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AP European History - isms Flashcards

13712627739	Absolutism	a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)	0
13712627740	Anarchism	a political theory favoring the abolition of governments	1
13712627741	Anti-Semitism	policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews	2
13712627742	Chartism	the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people	3
13712627743	New Imperialism	Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers and the United States, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.	4
13712627744	Owensim	Utopian socialist philosophy of 19th century social reformer ______ ________ and his followers and successors. Aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement.	5
13712627745	Pan-Slavism	A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.	6
13712627746	Positivism	the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)	7
13712627747	Communism	a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.	8
13712627748	Conservatism	a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes	9
13712627749	Racism	discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race	10
13712627750	Corporatism	a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups	11
13712627751	Realism	This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion	12
13712627752	Revisionism	Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.	13
13712627753	Deism	The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.	14
13712627754	Empiricism	the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.	15
13712627755	Existentialism	A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. A few well known _______ writers are Jean-Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard ("the father of _______"), Albert Camus, Freidrich Nietzche, Franz Kafka, and Simone de Beauvoir.	16
13712627756	Romanticism	An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.	17
13712627757	Social Darwinism	The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.	18
13712627758	Socialism	a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.	19
13712627759	Utilitarianism	The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.	20
13712627760	Zionism	A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.	21
13712627761	Fabianism	a British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire, especially India.	22
13712627762	Fascism	A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.	23
13712627763	Feminism	the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men	24
13712627764	Fourierism	founded by Charles Fourier. he believed that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures of human being naturally seek. He advocated phalanxes in which agrarian labor dominated and people could rotate tasks throughout the day	25
13712627765	Humanism	an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics	26
13712627766	Imperialism	A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.	27
13712627767	Impressionism	Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.	28
13712627768	Liberalism	A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.	29
13712627769	Mannerism	Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.	30
13712627770	Marxism	the economic and political theories of ______ __________and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded	31
13712627771	Mercantilism	an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests	32
13712627772	Militarism	a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests	33
13712627773	Modernism	practices typical of contemporary life or thought	34
13712627774	Nationalism	love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it	35
13712627775	Nazism	a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party encouraged this and it was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.	36
13712627776	Federalism	A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments	37
13712627777	Centralism	denotes the concentration of a government's power into a centralized government. This takes away some of the powers of the states and puts more power into the hands of the executive leader	38
13712627778	Feudalism	A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land	39
13712627779	Manorialism	An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.	40
13712627780	Radicalism	a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned	41

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Ap Flashcards

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13488147575	New Frontier	The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.	0
13488147576	Cuban Missle Crisis (1962)	Standoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign-policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation.	1
13488147577	Peace Corps	(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America	2
13488147578	Malcolm X	1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality	3
13488147579	Stokely Carmichael	a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."	4
13488147580	Freedom Summer	In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. Missouri	5
13488147581	Fidel Castro	Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)	6
13488147582	Berlin Wall	A fortified wall surrounding West Berlin, Germany, built in 1961 to prevent East German citizens from traveling to the West. Its demolition in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War. This wall was both a deterrent to individuals trying to escape and a symbol of repression to the free world.	7
13488147583	Apollo	god of music, poetry, prophecy, and medicine	8
13488147584	Voter Education Project	project of the SNCC where volunteers went to rural areas in the Deep South to register African Americans to vote; began with Robert Moses	9

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AP Statistics Chapter 3 Flashcards

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7965507584	Distribution	The distribution of a quantitative variable slices up all the possible values of the variable into equal width bins and gives the number of values falling into each bin	0
7965520129	Histogram	A histogram uses adjacent bars to show the distribution of a quantitative variable. Each bar represents the frequency of values falling in.	1
7965528864	Gap	A region of the distribution where there are no values	2
7965537238	Stem-and-leaf display	A Stem and leaf display shows quantitative data values in a way that sketches the distribution of the data	3
7965557480	Dotplot	a dotplot graphs a dot for each case against a single axis	4
7965562025	Shape	To describe a distribution look for: -single v. multiple modes -symmetry v. skewness -outliers and gaps	5
7965573963	Center	The measures of center are mean and median	6
7965597561	Spread	A numerical summary of how tightly the values are clustered around the center. Measure of spread include the IQR and standard deviation.	7
7965606534	Mode	A hump or local high point in the shape of a distribution of a variable. The apparent location of modes can change as the scale of a histogram is changed.	8
7965622659	Unimodal (Bimodal)	Having one mode. Bi: two modes Multi: many modes	9
7965633462	Uniform	A distribution that is roughly flat is said to be uniform.	10
7965682002	Symmetric	A distribution is symmetric if the two halves on either side of the center look approximately like mirror images of eachother.	11
7976773885	Tails	The tails of a distribution are the parts that typically trail off on either side.	12
7976780347	Skewed	A distribution is skewed if it's not symmetric and one tail stretches out farther than the other. Skewed left and right.	13
7976796741	Outliers	Outliers are extreme values that don't appear to belong with the rest of the data.	14
7976806058	Median	The median is the middle value, with half of the data above it and half below it. If n is even, it is the average of the two middle values. It is usually paired with IQR.	15
7976820276	Range	The difference between the lowest and highest values in a data set.	16
7976825361	Quartile	The lower quartile is the value with a quarter of the data below it. The upper quartile is the value with 3/4 of the data below it.	17
7976839498	Interquartile Range	IQR. The difference between Q1 and Q2	18
7976863449	5-number Summary	min Q1 median Q3 Max	19
7976867484	Boxplot	A boxplot displays the 5-number summary as a central box.	20
7976875150	Mean	Mean is found by summing all the data points and dividing by the count	21

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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13884910559	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13884910560	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13884910561	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13884910562	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13884910563	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13884910564	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13884910565	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13884910566	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13884910567	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13884910568	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13884910569	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13884910570	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13884910571	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13884910572	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13884910573	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13884910574	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13884910575	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13884910576	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13884910577	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13884910578	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13884910579	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13884910580	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13884910581	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13884910582	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13884910583	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13884910584	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13884910585	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
13884910586	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13884910587	theory	general idea being tested	28
13884910588	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13884910589	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
13884910590	mode	appears the most	31
13884910591	mean	average	32
13884910592	median	middle	33
13884910593	range	highest - lowest	34
13884910594	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13884910595	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13884910596	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13884910597	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13884910598	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13884910599	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13884910600	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
13884910601	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13884910794	neuron		43
13884910602	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13884910603	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
13884910604	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13884910605	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13884910606	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13884910607	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13884910608	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13884910609	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13884910610	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13884910611	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13884910612	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13884910613	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13884910614	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13884910615	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13884910616	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13884910617	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13884910618	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13884910619	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13884910620	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13884910621	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13884910622	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13884910623	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13884910624	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13884910625	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13884910626	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13884910627	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13884910628	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13884910629	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13884910630	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13884910631	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13884910632	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13884910633	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13884910634	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13884910635	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13884910636	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13884910637	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13884910638	occipital lobe	vision	80
13884910639	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13884910640	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13884910641	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13884910642	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13884910643	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13884910644	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13884910645	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13884910646	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13884910647	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13884910648	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13884910649	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13884910650	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13884910651	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
13884910652	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13884910653	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13884910654	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13884910655	rods	night time	97
13884910656	cones	color	98
13884910657	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
13884910658	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13884910659	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13884910660	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13884910661	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13884910662	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13884910663	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13884910664	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13884910665	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13884910666	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
13884910667	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13884910668	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13884910669	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
13884910670	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13884910671	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13884910672	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13884910673	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13884910674	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13884910675	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13884910676	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13884910677	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13884910678	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13884910679	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13884910680	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13884910681	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13884910682	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13884910683	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13884910684	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13884910685	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13884910686	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13884910687	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13884910688	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13884910689	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13884910690	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13884910691	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13884910692	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13884910693	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13884910694	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13884910695	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13884910696	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13884910697	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13884910698	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13884910699	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13884910700	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13884910701	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13884910702	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13884910703	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13884910704	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13884910705	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13884910706	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13884910707	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13884910708	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13884910709	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13884910710	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13884910711	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13884910712	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13884910713	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13884910714	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13884910715	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13884910716	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13884910717	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13884910718	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13884910719	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13884910720	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13884910721	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13884910722	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13884910723	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13884910724	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13884910725	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13884910726	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13884910727	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13884910728	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13884910729	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13884910730	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13884910731	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13884910732	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13884910733	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13884910734	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13884910735	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13884910736	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13884910737	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13884910738	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13884910739	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13884910740	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13884910741	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13884910742	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13884910743	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13884910744	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13884910745	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13884910746	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13884910747	encoding	information going in	189
13884910748	storage	keeping information in	190
13884910749	retrieval	taking information out	191
13884910750	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13884910751	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13884910752	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13884910753	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13884910754	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13884910755	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13884910756	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13884910757	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13884910758	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13884910759	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13884910760	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13884910761	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13884910762	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13884910763	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13884910764	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13884910765	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13884910766	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13884910767	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13884910768	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13884910769	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13884910770	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13884910771	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13884910772	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13884910773	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13884910774	context	environment helps with memory	216
13884910775	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13884910776	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13884910777	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13884910778	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13884910779	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13884910780	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13884910781	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13884910782	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13884910783	prototypes	generalize	225
13884910784	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13884910785	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13884910786	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13884910787	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13884910788	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13884910789	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13884910790	grammar is _________	universal	232
13884910791	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13884910792	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Biology Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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13506012845	Transcription	Process that converts DNA Nucleic Acid language into RNA Nucleic Acid language.	0
13506012846	RNA Structure	• Ribose sugar. • Nitrogen bases: Uracil, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine. • Single stranded.	1
13506012847	Template Strand	Transcribed DNA strand; the strand of DNA that is temporarily paired with the RNA.	2
13506012849	RNA Polymerase	Transcribes genes into mRNA.	3
13506012850	Promoter Region	Binding site before beginning of gene; for RNA Polymerase and transcription factors.	4
13506012851	TATA Box Binding Site	A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex.	5
13506012853	Initiation Complex	Transcription factors bind to promoter region. Trigger the binding of RNA Polymerase to DNA.	6
13506012854	Exons	The real gene; expressed/coding DNA.	7
13506012855	Introns	The junk genetic material; INbetween sequence.	8
13506012856	mRNA Splicing	Post-transcriptional processing; edits out introns.	9
13506012857	Pre-mRNA	Primary transcript of the process.	10
13506012861	Alternative Splicing	Alternative mRNAs produced from same gene; different segments treated as exons.	11
13506012862	Post-Transcriptional Processing	Need to protect mRNA on its trip from nucleus to cytoplasm; enzymes in cytoplasm attack mRNA.	12
13506012863	mRNA Caps	5' GTP Cap and Poly-A Tail; longer tail, mRNA lasts longer: produces more protein.	13
13506012865	Translation	From nucleic acid language to amino acid language.	14
13506012866	Codon	A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.	15
13506012869	Anti-Codon	Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon.	16
13506012870	tRNA	Transfer RNA: follows its complementary codon, carries a specific attached amino acid.	17
13506012871	Ribosomes	Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon. Organelle/enzyme hybrid.	18
13506012872	Structure of Ribosomes	Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. Large and small subunits.	19
13506012879	Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes	Translation and transcription coupled, translation begins before transcription is completed.	20
13506052333	ribosome	site of protein synthesis	21

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Flashcards

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Endocrine System (AP Bio) Flashcards

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13546517501	Endocrine System	the sum of all of an animal's hormone secreting cells and tissues. Uses endocrine glands to secrete hormones directly into the body fluids. Regulated by positive and negative feedback.	0
13546517502	Hormones	Chemical messengers that cause a response in target cells.	1
13546517503	Cell surface receptors	Bind the hormone on the surface of the cell (for water soluble/polar hormones), initiating a signal transduction pathway in the target cell. Ex: binding of epinephrine in a liver cell causes a cascade leading to the conversion of glycogen to glucose.	2
13546517504	Intracellular receptors	Bind lipid soluble hormones- found within the cell. Usually result in a change in gene expression. Example: Testosterone enters the cell and binds to its receptor; this complex enters the nuclei of the target cells, binds to DNA, and turns on a specific gene.	3
13546517505	Negative Feedback in endocrine system	the response reduces the initial stimulus (by decreasing hormone signaling).	4
13546517506	Positive Feedback in endocrine system	Reinforces a stimulus, leading to a greater response.	5
13546517507	Are hormones in the body specific?	Hormones can affect one tissue, a few tissue, or most of the tissues, or other glands. Usually, one hormone can initiate a different signaling cascade/response in different tissues.	6
13546517508	Tropic Hormones	Hormones that affect other endocrine glands.	7
13546517509	hypothalamus	receives information from nerves throughout the body and from other parts of the brain and then initiates endocrine signals in response.	8
13546517510	Example of Negative feedback in Endocrine System: control of blood calcium (Note; not necessary to memorize this- this image is provided as an example. You should be able to follow the general scheme of sitmulus-> sensor (gland/organ ) -> messenger (hormone) -> target -> response		9

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AP Spanish email phrases Flashcards

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9893033392	Le agradezco...	I thank you...	0
9893033393	Como ya sabe...	As you already know...	1
9893033394	Tengo entendido que...	It is my understanding that...	2
9893033395	Con respecto a...	With respect to...	3
9893033397	Antes que nada...	First and foremost...	4
9893033398	Para darle una idea de....	To give you an idea...	5
9893033399	Quisiera informarle que...	I'd like to inform you that...	6
9893033400	Es importante que usted sepa que....	It's important that you know that...	7
9893033401	Como se puede imaginar...	As you can imagine...	8
9893033402	Haga el favor de...	Please...	9
9893033403	Se lo agradecería si	I would be so thankful if...	10
9893033404	Si usted pudiera...	If you could	11
9893033405	Le pido que...(subjunctive)	I ask that you...	12
9893033406	Si fuera posible...	If possible....	13
9893033407	Sin embargo	However	14
9893033408	Por lo tanto	Therefore	15
12826125067	Estimado/a	dear (formal)	16
12826135788	He recibido su correo electrónico	I have received your email	17
12826147399	Estoy interesado/a en	I'm interested in	18
12826151961	Para responder a este asunto	To respond to this matter...	19
12826164167	Acabo de recibir su correo	I just received your email	20
12826175265	Quisiera ser considerado(a) como	I would like to be considered as	21
12826182980	Estoy entusiasmado/a (de) participar	I'm excited to participate	22
12826192355	Le agradecería enormemente	I would be enormously grateful	23
12826212771	Respetuosamente	respectfully	24
12826217955	Se despide cordialmente	Yours faithfully (desconocido)	25
12826224285	Atentamente	sincerely	26
12826228718	Le agradezco de antemano	I thank you in advance	27
12826238539	Quedo a la espera de su respuesta	I look forward to hearing from you	28
12826245841	Tengo muchas ganas de reunirme con Ud	I look forward to meeting with you	29

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AP Chemistry Flashcards

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13926953720	Adding a catalyst does what do the peak of the graph	Lowers the peak	0
13926955608	Endothermic (surroundings/system)	Goes from surroundings to system	1
13926956991	Exothermic (surroundings/system)	Goes from system to surroundings	2
13926959992	Increase concentration of reactants	Reaction shifts right	3
13926960934	Increase concentration of products	Reaction shifts left	4
13926963058	Decrease concentration of reactants	Reaction shifts left	5
13926964927	Decrease concentration of products	Reaction shifts right	6
13926965991	Increase pressure	Shifts to side with less moles of gas	7
13926968422	Decrease pressure	Shifts to side with more moles of gas	8
13926971754	Increase volume	Shifts to side with more moles of gas	9
13926973266	Decrease volume	Shifts to side with less moles of gas	10
13926976578	Increase temperature (Endothermic)	Reaction shifts right	11
13926978713	Decrease temperature (Endothermic)	Reaction shifts left	12
13926980194	Increase temperature (Exothermic)	Reaction shifts left	13
13926981769	Decrease temperature (Exothermic)	Reaction shifts right	14

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