| 9882655583 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another. | | 0 |
| 9882655584 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat). Entropy | | 1 |
| 9882655585 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons. | | 2 |
| 9882655586 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil. | | 3 |
| 9882655587 | Soil Conservation Methods | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers. | | 4 |
| 9882655588 | Soil Salinization | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US) | | 5 |
| 9882655589 | Hydrologic Cycle Components | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. | | 6 |
| 9882655648 | Watershed | all of the land that drains into a body of water | | 7 |
| 9882655590 | Aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground. | | 8 |
| 9882655591 | Salt Water Intrusion | near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer. | | 9 |
| 9882655592 | La Nina | "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America. | | 10 |
| 9882655593 | Nitrogen Fixation | N2 cannot be used directly by plants, it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria. (legumes) | | 11 |
| 9882655649 | Ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia. | | 12 |
| 9882655594 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO3 -). | | 13 |
| 9882655596 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N2. | | 14 |
| 9882655597 | Phosphorus | does not exist as a gas; released by weathering of phosphate rocks, it is a major limiting factor for plant growth. | | 15 |
| 9882655675 | Soil Profile | O,A,E,B,C,R Vertical cross section |  | 16 |
| 9882655598 | Photosynthesis | plants convert CO2 into complex organic compounds (glucose C6H12O6). | | 17 |
| 9882655599 | Aerobic Respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | | 18 |
| 9882655600 | Biotic | living components of an ecosystem. | | 19 |
| 9882655650 | Abiotic | nonliving components of an ecosystem | | 20 |
| 9882655601 | Producer/Autotroph | organisms that make their own food— | | 21 |
| 9882655602 | Trophic Levels | producers → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer. | | 22 |
| 9882655603 | Energy Flow through Food Webs | 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. | | 23 |
| 9882655604 | Primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (starts with rock). | | 24 |
| 9882655651 | Secondary succession | life progresses where SOIL remains (ex. clear-cut forest, old farm). | | 25 |
| 9882655605 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish and anemone) | | 26 |
| 9882655606 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, -orchids) | | 27 |
| 9882655607 | Parasitism | relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans) | | 28 |
| 9882655608 | Carrying Capacity | the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area. | | 29 |
| 9882655609 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). Exponential, Logarithmic, Boom and Bust or J curve | | 30 |
| 9882655610 | K-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). Logistic, S curve, moderated by carrying capacity | | 31 |
| 9882655611 | Natural Selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through mutations) pass them onto the next generation. | | 32 |
| 9882655613 | Doubling Time | (rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years) | | 33 |
| 9882655614 | Replacement Level Fertility | the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing). | | 34 |
| 9882655615 | World Population | slightly over 7.5 billion. | | 35 |
| 9882655652 | Demographic Transition Model | preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and postindustrial stages |  | 36 |
| 9882655616 | Preindustrial stage | birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high. | | 37 |
| 9882655617 | Transitional stage | Aid/industrialization/medicine lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high Population grows quickly | | 38 |
| 9882655653 | Industrial stage | education and affluence climb, decline in birth rate, population growth slows. | | 39 |
| 9882655618 | Postindustrial stage | low birth & death rates. | | 40 |
| 9882655619 | Age Structure Diagrams | broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG) |  | 41 |
| 9882655654 | Most populous nations | 1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia | | 42 |
| 9882655620 | Low Economic/Social Status of Women | Most important factor keeping population growth rates high. | | 43 |
| 9882655621 | Methods to Decrease Birth Rates | Family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties. | | 44 |
| 9882655622 | Composition of Water on Earth | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023% readily available freshwater for use. | | 45 |
| 9882655655 | Aquaculture | farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia, oysters. | | 46 |
| 9882655623 | Point Source | from specific location such as pipe or smokestack | | 47 |
| 9882655624 | Non-Point Source | from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic. | | 48 |
| 9882655625 | Eutrophication | rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen & phosphorus. | | 49 |
| 9882655626 | Keystone Species | species whose role in an ecosystem is super- important for the ecosystem to sustain itself (manatee, alligator, sea otter, etc) | | 50 |
| 9882655627 | Indicator Species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged (amphibians). | | 51 |
| 9882655628 | Pesticide Cons | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification. | | 52 |
| 9882655656 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; | | 53 |
| 9882655657 | Electricity Generation | steam or falling water is used to turn a turbine which turns a generator. | | 54 |
| 9882655629 | Nuclear Reactor | consists of a core, control rods, moderator, steam generator, turbine, containment building. | | 55 |
| 9882655659 | Alternate Energy Sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | | 56 |
| 9882655660 | Troposphere | first layer of atmosphere 0-10 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains weather, greenhouse gases (bad ozone) | | 57 |
| 9882655661 | Stratosphere | second layer of atmosphere 10-30 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains protective ozone layer (good ozone) | | 58 |
| 9882655662 | Temperature Inversion | a warm layer of air above a cooler layer traps pollutants close to the Earth's surface. | | 59 |
| 9882655663 | Divergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates spreading apart, new crust being formed (Mid Ocean Ridge) | | 60 |
| 9882655664 | Convergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates with the oldest crustal material on Earth moving together, | | 61 |
| 9882655665 | Transform Fault | tectonic plates sliding past one another "sideways"(San Andreas Fault Line) | | 62 |
| 9882655666 | Most Endangered species | have a small range, require large territory, have long generations, have very specialized niche, or live on an island | | 63 |
| 9882655630 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals. | | 64 |
| 9882655633 | Boreal Forests or Taiga | represent the largest terrestrial biome. Dominated by needleleaf, coniferous trees. | | 65 |
| 9882655639 | Wetlands | areas of standing water that support aquatic plants including marshes, swamps, and bogs. Reduce flooding. Species diversity is very high. | | 66 |
| 9882655642 | Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. | | 67 |
| 9882655643 | Clean Water Act | Aim: to make all US waterways safe for fishing and swimming. set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. | | 68 |
| 9882655644 | Clean Air Act | set NAAQ air quality standards. Set emission standards for cars, and limits for release of air pollutants. | | 69 |
| 9882655645 | Montreal Protocol | phase out of ozone depleting substances. 1987 | | 70 |
| 9882655646 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. | | 71 |
| 9882655647 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) | regulates the use and effectiveness of pesticides | | 72 |
| 9882655671 | Niche | organism's job/role in its ecosystem | | 73 |
| 9882655672 | Invasive Species | introduced into an ecosystem and out-compete native species | | 74 |
| 9882655673 | NOx, SO2, Pb, PM, O3, CO | 6 criteria air pollutants | | 75 |
| 9882655674 | Top 4 indoor air pollutants in DEVELOPED countries | Tobacco smoke, Formaldehyde, Radon Gas, Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter | | 76 |
