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AP Biology - Cellular Transport Flashcards

8364300572	Osmosis	Diffusion of water across a cell permeable membrane Water movement with the concentration gradient	0
8364300573	Diffusion	Movement of solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Solute movement is down or with the concentration gradient.	1
8364300574	Concentration Gradient	A difference in concentration between two areas. In biology we are concerned with concentrations inside and outside the cell	2
8364300575	Facilitated diffusion	Helping things across the membrane from an area of High Concentration to Low Concentration, with the use of a carrier protein, without energy	3
8364300576	Carrier Proteins	A protein that transports substances across the cell membrane.	4
8364300577	Aquiporin	water pore protein.- allows water molecules to move across the membrane	5
8364300578	Active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient Ion pumps, co- transport proteins	6
8364300579	Bulk transport	The process by which large particles and macromolecules are transported through plasma membranes. exocytosis and endocytosis	7
8364300580	Hydrophobic	"water-fearing" The lipid tail of the phospholipid	8
8364300581	Hydrophylic	attracted to water The phospholipid head of the water molecule	9
8364300582	Fluid mosaic model	molecules are free to move sideways within a lipid bilayer	10
8364300583	Glycoproteins	Carbohydrate chains attached to a membrane peripheral protein on the outer surface. Acts as a recognition site for hormones and neurotransmitters. Also allows cells to attach to one another to form tissues and recognize other cells.	11
8364300584	Glycolipids	Lipid chains attached to a membrane peripheral protein on the outer surface. involved in cell attachment and the recognition of other cells	12
8364300585	Hypotonic	A lower SOLUTE concentration outside the cell. A cell placed in this solution will cause the cell to gain water by osmosis. swells up! What is this condition called?	13
8364300586	Plasmolysis	Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water	14
8364300587	Crenation	shrinking of cells in a hypertonic solution due to Higher Solute / Less Water	15
8364300588	Turgid	A cell that is full of water as a result of entry of water due to osmosis such that pressure of the cell wall prevents more water entering. What is the cell environment? Hypotonic, hypertonic, or isotonic	16
8364300589	Hypertonic	Having a higher concentration of solute outside the cell. What happens to the cell?	17
8364300590	Isotonic	(used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure	18
8364300591	Solute	A substance that is dissolved in a solution.	19
8364300592	Solvent	A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances In biology we often consider water as the solvent	20
8364300593	Solution	A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.	21
8364300594	Concentration	A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent	22
8364300595	Electrochemical gradient	The concentration gradient of ions The cytoplasmic side of the cell tends to carry a negative charge	23
8364300596	Homeostasis	A tendency to maintain a balanced condition inside and outside the cell This term can be applied to almost any level of organization.	24
8364300597	Receptor mediated transport	A form of endocytosis that uses receptor proteins to recognize signaling molecules called ligands. Important for controlling cholesterol	25
8364300598	Endocytosis	Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of new vesicles from the plasma membrane.	26
8364300599	Exocytosis	Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane. Involves either the SER or Golgi apparatus	27
8364300600	Phagocytosis	"Cell eating" Our white blood cells do this	28
8364300601	Proton Pump		29
8364300602	Sodium Potassium Pump		30
8364300603	Cotransport		31
8364300604	Endocytosis		32
8364300605	Exocytosis		33
8364300606	Phagocytosis	An amoeba eating a paramecium We also have phagocytic white blood cells and specialized cells in our liver called Kupfer cells that "eat" damaged blood cells	34
8364300607	Pinocytosis	Which are specific forms of transport? Which are nonspecific forms of transport?	35

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AP BIO Unit 10 Flashcards

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6270239841	a group of cells with a common function, structure or both	tissue	0
6270255360	several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions	organ	1
6270265108	the three plant organs are _______, _________, and _______	roots; stems; leaves	2
6270277169	organ that anchors a vascular plant, absorbs minerals and water, and stores organic nutrients	root	3
6270286062	one main vertical root	taproot	4
6270296467	branching roots that extend horizontally from a main root	lateral roots	5
6270317240	what are the function of root hairs	increase the surface area for water and mineral absorbtion	6
6270334610	main function of a leaf	perform photosynthesis	7
6270343448	what are the additional five functions modified leaves can perform	support, protection, gas exchange, reproduction, storage	8
6270356012	what are the three types of plant tissues	dermal, vascular, and ground	9
6270362772	what is the function of dermal tissue	outer protection covering	10
6270368532	what is the function of vascular tissue	long distance transport between roots and shoots (xylem and phloem)	11
6270382149	what is the function of ground tissue	storage, photosynthesis, support (everything else)	12
6270389954	what is the function of the cuticle	protect leaf and prevent water loss	13
6270409825	the pith (tissue) is found _______ and the cortex (tissue) is found	inside the vascular tissue; outside the vascular tissue	14
6270463051	what are the five types of plant cells	parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, and phloem	15
6270483218	cells perform most metabolic functions of the plant/ synthesizing and storing various organic products	parenchyma	16
6270491873	cells help support young parts of the plant shoot- they are flexible and alive	collenchyma	17
6270498332	cells produce secondary walls before protoplast dies	sclerenchyma	18
6270520503	cells that allow water to flow through their vessels	xylem cells	19
6270528135	cells that transport sugar and nutrients through them	phloem cells	20
6270550062	long thin cells found in xylem that serve to transport water and mineral salts	tracheids	21
6270558089	short wide cells found in xylem that are the water conducting tissues	vessel elements	22
6270589347	a plant that grows continuously throughout its life has ______	indeterminate growth	23
6270595110	a plant that stops growing once it hits a certain age has ______	determinate growth	24
6270609685	plants that complete their life cycle in a year (germination-> flowering -> death)	annuals	25
6270613046	plants that generally live 2 years (beets)	biennials	26
6270620454	plants that live many years (shrubs, bushes, trees)	perennials	27
6270640274	growing in length is _______ growth	primary	28
6270649025	growing in width/thickness is _________ growth	secondary	29
6270668466	the solid vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem is found in the ___________ (middle of the root)	stele	30
6270679655	a layer one cell thick that forms a boundary for vascular cylinder on the inside	endodermis	31
6270737975	outermost layer of vascular cylinder	pericycle	32
6270797042	stem has neat grouped vascular bundles	dicot	33
6270801649	stem has scattered vascular bundles	monocot	34
6270817879	what crucial gas for photosynthesis enters the leaf through the stoma	CO2	35
6270824881	_______ is lost through the stoma in transpiration	water	36
6270836621	what is the function of bark	bark protects the tree and helps it retain nutrients	37
6270859131	plants require _______ essential nutrients	17	38
6270863180	what organisms make nitrogen available to plants	nitrogen fixing bacteria	39
6270870954	nitrogen fixing bacteria convert _____ into _____	N2; NH4+	40
6270878252	nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in the ______ of roots	nodules	41
6270888989	T/F: some plants are parasitic and live off other plants	true (mistletoe)	42
6270897882	plants that live in poor soil conditions and rely on animals and insects for nutrients	carnivorous plants	43
6270928987	male gametophytes are created within _______ (pollen sac)	sporangia	44
6271055562	what is the process of male gametophyte reproduction	thought mitosis 2n microsporocytes -> 4n haploid microspores	45
6271083608	female gametophyte (ovule) is produced in the ______	ovary	46
6271091249	what is the process of female gametophyte reproduction	2n megasporocytes -> 4n megaspores goes through mitosis 3 times to produce 1 large cell with 8 haploid nuclei	47
6271601965	_________ are the main cause of growth patterns in plants	hormones	48
6271624367	where are hormones created	growing regions of plants	49
6271629249	______, ________, & ______ are the growing regions of plants	meristematic tissue; apical region; growing seeds & leaves	50
6271650634	what are the 6 plant hormones	auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, brassinosteroids	51
6271751573	auxin stimulates ________	cell elongation, root growth, cell differentiation, development of fruit, and causing apical dominance	52
6271806397	auxins are responsible for ______ and _____	phototropism; geotropism	53
6271814560	T/F: apical buds hog gibberellins so plant grows vertically not laterally	FALSE -auxins	54
6271845521	process of plants bending towards the light	phototropism	55
6271867462	why do plants bend towards the light	when light strikes a plant the auxin on that side decreases. the opposite side has higher auxin levels so cells continue to elongate on that side lilt auxin = slow growth	56
6271883744	process of plants bending towards or away from gravity	geotropism	57
6271889327	why do plants turned on their side grow away from gravity	the gravity pulls the auxin down to one side of the plant. this side keeps growing while the other does not making the plant grow up.	58
6271903354	what are the 6 functions of gibberellins	1. stimulate rapid stem growth 2. inhibit formation of new roots 3. stimulate production of new phloem cells 4. terminates seed dormancy 5. induce flowering for biennials during 1st year 6. make fruit grow larger for commercial use	59
6271935698	what are the the functions of cytokinins	promotes cell division and slows aging in leaves	60
6271960986	higher levels of auxin= ________ higher levels of cytokinins= ________	root formation buds grow into stems	61
6271973139	what is the function of ethylene	stimulates fruit ripening	62
6271975342	when is ethylene released	during times of stress (plant growing under rock)	63
6271981251	what is the purpose of ethylene inhibitors	to cause dormancy in lateral buds and seeds during winter so they do not get destroyed in the cold	64
6271987551	what is the function of abscisic acid	block stem growth and promote dormancy- stimulates closing of stomata *used during autumn	65
6271991687	what is the function of brassinosteroids	inhibit root growth, grows xylem slows leaf loss *used during springtime	66
6272001174	plants responding to changes in the length of day/night	photoperiodism	67
6272016016	short day plants= long day plants =	long night short night	68
6272022377	leaves send chemical messages via _________ after detecting photoperiod	Florigen	69
6272026168	plants have ______ (thorns) and _______ (toxins) defenses against herbivores	physical; chemical	70
6272033895	plants have _______ genes to defend against pathogens	resistance	71
6272037454	area of infection sends chemical alarm stimulating production of protein to attack the pathogen	SAR (systematic acquired resistance)	72

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AP Personality Flashcards

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6441250643	personality	an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.	0
6441250644	free association	in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.	1
6441250645	psychoanalysis	Freud's theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.	2
6441250646	unconscious	according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.	3
6441250647	id	a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.	4
6441250648	ego	the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.	5
6441250649	superego	the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.	6
6441250650	psychosexual stages	the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.	7
6441250651	Oedipus complex	according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.	8
6441250652	identification	the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.	9
6441250653	fixation	according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved.	10
6441250654	defense mechanisms	in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.	11
6441250655	repression	in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.	12
6441250656	regression	psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.	13
6441250657	reaction formation	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.	14
6441250658	projection	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others	15
6441250659	rationalization	defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.	16
6441250660	displacement	psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.	17
6441250661	sublimation	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.	18
6441250662	denial	psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.	19
6441250663	collective unconscious	Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.	20
6441250664	projective test	a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.	21
6441250665	Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)	a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.	22
6441250666	Rorschach inkblot test	the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.	23
6441250667	terror-management theory	proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.	24
6441250668	self-actualization	according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.	25
6441250669	unconditional positive regard	according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.	26
6441250670	self-concept	all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"	27
6441250671	trait	a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.	28
6441250672	personality inventory	a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.	29
6441250673	Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)	the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.	30
6441250674	empirically derived test	a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.	31
6441250675	social-cognitive perspective	views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context.	32
6441250676	reciprocal determinism	the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors.	33
6441250677	personal control	our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless.	34
6441250678	external locus of control	the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate.	35
6441250679	internal locus of control	the perception that one controls one's own fate.	36
6441250680	positive psychology	the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.	37
6441250681	self	in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.	38
6441250682	spotlight effect	overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).	39
6441250683	self-esteem	one's feelings of high or low self-worth	40
6441250684	self-serving bias	a readiness to perceive oneself favorably	41
6441250685	individualism	giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.	42
6441250686	collectivism	giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.	43

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Africa Flashcards

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9546383839	Africa	The second largest continent next to Asia. It is located to the south of Europe and bordered to the west by the South Atlantic and to the east by the Indian ocean.	0
9546474360	Sahara Desert	The Sahara Desert is located in Northern Africa.	1
9546482214	Sub- Saharan Africa	The area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara Desert.	2
9546528427	Nile River	The Nile River is considered the longest river in the world. It flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean.	3
9546596856	Sahel	A semiarid region of north-central Africa south of the Sahara Desert.	4
9546649177	Aswan Dam	Built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, for the purpose of flood control, hydroelectric power, and irrigation.	5
9546689952	Lake Victoria	The largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world; a headwaters reservoir for the Nile River.	6

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AP Biology Ecology Review Flashcards

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13847073481	Ecology	the study of interactions between organisms and their environment	0
13847075593	Environmental Science	the study of human impact on biological and physical attributes of the natural world	1
13847081637	Ecologist	deals with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms	2
13849386910	Environmental Scientist	focused on the study of relationships of the natural world and the relationships between organisms and their environment	3
13849392499	Abiotic	nonliving	4
13849393838	Abiotic examples	wind, temperature, soil, sunlight and water	5
13849395334	Biotic	living	6
13849396419	Biotic examples	animals, plants, behaviors and interactions between organisms	7
13849399770	Biomes	major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions	8
13849410433	Tropical Forest	very high annual rainfall, high average temperatures, poor soil and high levels of biodiversity	9
13849413280	Desert	high temperatures, strong winds, variation in rainfall and low humidity	10
13849430969	Savanna	not too much rainfall, grassland with scattered trees and shrubs	11
13849433887	Chaparral	receive some rainfall, high temperature, and can be dry	12
13849446160	Northern Coniferous Forest	amount of rainfall depends on location, winters long and cold and summers are warm and moist	13
13849440664	Temperate Broadleaf Forest	warm and cool seasons, rainy climates and can have a dry season	14
13849451350	Tundra	low precipitation, dry winds, ground can be permanently frozen, and have desert like climates	15
13849455016	Lakes	formed by remnants of glaciers, blocked rivers, rivers that fill natural basins and small areas of still or slow moving water	16
13849458152	Wetlands	a lot of water permanently or seasonally, hydric soil and aquatic plants	17
13849461470	Streams & Rivers	water doesn't find an underground aquifer and drains off land by either seeping through soil or spilling over the surface	18
13849471032	Wstuaries	area where a freshwater river or stream meets the oceans and it is a place where sea water is diluted by fresh water from land drainage	19
13849474027	Intertidal Zones	submerged with water during high tide and exposed to the air during low tide and the zone cam take many forms from sandy beaches to rocky cliffs	20
13849483456	Oceanic Pelagic Zone	governed by the abundance of nutrients and dissolved oxygen, sunlight, water temperature and pressure	21
13849492407	Coral Reefs	developed in warm, shallow waters along land formations and has many marine species	22
13849497002	Marine Benthic Zone	lowest level of a body of water, lake or stream and it has sediment surface and some subsurface layers	23
13849502657	Phenotype	any measurable trait - physical, behavioral or physiological (genotype + environment)	24
13849507878	Kinesis	simple change in activity or turning rate in response to a stimulus	25
13849514631	Taxis	automatic, movement, oriented movement	26
13849515809	Migration	regular, long- distance change in location	27
13849518417	Logistic	S- curve, incorporates carrying capacity	28
13849519496	Exponential	Hockey stick shaped, ideal conditions and population grows rapdily	29
13849522928	Logistic Growth Calculation		30
13849572786	What is K?	Carrying capacity which is maximum stable population which can be sustained by environment	31
13849584372	Population Growth Rate	dN/ dt = rN	32
13849589435	Density Dependent	population matters	33
13849590710	Density Dependent examples	predation, disease, and competition	34
13849595060	Density Independent	population isn't a factor	35
13849596134	Density Independent factors	natural disasters such as fire, flood and weather	36
13849599851	Ecological Niche	the sum total of an organism's use of abiotic/ biotic resources in the environment	37
13849602456	Fundamental Niche	niche potentially occupied by the species	38
13849605033	Realized Niched	portion of fundamental niche the species actually occupies	39
13849612572	Competition	competition between organisms	40
13849614331	Predation	prey of one animals on others	41
13849615903	Mutualism	both benefit	42
13849617471	Commensalism	one benefits and one isn't impacted at all	43
13849618430	Parasitisim	nourishment from others	44
13849619377	Trophic Levels	links in the trophic structure, a community is determined by the feeding relationships between organism	45
13849623777	Primary Consumers	herbivores that eat primary producers	46
13849625181	Secondary Consumers	carnivores that eat herbivores	47
13849626745	Tertiary Consumers	carnivores that eat secondart consumers	48
13849628488	Detritivores	a type of decomposer	49
13849631026	Decomposer	important group of hetertrophs and they play an important role in material cycling	50
13849634901	1st Law of Conservation	energy can't be created or destroyed	51
13849652367	Matter Cycles	cycles through the ecosystem since it can never leave	52
13849657568	Biogeochemical Cycle	nutrient cycles that contain both biotic and abiotic components	53
13849662676	Keystone species	exert control on community structure by their important ecological niches	54
13849670019	Primary Succession	plants and animals gradually invade a region that was virtually lifeless where soil has not yet formed	55
13849675987	Secondary Succession	occurs when an existing community has been cleared by a disturbance that leaves the soil intact	56
13849678934	Carbon Cycle	CO2 removed by photosynthesis and added by burning of fossil fuels	57
13849682086	Nitrogen Cycle	Nitrogen Fixation (N2 --> plants by bacteria) Nitrification (ammonium --> nitrite --> nitrate) Absorbed by plants Denitrification (release N to atmosphere)	58
13849696081	Biomass Problems	NPP = GPP - R	59
13849697289	Primary Production	amount of light energy that is converted to chemical energy	60
13849700129	Survivorship Curve	shows the number or proportion of individuals surviving each age for a given species or groups	61
13849712563	Altruism	selfless behavior	62
13849713527	Inclusive Fitness	total effect of producing own offspring	63
13849716507	Kin Selection	type of natural selection	64
13849721647	Climograph	plot of annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region	65
13849725635	Population	group of individuals of the same species that are spatially and temporally similar	66
13849729328	Dispersion	the pattern of spacing of individuals	67
13849733266	dN/dt	change in population	68
13849733267	r	growth rate or population	69
13849734746	N	population size	70
13849738130	3 variables of life history	1. age of sexual maturation 2. how often organism reproduces 3. number of offspring produced per reproductive episode	71
13849756114	Dominant Species	has the highest biomass or is the most abundant in the community	72
13849758737	Keystone species	exert control on community structure by their important ecological niches	73
13849765224	Ecosystem	sum of all the organisms living within it boundaries + abiotic factors with which they interact	74
13849770854	What are primary producers?	autotrophs ("self- feeders")	75
13849775997	GPP	gross primary production - total primary production in an ecosystem	76
13849778144	NPP	net primary production - storage of chemical energy available to consumers in an ecosystem	77
13849783786	R	respiration	78
13849793341	How much energy is transferred from one level to the next?	10%	79

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50 Words to Know for AP Spanish Language and Culture Flashcards

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13796791248	No obstante Hay mucha nieve afuera, no obstante, es cálido por dentro.	nevertheless	0
13796791249	Por lo tanto Quiero obtener un 5 en mi examen de AP Spanish, por lo tanto voy a estudiar todos los días.	therefore	1
13796791250	desarrollar El Departamento de Tecnología Botánica está desarrollando un estudio sobre las algas en extinción.	to develop	2
13796791251	De hecho De hecho, actualmente hay muchos cambios en nuestra tecnología.	in fact	3
13796791252	En cambio Yo, en cambio, preferiría un gato, no un perro.	in contrast	4
13796791253	En realidad En realidad, los cambios no son tan difíciles.	Actually	5
13796791254	Además Esta escultura tiene muchos colores y además es muy expresiva.	moreover	6
13796791255	En pocas palabras Quiero contarte la historia en pocas palabras. En pocas palabras, queremos que los niños crezcan desarrollando un enfoque global.	In short/in a few words	7
13796791256	Por otro lado Es una casa bonita, por otro lado el jardín es espectacular.	on the other hand	8
13796791257	Por supuesto Por supuesto, es importante estudiar mucho para los exámenes de AP.	of course	9
13796791258	Por ejemplo Últimamente debido al calentamiento global está haciendo mucho calor. Hoy, por ejemplo, el día está muy soleado.	for example	10
13796791259	Ambos Ambos chicos quieren ser doctores.	both	11
13796791260	Igualmente Las dos soluciones son igualmente razonables.	similarly/equally	12
13796791261	la natalidad La natalidad no ha cambiado mucho desde hace más de tres años.	birthrate	13
13796791262	el pronóstico El pronóstico económico para España muestra crecimiento.	forecast	14
13796791263	la población El gobierno está estudiando los cambios en la población de México.	population	15
13796791264	el desafío El hambre es uno de los desafíos mundiales.	challenge	16
13796791265	infraestructura Es importante que cada país construya una sólida infraestructura.	infrastructure	17
13796791266	predecir Es difícil predecir los cambios en las ciencias y la tecnología.	to predict	18
13796791267	la informática La informática es un campo de estudio en crecimiento.	computer science	19
13796791268	el sitio El sitio tiene un diseño muy fácil de usar.	website	20
13796791269	los avances científicos Los avances científicos han beneficiado la salud.	scientific advancements	21
13796791270	progreso Eso promoverá un verdadero progreso tecnológico.	progress	22
13796791271	el crimen El crimen es UN problema grave de las sociedades modernas.	crime	23
13796791272	el desempleo Los políticos quieren reducir el desempleo.	unemployment	24
13796791273	trabajo comunitario El grupo de estudiantes está haciendo un trabajo comunitario excelente.	community work	25
13796791274	la pobreza Lamentablemente algunas personas viven en absoluta pobreza.	poverty	26
13796791275	la autoestima Los problemas en la autoestima impactan no sólo a las mujeres, sino también a los hombres.	self esteem	27
13796791276	las creencias personales A veces es difícil cambiar las creencias personales.	personal beliefs	28
13796791277	el filántropo El Señor Gates es un filántropo de los derechos humanos.	philanthropist	29
13796791278	el líder Un buen líder motiva a detectar y también solucionar los problemas. Esta empresa es líder en el sector electrónico.	leader	30
13796791279	la identidad étnica Naturalmente los latinoamericanos se preocupan mucho por preservar su identidad étnica.	ethnic identity	31
13796791280	los valores No son solamente valores hispanos, son valores universales.	values	32
13796791281	el patrimonio Su patrimonio cultural es muy importante para ella.	heritage	33
13796791282	las raíces A menudo los inmigrantes echan raíces en sus nuevas comunidades.	roots	34
13796791283	portarse bien Los padres deben enseñar a sus hijos a portarse bien.	behave well	35
13796791284	la moda Cada persona tiende a definir su propia moda y estilo.	style	36
13796791285	agraciada Los personas en la portada de la revista son muy agraciadas.	attractive	37
13796791286	el tratamiento Algunos pacientes desean tratamientos más eficaces para el acné.	treatment	38
13796791287	la armonía La amabilidad promueve la armonía en nuestro hogar.	harmony	39
13796791288	el equilibrio Esta obra de arte tiene un buen equilibrio de luz y oscuridad.	balance	40
13796791289	señalar El señaló su nuevo corte de pelo.	to point out	41
13796791290	adquirir Su tienda adquirió varios libros nuevos.	to acquire	42
13796791291	soler Yo solía disfrutar de los climas cálidos y tropicales.	to be accustomed to	43
13796791292	merecer Este logro merece atención especial.	to deserve	44
13796791293	perdurar La cultura rural y antigua perdura en partes de Perú.	to remain	45
13796791294	destacar Es un hombre que se destaca por su altura.	to stand out	46
13796791295	concordar Esta frase concorda con la mayoría de la lectura.	to agree	47
13796791296	comprobar ¿Has comprobado si funciona bien la nueva tecnología? Me falta comprobar si el rompecabezas tiene todas las piezas.	to prove	48
13796791297	ponderar El pondera la cuestión durante una hora. Mi madre toma mucho tiempo ponderando sus decisiones.	to analyze	49

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6262666390	Assessment Structures	Simple Statement, Brief Summary, Comprehensive Summary	0
6262674209	Simple Statement	Age and sex relevant PMHx (CC and onset and other relevant factors) Dx	1
6262680252	Brief Summary	+ relevant PE New and relevant results Differentials	2
6262706604	Comprehensive Summary	Prognosis	3
6262728083	Labs	Blood, Urine, Other	4
6262731507	Blood Tests	CBC, chem, gluc, lipid panel, culture(sepsis)	5
6262733767	Urine Tests	Urinalysis, pregnancy, UDS, Culture	6
6262744087	Other	Septum culture, cSF, STD	7
6262756634	Imaging	XR, CT, MRI, US	8
6262771125	Plan	Recommended Tx, Rx ordered, Results, FUs (who and then you)	9

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