	71
15134626546	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	72
15134626547	Vaisya	The Indian social class that was originally defined as farmers but eventually comprised merchants.	73
15134626548	Axum	Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished from 100 to 600 C.E. and adopted Christianity.	74
15134626549	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of these farmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	75
15134626550	Coptic Christianity	The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.	76
15134626551	Silk Road	Trade route stretching from China into Europe.	77
15134626552	syncretism	a blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith	78
15134626553	monasticism	The lifestyle of a monk or nun, characterized by prayer and solitude	79
15134626554	Judaism	the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah	80
15134626555	Torah	A Hebrew word meaning "law," contains the basic laws for Jews, referring to the first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures.	81
15134626556	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, originated as an offshoot from Judaism	82
15134626557	Ancestor Veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	83
15134626558	Empire	a major political unit having a territory of great extent - OR - a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority	84