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13838329639InnovationA new or improved idea, device, product, etc, or the development thereof0
13838329640BinaryA way of representing information using only two options.1
13838329641BitA contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 12
13838329642BandwidthTransmission capacity measure by bit rate3
13838329643Bit rate(sometimes written bitrate) the number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. e.g. 8 bits/sec.4
13838329644LatencyTime it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver.5
13838329645ProtocolA set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.6
13838329646Abstractiona simplified representation of something more complex. Abstractions allow you to hide details to help you manage complexity, focus on relevant concepts, and reason about problems at a higher level.7
13838329647ASCIIAmerican Standard Code for Information Interchange; the universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand8
13838329648IETFInternet Engineering Task Force - develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP).9
13838329649InternetA group of computers and servers that are connected to each other.10
13838329650Net Neutralitythe principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers.11
13838329651IP AddressA number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet.12
13838329652PacketsSmall chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information.13
13838329653Network Redundancyhaving multiple backups to ensure reliability during cases of high usage or failure14
13838329654RouterA type of computer that forwards data across a network15
13838329655DNSshort for Domain Name System, this system translates domain names (like example.com) to IP addresses (like 93.184.216.34)16
13838329656HTTPHyperText Transfer Protocol - the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet17
13838329657IP AddressA number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet.18
13838329658TCPTransmission Control Protocol - provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing.19
13838329659URLAn easy-to-remember address for calling a web page (like www.code.org).20
13838329661Heuristica problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible.21
13838329662Lossless Compressiona data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.22
13838329663ImageA type of data used for graphics or pictures.23
13838329664metadatais data that describes other data. For example, a digital image may include metadata that describe the size of the image, number of colors, or resolution.24
13838329665Pixelshort for "picture element", the fundamental unit of a digital image, typically a tiny square or dot that contains a single point of color of a larger image.25
13838329666HexadecimalA base-16 number system that uses sixteen distinct symbols 0-9 and A-F to represent numbers from 0 to 15.26
13838329667RGBthe RGB color model uses varying intensities of (R)ed, (G)reen, and (B)lue light are added together in to reproduce a broad array of colors.27
13838329668Lossless Compressiona data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.28
13838329669Lossy Compression(or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg.29
13838329671AlgorithmA precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed by a computer30
13838329672High Level Programming LanguageA programming language with many commands and features designed to make common tasks easier to program. Any high level functionality is encapsulated as combinations of low level commands.31
13838329673Low Level Programming LanguageA programming language that captures only the most primitive operations available to a machine. Anything that a computer can do can be represented with combinations of low level commands.32
13838329674IterateTo repeat in order to achieve, or get closer to, a desired goal.33
13838329675SelectionA generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.34
13838329676SequencingPutting commands in correct order so computers can read the commands.35
13838329677Pair ProgrammingA method of programming in which two programmers write code using a single computer. One programmer in the "driver" role uses the mouse and keyboard to actually write the code while a second acts as a "navigator", keeping track of the big picture, catching errors, and making suggestions. Programmers switch roles frequently and communicate throughout the process.36
13838329678Turtle Programminga classic method for learning programming with commands to control movement and drawing of an on-screen robot called a "turtle". The turtle hearkens back to early implementations in which children programmed a physical robot whose dome-like shape was reminiscent of a turtle.37
13838329679FunctionA named group of programming instructions. Functions are reusable abstractions that reduce the complexity of writing and maintaining programs.38
13838329680Top Down Designa problem solving approach (also known as stepwise design) in which you break down a system to gain insight into the sub-systems that make it up.39
13838329681APIa collection of commands made available to a programmer40
13838329682Documentationa description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.41
13838329683Librarya collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose42
13838329684ParameterAn extra piece of information passed to a function to customize it for a specific need43
13838329685For LoopLoops that have a predetermined beginning, end, and increment (step interval).44
13838329686LoopThe action of doing something over and over again.45
13838329688Big Dataa broad term for datasets so large or complex that traditional data processing applications are inadequate.46
13838329689Moore's Lawa predication made by Gordon Moore in 1965 that computing power will double every 1.5-2 years, it has remained more or less true ever since.47
13838329690One PagerA business/corporate term for a one-page document that summarizes a large issue, topic or plan.48
13838329691Caesar Ciphera technique for encryption that shifts the alphabet by some number of characters49
13838329692Cipherthe generic term for a technique (or algorithm) that performs encryption50
13838329693Cracking encryptionWhen you attempt to decode a secret message without knowing all the specifics of the cipher, you are trying to "crack" the encryption.51
13838329694Decryptiona process that reverses encryption, taking a secret message and reproducing the original plain text52
13838329695Encryptiona process of encoding messages to keep them secret, so only "authorized" parties can read it.53
13838329696Random Substitution Cipheran encryption technique that maps each letter of the alphabet to a randomly chosen other letters of the alphabet.54
13838329697Computationally Harda "hard' problem for a computer is one in which it cannot arrive at a solution in a reasonable amount of time.55
13838329698asymmetric encryptionused in public key encryption, it is scheme in which the key to encrypt data is different from the key to decrypt.56
13838329699moduloa mathematical operation that returns the remainder after integer division. Example: 7 MOD 4 = 357
13838329700Private KeyIn an asymmetric encryption scheme the decryption key is kept private and never shared, so only the intended recipient has the ability to decrypt a message that has been encrypted with a public key.58
13838329701Public Key EncryptionUsed prevalently on the web, it allows for secure messages to be sent between parties without having to agree on, or share, a secret key. It uses an asymmetric encryption scheme in which the encryption key is made public, but the decryption key is kept private.59
13838329702symmetric encryptionan encryption scheme in which the key used to encrypt data is also used to decrypt (contrast with: asymmetric encryption)60
13838329703Antivirus Softwareusually keeps big lists of known viruses and scans your computer looking for the virus programs in order to get rid of them.61
13838329704DDoS AttackDistributed Denial of Service Attack. Typically a virus installed on many computers (thousands) activate at the same time and flood a target with traffic to the point the server becomes overwhelmed.62
13838329705Firewallsoftware that runs on servers (often routers) that only allows traffic through according to some set of security rules.63
13838329706Phishing Scama thief trying to trick you into sending them sensitive information. Typically these include emails about system updates asking you send your username and password, social security number or other things.64
13838329707SSL/TLSSecure Sockets layer / Transport Layer Security - An encryption layer of HTTP that uses public key cryptography to establish a secure connection.65
13838329708Virusa program that runs on a computer to do something the owner of the computer does not intend.66
13838329710Callback functiona function specified as part of an event listener; it is written by the programmer but called by the system as the result of an event trigger.67
13838329711EventAn action that causes something to happen.68
13838329712Eventdriven program - a program designed to run blocks of code or functions in response to specified events (e.g. a mouse click)69
13838329713Event handlingan overarching term for the coding tasks involved in making a program respond to events by triggering functions.70
13838329714Event listenera command that can be set up to trigger a function when a particular type of event occurs on a particular UI element.71
13838329715UI Elementson-screen objects, like buttons, images, text boxes, pull down menus, screens and so on.72
13838329716User InterfaceThe visual elements of a program through which a user controls or communicates with the application. Often abbreviated UI.73
13838329717DebuggingFinding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program.74
13838329718Data TypeAll values in a programming language have a "type" - such as a Number, Boolean, or String - that dictates how the computer will interpret it. For example 7+5 is interpreted differently from "7"+"5"75
13838329719ExpressionAny valid unit of code that resolves to a value.76
13838329720VariableA placeholder for a piece of information that can change.77
13838329721==The equality operator (sometimes read: "equal equal") is used to compare two values, and returns a Boolean (true/false). Avoid confusion with the assignment operator "=",78
13838329722Global VariableA variable whose scope is "global" to the program, it can be used and updated by any part of the code. Its global scope is typically derived from the variable being declared (created) outside of any function, object, or method.79
13838329723IfStatement - The common programming structure that implements "conditional statements".80
13838329724Local VariableA variable with local scope is one that can only be seen, used and updated by code within the same scope. Typically this means the variable was declared (created) inside a function -- includes function parameter variables.81
13838329725Variable Scopedictates what portions of the code can "see" or use a variable, typically derived from where the variable was first created. (See Global v. Local)82
13838329726Concatenateto link together or join. Typically used when joining together text Strings in programming (e.g. "Hello, "+name)83
13838329727StringAny sequence of characters between quotation marks (ex: "hello", "42", "this is a string!").84
13838329728ConditionalsStatements that only run under certain conditions.85
13838329729IfStatement - The common programming structure that implements "conditional statements".86
13838329730SelectionA generic term for a type of programming statement (usually an if-statement) that uses a Boolean condition to determine, or select, whether or not to run a certain block of statements.87
13838329731BooleanA single value of either TRUE or FALSE88
13838329732Boolean Expressionin programming, an expression that evaluates to True or False.89
13838329733IterateTo repeat in order to achieve, or get closer to, a desired goal.90
13838329734while loopa programming construct used to repeat a set of commands (loop) as long as (while) a boolean condition is true.91
13838329735Models and Simulationsa program which replicates or mimics key features of a real world event in order to investigate its behavior without the cost, time, or danger of running an experiment in real life.92
13838329736ArrayA data structure in JavaScript used to represent a list.93
13838329737ListA generic term for a programming data structure that holds multiple items.94
13838329738Key Eventin JavaScript an event triggered by pressing or releasing a key on the keyboard. For example: "keyup" and "keydown" are event types you can specify. Use event.key - from the "event" parameter of the onEvent callback function - to figure out which key was pressed.95
13838329739Return ValueA value sent back by a function to the place in the code where the function was called form - typically asking for value (e.g. getText(id)) or the result of a calculation or computation of some kind. Most programming languages have many built-in functions that return values, but you can also write your own.96
13838329740Canvasa user interface element to use in HTML/JavaScript which acts as a digital canvas, allowing the programmatic drawing and manipulation of pixels, basic shapes, figures and images.97
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Ap Lang Vocab Flashcards

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13398286354Epanalepsis example "Nothing is worse than doing nothing."The reason for this example is because0
13252351080alliterationthe repetition of an initial consonant sound in successive words1
13252351081allusiona reference to a well knows person, place, event, literary work, or work of art2
13252351082anadiplosisa figure of repetition that occurs when the last word or terms in one sentences, clause,or phrase is/are repeated at or the very near the beginning of the next sentence, clause, or phrase3
13252351083analogyan explicit comparison between two things for the purpose of furthering a line of reasoning or drawing an influence4
13252351084anaphorathe repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrase, clauses or sentences5
13252351085anastropeinversion of the natural or usual word order6
13252351086anesisa figure of addition that occurs when a concluding sentence, clause, or phrase is added to a statement which purposely diminishes that effect of what has been previously stated7
13252351087antanaclasisa rhetorical device in which a phrase or word is repeatedly used but, the meaning of a word changes in each case8
13252351088antanagogeplacing a good point or benefit next to a fault criticism, or problem in order to reduce the impact or significance of the negative point9
13252351089antithesisa figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast or ideas is expressed by parallelism of word that are the opposite or, or strongly contrasted with,each other10
13252351090alliteration example -"The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea.In the above lines we see alliteration ("b", "f" and "s") in the phrases "breeze blew", "foam flew", "furrow followed", and "silent sea".11
13252351091allusion example -"The two knitting women increase his anxiety by gazing at him and all the other sailors with knowing unconcern. Their eerie looks suggest that they know what will happen (the men dying), yet don't care"The thread they knit represents human life. The two women knitting black wool foreshadows Marlow's horrific journey in the "Dark Continent".12
13252351092anadiplosis example -"What I present here is what I remember of the letter, and what I remember of the letter I remember verbatim (including that awful French)."Just observe the beautiful use of the phrase, "what I remember of the letter," as an anadiplosis. The writer clearly wants his readers to focus on what he is saying and repeating in these lines. The message is further enhanced by the use of the word "verbatim."13
13252351093analogy example -Grave men, near death, who see with blinding sight Blind eyes could blaze like meteors and be gay, Rage, rage against the dying of the light.There are a couple examples of analogy in just this short excerpt from Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night." The concept of "blinding sight" is a juxtaposition of seemingly opposite terms, but hints at the metaphorical understanding of how the end of life is both blinding and gives much clarity. The second line of this excerpt contains a simile comparing "blind eyes" and "meteors" and how they similarly "blaze." The entire poem functions as an analogy, as "the dying of the light" is actually a metaphor for death.14
13252351094anaphora example -"Five years have passed; Five summers, with the length of Five long winters! and again I hear these waters..." Wordsworth also employs the technique of anaphora in this piece. The repetition of the word "five" at the beginning of each line gives melody to the lines, which matches well with its nostalgic tone.Wordsworth also employs the technique of anaphora in this piece. The repetition of the word "five" at the beginning of each line gives melody to the lines, which matches well with its nostalgic tone.15
13252351095anastrope example -"Strong in the force, you are."You can read the phrase both ways16
13252351096anesis example -Now Naaman, captain of the host of the king of Syria, was a great man with his master, and honorable, because by him the LORD had given deliverance unto Syria: he was also a mighty man in valor, but he was a leper.A figure of addition that occurs when a concluding sentence, clause, or phrase is added to a statement which purposely diminishes the effect of what has been previously stated.17
13252351097antanaclasis example -"The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep."Here, the poet uses antanaclasis in the last two lines of the poem. The first use of the word "sleep" means nocturnal rest, and in the last line it has the meaning of death. This device is helping to draw the readers' attention.18
13252351098antanagoge Ex. "She died, and her enemies cried 'How glad we were to know her.'"This is antanagoge because19
13252351099antithesis Ex. "Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heav'n."This is antithesis because20
13252392070apophasisa device wherein the speaker or writer brings up a subject by either denying it, or denying that it should be brought up21
13252397240aposiopesisa figure in which the speaker abruptly stops or falls short of completing a statement; stopping short of completing a statement22
13252397241appositiona noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplified its meaning23
13252403140asyndetonthe omission of conjunctions between words, phrases or clauses24
13252407670chiasmusa figure of speech in which words, grammatical constructions or concepts are repeated in reverse order25
13252407671climaxa figure or repetition in which words or phrases or sentences are arranged in order increasing intensity or importance26
13252410865colloquiala word of phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations27
13252414763distinctiothe repetition of a word or phrase after an interviewing word or phrase28
13252417397epanalepsisa figure of speech where words at the start of a sentence or clause are repeated at the end29
13252421145epistrophethe repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of the successive clauses30
13398286353epistrophe example "Where now? Who now? When nowThe reason for this example is because the writer brings up a subject by either denying it, or denying that it should be brought up31
13398286355distinctio example "To make methanol for twenty-five cents a gallon is impossible; by "impossible" I mean currently beyond our technological capabilities."The reason for this example is because Followed by a further elaboration of that word's meaning.32
13398286356colloquial example -When you're dead, they really fix you up. I hope to hell when I do die somebody has sense enough to just dump me in the river or something. Anything except sticking me in a goddam cemetery. People coming and putting a bunch of flowers on your stomach on Sunday, and all that crap. Who wants flowers when you're dead? Nobody.The reason for this example is because J. D. Salinger's most famous book is noted for the very informal way in which the narrator, Holden Caulfield, addresses the audience. The book has been banned in numerous places over the years for its use of profanity, which is a chief example of colloquialism. There are also colloquial phrases in this excerpt such as "fix you up" and "hope to hell."33
13398286357Climax example -"O! I am Fortune's Fool!"He realizes that he has killed his wife's cousin. This juncture in the play is a climax, as the audience wonders how Romeo would get out of this terrible situation. Similarly, it qualifies as a climax because, after this act, all the prior conflicts start to be resolved, and mysteries unfold themselves, thus moving the story toward its logical conclusion during the coming scenes.34
13398286358chiasmus example "Never let a Fool Kiss You or a Kiss Fool You."Notice that the second half of this sentence is an inverted form of the first half, both grammatically and logically. In the simplest sense, the term chiasmus applies to almost all "criss-cross" structures, and this is a concept that is common these days. In its strict classical sense, however, the function of chiasmus is to reverse grammatical structure or ideas of sentences, given that the same words and phrases are not repeated.35
13398286359Asyndeton example -"This is the villain among you who deceived you, who cheated you, who meant to betray you completely..."The reason for this example is because the word "and" is not featured in the given lines, which could have functioned as a conjunction here. Aristotle believed that asyndeton could be effective if used in the ending of the texts. Here he himself employed this device.36
13398331992Apposition example -"Though her cheeks were high-colored and her teeth strong and yellow, she looked like a mechanical woman, a machine with flashing, glassy circles for eyes."In this example, the noun "mechanical woman" is defined and identified by a long noun phrase, a restrictive appositive, "flashing, gassy circles for eyes," which serves as a useful device in this excerpt, and brings variety to the sentence, enhancing its meaning.37
13398331993aposiopesis example "This is the worst of the worst catastrophes in the world! Oh...! Oh, the humanity, and all the passengers screaming around here. I told you...I can't even talk to people...."Dr. House on television is also famous for his aposiopesis examples. In almost every episode he and his team struggle with correctly diagnosing a difficult case. And in almost every episode House is having a conversation with someone that has nothing to do with the case and he suddenly breaks off, clearly with an epiphany about the correct diagnosis.38
13398368176apophasis example If you were not my father, I would say you were perverse.Writer brings up a subject by either denying it, or denying that it should be brought up39
13785420037Diacope Example -"The horror! Oh, the horror!"Repetition in this line is on the phrase "the horror," which emphasizes how horrific something is! It also shows how a character is mentally overwhelmed.40
13525891286DiacopeRepetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase41
13513814541Epizeuxisa figure of emphasis in which the same word (or words) is repeated two or more times over in immediate succession42
13513819517eponyma person or character from whose name a word or title is derived, or the name that has become synonymous with some general characteristic or idea43
13513832525euphemisma more acceptable and usually more pleasant way of saying something that might be inappropriate or uncomfortable44
13513835192hyperboleexaggeration or overstatement45
13513837735Hypophoraa rhetorical strategy in which a speaker or writer raises a question and then immediately answers it46
13513842556idioman expression of two or more words that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words47
13513848068ironythe expression of something which is country to the intended meaning48
13513848069jargonspecialized terminology; a characteristic of a particular subject49
13513852980Juxtapositiona literary technique in which two or more ideas, places,characteristics and their actions are placed side by side50
13585895186euphemism example -"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs."Here, the expression "making the beast with two backs" refers to the act of having sex.51
13585895187hyperbole example -"I had to wait in the station for ten days - an eternity."The act of waiting ten days seemed to last forever and never end.52
13585895188Hypophora Example -"What made me take this trip to Africa? There is no quick explanation. Things got worse and worse and worse and pretty soon they were too complicated."-"I had to wait in the station for ten days - an eternity."53
13585895189idiom example -"I worked the graveyard shift with old people, which was really demoralizing, because the old people didn't have a chance in hell of ever getting out."In the extract quoted above, "graveyard shift" is employed as an idiom.54
13585895190Irony example -"Go ask his name: if he be married. My grave is like to be my wedding bed."Juliet commands her nurse to find out who Romeo was, and says if he were married, then her wedding bed would be her grave. It is a verbal irony because the audience knows that she is going to die on her wedding bed.55
13585895191jargon example -HAMLET to HORATIO: "Why, may not that be the skull of a lawyer? Where be his quiddities now, his quillities, his cases, his tenures, and his tricks? Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel, and will not tell him of his action of battery? Hum! This fellow might be in's time a great buyer of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries: is this the fine of his fines, and the recovery of his recoveries, to have his fine pate full of fine dirt? Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too, than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures? The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box; and must the inheritor himself have no more, ha?"Here, you can see the use of words specifically related to the field of law, marked in bold. These are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare.56
13585895192Juxtaposition example -"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way ..."In order to give us an idea of the factors responsible for the French Revolution, Dickens uses juxtaposition throughout the novel. Here, the haves and have-nots are put side-by-side to highlight the presence of severe disparity and discord in the then-French society, which ultimately paved the way for the revolution. By examining the given juxtaposition, readers can vividly imagine the calamitous atmosphere before the revolution, and understand its need at that time.57
13599870251eponym example -Every Who Down in Whoville Liked Christmas a lot... But the Grinch,Who lived just north of Whoville, Did NOT! The Grinch hated Christmas! The whole Christmas season! Now, please don't ask why. No one quite knows the reason. It could be his head wasn't screwed on just right. It could be, perhaps, that his shoes were too tight. But I think that the most likely reason of all, May have been that his heart was two sizes too small.In a more light-hearted example of an eponym, the creative author Dr. Seuss made up the name "Grinch" for his hard-hearted villain character in How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss was famous for his wordplay and creation of new terms. The Grinch is a particularly memorable character due to his scheming and his heart, which Seuss writes, "was two sizes too small." The Grinch does everything he can to destroy the celebration of Christmas beloved to the people of Whoville. The term grinch is now applied to anyone miserly or against fun and celebration.58
13600895474euphemism example -"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs."Here, the expression "making the beast with two backs" refers to the act of having sex.59
13784958192metaphora figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarty60
13784977187oxymorona figure of speech consisting of two apparently contradictory terms61
13784980518paradoxa statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth62
13784991396paronomasiaa play on words, either on different senses of the same word or on the similar sense or sound of different words63
13784996568periphrasisthe use of an unnecessarily lengthy expression in place of one that's more direct and concise64
13785004303personificationa figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes65
13785565409polyptotonthe repetition of words derived from the same root but with different endings66
13785574735polysyndetonthe use of a number of conjunctions in succession67
13785578486procatalepsisa rhetorical strategy in which a speaker or writer anticipates and responds to an opponent's objections68
13785591496rhetorical questiona question that is asked merely for effect with no answer expected69
13785601098metaphor example -"She's all states, and all princes, I ..."John Donne, a metaphysical poet, was well-known for his abundant use of metaphors throughout his poetical works. In his well-known work, The Sun Rising, the speaker scolds the sun for waking him and his beloved. Among the most evocative metaphors in literature, he explains "She is all states, and all princes, I." This line demonstrates the speaker's belief that he and his beloved are richer than all states, kingdoms, and rulers in the entire world because of the love that they share.70
13785606752oxymoron example -Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O anything, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! Serious vanity!We notice a series of oxymora being employed when Romeo confronts the love of an inaccessible woman. An intense emotional effect is produced, to highlight his mental conflict by the use of contradictory pairs of words, such as "hating love," "heavy lightness," "bright smoke," "cold fire," and "sick health".71
13785610421paradox example -"I must be cruel to be kind."This announcement does not seem to make sense. How can an individual treat others kindly even when he is cruel? However, Hamlet is talking about his mother, and how he intends to kill Claudius to avenge his father's death. This act of Hamlet will be a tragedy for his mother, who is married to Claudius. Hamlet does not want his mother to be the beloved of his father's murderer any longer, and so he thinks that the murder will be good for his mother.72
13785620846paronomasia example -"Tickler was a wax-ended piece of cane, worn smooth by collision with my tickled frame."Here, Dickens plays on the word "tickle." This word is maneuvered in such a way that it gives two different meanings and comic effect.73
13785627210periphrasis example-"When that fell arrest Without all bail shall carry me away."In this extract, Shakespeare is explaining death and its consequences. He has used an indirect way of illustrating death as "when that fell." Here it means, when death comes, no one would be able to save him74
13785627211personification example -"When well-appareled April on the heel Of limping winter treads."There are two personification examples here. April cannot put on a dress, and winter does not limp, nor does it have a heel on which a month can walk. Shakespeare personifies the month of April and the winter season by giving them two distinct human qualities.75
13785631696polyptoton example -"The Greeks are strong, and skillful to their strength, fierce to their skill, and to their fierceness valiant ..."In this excerpt, Shakespeare has repeated three words in different ways. Each use of these words creates a different sense. The word, "strong" is repeated as "strength." In the same way, the root words "fierce" and "skill" are also used twice.76
13785635948polysyndeton example -"And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his asses, and his sheep, and his tent, and all that he had."This is among the best examples of polysyndeton found in classical or religious text. See how the conjunction "and" has been used in quick succession to join all the items given in this text.77
13785656691procatalepsis example -"Someone will say: 'Yes, Socrates, but cannot you hold your tongue, and then you may go into a foreign city, and no one will interfere with you?' Now I have great difficulty in making you understand my answer to this ... and that the life which is unexamined is not worth living - that you are still less likely to believe. And yet what I say is true, although a thing of which it is hard for me to persuade you."In this example, the speaker is persuading the listeners. He knows that the other person would not believe him, and that he is unable to convince him despite the fact that he is telling the truth. Thus, the speaker is objecting to his own argument to strengthen it.78
13785664010rhetorical question example JULIET: " 'Tis but thy name that is my enemy. Thou art thyself, though not a Montague. What's Montague? It is nor hand, nor foot, Nor arm, nor face, nor any other part Belonging to a man. O, be some other name! What's in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet."A very good example of rhetorical question in literature is from Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Here, Juliet makes a statement that a man's name does not define him as a person. She draws attention to this issue by asking two important rhetorical questions, as noted in bold.79
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AP Chemistry Solubility Rules Flashcards

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10795801652nitrates, ammonium ion and group I metalsalways soluble0
10795801653acetatessoluble (silver acetate only slightly soluble), acetic acid is a weak acid so written molecularly1
10795801655carbonatesinsoluble except with group I and ammonium2
10795801656hydroxidesinsoluble except with group I, ammonium, Ca, Sr, and Ba3
10795801657phosphatesinsoluble except with group I and ammonium4
10795801658Strong Acidssoluble, ionize 100%: HCl, HI, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4. HClO45
10795801659Strong Basessoluble, ionize 100%: LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)26
10795810235electrolytesSubstances that release ions in water7
10795810641Solubilitythe ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure8
10795811508strong electrolytea solution in which a large portion of the solute exists as ions9
10795812467weak electrolyteany compound whose dilute aqueous solutions conduct electricity poorly; this is due to the presence of a small amount of the dissolved compound in the form of ions10
10795813907Nitratesalways soluble11
10795814250Halidessoluble except Ag, Hg, Pb12
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AP Biology - All Terms! Flashcards

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9928771191Covalent Bondsoccurs when valence electrons are shared by two atoms0
9928771192Nonpolar covalent bondsoccurs when the electrons being shared are shared equally between the two atoms1
9928771193Polar covalent bondsone atom has greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in an unequal sharing of the electrons (In h20 - O is slightly negative and H is slightly positive)2
9928771194Ionic Bondstwo atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom3
9928771195Ionresulting charged atom or molecule from an ionic bond4
9928771196Hydrogen bondweak bonds that for between partial positively charged H atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegatively charged O or N atom of another molecule5
9928771197Van der Waals Interactionsvery weak connections that are the result of the asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule. they contribute to the 3D shape of molecules6
9928771198Properties of Water- One O- and two H+ atoms - Water molecules are polar - Hydrogen bonds form between H20 molecules - maximum of 4 H bonds at a time per water molecule7
9928771199Cohesionthe linking of molecules (ex: bugs can walk on water due to this property)8
9928771200Adhesionclinging of one substance to another (ex: water droplets adhering to glass windshield)9
9928771201Specific Heatthe amount of heat required to change the temperature of a substance 1 degree celsius. (ex: high specific heat makes the temp. of our oceans stable and able to support plant/animal life)10
9928771202Hydrophilicwater-soluble sustances (ex: sugars, ioinic compounds, some proteins, etc)11
9928771203Hydrophobicnonpolar substances (ex: oil) that do not dissolve in water12
9928771204pH scaleacidic/basic conditions affect living organisims13
9928771205Major elements of lifeC, H, O, N, S, and P14
9928771206Isomersmolecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms. (ex: glucose and fructose have same omolecular formula but different roles)15
9928771207Hydroxyl (-OH) Functional Group- ex: ethanol, methanol - helps dissolve sugars16
9928771208Carboxyl (-COOH) Functional Group- C double bonded to O and has bond to OH - ex: fatty acids, sugars17
9928771209Carbonyl (- C double bonded to O - ex: ketones and aldehydes such as sugars18
9928771210Amino (-NH2) Functional Group- ex: amino acids19
9928771211Phosphate (PO3) Functional Group- ex: organic phosphate, including ATP, DNA, and phospholipids20
9928771212Sulfhydryl (-SH) Functional Group- ex: some amino acids, forms disulfide bridges in proteins21
9928771213Methyl (-CH3)- ex: addition of a methyl group affects the expression of genes22
9928771214Polymerslong chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers (ex: starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomers)23
9928771215Dehydration reactions/synthesiscreat polymers from monomers. Two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water24
9928771216Hydrolysisoccurs when water is added to split large molecules25
9928771217Carbsincludes simple sugars (glucose, fructose, etc.) and polymers such as starch.26
9928771218Monosaccharidesmonomers of carbohydrates (ex: glucose and ribose)27
9928771219Polysaccharidespolymers of monosaccharides (ex: starch[plants], cellulose, glycogen [animals])28
9928771220Lipids- all hydrophobic. they are not polymers because they are assembled from a variety of components (ex: waxes, oils, fats, steriods)29
9928771221Fats (triglycerides)- made up of glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules30
9928771222Fatty Acidsnonpolar, hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic31
9928771223Saturated Fatty Acids- have no double bond between carbons - are solid at room temp - ex: butter, lard32
9928771224Unsaturated Fatty Acids- have double bond between carbons that results in kink - liquid at room temp - ex: corn oil and olive oil33
9928771225Phospholipids- make up cell membrane - have hydrophilic (polar) head - two fatty acids tails which are hydrophobic34
9928771226Steroids- made up of 4 rings fused together - ex: cholesterol is a steriod. it is a common component of cell membranes - estrogen and testosterone are steroid hormones35
9928771227Proteinspolymers made up of amino acids monomers36
9928771228Amino Acids- central carbon bonded to carboxyl group (COOH) - an amino group (NH2) - an H atom - and an R group37
9928771229Peptide BondsLink amino acids. Formed by dehydration synthesis between amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent monomers38
99287712304 Levels of Protein Structure- Primary - Secondary - Tertiary - Quaternary39
9928771231Primary Structurethe unique sequence in which amino acids are joined40
9928771232Secondary Structureeither the alpha helix (coiled, slinky shape) or beta pleated sheet (accordion shape) 3D shape. this is the result from H bonds between polypeptide backbone41
9928771233Tertiary Structureresults in complex shape due to interactions between R groups42
9928771234Quaternary Structureassociation of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein43
9928771235Denaturationwhen a protein loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, a change in pH, etc.44
9928771236Nucleotides- Nitrogenous base (A, T, C, G in DNA - A, U, C, G in RNA) - Pentose (5 carbon) sugar - Phosphate group45
9928771237Plasma Membraneboundary for cell - selectively permeable46
99287712383 things about eukaryotic cells1) membrane-enclosed nucleus contains chromosomes 2) membrane-bound organelle in cytoplasm 3) euk. much bigger than prok.47
9928771239Nuclear envelopedouble membrane surrounding nucleus48
9928771240Nucleolusregion in nucleus where rRNA complexes with proteins to form ribosomal subunits49
9928771241Endoplasmic Reticulumnetwork of membranes and sacs that takes up more than half of membrane structure50
9928771242Smooth E.R.-synthesis of lipids -metabolism of carbs. -detoxification of drugs and poisons51
9928771243Rough E.R.-ribosomes on surface -synthesize proteins -proteins move from rough E.R. to golgi52
9928771244Golgi Apparatus(postal system analogy) proteins are modified, stored, shipped53
9928771245Lysosomessacs of enzymes that can digest molecules54
9928771246Vacuolesstore food/water for protists55
9928771247Central Vacuolein plant cell, store water56
9928771248Mitochondria-site of cellular respiration -found in both plant and animal cells57
9928771249Chloroplaststhe site of photosynthesis in plants58
9928771250Cytoskeletonnetwork of protien fibers through cytoplasm for support, mobility, and regulation59
9928771251Centrosomesregion near nucleus where microtubules grow60
9928771252Centrioleslocated within centrosomes61
9928771253Flagellahelp to propel through water (ex: sperm)62
9928771254Isotonic Solutionno net movement of water63
9928771255Hypertonic Solutioncell will lose water to its surroundings, may shrivel and die (more solute in water than in cell) ex: cell and ocean water64
9928771256Hypotonic Solutionwater enters cell faster than it leaves, cell may swell and burst (ex: cell and distilled water)65
9928771257Facilitated Diffusionthe process by which ions and hydrophilic solutions diffuse across the cell membrane with the help of proteins (dont need ATP)66
9928771258Active Diffusionsubstances move against concentration gradient (from less concentrated to more concentrated) this required atp (ex: NA-K pump)67
9928771259Endocytosiscell forms new vesicles from plasma membrane to take in molecules (ex: white blood cells engulfing foreign particles)68
9928771260ExocytosisVesicles from interior fuse with cell membrane to expel contents inside cell69
99287712613 stages of cell communication1) Reception 2) Transduction 3) Responce70
9928771262Apoptosiscontrolled cell suicide to protect neighboring cells from damage that could occur71
9928771263Somatic Cellany human cell that is not a sex cell (46 chromosomes)72
9928771264Gametesex cells like sperm and egg (haploid - 23 chromosomes)73
9928771265Interphase (mitosis)1) G1 Phase - growth, checkpoint (if bad --> G0) 2) S Phase - duplicated chromosomes 3) G2 Phase - growth, checkpoint74
9928771266Mitosis Prophase1) chromatin becomes chromatids 2) nucleoli disappears 3) mitotic spindle begins to form75
9928771267Mitosis Prometaphase1) nuclear envelope fragments 2) chromatids held to each other by centromere76
9928771268Mitosis Metaphase1) chroms. move to metaphase plate at equator 2) centrioles are at opposite poles77
9928771269Mitosis Anaphase1) chromosomes separate 2) cell elongates 3) by the end, opposite ends of cell contain complete sets of chroms.78
9928771270Mitosis Telophase1) nuclear envelope reforms 2) cytokinesis begins (in animals, cleavage furrow forms - in plants, cell plate forms)79
9928771271Binary Fissionhow prokaryotes (bacteria) replicate their genome rather than mitosis80
9928771272Major cell checkpointsg1, g2, m phase checkpoints81
9928771273Kinasesprotein enzymes that control the cell cycle but only active when theyre connected to cyclin proteins (cdks)82
9928771274Transformationprocess that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell83
9928771275Metastasisoccurs when cells separate from tumor and enter blood/lymph vessels and travel around body84
9928771276Catabolic pathwayrelease of energy by the breakdown of compounds (ex: occurs when digestive enzymes break down food and release energy)85
9928771277Anabolic pathwayconsume energy to build molecules (ex: occurs when amino acids are linked to form muscle protein during exercise)86
9928771278energythe capacity to do work87
9928771279thermodynamicsstudy of energy transformations that occur in matter88
9928771280△Gsymbol for change in free energy89
9928771281exergonic reactionenergy is released90
9928771282endergonic reactionrequires energy91
9928771283energy couplingthe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one92
9928771284ATP (adenosine triphosphate)nitrogenous base (adenine) ribose chain of three phosphate groups93
9928771285ADP (adenosine diphosphate)when atp transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis it becomes adp94
9928771286catalystssubstances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered95
9928771287active sitethe part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate96
9928771288fermentationpartial degradation of sugars that occur without use of O297
9928771289aerobic respirationmost efficient catabolic pathway - O2 is consumed as a reactant98
9928771290Cellular Respiration EQC6H12O6 + 6O2 ⥤ 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy99
9928771291oxidationwhen a reactant loses one or more electrons and energy100
9928771292reductionwhen a reactant gains one or more electrons and energy101
9928771293Glycolysis- occurs in cytosol - glucose (6C) is broken down into two pyruvate molecules (3C) - produces: 2 ATP and 2 NADH102
9928771294Cellular Respiration 4 stages1) Glycolysis 2) Pyruvate Oxidation 3) Krebs Cycle 4) Electron Transport Chain103
9928771295Pyruvate Oxidation- pyruvate oxidized to acetyl CoA - this releases CO2 - this is a branching point - if cell doesn't have O2 then fermentation occurs, if cell does then krebs cycle occurs104
9928771296Krebs Cycle (aka Citric Acid Cycle)- in mitochondrial matrix - releases CO2 as waste - glucose is broken down - step-wise catabolism of 6C citrate molecules - cycle happens twice for each glucose molecule - produces: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2105
9928771297Chemiosmosis- energy-coupling mechanism that stores energy as an H+ gradient to drive cellular work - electron transport chain and chemiosmosis make up oxidative phosphorylation106
9928771298Anaerobic Respirationused by prokaryotes to generate ATP without O2 using electron transport chain107
9928771299Fermentationexpansion of glycolysis where atp is generated by substrate-level phosphorylation108
9928771300Alcoholic Fermentationpyruvate converted to ethanol, releasing CO2 and oxidizing NADH in the process to make more NAD+109
9928771301Lactic Acid Fermentationpyruvate is reduced by NADH and lactate is formed as a waste product110
9928771302Stroma/Thylakoid/Chlorophyll/Granum- Chloroplast is overall structure - Strome is space inside - Thylakoids are the connected sacs - Granum is a stack of thylakoids - Chlorophyll is located in the thylakoid membranes111
9928771303Stomatatiny pores in leaf for CO2 to leave and O2 and H20 leave112
9928771304Photosynthesis6CO2 + 6H20 + light ⥤ C6H12O6 + 6O2113
9928771305Photosynthesis 2 Stages1) light reactions 2) Calvin cycle114
9928771306Light Reactions- light-dependent reaction - convert solar energy to chemical energy - ATP and NADPH - electron transport chain - protein H+ gradient across inner membrane (PS I and PS II) - in thylakoid - H20 goes in and 02 comes out115
9928771307Calvin Cycle- light-independent reactions - in stroma - carbon enters as CO2 and leaves as sugar116
9928771308Steps of Calvin Cycle1) CO2 attaches to RuBP (5C molecule - enzyme rubisco catalyzes reaction) 2) this 6C unstable molecule breaks into PGA 3) ATP phosphorylates PGA, PGA is reduced by NADPH and forms G3P 4) 2 molcules of G3P bond to become one molecule of glucose 5) remaining G3P molecules are phosphorylated by ATP and are regenerated into RuBP117
9928771309Leading strand from ___ to ___5' - 3'118
9928771310Lagging strand from ___ to ___3' - 5'119
9928771311DNA Ligaseseals Okazaki fragments120
9928771312Transcriptionthe synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template121
9928771313Messenger RNA (mRNA)carries genetic material to ribosome122
9928771314Translationthe production of a polypeptide chain using the mRNA transcripts (occurs in ribosome)123
9928771315RNA polymeraseenzyme that separates the 2 DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides along the the DNA template strand124
9928771316CodonsmRNA base triplets125
9928771317Promoterthe DNA sequence where the RNA polymerase attaches126
9928771318Terminatorthe DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription127
9928771319Stages of Transcription1) Initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination128
99287713205' cap and poly-A-tailhelp mRNA leave nucleus, protects mRNA from degredation, facilitate attachments of mRNA to ribosome129
9928771321IntronsPart of mRNA that are spliced out through RNA splicing130
9928771322Exonsthe sections that remain after RNA splicing131
9928771323Anticodoncodon on tRNA that binds with mRNA132
9928771324tRNAtransfers amino acids from a pool of amino acids in cytoplasm to ribosome133
9928771325point mutationalteration of just one base pair134
9928771326missense mutationamino acid the codon codes for is still the same135
9928771327nonsense mutationamino acid changes to code for a stop codon136
99287713283 parts of operon1) operator to control access of RNA 2) promoter where RNA polymerase attaches 3) genes of operon137
9928771329restriction enzymesused to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites)138
9928771330Meiosis Interphasechromosomes duplicate, replicating their DNA. centrosome also divides139
9928771331Meiosis I Prophase-chromosomes condense, resulting in 2 sister chromatids attached at their centromeres -crossing over (synapsis) occurs (now have tetrads and chismatas) -spindle poles move away from each other, nuclear envelope goes away, spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores on chroms.140
9928771332Meiosis I Metaphase-lined up at metaphase plate141
9928771333Meiosis I Anaphase-spindle apparatus helps to move chroms to opposite ends of cell -sister chroms stay connected, homologous chroms separate142
9928771334Meiosis I Telophase and Cytokinesis-each pole has haploid set of chroms, each chrom consisting of 2 sister chromatids -cleavage furrow forms in animals, cell plates in plant cells -daughter cells are now haploid143
9928771335Meiosis II Prophase-spindle apparatus forms -sister chroms move toward metaphase plate144
9928771336Meiosis II Metaphase-haploid number of chroms. is now arrayed on metaphase plate -kinetochores of each sister chromatid are attached to microtubules from opposite poles145
9928771337Meiosis II Anaphase-centromeres of sister chromatids separate and individual chroms move to opposite ends146
9928771338Meiosis II Telophase and Cytokinesis-nuclei reappear -each 4 daughter cells has haploid number of chroms147
9928771339Meiosis vs Mitosis-synapsis doesn't occur during mitosis -tetrads at metaphase plate rather than individual chroms like in mitosis -in miosis duplicated homo. chroms separate but sister chroms. stay attached. in mitosis, the chromatids separate148
9928771340Complete dominancewhen the heterozygote and homosygote for the dominant allele are the same ex: Yy and YY are both equally yellow149
9928771341Codominanceoccurs when 2 alleles are dominant and affect the phenotype in two different, equal ways ex: blood types - A and B are dominant to O but A and B are codominant to each other150
9928771342Incomplete Dominancewhere Fi hybrids have an appearance in between that of 2 parents ex: red flower and white flower breed and make pink151
9928771343Polyploidyhaving more that two complete sets of chroms. (rare in animals, frequent in plants)152
9928771344Chromosome Deletionwhen chrom. fragment is lost (missing genes)153
9928771345Chromosome Duplicaitonwhen chrom. segment is repeated154
9928771346Chromosome Inversionwhen chrom. fragment breaks off and reattaches backward155
9928771347Chromosome Translocationwhen chrom. fragments breaks off and reattaches on a nonhomologous chrom.156
9928771348p + q = 1p= frequency of dominant alleles in pop. q= frequency of recessive alleles in pop.157
9928771349p^2+2pq+q^2=1p^2= frequency of homo. dominant individuals q^2= frequency of homo. recessive individuals 2pq= frequency of heterozygous individuals158
9928771350antibodya blood protein produced in response to antigen159
9928771351antigena toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body160
9928771352b-cella lymphocyte responsible for producing antibodies161
9928771353cell-mediated immunityan immune response that does not involve antibodies, but involves the activation of phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and cytokines in response to an antigen162
9928771354cell communicationthe process by which a cell detects and responds to signals in its environment163
9928771355cyclic AMP (cAMP)lays a major role in controlling many enzyme-catalyzed processes164
9928771356cytotoxic t-cell (killer t-cells)is a T lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell) that kills cancer cells, cells that are infected (particularly with viruses), or cells that damaged in other ways165
9928771357g-protein linked receptordetect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal166
9928771358helper t-cella T cell that influences or controls the differentiation or activity of other cells of the immune system167
9928771359hormonea regulatory substance produced in an organism (transported in tissue fluids such as blood) to stimulate specific cells into action168
9928771360humoral immunityaspect of immunity that is mediated by macromolecules found in extracellular fluids (body fluids) such as secreted antibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides169
9928771361inducera molecule that regulates gene expression. An inducer can bind to protein repressors or activators. Inducers function by disabling repressors. The gene is expressed because an inducer binds to the repressor170
9928771362lytic cycleone of the two cycles of viral reproduction, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The lytic cycle results in the destruction of the infected cell and its membrane.171
9928771363operona segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression by repressing it. Repressors bind to operators to prevent transcription172
9928771364phagocytecells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign invaders173
9928771365phosphorylation cascadea sequence of events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins174
9928771366protein kinasea kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation)175
9928771367receptorA molecular structure or site on the surface or interior of a cell that binds with substances such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters176
9928771368repressora DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator177
9928771369signal transductionA set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule, such as a hormone, attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane178
9928771370transcription factoris a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence179
9928771371virusan infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat and is able to live only within the living cells of a host180
9928771372function of enzymescatalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy.181
9928771373Lyellidea that shaping of earth took place over long period of time (earth must be very old)182
9928771374Lamarckcharacteristics acquired during organisms lifetime is passed down to offspring (ex: giraffe necks) and body parts that are used grow strong those that don't deteriorate183
9928771375homologous structuresanatomical signs of evolution (ex: arms in bats, whales, humans)184
9928771376vestigial organsorgans that have no importance to body (ex: pelvic bone in snake, whale)185
9928771377convergent evolutionexplains why distantly related species resemble one another. evolved from similar environments but not similar ancestors (ex: dolphins and fish)186
9928771378endemic speciesfound at certain geographic locations and nowhere else187
9928771379gene poolall of the alleles at all loci in all members of a population188
99287713805 conditions for H-W Equilibrium1. no mutations 2. random mating 3. no natural selection 4. population must be large 5. no gene flow (emigration, immigration...)189
9928771381founder effect (genetic drift)a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish new one190
9928771382bottleneck effect (genetic drift)sudden change in environment (natural disaster) that reduces pop.191
9928771383directional selectionextreme phenotype favored over others192
9928771384disruptive selection2 extreme values favored over middle193
9928771385stabilizing selectionfavors intermediate values194
9928771386speciationprocess by which new species arise195
9928771387microevolutionchange in genetic makeup of a pop from gen. to gen.196
9928771388macroevoltuonbroad pattern of evolutionary change above species levels197
9928771389biological species conceptdefines a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to produce offspring, but cannot produce offspring with other species198
9928771390Habitat isolation (prezygotic)two species live in same area but not same habitat (ex: one wrong lives in tree, one on ground)199
9928771391Behavioral Isolation (prezygotic)signals to attract mates that are unique to their species200
9928771392Temporal Isolation (prezygotic)species breed at different times of day/seasons/years (ex: flowers in spring only vs. fall only)201
9928771393Mechanical Isolation (prezygotic)species are anatomically incompatible (ex: ant and horse)202
9928771394Gamete Isolation (prezygotic)gametes are unable to fuse to form a zygote (ex: dog and bunny)203
9928771395Reduces hybrid viability (postzygotic)when zygote is formed, genetic incompatibility causes development to cease204
9928771396reduced hybrid fertility (postzygotic)even if offspring is produced, reproduction isolation still occurs if offspring is sterile205
9928771397hybrid breakdown (postzygotic)two species mate and have viable offsprings but offspring is weak/sterile206
9928771398allopatric speciationa population is separated and two different species are formed207
9928771399sympatric speciationsmall part of pop. forms new species without being geographically isolated (ex: polyploidy plant)208
9928771400adaptive radiationoccurs when many new species arise from one common ancestor209
9928771401gradualismspecies descended from common ancestor and gradually change210
9928771402punctuated equilibruimperiods of stasis punctuated by sudden change211
9928771403oligotrophic lakesdeep lakes, nutrient poor and oxygen rich- contain sparse phytoplankton212
9928771404eutrophic lakesshallow, high nutrition content and low oxygen content - lots of phytoplankton213
9928771405biotic factorsbehaviors and interactions of species214
9928771406abiotic factorsenvironment, climate, non-living factors215
9928771407k-selection-late reproduction -few offspring -invest in raising offspring -logistic growth216
9928771408r-selection-early reproduction -many offspring -little parental care -expontential growth217
9928771409Competition (-/-)when resources are short in supply218
9928771410Predation (+/-)one species is predator and one is prey219
9928771411cryptic colorationanimal is camoflaged by its coloring220
9928771412aposematic (warning coloration)poisonous animal is brightly colored to warn other animals221
9928771413batesian mimicryharmless species mimics harmful species222
9928771414mullerian mimicrytwo bad-tasting species mimic each other so predators avoid them both equally223
9928771415Symbiosiswhen individuals of two or more species live in direct contact with one another224
9928771416Parasitism (+/-)parasite derives nutrients from host225
9928771417Mutualism (+/+)benefits both species (ex: bees and flowers0226
9928771418Commensalism (+/0)benefits one species and neither helps nor hurts another (ex: fern growing in shade of another plant)227
9928771419biomass(sum weight of all members of a pop.)228
9928771420primary productionamount of light energy converted to chemical energy by autotrophs229
9928771421gross primary productiontotal primary production in ecosystem230
9928771422net primary productiongpp - respiration231
9928771423eutrophica lake that is nutrient rich and supports a vast amount of algae232
9928771424nitrificationammonium (NH4+) is oxidized to nitrite and then nitrate by bacteria233
9928771425dentrificationreleases nitrogen to atmosphere by bacteria234
9928771426bioremediationuse of organisms to detoxify polluted ecosystem235
9928771427osmosismovement of water from high concentration to low concentration through selectively permeable membrane236
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AP Biology- Macromolecules 2 Flashcards

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13492641014nonpolarelectrons shared equally0
13492641015polarelectrons shared unequally1
13492641016dehydration synthesiscondensation; joining compounds together with water released2
13492641017hydrolysisbreakdown of a compound by adding water3
13492641018polysaccharidepolymers of carbohydrates4
13492641019cellulosestructural polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls5
13492641020starchstorage polysaccharide found in plants6
13492641021fatty acidhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end; majority portion in lipids7
13492641022saturated fatfat without double bonds8
13492641023unsaturated fatfat with double bonds9
13492641024peptide bondbond creating amino acid chains or polymers10
13492641025primary structurelinear sequence of amino acids; peptide bonds11
13492641026secondary structureprotein formed with hydrogen bonds12
13492641027tertiary structure3D conformation formed; determines specificity13
13492641028quaternary structureprotein with more than one polypeptide chain14
13492641029alpha helixsecondary structure form of a protein; human hair (keratin)15
13492641030beta pleated sheetsecondary structure form of a protein; spider webs and silk16
13492641032metabolismsum of all chemical reactions that take place in cell17
13492641033cohesioncapacity to resist tension to rupture18
13492641034polymerlong molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together19
13492641035monomerbuilding block for polymers; only made by producers20
13492641036adhesionattraction between different kinds of molecules21
13492641037surface tensionmeasure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid22
13492641038evaporative cooling / heat of vaporizationproperty of a liquid where the surface becomes cooler during evaporation due to the loss of molecules23
13492641039disulfide bridgetertiary structure; strong covalent bond formed when one sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another24
13492641040hydrophobic interactiontertiary structure; weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water change to exclude the water25
13492641041hydrocarbonorganic molecule consisting of only hydrogen and carbon26
13492641042macromoleculegiant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules27
13492641043glycosodic linkagecovalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration synthesis reaction28
13492641044nucleotidebuilding block of a nucleic acid; five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogen base and a phosphate group29
13492641045pyramidinecytosine, thymine, and uracil; six-membered ring30
13492641046purineadenine and guanine; six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring31
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AP Terminology Toolkit Flashcards

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13491435241Italian Sonnet14 line metered poem arranged with an octave that has the rhyme scheme of abba abba, and a sestet with the rhyme scheme of cdc cdc.0
13491435242Spenserian Sonnet14 line metered poem arranged with 3 quatrains and a couplet and has a rhyme scheme of abab bcbc cdcd ee1
13491440328English/Shakespearean Sonnet14 line metered poem arranged with 3 quatrains and couplet and has a rhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, gg2
13491444377End/Terminal Rhymewords that rhyme at the end of a verse line3
13491449255Internal Rhymea rhyme involving a word in the middle of a line and another at the end of the line or in the middle of the next.4
13491449256Masculine RhymeA one syllable rhyme5
13491453259Feminine RhymeA two-syllable rhyme6
13491456539Triple RhymeA rhyme of two or three syllables in which the second and third syllables are unstressed7
13491456540Slant (Near/Imperfect/Oblique) Rhymerhyme in which there is close but not exact correspondence of sounds8
13491456541Alliterationthe repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of neighboring words9
13491461516Assonancerepetition of internal vowel sounds in neighboring words10
13491461517Consonancethe repetition of consonant sounds among words in close proximity11
13491465176SibilanceA type of alliteration in which the "s" sound is repeated.12
13491468148Dissonance/CacophonyUnpleasant or unharmonious sound13
13491468149Euphonythe use of words or phrases that have a noteworthy melody or loveliness in the sounds created (long vowel sounds, soft consonants, or semi-vowels)14
13491471482Onomatopoeiathe use of words whose sounds suggest their meanings15
13491471483Lyrical PoetryThis type of poetry seems musical and expresses the speaker's emotions16
13491474109Odea poem that usually praises someone or something17
13491474110Ballada poem that almost seems like a long song that tells a story. Verses tend to be short and are usually about revenge, crime, or love.18
13491474111Sonneta poem with the verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme19
13491479482Dramatic MonologueA type of poem where you have an imagined speaker who addresses a silent listener20
13491479483Idyllpoems set in nature or in the countryside and present an idealized description21
13491483566Narrative PoetryA type of poetry that combines the elements of fiction and poetry to tell a story. Subject-matter often deals with heroic deeds, amazing events, and larger-than-life characters22
13491483567Epica long narrative poem about the adventures of a hero whose actions reflect the ideals and values of a nation or group23
13491487010Villanellea 19 line French narrative poem with fixed form of 5 tercets (3 line stanzas) and a quatrain, all with two rhymes24
13491491369Idylls and Balladsa narrative poem that tell a story (can also be considered lyrical)25
13491556461Epigrama short poem or verse that seems to ridicule a thought or event, usually with witticism or sarcasm26
13491556462Concrete Poetryshape or visual poetry written to form a particular image or shape that relates to the subject-matter of the poem27
13491556463Elegya lyrical poem that expresses sorrow or lamentation, usually for one who has died28
13491566092Epitapha short poem or verse written in memory of someone (often put on tombstones)29
13491566093Sestinaa poem with six stanzas of six lines and a final tercet. All stanzas have the same six words at the line-ends in six different sequences that follow a fixed pattern, and with all six words appearing in the closing three-line envoi.30
13491566094Free Verse Poetrypoetry without rhyme or meter31
13491571641Allusiona reference, many times indirect, to anything previously written or produced32
13491571642Anachornismsomething or someone that is not in the correct chronological period33
13491574981Analogya comparison of two or more like objects that suggests if they are alike in certain respects, they will probably be alike in other ways as well34
13491574982Clichean overused expression or saying no longer considered original35
13491574983Epic Similean extended simile often running to several lines, used typically in epic poetry to intensify the heroic stature of the subject and to serve as decoration36
13491581999Extended Metaphor (conceit)a figure of speech that compares two essentially unalike things in great length37
13491582000Tenorthe subject of an extended metaphor38
13491582001Vehiclethe part of an extended metaphor that is reimagined39
13491586453Hyperbolea figure of speech that includes over-exaggeration for emphasis or humorous effect40
13491586454Idioma figure of speech where there is an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up41
13491592882Situational Ironya figure of speech where incongruity occurs between the expected and reality42
13491592883Dramatic Ironya figure of speech where more is known by certain characters, the audience, or the reader43
13491592884Verbal Ironya figure of speech where a speaker means something totally different (or the opposite) from what he/she is saying. Can come in the forms of sarcasm, overstatement, understatement, or exaggeration44
13491602017Metonymya figure of speech in which there is a metaphorical substitution of one word or phrase for another related word or phrase45
13491602018Oxymorona figure of speech that combines contradictory words or ideas46
13491604913Pathetic Fallacya figure of speech that is a special type of personification in which inanimate aspects of nature, such as landscape or weather, are represented as having human qualities or feelings47
13491604914Paradoxa figure of speech where a statement seems to contradict itself but is, nevertheless, true48
13491608973Synecdochea figure of speech in which the whole is represented by naming one of its parts or vice-versa49
13491608974Litotesa figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite50
13491612253Periphrasisa figure of thought in which a point is stated by direct circumlocution (the use of many words where fewer would do), rather than directly. Often classified as innuendo or euphemism51
13491612254Puna figure of thought that plays on words that have the same sounds or closely similar sounds, but have sharply contrasting meanings52
13491616661AnaphoraThe intentional repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines, stanzas, sentences, or paragraphs53
13491622941Comedya type of dramatic work that is amusing and/or satirical in its tone, mostly having a cheerful ending. The motif of this dramatic work is triumph over unpleasant circumstance by creating comic effects, resulting in a happy or successful conclusion54
13491622942High Comedycomedy that depends primarily on verbal wit55
13491622943Low Comedycomedy that is characterized by physical humor, such as slapstick, but may also include crass verbal humor56
13491632895TragedyA form of drama where the tone is serious, and often somber; the effect is to involve and strongly move the audience; and the outcome is disastrous for the protagonist and, often also for those associated with him/her.57
13491632896Hamartiaa fatal/tragic flaw or error in judgment made by a tragic hero58
13491632897Hubrisexcessive pride (often the tragic hero's hamartia)59
13491638089TragicomedyA form of drama that falls in the middle of the tragic/comic spectrum, in that it focuses on both high and low-born characters and situations and that they bring a potentially tragic plot to a happy resolution, at least for the protagonist, through a sudden reversal of fortune or the reformation of the protagonist's opponent60
13491638090Theater of the Absurd20th century drama which questions the meaning of life in a universe seen as godless and which has overthrown such accepted conventions as a well-established setting, logical dialogue, and a fully resolved conflict.61
13491642180Asidewords spoken by an actor directly to the audience, but not "heard" by the other characters on stage62
13491642181Catharsisthe purging of the feelings of pity and fear. According to Aristotle, the audience should experience this at the end of a tragedy63
13491642182Comic Reliefthe feeling of relief experienced by the audience when a light-hearted scene is incorporated after a succession of intensely tragic dramatic moments64
13491650369Deus Ex Machina("a god from the machine") the sudden and unexpected resolution of the entanglements of a play by supernatural intervention65
13491655564Parallelismany repeated similarity of grammatical structure66
13491655565Polysyndetonuse of many conjunctions67
13491661823Asyndetonomission of conjunctions68
13491661824Ellipsisomission of words for brevity, emphasis, ambiguity, or grace69
13491666744Parenthesisany insertion that interrupts normal sentence structure70
13491666745Simple SentenceA sentence with a single independent clause (but can have none, or one or more phrases within it). Though it can contain a compound subject or compound verb, it cannot have more than one independent clause. Rhetorical effect: gives a childlike quality to prose. They are also useful to highlight certain things as important against a background of other things (when used after a string of longer sentences)71
13491671777Compound Sentencea sentence with two or more independent clauses (not dependent clauses). Rhetorical Effect: creates balance because they present two ideas of EQUAL in importance72
13491671778Complex SentenceA sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Rhetorical Effect: This structure orders ideas into main and subordinate ideas. The main, or most important idea, is in the independent clause, the subordinate idea is in the dependent (or subordinate) clause73
13491681102Compound/Complex SentenceA sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses74
13491685378Periodic (Climatic) SentenceWhen the entire main clause is at the end of the sentence; usually after a long series of parallel constructions. Rhetorical Effect: builds to a climax with meaning unfolding slowly75
13491696190Loose (Cummulative) SentenceWhen the entire main clause is at the beginning of the sentence, usually before a long series of parallel constructions. Rhetorical Effect: The reader knows the main action of the sentence from the outset. Thus, all the following modifiers serve as elaboration upon it. It also allows the writer to expand upon attributes or ideas that seem to "sprout" from the main clause76
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