| 13684283410 | American Revolution | This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. | | 0 |
| 13684295261 | French Revolution | The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799. | | 1 |
| 13684299374 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens | | 2 |
| 13684303333 | Napoleon Bonaparte | Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. | | 3 |
| 13684309741 | Haitian Revolution | A major influece of the Latin American revolutions because of its successfulness; the only successful slave revolt in history; it is led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. | | 4 |
| 13684316219 | Spanish American Revolution | The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America with the aim of political independence that took place during the early 19th century, after the French invasion of Spain during Europe's Napoleonic Wars. | | 5 |
| 13684333795 | Abolitionist Movement | Movement to end slavery | | 6 |
| 13684333796 | Nationalism | A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country | | 7 |
| 13684338462 | Vindication of the Rights of Women | Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness. | | 8 |
| 13684341631 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869. | | 9 |
| 13684347083 | maternal feminism | Movement that claimed that women have value in society not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children. | | 10 |
| 13684349114 | Kartini | A Javanese woman from an elite background (1879-1904) who has come to be regarded as a pioneer of both feminist and nationalist thinking in Indonesia. | | 11 |
| 13684355258 | steam engine | A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. | | 12 |
| 13684361539 | middle-class values | Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability." | | 13 |
| 13684366177 | Ellen Johnston | Scottish textile worker and single mother (1835-1875) who became a published poet with a modest local reputation. | | 14 |
| 13684371139 | Labour Party | British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism. | | 15 |
| 13684374478 | Progressives (mugwumps) | Republican party faction of the 1890s to the 1910s, composed of reformers who opposed patronage | | 16 |
| 13684392828 | Caudillos | By the 1830s, following several hopeful decades of Enlightenment-inspired revolution against European colonizers, Latin America was mostly ruled by these creole military dictators. | | 17 |
| 13684398203 | Mexican Revolution | (1910-1920 CE) Fought over a period of almost 10 years form 1910; resulted in ouster of Porfirio Diaz from power; opposition forces led by Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. | | 18 |
| 13684401947 | European Racism | A new kind of racism that emerged in the nineteenth century that increasingly used the prestige and apparatus of science to support European racial prejudices and preferences. | | 19 |
| 13684407495 | Indian Rebellion, 1857-1858 | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ. | | 20 |
| 13684412067 | cultivation system | System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops, such as sugar or coffee, for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops. | | 21 |
| 13684414966 | Western-educated elite | The main beneficiaries in Asian and African lands colonized by Western powers; schooled in the imperial power's language and practices, they moved into their country's professional classes but ultimately led anticolonial movements as they grew discouraged by their inability to win equal status to the colonizers. | | 22 |
| 13684420689 | Africanization of Christianity | Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where millions who were converted to Christianity sought to maintain older traditions alongside new Christian ideas; many converts continued using protective charms and medicines and consulting local medicine men, and many continued to believe in their old gods and spirits. | | 23 |
| 13684424264 | Edward Blyden | Prominent West African scholar and political leader (1832-1912) who argued that each civilization, including that of Africa, has its own unique contribution to make to the world. | | 24 |
| 13684430103 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. | | 25 |
| 13684432658 | Opium War | a conflict between Britain and China, lasting from 1839 to 1842, over Britain's opium trade in China | | 26 |
| 13684435108 | Unequal Treaties | trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits | | 27 |
| 13684441808 | Self-Strengthening Movement | late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders | | 28 |
| 13684445817 | Boxer Uprising | anti-foreign movement in China from 1898-1900 | | 29 |
| 13684452335 | Commissioner Lin | Royal official (1785-1850) charged with ending the opium trade in Canton, his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars. | | 30 |
| 13684462817 | Chinese Revolution of 1911 | The collapse of China's imperial order, officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the government for the previous half-century. | | 31 |
| 13684468927 | the sick man of europe | "Sick man of Europe" is a label given to a European country experiencing a time of economic difficulty or impoverishment. The term was first used in the mid-19th century to describe the Ottoman Empire | | 32 |
| 13684485458 | Tanzimat | A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model | | 33 |
| 13684487337 | Young Ottomans | Movement of young intellectuals to institute liberal reforms and build a feeling of national identity in the Ottoman Empire in the second half of the nineteenth century. | | 34 |
| 13684494183 | Sultan Al Hamid II | Abdul Hamid II was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the last Sultan to exert effective control over the fracturing state. | | 35 |
| 13684505611 | Young Turks | A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era. | | 36 |
| 13684517041 | Informal Empire | Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but that retained their own governments and a measure of independence, e.g., Latin America and China. | | 37 |
| 13684521367 | Tokugawa Japan | Tokugawa Japan was the final period of traditional Japan during the time period of 1603-1867, founded by Tokugawa Leyasu, Shoguns. | | 38 |
| 13684524178 | Meji Restoration | Modernization and westernization in Japan | | 39 |
| 13684527987 | Russo-Japanese War | (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. | | 40 |
| 13684527988 | Indian cotton textiles | For much of the eighteenth century, well-made and inexpensive cotton textiles from India flooded Western markets; the competition stimulated the British textile industry to industrialize, which led to the eventual destruction of the Indian textile market both in Europe and in India. | | 41 |
| 13684533938 | lower middle class | Social stratum that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain's population. | | 42 |
| 13684533939 | Karl Marx | 1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society. | | 43 |
| 13684538376 | Socialism in the United States | Fairly minor political movement in the United States, at its height in 1912 gaining 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate. | | 44 |
| 13684542443 | russian revolution 1905 | The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire, some of which was directed at the government. It included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies. | | 45 |
| 13684557819 | latin american export boom | Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and foodstuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle classes. | | 46 |
| 13685419053 | dependent development | Term used to describe Latin America's economic growth in the nineteenth century, which was largely financed by foreign capital and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions. | | 47 |
| 13686609396 | Scramble for Africa | Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. | | 48 |
| 13686630895 | Congo Free State/Leopold II | Leopold II was king of Belgium from 1865 to 1909; his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths. | | 49 |
| 13686634020 | cash-crop agriculture | Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves. | | 50 |
| 13686636935 | Wanjiku | A member of the Gikuyu people of East Africa (1910-?), she witnessed almost the entire twentieth century experiencing British colonialism, the coming of Christianity, the Mau Mau rebellion, the independence of Kenya in 1963, and the challenges of modernization that followed. | | 51 |
| 13686641363 | Swami Vivekananda | Leading religious figure of nineteenth-century India (1863-1902); advocate of a revived Hinduism and its mission to reach out to the spiritually impoverished West. | | 52 |
