| CourseNotes

Flashcards

APES Review Flashcards

13682448429	altitude	distance above a particular point	0
13682448430	arid	extremely dry	1
13682450787	asthenosphere	the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, in which there is relatively low resistance to plastic flow and convection is thought to occur	2
13682450788	atmospheric pressure	the pressure exerted by atoms and molecules in the atmosphere surrounding Earth, resulting from collisions of these particles with objects	3
13682454837	clay	the finest soil, made up of particles that are less than 0.002 mm in diameter	4
13746536821	climate	the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period	5
13746540402	cold front	forms when cold air moves under warm air which is less dense and pushes air up (produces thunderstorms heavy rain or snow	6
13746543510	condensation	the change of state from a gas to a liquid	7
13746546560	convection current	a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid	8
13746552370	convection cells	large wind patterns in Earth's atmosphere caused by convection	9
13746554611	convergent plate boundary	an area where plates move toward one another and collide	10
13746557395	core	the central part of the earth below the mantle	11
13746562261	Coriolis effect	the effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.	12
13746593884	crust	the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle	13
13746603522	density	the degree of compactness of a substance	14
13746607951	divergent plate boundary	boundary between tectonic plates in which the two plates move away from each other, and new crust is created between them	15
13746611703	earthquake	a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action	16
13746619573	elevation	the height of land above sea level	17
13746638421	erosion	the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil and sediment from one location to another	18
13746647734	evaporation	the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas	19
13746650637	front	a boundary between two air masses	20
13746657631	greenhouse effect	warming that results when solar radiation is trapped by the atmosphere	21
13746661740	greenhouse gases	gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and ozone in the atmosphere which are involved in the greenhouse effect	22
13746664866	groundwater	water that fills the cracks and spaces in underground soil and rock layers	23
13746666690	gully erosion	removal of layers of soil, creating channels or ravines too large to be removed by normal tillage operations	24
13746670115	hot spots	places where molten material from the mantle reaches the lithosphere	25
13746676383	humus	material formed from decaying leaves and other organic matter	26
13746676384	hydrosphere	all the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans	27
13746681451	igneous rock	a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface	28
13746681452	infiltration	flow of water from the land surface into the subsurface	29
13746688023	inorganic compounds	compounds that do not contain carbon	30
13746688024	jet stream	a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere	31
13746690472	latitude	distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees	32
13746693615	leaching	the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater	33
13746696590	lithosphere	the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle	34
13746698709	loams	soils containing a mixture of clay, sand, silt, and humus; good for growing most crops	35
13746704805	mantle	the layer of hot, solid material between Earth's crust and core	36
13746710284	metamorphic rock	a type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions	37
13746714631	micronutrients	vitamins and minerals	38
13746717860	mineral resource	all discovered and undiscovered deposits of a useful mineral that can be extracted now or at some time in the future	39
13746720160	monsoons	seasonal wind patterns that cause wet and dry seasons	40
13746724235	natural recharge	process in which aquifers are replenished naturally by precipitation that percolates downward through soil and rock	41
13746728130	organic compounds	carbon-based molecules	42
13746730380	ozone layer	a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun	43
13746735487	parent material	the rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived	44
13746735488	permeability	ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it	45
13746741035	porosity	the volume of open spaces in rock or soil	46
13746744362	precipitation	any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface	47
13746754054	rain shadow effect	low precipitation on the far side (leeward side) of a mountain when prevailing winds flow up and over a high mountain or range of high mountains, creates semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of a high mountain range	48
13746758447	rift	a split, break, breach	49
13746764025	rill	a tiny groove in soil made by flowing water	50
13746767398	ring of fire	a major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean	51
13746772876	runoff	water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground	52
13746772877	sand	the coarsest soil, with particles 0.05,2.0 mm in diameter.	53
13746775812	sedimentary rock	a type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together	54
13746779566	sheet	a type of erosion in which surface water or wind peels off thin layers of soil	55
13746799481	silt	a mixture of rich soil and tiny rocks	56
13746806713	soil erosion	wearing away of surface soil by water and wind	57
13746806714	soil horizons	horizontal layers that reveal a soil's history, characteristics, and usefulness	58
13746811947	soil permeability	rate at which water and air move from upper to lower soil layers	59
13746811948	soil porosity	a measure of the volume of pores or spaces per volume of soil and the average distances between those spaces	60
13746814474	soil profile	a vertical section through a soil showing its succession of horizons and the underlying parent material	61
13746819126	soil structure	how the particles that make up a soil are organized and clumped together	62
13746822294	soil texture	the soil quality that is based on the proportions of soil particles	63
13746822295	stratosphere	the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere	64
13746832215	subduction	the process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary	65
13746838165	surface runoff	water that flows over land until it reaches lakes, rivers, or other areas	66
13746838166	surface water	water that collects on the surface of the ground	67
13746844980	tectonic plates	sections of the Earth's crust that move due to convection currents	68
13746854030	temperature inversion	atmospheric condition in which warm air traps cooler air near the earth's surface	69
13746859610	terrestrial	relating to the land	70
13746859611	thermal inversion	A situation in which a relatively warm layer of air at mid-altitude covers a layer of cold, dense air below	71
13746865861	trade winds	prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator	72
13746869792	transform fault	area where the earth's lithospheric plates move in opposite but parallel directions along a fracture (fault) in the lithosphere	73
13746874617	transpiration	evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant	74
13746877117	troposphere	the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere	75
13746883120	upwelling	the movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface	76
13746885891	warm front	a front where warm air moves over cold air and brings drizzly rain and then are followed by warm and clear weather	77
13746888367	water cycle	the continuous process by which water moves from Earth's surface to the atmosphere and back	78
13746891783	waterlogging	saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface	79
13746896491	water table	the upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater	80
13746903410	watershed	the land area that supplies water to a river system	81
13746907664	weather	the condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.	82
13746910476	weathering	the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface	83
13746914079	zone of aeration	the upper zone which usually isn't completely filled with water, but with rocks and soil too	84
13746925681	zone of illuviation	movement of dissolved material from higher soil layers to lower with the downward movement of water	85
13746938462	zone of saturation	the lower zone where water accumulates between small rock particles	86
13748793241	abiotic	non-living things	87
13748795854	adaptation	inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival	88
13748798264	aerobic respiration	respiration that requires oxygen	89
13748801180	ammonification	the formation of ammonia compounds in the soil by the action of bacteria on decaying matter	90
13748803208	assimilation	the process of incorporating a nutrient into an organism's cells	91
13748811699	autotroph	an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide	92
13748822135	background extinction	extinction caused by slow and steady process of natural selection	93
13748825066	bacteria	single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus; prokaryotes	94
13748827648	benthos	organisms that live attached to or near the ocean floor	95
13748831503	biodiversity	the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem	96
13748834364	biogeochemical cycle	process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another	97
13748836574	biological diversity	the presence of many different types of organisms in an ecosystem	98
13748836575	biome	group of ecosystems that have the same climate and dominant communities	99
13748840484	biosphere	part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere	100
13748843087	biotic	living things	101
13748844925	deciduous plants	plants that lose all of their leaves for part of the year	102
13748848103	carbon cycle	the movement of carbon from the nonliving environment into living things and back	103
13748911451	carbon sink	a forest, ocean, or other natural environment viewed in terms of its ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere	104
13748915920	carnivore	organism that obtains energy by eating animals	105
13748918379	climax community	a stable community that no longer goes through major ecological changes	106
13748921480	coastal wetland	coastal land areas covered with water all or part of the year	107
13748921481	commensalism	an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm	108
13748925867	community	all the different populations that live together in an area	109
13748928674	competitive exclusion	strong competition can lead to local elimination of one of the species	110
13748932840	coniferous trees	trees that produce their seeds in cones and have leaves shaped like needles	111
13748932842	coral reef	a structure of calcite skeletons built up by coral animals in warm, shallow ocean water	112
13748936299	decomposer	organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter	113
13748942841	denitrification	process by which bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas	114
13748947295	detritivore	organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter	115
13748962353	detritus	dead organic matter	116
13748965104	detritus feeder	organism that extracts nutrients from fragments of dead organisms and their cast-off parts and organic wastes; examples are earthworms, termites, and crabs	117
13748970375	diffusion	movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.	118
13748973760	ecological diversity	the variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems found in an area or on the earth	119
13748984895	ecological niche	the sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment	120
13748984896	ecology	scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment	121
13748986814	ecosystem	a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment	122
13748991321	endangered species	a species whose numbers are so small that the species is at risk of extinction	123
13748994409	endemic species	species that are native to and found only within a limited area	124
13748997406	energy productivity	a measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system	125
13748999962	estuary	a habitat in which the freshwater of a river meets the salt water of the ocean.	126
13749004615	evolution	change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms	127
13749007455	extinction	a term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals	128
13749013197	fundamental niche	the niche species could potentially occupy	129
13769337304	first law of thermodynamics	energy cannot be created or destroyed	130
13769337305	food chain	series of steps in an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten	131
13769341037	food web	a system of interlocking and interdependent food chains	132
13769344856	freshwater life zones	aquatic systems where water with a dissolved salt concentration of less than 1% by volume accumulates on or flows through the surfaces of terrestrial biomes; examples are standing (lentic) bodies of fresh water such as lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands and flowing (lotic) systems such as streams and rivers	133
13769621832	generalist species	species with a broad ecological niche; they can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions; examples are flies, cockroaches, mice, rats, and human beings	134
13769648052	genetic diversity	the range of genetic material present in a gene pool or population of a species	135
13769652128	geographic isolation	form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water	136
13769661059	gross primary productivity	the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time	137
13769667222	habitat	the natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism	138
13769675099	herbivore	organism that obtains energy by eating only plants	139
13769678638	heterotroph	an organism that cannot make its own food	140
13769682325	host	an organism on which a parasite lives	141
13769684444	hydrologic cycle	the movement of water through the biosphere	142
13769690703	indicator species	species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged	143
13769693747	interspecific competition	competition between members of different species	144
13769696727	intraspecific competition	competition between members of the same species	145
13769699668	keystone species	a species that influences the survival of many other species in an ecosystem	146
13769704537	kilocalorie	a unit of energy equal to 1,000 calories	147
13769710464	law of conservation of energy	the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another	148
13769712724	law of conservation of matter	matter is neither created nor destroyed in any chemical or physical change	149
13769716005	limiting factor	any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms	150
13769729755	mass extinction	event in which many types of living things become extinct at the same time	151
13769775811	mutualism	a relationship between two species in which both species benefit	152
13769775812	natural selection	a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits	153
13769778689	net energy	total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used (the first energy law), automatically wasted (the second energy law), and unnecessarily wasted in finding, processing, concentrating, and transporting it to users	154
13769784895	net primary productivity	the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire	155
13769789310	niche	an organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living	156
13769793781	nitrogen cycle	the transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere	157
13769810060	nitrogen fixation	process of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia	158
13769814427	nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3-)	159
13769814428	omnivore	a consumer that eats both plants and animals	160
13769822569	parasitism	a relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed	161
13769822570	phosphorus cycle	the movement of phosphorus atoms from rocks through the biosphere and hydrosphere and back to rocks	162
13769909705	photosynthesis	conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy	163
13769912879	phytoplankton	photosynthetic algae found near the surface of the ocean	164
13769912880	plankton	tiny organisms that float in the water	165
13769916914	pioneer species	the first species to populate an area	166
13769931633	population	group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area	167
13769935511	predation	an interaction in which one organism kills another for food.	168
13769943610	primary consumer	an organism that eats producers	169
13769943611	primary pollutant	a pollutant that is put directly into the atmosphere by human or natural activity	170
13769947788	primary productivity	the rate at which energy is converted by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs to organic substances	171
13769950629	primary succession	succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists	172
13769953196	producer	an organism that makes its own food	173
13769957106	pyramid of energy flow	diagram representing the flow of energy through each trophic level in a food chain or food web; with each energy transfer, only a small part (typically 10%) of the usable energy entering one trophic level is transferred to the organisms at the next trophic level	174
13769966815	range of tolerance	the limits to the abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate	175
13769977574	realized niche	the range of abiotic and biotic conditions under which a species actually lives	176
13769981345	reproductive isolation	separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring	177
13769981401	respiration	the process by which cells break down simple food molecules to release the energy they contain	178
13769987471	resource partitioning	the differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community	179
13769993179	riparian zones	lush vegetation along streams or rivers	180
13769993180	scavenger	a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms	181
13770000709	second law of energy	energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy	182
13770004886	second law of thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)	183
13770009278	secondary consumer	an organism that eats primary consumers	184
13770012827	secondary succession	succession following a disturbance that destroys a community without destroying the soil	185
13770020197	specialist species	species with a narrow ecological niche; they may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one type or a few types of food	186
13770025544	speciation	the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution	187
13770029438	species	a group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding	188
13770034207	species evenness	the relative proportion of different species in a given area	189
13770034208	species diversity	variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community	190
13770041647	species richness	the number of different species in a community	191
13770047895	sulfur cycle	the movement of sulfur around the biosphere	192
13770662415	sulfur dioxide	a colorless, corrosive gas directly damaging to both plants and animals	193
13770666919	sulfuric acid	H2SO4 (Strong Acid)	194
13770671980	tertiary consumers	carnivores that eat secondary consumers	195
13770681609	theory of evolution	states that organisms change and develop over time to adapt an increase rate of survival	196
13770681610	trophic level	step in a food chain or food web	197
13770685602	age structure	number of males and females of each age in a population	198
13807622462	agricultural revolution	a time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster; the production of food rose dramatically	199
13807626448	baby bust	a temporary marked decrease in the birth rate	200
13807629796	baby boom	the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II	201
13807632256	biotic potential	the maximum rate at which a population could increase under ideal conditions	202
13807635098	birth rate	the number of births in a population in a certain amount of time	203
13807635099	carrying capacity	largest number of individuals of a population that an ecosystem can support	204
13807639247	competitors	organisms that have the same food source and live in the same habitat	205
13807644991	cost-benefit analysis	a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good	206
13807644992	crude birth rate	the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population	207
13807648189	crude death rate	the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people	208
13807651099	death rate	the number of deaths in a population in a certain amount of time	209
13807658314	debt-for-nature swap	forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries	210
13807662125	demographic transition	change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates	211
13807662126	demography	the scientific study of population characteristics	212
13807668207	density dependent factors	limiting factor that depends on population size	213
13807670036	density independent factors	limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size	214
13807682587	developed country	a modern, industrialized country in which people are generally better educated and healthier and live longer than people in developing countries do	215
13807685622	developing country	a country that has low industrial production and little modern technology	216
13807689539	doubling time	the time required for a population to double in size	217
13807693100	ecological footprint	the impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources	218
13807695715	economy	the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services	219
13807695716	emigration	movement of individuals out of an area	220
13807698054	environmental degradation	damage to or destruction of the natural environment	221
13807701015	environmental ethics	the application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and their environment	222
13807705111	environmental resistance	all the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of a population	223
13807709575	environmentally sustainable economic development	using political and economic systems to discourage environmentally harmful and unsustainable forms of economic growth that degrade natural capital, and to encourage environmentally beneficial and sustainable forms of economic development that help sustain natural capital	224
13807713318	exponential growth	growth whose rate becomes ever more rapid in proportion to the growing total number or size	225
13807713319	external cost	an uncompensated cost that an individual or firm imposes on others	226
13807717863	family planning	the practice of regulating the number or spacing of offspring through the use of birth control	227
13807720461	famine	a severe shortage of food (as through crop failure) resulting in violent hunger and starvation and death	228
13807722635	fertility	a measure of how well soil supports plant growth	229
13807726717	globalization	growth to a global or worldwide scale	230
13807731287	green revolution	rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers	231
13807737091	gross domestic product	the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year	232
13807739621	immigration	movement of individuals into a population	233
13807742717	industrial	of, relating, or characterized by industry	234
13807742718	infant mortality rate	the percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country	235
13807749076	K-strategists	species where organisms tend to reproduce later in life, have a smaller number of offspring, and are long living	236
13807752152	J-curve	a growth curve that depicts exponential growth	237
13807756057	land degradation	occurs when natural or human-induced processes decrease the future ability of land to support crops, livestock, or wild species	238
13807761323	land-use planning	determining in advance how land will be used	239
13807764941	less developed country	a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development	240
13807802506	life expectancy	the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions; life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.	241
13807806263	linear growth	expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval	242
13807814276	logistic growth	growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growt	243
13807817548	malnutrition	lack of proper nutrition	244
13807819841	mass transit	public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people	245
13807819842	more developed countries	countries with greater overall wealth; these countries tend to be more industrialized, bringing in money from manufacturing more goods	246
13807827803	natural capital	natural resources and natural services that keep us and other species alive and support our economies	247
13807831202	opportunist	an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions	248
13807837651	overnutrition	excess energy or nutrients	249
13807843175	overshoot	when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity	250
13807843176	per capita GDP	Gross Domestic Product per person	251
13807846884	population density	a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	252
13807853067	population dispersion	way in which individuals of a population are spread out over an area or volume	253
13807853068	population distribution	a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another	254
13807855531	population dynamics	the study of short‐ and long‐term changes in the number of individuals for a given population, as affected by birth, death, immigration, and emigration	255
13807859117	population momentum	continued population growth that does not slow in response to growth reduction measures	256
13807863499	population size	the number of individuals in a population	257
13807863500	post-industrial	an economy with less emphasis on heavy industry and manufacturing and more emphasis on services and technology	258
13807869825	post-reproductive age	those too old to reproduce	259
13807869826	poverty	inability to meet basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter	260
13807875328	pre-industrial	that period in development of a society when manufacturing industry has yet to develop	261
13807877703	pre-reproductive age	not mature enough to reproduce	262
13807881103	replacement-level fertility	the total fertility rate required to offset the average number of deaths in a population in order to maintain the current population size	263
13807883561	r-strategists	a species that grow exponentially when environmental conditions allow them to reproduce	264
13807892784	rule of 70	doubling time (in years) = 70/(percentage growth rate).	265
13807898985	S-curve	a curve that depicts logistic growth; shape of an "S;" the leveling off of a J-Curve exponential growth	266
13807905950	surplus	a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded	267
13807908943	survivorship curve	graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species	268
13807912766	total fertility rate	the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years	269
13807915385	transitional	population grows rapidly because birth rates are high and death rates drop because of improved food production and health	270
13807919174	tragedy of the commons	situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community	271
13807919175	undernutrition	the condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health	272
13807922859	urban area	an area that contains more than 385 people per square kilometer (1,000 people per square mile)	273
13807925954	urban growth	the rate of increase of urban populations	274
13807929562	urban sprawl	the process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land	275
13807932021	urbanization	an increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.	276

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

13959974926	isotope	different number of neutrons ex. carbon-12 and carbon-13	0
13959974927	ionic bond	atoms exchange electrons to create ions (charged molecule)	1
13959974928	covalent bond	atoms share electrons	2
13959974929	bicarbonate	H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+ carbonic acid = bicarbonate ion+hydrogen ion	3
13959974930	isomers	molecules with same molecular formula but different structures	4
13959974931	hydroxyl group		5
13960074147	carbonyl group		6
13960074148	carboxyl group		7
13960074149	amino group		8
13960074150	phosphate group		9
13960074151	methyl group		10

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

13918191216	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
13918191217	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
13918191218	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
13918191219	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
13918191220	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
13918191221	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
13918191222	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
13918191223	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
13918191224	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
13918191225	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
13918191226	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
13918191227	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
13918191228	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
13918191229	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
13918191230	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
13918191231	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
13918191232	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
13918191233	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
13918191234	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
13918191235	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
13918191236	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
13918191237	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
13918191238	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
13918191239	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
13918191240	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
13918191241	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
13918191242	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control ex: genetics, age	26
13918191243	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
13918191244	theory	general idea being tested	28
13918191245	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
13918191246	operational definition	procedures that explain components survey to measure happiness - happiness is measured by what score they receive on survey	30
13918191247	mode	appears the most	31
13918191248	mean	average	32
13918191249	median	middle	33
13918191250	range	highest - lowest	34
13918191251	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
13918191252	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
13918191253	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
13918191254	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
13918191255	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
13918191256	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
13918191257	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings -- muscles/glands	41
13918191258	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
13918191454	neuron		43
13918191259	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
13918191260	myelin sheath	protects the axon - insulates axon to increase speed of messages	45
13918191261	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
13918191262	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
13918191263	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
13918191264	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
13918191265	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
13918191266	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
13918191267	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
13918191268	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
13918191269	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
13918191270	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
13918191271	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
13918191272	neural pathways	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
13918191273	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
13918191274	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
13918191275	master gland	pituitary gland	60
13918191276	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
13918191277	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
13918191278	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
13918191279	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
13918191280	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
13918191281	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
13918191282	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
13918191283	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
13918191284	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
13918191285	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
13918191286	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
13918191287	hippocampus	process new memory	72
13918191288	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
13918191289	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
13918191290	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
13918191291	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
13918191292	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
13918191293	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
13918191294	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
13918191295	occipital lobe	vision	80
13918191296	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
13918191297	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
13918191298	Broca's area	speaking words	83
13918191299	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
13918191300	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
13918191301	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
13918191302	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
13918191303	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
13918191304	inattentional blindness	failure to notice "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
13918191305	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
13918191306	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
13918191307	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
13918191308	absolute threshold	is the smallest level of stimulus that can be detected, usually defined as at least half the time	93
13918191309	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
13918191310	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
13918191311	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
13918191312	rods	more in periphery - less color detection; better for night vision	97
13918191313	cones	color; fovea is only cones; not in periphery	98
13918191314	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. at same time	99
13918191315	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
13918191316	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
13918191317	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
13918191318	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
13918191319	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
13918191320	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
13918191321	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
13918191322	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
13918191323	gate-control theory	feel pain and if you put a lot of pressure you'll feel less pain	108
13918191324	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
13918191325	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
13918191326	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole whole is the sum of its parts	111
13918191327	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
13918191328	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
13918191329	perception =	mood + motivation	114
13918191330	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
13918191331	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
13918191332	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
13918191333	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
13918191334	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
13918191335	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
13918191336	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
13918191337	insomnia	can't sleep	122
13918191338	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
13918191339	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
13918191340	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
13918191341	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
13918191342	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
13918191343	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
13918191344	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
13918191345	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
13918191346	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
13918191347	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
13918191348	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
13918191349	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
13918191350	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
13918191351	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
13918191352	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
13918191353	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
13918191354	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
13918191355	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
13918191356	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
13918191357	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
13918191358	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
13918191359	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
13918191360	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
13918191361	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
13918191362	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
13918191363	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
13918191364	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
13918191365	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
13918191366	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
13918191367	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
13918191368	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
13918191369	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
13918191370	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
13918191371	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
13918191372	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
13918191373	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
13918191374	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
13918191375	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
13918191376	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
13918191377	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
13918191378	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
13918191379	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
13918191380	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
13918191381	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
13918191382	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
13918191383	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
13918191384	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
13918191385	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
13918191386	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
13918191387	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
13918191388	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
13918191389	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
13918191390	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
13918191391	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
13918191392	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
13918191393	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
13918191394	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
13918191395	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
13918191396	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
13918191397	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
13918191398	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
13918191399	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
13918191400	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
13918191401	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
13918191402	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
13918191403	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
13918191404	encoding	information going in	189
13918191405	storage	keeping information in	190
13918191406	retrieval	taking information out	191
13918191407	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
13918191408	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
13918191409	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
13918191410	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
13918191411	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
13918191412	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
13918191413	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
13918191414	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
13918191415	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
13918191416	implicit memory	naturally do	201
13918191417	explicit memory	need to explain	202
13918191418	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
13918191419	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
13918191420	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
13918191421	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
13918191422	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
13918191423	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
13918191424	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
13918191425	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
13918191426	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
13918191427	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
13918191428	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
13918191429	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
13918191430	priming	association (setting you up)	215
13918191431	context	environment helps with memory	216
13918191432	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
13918191433	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
13918191434	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
13918191435	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
13918191436	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
13918191437	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
13918191438	children can't remember before age __	3	223
13918191439	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
13918191440	prototypes	generalize	225
13918191441	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
13918191442	against problem-solving	fixation	227
13918191443	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
13918191444	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
13918191445	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
13918191446	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
13918191447	grammar is _________	universal	232
13918191448	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
13918191449	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Macro Section 6 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9596328838	cyclically adjusted budget balance	An estimate of what the budget ballence would really be if real GDP were exactly equal to potential output	0
9596328839	Government Debt	Is the accumulations of past budget deficits, minus past budget surpluses	1
9596328840	Fiscal year	Runs from October 1 to September 30 and is labeled according to the calendar year in which it ends	2
9596328841	Public debt	Is government debt held by individuals and institutions outside the government	3
9596328842	Debt GDP Ratio	Is the government's debt as a percentage of GDP	4
9596328843	Implicit liabilities	Spending promises made by the government that are effectively a debt despite the fact that they are not included in the usual debt statistics.	5
9596328844	Target Federal funds	A desired level for federal funds rates. The Fed will use open market operations to achieve that target.	6
9596328845	Expansionary monetary policy	Is monetary policy that increases aggregate demand	7
9596328846	Contractionary Monetary policy	Policy that reduces aggregate demand	8
9596368730	Taylor rule for monetary policy	a rule for setting the federal funds rate that takes in account both the inflation rate and the output gap.	9
9596328847	Inflationary targeting	occurs when the central bank sets an explicit target for the inflation rate and sets monetary policy in order to hit that target	10
9596328848	Monetary neutrality	changes in the money supply have no real effects on the economy	11
9596328849	Classical model of the price level	according to this model the quantity of money is always at its long-run equilibrium level	12
9596328850	Inflation tax	Is the reduction in the value of money held by the public caused by inflation	13
9596328851	cost-push inflation	is inflation that is caused by a significant increase in the price of an input with an economy-wide importance	14
9596328852	Demand pull inflation	Is inflation that is caused by an increase in aggregate demand	15
9596328853	nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU)	the unployment rate at which inflation does not chnage over time.	16
9596328854	Long run Philips curve	shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation after expectations of inflation have had time to adjust to experience	17
9596328855	Debt deflation	Is the reduction in aggregate demand arising from the increase in the real burden of outstanding debt caused by deflation	18
9596328856	Zero bound	when the nominal interest rate cannot go below zero	19
9596328859	Monetarism	asserts that GDP will grow steadily if the money supply grows steadily	20
9596328860	discretionary monetary policy	is the use of changes in rate or money supply to stabilize the economy	21
9596328861	Monetary policy rule	Is a formula that determines the central bank's actions.	22
9596328862	Quantity theory of money	Emphasizes the positive relationship between the price level and the money supply M x V = P x Y	23
9596328863	velocity of money	is the ratio of nominal GDP to the money supply. it is a measure of the average number of times the average dollar bill is spent per year.	24
9596328864	Natural rate hypothesis	to avoid accelerating inflation over time, the unemployment rate must be high enough that actual inflation rate equals the expected rate of inflation	25
9596328865	Political business cycle	results when politicians use macroeconomic policy to serve political ends	26
9596328866	New classical macroeconomics	is an approach to the business cycle that returns to the classical view that shifts in the aggregate demand curve affect only the aggregate price level, not aggregate output	27
9596328867	Rational expectations	is the view that individuals and firms make decisions optimally, using all available information	28
9596328868	new Keynesian economics	market imperfections can lead to price stickiness for the economy as a whole	29
9596328869	real businiess cycle theory	claims that fluctuations in the rate of growth of total factor productivity cause the business cycle	30

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Calculus AB Review* Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

13755973600	Limit Definition of Derivative	limit (as h approaches 0)= F(x+h)-F(x)/h ; means take derivative of f(x)	0
13755973601	Alternate Definition of Derivative	limit (as x approaches a number c)= f(x)-f(c)/x-c x≠c ; means take derivative of f(x) and plug in a	1
13755973602	limit as x approaches 0: sinx/x	1	2
13755973603	limit as x approaches 0: 1-cosx/x	0	3
13755973604	Continuity Rule	If the limit exists (aka left limit and right limit are equal), and the limit equals the function at that point.	4
13755973605	Basic Derivative	f(x^n)= nX^(n-1)	5
13755973606	d/dx(sinx)	cosx	6
13755973607	d/dx(cosx)	-sinx	7
13755973608	d/dx(tanx)	sec²x	8
13755973609	d/dx(cotx)	-csc²x	9
13755973610	d/dx(secx)	secxtanx	10
13755973611	d/dx(cscx)	-cscxcotx	11
13755973612	d/dx(lnu)	u'/u	12
13755973613	d/dx(e^u)	e^u(u')	13
13755973614	d/dx(a^u)	a^u(lna)(u')	14
13755973615	Chain rule of f(x)^n	nf(x)f'(x)	15
13755973616	Product rule of f(x)g(x)	f'(x)g(x)+g'(x)f(x) OR first(d last)+(last)(d First)	16
13755973617	Quotient rule of f(x)/g(x)	g(x)f'(x)-f(x)g'(x)/g(x)² OR lo(d hi)-hi(d lo) all divided by (lo)^2	17
13755973618	Intermediate Value Theorem	if f(x) is continuous on [a,b], then there will be a point x=c that lies in between [a,b]	18
13755973619	Extreme Value Theorem	if f(x) is continuous on [a,b], then f(x) has an absolute max or min on the interval	19
13755973620	Rolle's Theorem	if f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), and if f(a)=f(b), then there is at least one point (x=c) on (a,b) [DON'T INCLUDE END POINTS] where f'(c)=0	20
13755973621	Mean Value Theorem	if f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and differentiable on (a,b), there is at least one point (x=c) where f'(c)= F(b)-F(a)/b-a	21
13755973622	If f'(x)=0	there is a max or min on f(x) [number line test]	22
13755973623	If f'(x)>0	f(x) is increasing	23
13755973624	If f'(x)<0	f(x) is decreasing	24
13755973625	If f''(x)=0	f(x) has a point of inflection & f'(x) has a max or min	25
13755973626	If f''(x)>0	f(x) is concave up & f'(x) is increasing	26
13755973627	If f''(x)<0	f(x) is concave down & f'(x) is decreasing	27
13755973628	p(t), x(t), s(t)	means position function	28
13755973629	p'(t) or x'(t) or s'(t)	v(t)= velocity	29
13755973630	p''(t) or v'(t)	a(t)= acceleration	30
13755973631	v(t)=0	p(t) is at rest or changing direction	31
13755973632	v(t)>0	p(t) is moving right	32
13755973633	v(t)<0	p(t) is moving left	33
13755973634	a(t)=0	v(t) not changing	34
13755973635	a(t)>0	v(t) increasing	35
13755973636	a(t)<0	v(t) decreasing	36
13755973637	v(t) and a(t) has same signs	speed of particle increasing	37
13755973638	v(t) and a(t) has different signs	speed of particle decreasing	38
13755973639	∫(x^n)dx	x^(n+1)∕(n+1) +C	39
13755973640	∫(1/x)dx	ln\|x\|+C	40
13755973641	∫(e^kx)dx	ekx/k +C	41
13755973642	∫sinx dx	-cosx+C	42
13755973643	∫cosx dx	sinx+C	43
13755973644	∫sec²x dx	tanx+C	44
13755973645	∫csc²x dx	-cotx+C	45
13755973646	∫secxtanx dx	secx+C	46
13755973647	∫cscxcotx	-cscx+C	47
13755973648	∫k dx [k IS A CONSTANT]	kx+C	48
13755973649	1st fundamental theorem of calculus	(bounded by a to b) ∫f(x)dx= F(b)-F(a)	49
13755973650	2nd fundamental theorem	(bounded by 1 to x) d/dx[∫f(t)dt]= f(x)(x')	50
13755973651	average value	(1/(b-a))[∫f(x)dx] [BOUNDED BY A TO B]	51
13755973652	Area between curves	A=∫f(x)-g(x) dx = integral of top - bottom dx OR integral of right- left dy	52
13755973653	Volume (DISK, no hole)	V=π∫f(x)²dx	53
13755973654	Volume (WASHER, hole)	V=π∫f(x)²-g(x)²dx, where f(x)=farther equation from axis rotating & g(x)= closer equation from axis rotating	54
13755973655	∫f(x)dx [BOUNDS ARE SAME]	0	55
13755973656	Displacement of particle	∫v(t)dt	56
13755973657	total distance of particle	∫\|v(t)\|dt	57
13755973658	position of particle at specific point	p(x)= initial condition + ∫v(t)dt (bounds are initial condition and p(x))	58
13755973659	derivative of exponential growth equation: P(t)=Pe^kt	dP/dt=kP	59
13755973660	Cross section for volume: square [A=s²]	v=∫[f(x)-g(x)]²dx	60
13755973661	Cross section for volume: isosceles triangle [A=1/2s²]	v= 1/2∫[f(x)-g(x)]²dx	61
13755973662	Cross section for volume: equilateral triangle [A=√3/4s²]	v= √3/4∫[f(x)-g(x)]²dx	62
13755973663	Cross section for volume: semicircle [A=1/2πs²]	v= 1/2π∫[f(x)-g(x)]²dx	63
13755973664	d/dx(sin⁻¹u)	u'/√(1-u²)	64
13755973666	d/dx(tan⁻¹u)	u'/(1+u²)	65
13755973670	∫du/√(a²-u²)	(sin⁻¹u/a)+C	66
13755973671	∫du/(a²+u²)	(1/a)(tan⁻¹u/a)+C	67

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World Period 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

14035054660	Trans -Saharan Trade	Trade of goods through the Sahara dessert Goods: Salt, gold, animal hides, slaves Important points: Timbuktu, Goa,Djenne	0
14035054661	Islam	Monotheistic religion created in the 7th century by Arabic merchant, Muhammed	1
14035054662	Caliphate	A regional state unified by Islam	2
14035054663	Crusades	A series of Christian vs Muslim military campaigns for the "holy land"	3
14035054664	Dar-al-Islam	territory of Islam	4
14035054665	Byzantine Empire	Eastern Roman empire extending to the Eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia	5
14035054666	Sinification	Chinese-ification of Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia	6
14035054667	Mongols	nomadic invaders that conquered Eurasia with force and diplomacy	7
14035054668	Black Death	Plague that killed 1/3 of European population	8
14035054669	Maya	MesoAmerican civilization that had pyramids, large cities, a written system, and complex society	9
14035054670	Coerced labor	slavery, serfdom, corvee (government-recquired labor on public works projects), and indentured servitude	10
14035054671	Feudalism	Agricultural workers serving landowners or lords (knights and samurai)	11
14035054672	Zheng He	Ming explorer that crossed the Indian Ocean	12
14035054673	Silk	highly-priced luxury commodity mainly exported from China	13
14035054674	Chinese Inventions	gunpowder, compass, paper, astrolabe	14
14035054675	Tang Dynasty	(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.	15
14035054676	Song Dynasty	(960 - 1279 AD); started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass, navy, traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton), first to have paper money, explosive gun powder	16
14035054677	Central Asia	A region that includes the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan	17
14035054678	Indian Ocean trade	trade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants	18
14035054679	Ming Dynasty	Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.	19
14035054680	Grand Canal	an inland waterway 1000 miles long in eastern China	20
14035054681	Pax Mongolica	Mongol peace from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other.	21
14035054682	Vikings	A nomadic group that conquered ex: Normans	22
14035054683	Syncretism	A blending of two or more religious traditions	23
14035054684	Marco Polo	Italian explorer and author who made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys, responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.	24
14035054685	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.	25
14035054686	Mansa Musa	Emperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.	26
14035054687	The Renaissance	(1350-1600) bagan in Italy. Rebirth of learning, science, art, music, literature, and culture. Rediscovery of Ancient Greece and Rome	27
14035054688	Secular	Non-religious	28
14035054689	Missionary	A person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others	29
14035054690	Charlemagne	768-843; reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire.	30
14035054691	Justinian	6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constatinople; codified Roman law	31
14035054692	hajj	A pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims	32
14035054693	Zakat	part of 4th Pillar, charitable giving of 2.5% of your net worth to community treasury	33
14035054694	jihad	A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal	34
14035054695	Umayyad Caliphate	First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.	35
14035054696	Abbasid Caliphate	(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of	36
14035054697	Baghdad	Abbasid capital	37
14035054698	Sudanic States	Songhay Ghana and Mali. often led by patriarch or council of elders from a family or lineage	38
14035054699	Chinampas	Aztec floating gardens	39
14035054700	Champa Rice	a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that can allow two harvests, of sixty days each in one growing season.	40
14035054701	Hijrah	Muhammad's migration from Mecca to (Yathrib) Medina	41
14035054702	Khanates	Four regional Mongol kingdoms that arose following the death of Chinggis Khan.	42
14035054703	Ghengis Khan	Mongol leader who led their conquest westward and who is renowned for his ability and his ruthlessness.	43
14035054704	Kublai Khan	(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.	44
14035054705	Post Classical Period	600 CE - 1450 CE	45
14035054706	Golden Horde	a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century	46
14035054707	Caesaropapism	the dual role of the state and leader of the church in which a state ruler extends his own powers to be the leader in theological and ecclesiastical matters	47