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AP Amendments Review Flashcards

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13395178355	First Amendment	Freedom of Religion	0
13395178356	First Amendment	Right to Petition	1
13395178357	First Amendment	Freedom of Assembly	2
13395178358	First Amendment	Freedom of Speech	3
13395178359	First Amendment	Freedom of the Press	4
13395178360	Second Amendment	Right to keep and bear arms	5
13395178361	Third Amendment	Quartering of Soldiers	6
13395178362	Fourth Amendment	Protection from unreasonable search and seizure; warrants	7
13395178363	Fifth Amendment	Can't be tried for the same crime twice/Double Jeopardy	8
13395178364	Fifth Amendment	Protection from self incrimination	9
13395178365	Fifth Amendment	Due Process for federal crimes	10
13395178366	Fifth Amendment	Grand Jury	11
13395178367	Fifth Amendment	Compensation for the taking of public properties; Takings clause	12
13395178368	Sixth Amendment	Trial by Impartial Jury in Criminal Proceeding	13
13395243363	Sixth Amendment	right to counsel	14
13395178369	Seventh Amendment	Right to civil trial by jury	15
13395178370	Eight Amendment	No Cruel and Unusual Punishments; no excessive fines	16
13395178371	Ninth Amendment	Non-enumerated Rights retained by people	17
13395178372	Tenth Amendment	Powers not enumerated to the United States nor denied to the states are reserved to the states or the people	18
13395178373	Eleventh Amendment	No Judicial power in cases where Citizens of one state sue another	19
13395277191	Eleventh Amendment	The decision in Chisolm v. Georgia (1793) led to this amendment	20
13395178374	Twelfth Amendment	In response to the election of 1800 this amendment was proposed	21
13395178375	Twelfth Amendment	Distinct ballots for the election of President and VP	22
13395178376	Thirteenth Amendment	Abolition of Slavery	23
13395178378	Fourteenth Amendment	Citizenship by birth or naturalization	24
13395178380	Fourteenth Amendment	Payment of Civil War Debts	25
13395178381	Fourteenth Amendment	Due Process in states; becomes the basis for selective incorporation	26
13395178382	Fourteenth Amendment	Disqualification from office for participation in "insurrection or rebellion" against the United States	27
13395178383	Fourteenth Amendment	Enforcement Clause used for policy of selective incorporation	28
13395178384	Fifteenth Amendment	Right to vote extended to black males	29
13395178385	Sixteenth Amendment	Power to lay and collect taxes on incomes	30
13395178386	Seventeenth Amendment	Direct Election of Senators	31
13395178387	Eighteenth Amendment	Prohibition	32
13395178388	Nineteenth Amendment (1919)	Suffrage for ALL is finally granted; cannot be abridged on the basis of sex	33
13395178389	Nineteenth Amendment	Women's Right to Vote	34
13395178390	Twentieth Amendment	Change of Presidential and Congressional Term start dates	35
13395341077	Twentieth Amendment	Inauguration of President moved to January 20th	36
13395346444	Twentieth Amendment	Congressional Term start date and inauguration moved to January 3rd	37
13395178391	Twenty-first Amendment	Repeal of Prohibition	38
13395178392	Twenty-second Amendment	Two-term limit on Presidency	39
13395365218	Twenty-second Amendment	President may serve a maximum of two terms or ten years	40
13395178393	Twenty-third Amendment	Electoral Votes for DC	41
13395178394	Twenty-fourth Amendment	Abolition of Poll Taxes	42
13395178395	Twenty-fifth Amendment	Presidential Succession and Disability	43
13395178396	Twenty-sixth Amendment	Right to Vote moved to 18	44
13395178397	Twenty-seventh Amendment	Madison's "lost" amendment	45
13395178398	Twenty-seventh Amendment	Congress can't give themselves a pay raise	46
13395178399	Article 1	Vice President given power to vote in a tie	47
13395178400	Article 1	Habeas corpus can be suspended in an emergency	48
13395178401	Article 1	Vesting clause for Legislative Power	49
13395178402	Article 1	Necessary and Proper Clause	50
13395379633	Article I, Section 8	Congress gives power to create military tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court	51
13395178403	Article 2	Executive Power vesting clause	52
13395178404	Article 2	Commander-in-Chief	53
13395178405	Article 2	4 year Presidential term	54
13395178406	Article 3	The Judicial branch	55
13395178407	Article 3	Establishment of the Supreme Court	56
13395386899	Article 3	Congress given power to create inferior courts within the judicial system	57
13395389647	Article 3	Congress given power to alter the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and inferior courts	58
13395178408	Article 4	Process for Adding a new state	59
13395394605	Article 4	Full Faith and Credit Clause	60
13395178409	Article 4	Privileges and Immunities Clause	61
13395178410	Article 5	Amendment Process for the U.S. Constitution	62
13395178411	Article 5	Congress can make no changes to the slave trade until 1808; concession in order to ensure the ratification of the Constitution	63
13395178412	Article 6	Supremacy Clause	64
13395178413	Article 6	Rule of Law	65
13395408764	Article 6	The law applied equally to everyone and no one is above the law	66
13395178414	Article 7	Ratification of the Constitution	67
13395178415	Bill of Rights	First Ten Amendments	68
13395178416	preamble	We the People	69

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13868610851	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13868610852	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13868610853	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13868610854	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13868610855	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13868610856	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13868610857	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13868610858	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13868610859	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13868610860	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13868610861	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13868610862	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13868610863	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13868610864	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13868610865	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13868610866	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13868610867	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13868610868	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13868610869	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13868610870	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13868610871	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13868610872	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13868610873	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13868610874	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13868610875	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13868610876	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13868610877	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13868610878	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13868610879	theory	general idea being tested	28
13868610880	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13868610881	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13868610882	mode	appears the most	31
13868610883	mean	average	32
13868610884	median	middle	33
13868610885	range	highest - lowest	34
13868610886	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13868610887	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13868610888	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13868610889	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13868610890	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13868610891	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13868610892	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13868610893	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13868611085	neuron		43
13868610894	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13868610895	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13868610896	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13868610897	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13868610898	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13868610899	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13868610900	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13868610901	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13868610902	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13868610903	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13868610904	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13868610905	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13868610906	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13868610907	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13868610908	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13868610909	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13868610910	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13868610911	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13868610912	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13868610913	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13868610914	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13868610915	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13868610916	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13868610917	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13868610918	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13868610919	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13868610920	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13868610921	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13868610922	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13868610923	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13868610924	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13868610925	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13868610926	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13868610927	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13868610928	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13868610929	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13868610930	occipital lobe	vision	80
13868610931	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13868610932	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13868610933	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13868610934	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13868610935	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13868610936	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13868610937	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13868610938	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13868610939	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13868610940	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13868610941	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13868610942	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13868610943	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13868610944	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13868610945	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13868610946	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13868610947	rods	night time	97
13868610948	cones	color	98
13868610949	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13868610950	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13868610951	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13868610952	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13868610953	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13868610954	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13868610955	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13868610956	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13868610957	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13868610958	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13868610959	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13868610960	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13868610961	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13868610962	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13868610963	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13868610964	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13868610965	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13868610966	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13868610967	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13868610968	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13868610969	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13868610970	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13868610971	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13868610972	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13868610973	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13868610974	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13868610975	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13868610976	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13868610977	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13868610978	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13868610979	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13868610980	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13868610981	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13868610982	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13868610983	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13868610984	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13868610985	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13868610986	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13868610987	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13868610988	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13868610989	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13868610990	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13868610991	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13868610992	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13868610993	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13868610994	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13868610995	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13868610996	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13868610997	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13868610998	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13868610999	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13868611000	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13868611001	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13868611002	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13868611003	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13868611004	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13868611005	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13868611006	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13868611007	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13868611008	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13868611009	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13868611010	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13868611011	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13868611012	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13868611013	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13868611014	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13868611015	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13868611016	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13868611017	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13868611018	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13868611019	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13868611020	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13868611021	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13868611022	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13868611023	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13868611024	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13868611025	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13868611026	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13868611027	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13868611028	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13868611029	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13868611030	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13868611031	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13868611032	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13868611033	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13868611034	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13868611035	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13868611036	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13868611037	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13868611038	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13868611039	encoding	information going in	189
13868611040	storage	keeping information in	190
13868611041	retrieval	taking information out	191
13868611042	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13868611043	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13868611044	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13868611045	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13868611046	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13868611047	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13868611048	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13868611049	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13868611050	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13868611051	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13868611052	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13868611053	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13868611054	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13868611055	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13868611056	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13868611057	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13868611058	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13868611059	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13868611060	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13868611061	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13868611062	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13868611063	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13868611064	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13868611065	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13868611066	context	environment helps with memory	216
13868611067	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13868611068	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13868611069	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13868611070	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13868611071	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13868611072	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13868611073	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13868611074	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13868611075	prototypes	generalize	225
13868611076	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13868611077	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13868611078	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13868611079	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13868611080	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13868611081	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13868611082	grammar is _________	universal	232
13868611083	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13868611084	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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Biology Chapter 3 - Biochemistry Flashcards

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8498166262	organic compound	made primarily of carbon atoms	0
8498166263	functional group	clusters of atoms influencing the characteristic of most organic compounds	1
8498166264	monomers	simple molecules that build carbon compounds	2
8498166265	polymer	a molecule that consists of repeated linked units	3
8498166266	macromolecules	large polymers (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)	4
8498166267	condensation reaction	monomers linked by a chemical reaction to form polymers and water	5
8498166268	hydrolysis	water is used to break down complex molecules such as polymers	6
8498166269	adenosine triphosphate (ATP)	a high energy molecule found in every cell	7
8498166270	carbohydrate	an organic macromolecule composed of monosaccharides made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 1C:2H:1O ratio (e.g. glycogen, starch, cellulose)	8
8498166271	monosaccharide	type of carbohydrate also known as a simple sugar	9
8498166272	disaccharide	two monosaccharides combined to form a double sugar	10
8498166273	polysaccharide	complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides	11
8498166274	protein	an organic macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; formed by linking amino acids (e.g. enzymes, hair, and horns)	12
8498166275	amino acids	monomers that link together to form proteins	13
8498166276	peptide bond	a covalent bond created by two amino acids	14
8498166277	polypeptides	a long chain of amino acids	15
8498166278	substrate	the reactant that is broken apart by an enzyme	16
8498166279	active site	the part of the enzyme shaped to allow a substrate to attach to it	17
8498166280	lipid	an organic macromolecule with a water loving glycerol head and water hating fatty acid tails (e.g. triglycerides, phospholipid, steroids, waxes, and pigments)	18
8498166281	fatty acids	unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids	19
8498166282	triglycerides	three molecules of fatty acids joined to one molecule of glycerol	20
8498166283	phospholipid	two hydrophobic fatty acids attached to a hydrophilic molecule of glycerol; two layers of these makes up the cell membrane	21
8498166284	wax	type of structural lipid consisting of a long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain	22
8498166285	steroid	composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them	23
8498166286	nucleic acid	an organic macromolecule composed of nucleotides made of nitrogenous bases between sugar and phosphate group (e.g. DNA and RNA); store and transport important info	24
8498166287	deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)	contains information that determines the characteristic of an organism and directs its cell activities	25
8498166288	ribonucleic acid (RNA)	stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins	26
8498166289	nucleotide	made of three main components: a phosphate group, a 5 carbons sugar, and a ring shaped nitrogenous base	27
8498166290	enzyme	RNA or protein molecules that act as biological catalysts; each one helps break down only on one specific substrate that fits into the folds of its active site; used over and over	28
8498166291	catalyst	reduce the activation energy needed in a reaction	29