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Ecology Flashcards

9768361111	Biome	A large region characterized by a specific type of climate and certain types of plant and animal communities.	0
9768361112	Savanna	A tropical / subtropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires and drought.	1
9768361113	Desert	A region of little vegetation, either cold or hot, that receives ten inches or less of precipitation each year, long periods without rain, deserts have extreme temperatures.	2
9768361114	Tundra	Biome that surrounds the north and south poles; treeless landscape with short, cool summers, and long, very cold winters with short periods of winter sunlight, beneath the topsoil is a layer of permafrost.	3
9768361115	Temperate Deciduous Forest	Characterized by warm summers, cool winters, has all four seasons, year-round precipitation and fertile soil.	4
9768361116	Conifer	Cone-bearing trees (ie: pine, or fir tree) of middle and high latitudes that are mostly evergreen and that have needle-shaped or scale like leaves. Conifers are able to withstand the long, cold winter season.	5
9768361117	Coniferous Forest	Forest populated by cone-bearing evergreen trees; mostly found in the colder northern latitudes.	6
9768361118	Flora	All the plant life in a particular region, or period.	7
9768361119	Fauna	All of the animal life in a particular region, or period.	8
9768361122	Prarie	A large area of flat land, or rolling hills covered by grasses and wild flowers but few trees.	9
9768361123	Temperate	Climate zones with moderate (warm) temperatures that are located between the tropics and the polar zones.	10
9768361124	Permafrost	A layer of permanently frozen subsoil found in the tundra	11
9768361125	Alpine Tundra	biome at high mountain altitudes, which has vegetation & climate similar to those of the Arctic tundra (though no permafrost)	12
9768361126	Marine	Biome that includes open ocean, seashore, and it covers 75% of the planet. There is a very high salinity level, and a wide variety of animals	13
9768361127	Plankton	A general term for the tiny, free-floating or weakly swimming organisms that live in both freshwater and saltwater environments.	14
9768361128	Estuary	An area where fresh water from a river mixes with salt water from an ocean; are productive ecosystems because they constantly recieve fresh nutrients from the river and the ocean.	15
9768361129	Forest	Large tree and plant filled area that covers 30% of Earth's land surface. Provide habitats, maintain soil, air, and water quality, acts as a carbon sink in biogeochemical cycle.	16
9768361130	Intertidal Zone	Part of the shoreline that is under water at high tide and exposed to the air at low tide.	17
9768361131	Neritic Zone	Area of ocean that extends from the low-tide line out to the edge of the continental shelf.	18
9768361132	Benthic Zone	At the bottom of all aquatic biomes, deep or shallow. Made up of sand and organic and inorganic sediments.	19
9768361133	Oceanic Zone	All the water the covers the sea floor except for the continental shelf -water temperature is colder and pressure is greater -strange looking animals live in the dark deeper areas. (Ex. Giant Squid).	20
9768361134	Coral Reef	A structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm, shallow ocean water.	21
9768361135	Open Water Zone	The zone of a lake or pond that extends from the littoral zone out across the top of the water, and that is only as deep as light can reach through the water.	22
9768361136	Deep Water Zone	The zone of a lake or pond below the open water zone where no light reaches.	23
9768361137	Wetland	An ecosystem in which water either covers the soil or is present at or near the surface of the soil for at least part of the year.	24
9768361138	Marsh	A type of wetland featuring grasses, reeds and other plants in shallow water.	25
9768361139	Tributary	A stream or river that flows into a larger river.	26
9768361140	Freshwater	Aquatic ecosytem that does not contain any saltwater, can be rivers, lakes, streams,ponds, and wetlands.	27
9768361141	Littoral Zone	Shallow water near shore that receives enough sunlight to support photosynthesis. May be marine or freshwater; often flowering plants are present.	28
9768361142	Brackish Water	More salty than fresh water, and less salty than marine saltwater. It is found in estuaries where freshwater and saltwater mix.	29
9768361144	Biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.	30
9768361145	Organism	Individual living thing.	31
9768361146	Species	A group of organisms that are closely related, who can mate to produce fertile offspring. All of the cats are feline, but each cat is a different species.	32
9768361147	Biodiversity	The number, and variety of living organisms in a given area, during a specific period of time.	33
9768361148	Ecosystem	A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment.	34
9768361149	Habitat	Place where an organism lives.	35
9768361150	Niche	An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.	36
9768361151	Abiotic	All of the non-living parts of an ecosystem.	37
9768361152	Biotic	All of the living parts of an ecosystem.	38
9768361153	Biomass	Total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level.	39
9768361154	Herbivore	A consumer that eats only plants.	40
9768361155	Carnivore	An animal that eats other animals A consumer that eats only animals.	41
9768361156	Omnivore	A consumer that eats both plants and animals.	42
9768361157	Producer	An organism that can make its own food.	43
9768361158	Consumer	An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms.	44
9768361159	Autotroph	An organism that makes its own food.	45
9768361160	Heterotroph	An organism that cannot make its own food, it gets food by consuming other living things, or their by-products.	46
9768361161	Taiga	A biome in which the winters are cold, but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw, it contains mostly coniferous forests.	47
9768361162	Prey	An organism that is hunted, killed and eaten by another organism.	48
9768361163	Predator	An animal that hunts, and kills other animals for food.	49
9768361164	Population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.	50
9768361165	Community	A group of interdependent organisms inhabiting the same region and interacting with each other.	51
9768361166	Food Web	A diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem; it contains multiple overlapping food chains.	52
9768361167	Food Chain	A diagram that represents how energy in food flows from one organism to the next in an ecosystem.	53
9768361168	Energy Pyramid	A diagram that shows the amount of energy that moves from one trophic level to another in an ecosystem.	54
9768361169	Limiting Factor	A biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the number, distribution, or reproduction of a population within a community.	55
9768361170	Carrying Capacity	Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support.	56
9768361171	Predation	An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism to gain energy.	57
9768361172	Competition	Ecological relationship in which organisms compete for available resources. There are 2 types: between organisms within a population, and between different populations.	58
9768361173	Symbiosis	A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.	59
9768361174	Mutualism	A relationship between two species in which both species benefit.	60
9768361175	Parasitism	A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.	61
9768361176	Commensalism	A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected.	62
9768361177	Co-evolution	Relationship in which 2 organisms change or adapt together over time.	63
9768361178	Cooperation	Relationship in which behavior by two or more individuals leads to mutual benefit.	64
9768361179	Decomposition	The breaking down of matter into simpler molecules. Typically performed by bacteria.	65
9768361180	Carbon Cycle	The movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back.	66
9768361181	Combustion	Burning of fossil fuels and wood, releasing energy and carbon dioxide.	67
9768361182	Nitrogen Cycle	The movement of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere.	68
9768361183	Water Cycle	The movement of water from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back.	69
9768361184	Photosynthesis	Process used by plants to capture and convert the sun's energy, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (sugar).	70
9768361186	Succession	The sequence of biotic changes that regenerate a damaged community or create a community in a previously uninhabited area.	71
9768361187	Primary Succession	Biotic growth on newly exposed areas (bare,rocky) that were not previously occupied by soil and vegetation.	72
9768361188	Secondary Succession	A type of ecological succession that occurs where a disturbance has destroyed an existing biological community but left the soil intact.	73
9768361189	Pioneer Species	Creates soil in primary succession (lichen/moss) first species to appear on bare or rocky area.	74
9768361190	Nitrogen Fixation	Process in which bacteria in the soil change nitrogen gas into materials that plants can use during photosynthesis.	75
9768361191	Evaporation	A physical change from a liquid to a gas at a temperature that is lower than the boiling point.	76
9768361192	Condensation	A physical change from a gas to a liquid at cooler temperatures (the opposite of evaporation).	77
9768361193	Precipitation	Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface.	78
9768361194	Nitrification	The process by which nitrites and nitrates are produced by bacteria in the soil.	79
9768361195	Denitrification	Denitrifying bacteria converts nitrates into gaseous nitrogen that re-enters the atmosphere.	80
9768361196	Respiration	The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between living cells and their environment; this includes breathing and cellular respiration.	81
9768361197	Aquifer	An underground area of sediment and rocks that is filled with groundwater.	82
9768361198	Pollution	An unwanted change in the environment caused by the introduction of harmful materials, or the production of harmful conditions (chemical, biological, heat, cold, sound).	83
9768361199	Renewable Resource	A natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate at which the resource is consumed.	84
9768361200	Non-Renewable Resources	A resource that cannot be reused or replaced as quickly as it is used (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels).	85
9768361201	Overpopulation	Term used when the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.	86
9768361202	Conservation	The preservation, wise use, and protection of natural resources.	87
9768361203	Recycle	The process of recovering valuable or useful materials from waste or scrap; the process of reusing, or remanufacturing some items.	88
9768361204	Percolation	The downward movement of water through soil and rock due to gravity.	89
9768361205	Infilration	Process of water seepage into the ground becoming ground water.	90
9768361206	Runoff	Part of the water cycle where an excess of water runs down and does not sink into the soil and eventually makes it to the rivers, lakes, and oceans.	91
9768361207	Biodegradable	Capable of being broken down by bacteria and other decomposers.	92
9768361208	Reduce	To cut down / back on the consumption of; or to use less of a resource.	93
9768361209	Reuse	Involves using a resource over and over in the same form.	94
9768361210	Deciduous	Falling off or shed at a particular season, stage of growth, etc., as leaves, horns, or teeth; not permanent; transitory.	95
9768361211	Polar	A cold air mass that forms north of 50° north latitude or south of 50° south latitude and has high air pressure	96
9768361212	Frigid	Intensely cold temperatures; cold in manner; Ex. frigid zone	97
9768361213	Tropical	Biome near the equator with warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth.	98
9768361214	Climate	Seasonal pattern of weather conditions in a large geographic area over many years; it does not change rapidly.	99
9768361215	Climate Zone	A region in which yearly patterns of temperature, rainfall, and the amount of sunlight are similar throughout.	100
9768361216	Grassland	A biome found in the dry temperate interiors of continents. This biome is characterized by rich soil, moderate rainfall, a hot, dry climate, thick grasses, and herds of grazing animals.	101
9768361217	Canopy	Dense covering formed by the leafy tops of tall rainforest trees.	102
9768361218	Tropical Rain Forest	Biome characterized by hot temperatures, large amounts of rainfall, and high biodiversity,that grows near the equator; it receives large amounts of rain, and has dense growths of tall, leafy trees; the weather is warm and wet year-round; few plants live on the dark forest floor.	103
9768361219	Swamp	A type of freshwater wetland that consists of spongy, muddy land full of water.	104
9768361222	Treeline	The limit of the area that trees can grow in on Earth. Above it, it's too cold for trees to grow.	105

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AP Language Vocab Section 10 Flashcards

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8963215053	adventitious	adj. happening on accordance to chance rather than inherent nature; coming from the outside; not native Synonyms: unplanned, fortuitous, coincidental, serendipitous, accidental Antonyms: inherent, innate, intrinsic Sentence: Adventitious plants were brought to grow in Florida from their native land of Australia.	0
8963215054	compendious	adj. containing or presenting all the essential facts in a comprehensive and concise manner (basically says a lot in a few words) Synonyms: succinct, pithy, condensed, synoptic, summarized Antonyms: expanded, long-winded, verbose, circuitous Sentence: Cliff notes give concise and __________________ summaries of commonly read books.	1
8963215055	contumacious	adj. stubbornly disobedient to authority Synonyms: disobedient, defiant, incompliant, insubordinate, froward, wayward Antonyms: amiable, compliant, docile, obedient, submissive Sentence: His contumacious attitude becomes extremely annoying when he disrupts class to challenge the teacher's rulings.	2
8963215056	covetousness	n. a painful awareness of another's possessions and a selfish desire to have them; heightened jealousy Synonyms: jealousy, envy, invidiousness, resentment, equivitiveness, gluttonous, repaciousness Antonyms: contentment, fulfillment, generosity, philanthropy Sentence: Sheila's covetousness of her sister's new necklace led to a big fight between them after the necklace "went missing."	3
8963215057	espouse	v. to take up and support as a cause; to embrace as a cause or as a wife Synonyms: support, marry, wed Antonyms: divorce, separate Sentence: Prince Charles espoused Kate at a beautiful wedding ceremony several years ago.	4
8963215058	indigent	adj. lacking money or worldly possessions Synonyms: impecunious, impoverished, destitute, penniless, penurious Antonyms: affluent, flush, opulent, wealthy Sentence: It is a mitzvah to give money to the indigent people holding up signs on the side of the road.	5
8963215059	obviate	v. to keep from happening by taking action in advance Synonyms: prevent, avert, forestall, preclude, anticipate, impede, deter, intervene Antonyms: abet, advance, assist, encourage, cultivate Sentence: The new medical treatment ____________ the need for surgery.	6
8963215060	pariah	n. one who is cast out or rejected by society Synonyms: leper, outcast, reject, castaway, castoff, derelict Antonyms: insider Sentence: My daughter told me that if she wore the ugly, out-of-style dress to school, she would be a social ____________.	7
8963215061	peruse	Definition: to read through with thoroughness or care; to skim over POS: V Synonyms: analyze, browse, inspect, scan, scrutinize, skim, study, skim, scan, examine Antonyms: neglect, overlook Sentence: She perused the manuscript, checking for grammatical errors.	8
8963215062	rancor	Definition: bitterness or resentfulness, especially when long-standing POS: N Synonyms: animosity, antipathy, enmity, acrimony, virtriol, antagonism Antonyms: sympathy, amity, goodwill, empathy Sentence: It is hard for me to not feel rancor towards the woman who married my ex-girlfriend.	9
8963215063	redolent	Definition: strongly reminiscent or suggestive of; giving off a specified fragrant POS: adj Synonyms: evocative, ambrosial, winsome Antonyms: malodorous, putrid, fetid, repugnant Sentence: The redolent scent of flowers filled the spring air.	10
8963215064	sedulous	Definition: showing dedication and diligence POS: adj Synonyms: meticulous, assiduous, industrious, conscientious, punctilious, scrupulous, persistent Antonyms: lazy, careless, sloppy, indolent Sentence: An impressively sedulous suitor, he constantly sent her flowers and other tokens of his affection	11
8963215065	sidereal	Definition: of or with respect to the distant stars POS: adj Synonyms: luminous, sparkling, stellar, bespangled, bright, celestial, starry, astral Antonyms: mundane, earthly, dull, dreary, muted, lackluster Sentence: The scientist's based her calculations on sidereal time, which was related to the earth's rotation around fixed planets.	12
8963215066	subsequently	Definition: after a particular thing has happened; afterward POS: adv Synonyms: antecedently, following, in due course, consequently, by and by, ensuing Antonyms: formerly Sentence: He was taken prisoner at the battle of Tinchebrai in 1106, but was subsequently released.	13
8963215067	taciturn	Definition: reserved or uncommunicative in speech; saying little POS: adj Synonyms: laconic, reticent, unforthcoming, withdrawn Antonyms: garrulous, verbose, loquacious Sentence: By nature, Sheila is a taciturn woman who keeps her thoughts to herself.	14
8963215068	volatile	Definition: flying or having the ability to fly; liable to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse; easily evaporated at normal temperatures; easily aroused POS: adj Synonyms: evanescent, transitory, capricious, mercurial Antonyms: constant Sentence: Putting up with his volatile moods was not easy	15

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AP Government Court Cases Flashcards

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13855847594	Marbury v. Madison (1803)	Established the Supreme Court as having the power of Judicial Review/Interpret the Constitution.	0
13855847595	McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)	Implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause: Creation of the national bank was implied based upon the enumerated power of Congress to tax and spend. State of Maryland could not tax federal bank due to Supremacy Clause, because the power to tax is the power to destroy.	1
13855847589	Schenck v. US (1919)	The defendant, who handed out circulars against war and urged for peaceful action, such as petitioning and the repeal the Conscription Act, was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act. Authorities argued that he was attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished because they represent a "clear and present danger" to national security.	2
13855847593	Brown v. Board of Education (1954)	Ruled for integration of public schools because racial segregation violates the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection clause.	3
13855847587	Engel v. Vitale (1962)	Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation.	4
13855847598	Baker v. Carr (1962)	Established the principle of "one person, one vote". The Court asserted that the federal courts had the right to tell states to reapportion their districts for more equal representation. Ultimately, the Court ordered that state legislative districts to be as near equal as possible in population.	5
13855847597	Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)	State courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.	6
13855847590	Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)	Students in an Iowa school were suspended for wearing black armbands to protest the Vietnam war. The Court ruled that this suspension was unconstitutional, and that public school students do not "shed their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse door." Public school students may engage in symbolic speech, as protected by the First Amendment, when such display does not disrupt classes.	7
13855847588	NY Times v. US (1971)	The court upheld the First Amendment/Freedom of the Press rights of the New York Times and Washington Post to print the Pentagon Papers, without risk of government censorship or punishment.	8
13855847599	Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)	Dealt with the Amish community's desire to pull their children from public school before the age of 16 so that they could help with farm and domestic work. The Court sided with the Amish and held that parents may remove children from public school for religious reasons.	9
13855847592	Roe v. Wade (1973)	Abortion is a private matter between a woman and her doctor. Women are entitled to the right of privacy (9th and 14th Amendments). As such, women cannot be denied the right to have an abortion.	10
13855847596	Shaw v. Reno (1993)	NO racial gerrymandering; race cannot be the sole or predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries; majority-minority districts.	11
13855847591	U.S. v. Lopez (1995)	Gun Free School Zones Act exceeded Congress's authority to regulate interstate commerce. The first case to begin reigning in Congress's authority under the Commerce Clause.	12
13855847600	McDonald v. Chicago (2010)	The Second Amendment that allows the people to keep and bear arms applies to state governments as well as the federal government.	13
13855847601	Citizens United v. FEC (2010)	Corporations have the same 1st Amendment right as individuals to expressly support political candidates for Congress and the White House through campaign contributions.	14

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AP Literature Exam Book Review Flashcards

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6689124959	The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn	Author: Mark Twain Important Characters: - Huck Finn - Tom Sawyer - Jim Important Themes: - bildungsroman - episodic novel - islands/rivers/boats - Tom Sawyer's 'proper' adventures - stories, good stories and lies Other Notes: -	0
6689144689	Hamlet	Author: William Shakespeare Important Characters: - Hamlet - Ophelia - King Claudius - The Ghost/Hamlet's father - Queen Gertrude - Polonius - Rosencrantz and Guildenstern - Laertes Important Themes/features: - revenge - grief - family/heritage - plays/acting/theater - death - existentialism Other Notes: -	1
6689324896	Pinocchio	Author: Carlo Collodi Important Characters: - Pinocchio - Geppetto (Pinocchio's 'father') - the Fairy with the Sky-Blue Hair - Cat and Fox Important Themes: - parenting - being a good boy or being a 'real' boy - bildungsroman Other Notes: -	2
6689358650	Oroonoko	Author: Aphra Ben Important Characters: - Oroonoko Important Themes: - slavery (obviously) - racial characterizations - royalty? - (I really do not remember much at all about this one, any additions would be much appreciated!)	3
6689381652	Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead	Author: Tom Stoppard Important Characters: - Rosencrantz and Guildenstern - Hamlet + related - players Important Themes: - boats - ghost chapters - chance/probability/coin flipping - playing/acting - predestination/direction/fate/home/where they are going Other Notes: -	4
6689412880	The Tempest	Author: William Shakespeare Important Characters: - Prospero - Miranda - Caliban - Ferdinand - Antonio (usurping Duke of Milan) - King Alonso - Stephano + Trinculo - Ariel - Gonzalo Important Themes: - colonization (esp. of Caliban) - marriage - isolation on the island + descriptions of the island - Prospero's oppression and control - storms, tempests - magic, the fairies' songs - dreams and sleep Other Notes: - play - connect Caliban's character here to other versions in Caribbean poetry	5
6689456611	Paradise Lost	Author: John Milton Important Characters: Important Themes: - Satan's eyes - the extent of Satan's power, God's power - free will - Adam/Eve dynamic - the purpose/result of the fall - Satan's serpent form - the princes/demons of Hell Other Notes: - epic poem	6
6689481714	Wuthering Heights	Author: Emily Bronte Important Characters: - Catherine Earnshaw/Linton - Heathcliff - Hindley Earnshaw - Edgar Linton - Nelly/Mrs. Dean - Isabella Linton - Cathy Linton (Cathy gen 2) - Hareton Earnshaw - Linton Heathcliff - Mr. Lockwood? - Joseph? Important Themes: - doubling in the generations - Heaven/Hell and home with Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange - violence/abuse, communication and honesty - love Other Notes: - Romantic prose	7
6689539567	Mrs. Dalloway	Author: Virginia Woolf Important Characters: - Clarissa Dalloway - Richard Dalloway - Peter Walsh - Elizabeth Dalloway (+ Miss Kilman) - Septimus + Rezia - Hugh Whitbread? - Lady Bruton? - Dr. Holmes and Sir William Bradshaw Important Themes: - temporality - inability to escape the past - Septimus' PTSD and doctors + human nature - Peter Walsh/Clarissa Dalloway - suicide - stream-of-consciousness narrative - marriage - Clarissa's public face - repressed emotions Other Notes: - modernist prose	8
6689604607	Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde	Author: Robert Louis Stevenson Important Characters: - Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde - Mr. Utterson - Dr. Lanyon Important Themes: - Mr. Utterson's name/narrator qualities - the city of London, the streets, the fog - strangeness about the entire novel - dual nature of man - repressed society - science - pureness/contamination Other Notes: -	9
6689645246	The Crying of Lot 49	Author: Thomas Pynchon Important Characters: - Oedipa Maas - Metzger - Inverarity Pierce - Wendell (Mucho) Maas - Dr. Hilarius? (seems to be inserted quite a bit even if we don't really read about him) - Miles and the Paranoids Important Themes: - hieroglyphs - narcissism (+ connect to Narcissus and Echo) - character names - layers of meaning, hidden meaning, concealed message or communication - Other Notes: - modernist/post-modernist	10