Ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 10586506845 | Spatial perspective | The way phenomenal are spaced out on earth which involves people resources and cultural elements | 0 | |
| 10586506846 | Spatial relationships | Explain why phenomena are located where they are | 1 | |
| 10586506847 | Physical geography | Study of non-human activities including weather and climate | 2 | |
| 10586506848 | Human Geography | One of the two major divisions of Geography; the spatial analysis of human population, its cultures, activities, and landscapes. | 3 | |
| 10586506849 | Absolute location | Exact location of a place on the earth described by global coordinates | 4 | |
| 10586506850 | Relative location | where a place is located in relation to another place | 5 | |
| 10586506851 | Human Characteristics | Includes a variety of factors such as history, government, social groups, economic systems, language, religion, clothing, housing, food, or art forms | 6 | |
| 10586506852 | Physical characteristics | features of the earth's surface, such as landforms, water systems, climate patterns, and plant and animal life | 7 | |
| 10586506853 | Site | Internal physical characteristics of a place unlikely to change | 8 | |
| 10586506854 | Situation | The location of a place relative to another place | 9 | |
| 10586506855 | Small scale | Large areas | 10 | |
| 10586506856 | Absolute space | Defined boundaries | 11 | |
| 10586506857 | Relative space | space that is created and defined by human interactions, perceptions, or relations between events | 12 | |
| 10586506858 | pattern | Relates to how objects organized by their shapes | 13 | |
| 10586506859 | Types of patterns | Linear,centralized,and random | 14 | |
| 10586506860 | Human environmental interaction | The connection and exchange between humans and the natural environment | 15 | |
| 10586506861 | cultural ecology (nature-society geography) | the study of how humans adapt to the environment | 16 | |
| 10586506862 | Environmental determinism | Believe that landforms and climate on most powerful shaping human behavior and societal development (RACIST) | 17 | |
| 10586506863 | Possiblism | View the acknowledge limits on the effects of the natural environment and focus more on the role that human culture plays | 18 | |
| 10586506864 | Landscape analysis | Defining landscapes | 19 | |
| 10586506865 | Field observation | the act of physically visiting a location, place, or region and recording, firsthand, information there | 20 | |
| 10586506866 | Special data | All the information gathered about a particular area | 21 | |
| 10586506867 | Reference Maps | Government made which map shows political geography | 22 | |
| 10586506868 | Thematic maps | Maps that show the distribution, flow, or connection of one or more characteristics and are used to show distribution | 23 | |
| 10586506869 | Choropleth Map | a map that uses differences in shading, coloring, or the placing of symbols within predefined areas to indicate the average values of a property or quantity in those areas. | 24 | |
| 10586506870 | Graduated symbol map | A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent. | 25 | |
| 10586506871 | isoline map (thematic) | Used for climate variables | 26 | |
| 10586506872 | Cartogram | A special kind of map that distorts the shapes and sizes of countries or other political regions to present economic or other kinds of data for comparison. | 27 | |
| 10586506873 | Robinson Projection | A map projection of a world map which shows the entire world at once. Yeah | 28 | |
| 10586506874 | Peters Projection | a cylindrical map projection that attempts to retain the accurate sizes of all the world's landmasses | 29 | |
| 10586506875 | Mercator Projection | a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder | 30 | |
| 10586506876 | conic projection | a map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model | 31 |
ap environmental science vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13851263362 | the first law of thermodynamics | sttes that energy is neither created nor destroyed | 0 | |
| 13851264908 | the second law of thermodynamics | states that with each successive energy transfer, less energy is avaliable to do work because some of it is diffused as heat | 1 | |
| 13851270384 | photosynthesis | is the process by which green plants capture the light energy from the sun and convert it into useful, high quiality chemicl energy in the form of organic molecules. | 2 | |
| 13851286054 | photosynthesis formula | solar energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | 3 | |
| 13851291626 | cellular respiration | reverses photosynthesis by breaking down glucose for energy | 4 | |
| 13851292787 | cellular respiration formula | C6 H12 06 + 6O2 ---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP | 5 | |
| 13851294503 | species | all organisms that are genetically similar enough to reproduce and create live, fertile offspring. | 6 | |
| 13851297255 | population | consists of all members of species that live in the same area at the same time. | 7 | |
| 13851299274 | biological community | all the populations living and interacting in an area | 8 | |
| 13851300620 | ecosystem | a community and its physical environment | 9 | |
| 13851303416 | biomass | the total mass of organisms in a given area or volume. | 10 | |
| 13851304389 | productivity | the amount of biomass (biological material) produced in a given area during a given period of time | 11 | |
| 13851308852 | primary productivity | productivity of plants through photosynthesis | 12 | |
| 13851309611 | secondary productivity | rate of accumulation of herbivore and carnivore biomass | 13 | |
| 13851310431 | foodchain | linear chart showing flow of energy in an ecosystem | 14 | |
| 13851311701 | trophic level | an organisms feeding position in an ecosystem | 15 | |
| 13851316857 | primary producers | photosynthesizing organisms (plants), which support the rest of the foodchain | 16 | |
| 13851318828 | consumers | get their nutrients and energy by eating other things | 17 | |
| 13851321273 | scavangers | consume animals that are already dead | 18 | |
| 13851323078 | detritvores | consume detritus (litter, debris, dung) | 19 | |
| 13851325855 | decomposers (fungi and bacteria) | complete the final breakdown of organic mateer and return nutrients to the soil to fertilize the producers | 20 | |
| 13851325856 | food web | many interconnected foodchains | 21 | |
| 13851331203 | ten percent rule | 10% of the energy available at one trophic level is transfered to the next trophic level . | 22 | |
| 13851367632 | law of conservation of matter | matter is neither created or destroyed but is tranfromed and recycled over and over again | 23 | |
| 13851372794 | sink | takes in and absorbs element | 24 | |
| 13851373325 | source | releases element | 25 | |
| 13851376284 | steps of water cycle - cycle driven by solar energy | evaporation transpiration -> water vapor released from plants condensation percipitation runoff/percolates -> water seeps through soil to join ground water or aquifiers | 26 | |
| 13851393397 | carbon cycle steps | 1. carbon enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide from respiration and combustion. 2. absorbed by producers to make carbohydrates in photosynthesis. 3. animals feed on the plant passing the carbon compounds along the food chain. Most of the carbon they consume is exhaled as carbon dioxide formed during respiration. The animals and plants eventually die. 4. the dead organisms are eaten by decomposers and the carbon in their bodies is returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. 5. in some conditions decomposition is blocked. The plant and animal material may then be available as fossil fuel in the future for combustion. | 27 | |
| 13855004708 | carbon sinks | plants, the ocean, calcium carbonate and coral reefs | 28 | |
| 13855009863 | nitrogen cycle steps | nitrogen fixation (converting it to ammonia by nitrogen -fixing bacteria) ammonification (assimilated by plants) nitrification denitrification (bacteria converts ammonia back into N2 or decomposers breaking down waste) | 29 | |
| 13855073493 | phosphorus cycle steps | phosphorus compounds leach from the rock and into the water. The water seeps/percoolates through the soil this inorganic phosphorus assimilate into organic phosphorus in the soil is taken up by plants, and passed on to consumers Decompostion returns back into the cycle or it goes to sediments deep in the ocean, where the phosphorus can come back via uplifting of the ocean floor (this takes a long time) Humans have affected this cycle by the use of fertilizers that run off into lakes and ocean causing aglal bloom and eutrophication. | 30 | |
| 13855172798 | sulfer cycle | released by emmisions or volanic eruptions or by biogenic deposits od phytoplankton. the sulfer is cycled through and is taken in by plants which is then transfered to consumers. consumed sulfer re-eneters the cylce when decomposers break down the dead organisms (sulfer is a component of protein) Acid rain can also bring sulfer into the cycle - human activity | 31 | |
| 13855223494 | divergent evolution | occurs when two specis branch off from a shared ancestral species EX: humans and apes | 32 | |
| 13855228890 | convergent evolution | occurs when unrelated species devolop similar traits because they were devoloped under similar environmental conditions EX: shark and dolphin | 33 | |
| 13855254498 | Things that can accelerate extinction | 1. Habitat Destruction -> deforestation. 2. Hunting and Fishing -> over-hunt 3. Commerical Products -> smuggling of rare species or selling parts of their body EX: ivory tusks of the african elephant 4. Genetic Assimilation -> species disapear because genes are diluted due to crossbreeding with closely related species | 34 | |
| 13855303306 | The Endangered Species Act | U.S law that identifies endangered, threatned, and vulnerable species and regulating commerical and recreational activities involving them. | 35 | |
| 13855316617 | CITIES | International agreement regulating trade in living speicemens and products derievd ffrom listed endangered species. DIFFICULT TO ENFORCE DUE TO SMUGGLING. | 36 | |
| 13855338428 | Predator | any organism that feeds directly upon another lving organism important because the help maintain stable populations and reduce competition among their prey. | 37 | |
| 13855347285 | coevolution | process in which species exert selective pressures on each other is called coevolution... common between predator and prey | 38 | |
| 13855365640 | intraspecific competition | competition between members of the same species | 39 | |
| 13855365641 | interspecific competition | competition between members of different species | 40 | |
| 13855379168 | territoriality | when an animal defends a well-defined space. this gurantees its owner access to shelter and food | 41 | |
| 13855387715 | symbiosis | relationship in which two species live closely together | 42 | |
| 13855393713 | mutualism | both members benefit EX: coral and algae, oxpecker and the zebra | 43 | |
| 13855408434 | commensalism | one member benifits, and the other remains unharmed. EX: epiphytes (grow on top of tress) and tress | 44 | |
| 13855423498 | parasitism | One member benefits (parasite) the other is harmed (host) EX: tapeworms live and feedoff of humans, making them sick. | 45 | |
| 13855443890 | defence mechanisms | toxic chemicals, body armor, spikes and thorns for plants, camouflage. | 46 | |
| 13855451345 | batesian mimicry | a type of mimicry in which a harmless species looks like a species that is poisonous or otherwise harmful to predators. | 47 | |
| 13855457582 | mullerian mimicry | two species, both of which are poisonous, evole to look alike. | 48 | |
| 13855477189 | habitat (address) | is the place or set of environmental conditions in which an organism lives. | 49 | |
| 13855488311 | ecological niche (job) | role a species plays in a biological community - how it obtains food - interactions with biotic and abiotic factors - what services it provides to the community | 50 | |
| 13855516762 | fundamental nice | potential niches (jobs) it can biological occupy | 51 | |
| 13855522207 | relized niches | role it ACTUALLY plays | 52 | |
| 13855529664 | genralists | -very adaptable - less danger of exitinction - tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions - can eat a variety of food - EX: rodents and insects | 53 | |
| 13855542776 | specialists | - less adaptable - live in very specific habitats - tollerate narrow range of environmental conditions - picky regarding food EX: panda and orangutan | 54 | |
| 13855570592 | law of competitive exclusion | no two species in the same ecosystm can occupy the same ecological niche. | 55 | |
| 13855606786 | limiting factor | is a factor that controls the growth of a population | 56 | |
| 13855611765 | tolerance factor | factors min and max levels | 57 | |
| 13855631747 | keystone species | a species whose impact on its community or ecosysyem is much more influential. species with the most important niche. - decomposers who aid in cycling of nutrients, pollinators | 58 | |
| 13855666742 | abundance | the total nuber of organisms in the community | 59 | |
| 13855670054 | diversity | the number of different species | 60 | |
| 13855677617 | DIVERSITY TENDS TO DECREASE __________________ | AS WE MOVE FROM THE EQUATOR TOWARDS THE POLES. SO TROPICAL RAINFORESTS ARE THE MOST DIVERSE AND PRODUCTIVE ECOSYSTEMS. | 61 | |
| 13855688357 | complexity | number of species at each trophic level | 62 | |
| 13855698867 | resilience | community's ability to recover from disturbance | 63 | |
| 13855704996 | stability | a community's constancy | 64 | |
| 13855718186 | ecotone | the boundary between two different communities or ecosystems | 65 | |
| 13855725542 | closed ecosystem | boundary is sharp between the communities or ecosystems | 66 | |
| 13855729535 | open ecosystems | when one ecosystem gradually blends into another | 67 | |
| 13855861717 | primary succession | occurs when a community begins to devolop on a site previosuly unoccupied by living organism. EX: New Island | 68 | |
| 13855930137 | seconday succesion | occurs is a destroyed ecosysytem where life exsisted previously EX: area around a volcano after it erupted | 69 | |
| 13855960738 | seral communities | replace the pioneer species and continue to replace each other. | 70 | |
| 13855963595 | climax community | reached when the community reaches a stable state thar resists further change | 71 | |
| 13855998589 | Fire helps... | helps return nutrients to the soil, clear dead plant matter and incase of conferous forests -> melt sap in the cones, thereby releasing their seeds | 72 | |
| 13856030259 | biomes | ecosystems characterized by climate, soil conditions and biological communities. | 73 | |
| 13856041792 | desert | characterized by low moisture levels, and infrequent percipitation along with poor quality sandy soil. | 74 | |
| 13856065150 | grasslands | moderate temp and percipation, with enough rain to supports abundant grass yet not enough to support tress. Soil is the richest and BEST for farming THREAT: conversion to agricultural land | 75 | |
| 13856087785 | tundra | a treeless biome at high altitudes. has permenently frozen topsoil called permafrost. Damage to tundra heals very slowkly | 76 | |
| 13856138243 | coniforous forest | dominated by cone-bearing trees that occur in a wide rande of temperate regions. | 77 | |
| 13856157668 | boreal forest | northern coniferous forest with low moisture sandy soil and cool temps | 78 | |
| 13856172218 | taiga | boreal forests that border tundra. have harsh, cold temps and a layer of peat (partially decomposed organic matter) | 79 | |
| 13856182171 | deciduous forest | trees that shed in winter, lots of rainfall. canopy warm and frozen seasons temps vary THREAT: Deforestation | 80 | |
| 13856210726 | Chaparral | vegetation consisting chiefly of tangled shrubs and thorny bushes. mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers. | 81 | |
| 13856234347 | tropical moist forests | - ample rainfall and uniform temps. - hold more than half of all terestrial plants and insects on earth - soil is acidic and nutrient poor THREAT: deforestation | 82 | |
| 13856252670 | tropical rainforests | near the equator where rains a lot and temps are warm year round | 83 | |
| 13856266877 | thermostratification | division of freshwater lakes based on temperature | 84 | |
| 13856273425 | epilimnion layer | is the layer with warmeer water on the surface that ABSORBS sunlgiht | 85 | |
| 13856280676 | thermocline layer | rapid decrease in temp over a short distance | 86 | |
| 13856291063 | hypolimnion layer | cooler area closer to the bottom | 87 | |
| 13856295279 | benthos | lake bottom where there is little oxygen by rich organic matter from the detritus that sinks to the bottom | 88 | |
| 13856309899 | seasonal turnover | occurs during fall and spring where water mixes freely to replenish nutrienrs and oxygen. NO THERMOCLINE during this. | 89 | |
| 13856329055 | littoral zone | area of a lake or pond closest to the shore | 90 | |
| 13856332477 | limnetic zone | deeper region of lake, further from the shore | 91 | |
| 13856345086 | riparian ecosystem | ecosystem around a river | 92 | |
| 13856355120 | marine biome | aquatic biome in the salt water of the ocean | 93 | |
| 13856355121 | photic zone (ocean) | ocean layer closer to the top of water to get enough sunlight for photosynthesis by algae and phytoplankton | 94 | |
| 13856369419 | aphotic zone (ocean) | where little or no light reaches | 95 | |
| 13856375564 | abyssal zone (ocean) | deepest part of ocean, no light | 96 | |
| 13856385839 | intertidal zone of ocean | area closest to shore where tides come in | 97 | |
| 13856388838 | pelagic zone of ocean | open water | 98 | |
| 13856405724 | Wetlands | - supports a high degree of biodiversity - replenish aquafiers - act as sponges, and prevent flooding - naturally filter sediments and polllutants | 99 | |
| 13856431758 | estuary | the fresh water of a river meets the salt water of the ocean. | 100 | |
| 13856445339 | restoration ecology | repairing damage or destruction done to an ecosystem by human activity | 101 | |
| 13856452973 | rehabilitation | rebuilding the certain elements of an ecosystem wituhout completly restoring to its orginal conditon. AIM: to make an ecosystem usable for human again | 102 | |
| 13856478705 | remediation | chemical contaminant is cleaned from polluted area | 103 | |
| 13856481810 | bioremediation | using living organisms to clean contaminated areas | 104 | |
| 13856492866 | reclamation | the process of returning land to its original condition after mining is completed | 105 | |
| 13856498293 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act | Requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land after mining is completed. | 106 | |
| 13856515774 | exponential growth | - constant yearly growth (J CURVE) - no limitations - endless resources, ideal environmental conditions | 107 | |
| 13856530740 | biotic potential | max reproductive rate for a species in ideal circumstances | 108 | |
| 13856543849 | denisty dependent factors | predation, competition and sresss have a greater impact with larger populations | 109 | |
| 13856552420 | density independent factors | climate limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways | 110 | |
| 13856561677 | carrying capacity (k) | max # of species an ecosystem can hold | 111 | |
| 13856568000 | logistic growth | - S CURVE - type of growth where reality is present - accounts environmental resistance and carrying capacity | 112 | |
| 13856599279 | irruptive growth | cycle of population explosions followed by die backs. | 113 | |
| 13856603802 | r-selected species | - typically generalists - have lots of offspring - offer little parental care - have high infant mortality rates - population fluctates a lot | 114 | |
| 13856668660 | K-selected species | - specialists - follow a logistic growth pattern - tend to be larger and live longer - produce fewer offspring - populations stay farily stable and around carrying capacity | 115 | |
| 13856692236 | survivorship curve | graphs that represent the number of individuals still alive at each age |  | 116 |
| 13856704945 | doubling time | time it take for a population to double 70 /% annual growth | 117 | |
| 13856728320 | fecundity | the physical ability to reproduce | 118 | |
| 13856732701 | life span | max # of year a species can survive | 119 | |
| 13856737735 | life expectancty | avg age that an induvisual is expected to life | 120 | |
| 13856751865 | POPULATIOR GROWTH RATE (%) | (B+I) - (D+E) | 121 | |
| 13856771340 | Neomalthusians | We are going to run out of other resources, not just food - advocate birth control | 122 | |
| 13856788070 | Neomarkists | beleive populations will only stabalize through social justice - advocate fair wealth distribution | 123 | |
| 13856799831 | brandt line | divides the more developed north from the less developed south - devoloped uses nearly 80% of earth's resources - only 20% are devoloped | 124 | |
| 13856819835 | food security | access to a constant food source | 125 | |
| 13856823459 | malnourishment | An imbalance in vitamins and nutrients. | 126 | |
| 13856826332 | undernourishment | not enough calories | 127 | |
| 13856848096 | pathogens | disease causing agents | 128 | |
| 13856858954 | emergent diseases | those not previously known or that have been absent for at least 20 years | 129 | |
| 13856868947 | hazardous | dangerous chemical | 130 | |
| 13856874503 | toxins | kills cells and alter growth | 131 | |
| 13856878071 | allergens | substances that activate the immune system | 132 | |
| 13856890813 | sick building syndrome | occurs in relatively older buildings where mold (mostly) builds up in walls and floors causing sickness | 133 | |
| 13856894229 | LD50 | measures toxicity of a chemical by its dose lethal to 50% of a test polulation. lower means more toxic | 134 | |
| 13856913079 | nuerotoxins | like mercury and lead kill nuerons in nervous system | 135 | |
| 13856918986 | mutgens | cause mutations by latering DNA | 136 | |
| 13856922081 | carcinogens | cause cancer | 137 | |
| 13856927041 | Delaney Clause | prohibits adding carcinogens to food | 138 | |
| 13856929988 | teratogens | toxins that cause abnormal embryonic growth and result in birth defects EX: alcohal | 139 | |
| 13856954139 | antagonistic toxins | interfere with effects of other chemicals and work against each other | 140 | |
| 13856957067 | additive toxins | cumulative effect; increasing level of toxicity when many chemicals are mixed | 141 | |
| 13856963859 | synergistic toxins | toxins put together make each other more toxic than they would be alone | 142 | |
| 13856979476 | bioaccumulation | organism absorbs and stores toxin in tissues | 143 | |
| 13856988161 | biomagnification | accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of the food chain | 144 | |
| 13856996819 | DDT | insecticide | 145 | |
| 13857085517 | supply | how much of a product is avalible | 146 | |
| 13857088554 | demand | amount of the product consumbers will buy | 147 | |
| 13857141856 | cost-benefit analysis | is the process of accounting and comparing the costs and benefits of a project before it is enacted - who or what is being affected - potential outcomes | 148 | |
| 13857156506 | green business | businesses that are environmentally friendly and aim at creating a more sustainable future. | 149 | |
| 13857171494 | National Environmental Policy Act | Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started | 150 | |
| 13857191957 | wicked problems | problems with no simple solution EX: How to save rainforests, how to deal with global warming | 151 | |
| 13857204873 | precautionary principle | putting laws in place before the disaster or something bad actaully happens | 152 | |
| 13857248320 | soil | renewable resource mad up of a mixture of weathered rock, partially decomposed organic matter and living organisms. | 153 | |
| 13857275628 | humus | decomposed matter that gives soil its structure by sticking the particles together | 154 | |
| 13857284954 | heavy soil | large amount of clay | 155 | |
| 13857288753 | light soil | more sand and silt | 156 | |
| 13857298085 | land degradation | soil becomes defecient in nutrients | 157 | |
| 13857306855 | factors that contribute to land degradation | - water and wind erosion - soil acidifiction - too much minerals and salt - too much water (waterlogging) in the soil | 158 | |
| 13857339716 | erosion | the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. - loss of topsoil - siltation of lakes and rivers | 159 | |
| 13857356376 | rill erosion | running water cuts small channels into the soil | 160 | |
| 13857361121 | gully erosion | when rills enlarge to form bigger channels | 161 | |
| 13857471324 | Green Revolution | a dramatic increase in agricultural production brought by the devolopment of high-yeild varities of grain | 162 | |
| 13857496662 | debt-for-nature swap | when agencies make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the country will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources | 163 | |
| 13857516528 | selective cutting | cutting down only some trees in a forest and leaving a mix of tree sizes and species behind | 164 | |
| 13857525929 | Artic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) | a national wildlife refuge in northeastern Alaska, United States. - reserve the oil and not open it for the sake of the fragile biome | 165 |
Flashcards
AP Government Court Cases Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 13858749997 | Engel v Vitale | First Amendment/Establishment Clause - Government-directed prayer in public schools violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, even if the prayer is denominationally neutral and students may remain silent or be excused from the classroom during its recitation. |  | 0 |
| 13858750000 | Baker v. Carr | 1962 in Tennessee, federal government has the ability to intervene in a state's redistricting to ensure fairness because redistricting is not just a political question |  | 1 |
| 13858750001 | NY Times v. U.S. | First Amendment/Freedom of the Press - New York Times and Washington Post could print the Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment |  | 2 |
| 13858750003 | Schenck v. U.S. | First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/non-protected - The circulars urged "Do not submit to intimidation" but advised only peaceful action such as petitioning to repeal the Conscription Act. Schenck was charged with conspiracy to violate the Espionage Act by attempting to cause insubordination in the military and to obstruct recruitment. During wartime, utterances tolerable in peacetime can be punished. Clear and present danger test. |  | 3 |
| 13858750006 | Tinker v. Des Moines | First Amendment/Freedom of Speech/symbolic speech - students' wearing of armbands in support of Vietnam truce did not interrupt school activities, pure speech |  | 4 |
| 13858750008 | Mapp v. Ohio | Fourth Amendment/Exclusionary Rule - evidence taken in unreasonable searches and seizures may not be used in court. |  | 5 |
| 13858750013 | Roe v. Wade | Ninth & Fourteenth Amendments/privacy Abortion is a private matter |  | 6 |
| 13858750015 | Brown v. Board of Education | Fourteenth Amendment/Separate not Equal - Integration of Schools - racial segregation violates the equal protection clause |  | 7 |
| 13858750017 | Marbury v. Madison | Establishes the Supreme Court as having the power of Judicial Review/interpret the Constitution |  | 8 |
| 13858750018 | McCulloch v. Maryland | Implied powers under the Necessary and Proper Clause - Creation of the bank was implied based upon the enumerated power of Congress to tax. State of Maryland could not tax federal bank due to Supremacy Clause |  | 9 |
| 13858750020 | Shaw v. Reno | 1993 case in NC with majority-minority districts, court ruled it was an example of racial gerrymandering and thus these districts were unconstitutional. The case was a problem of reverse discrimination. (Redistricting cannot be based on race!) |  | 10 |
| 13858750024 | Gideon v. Wainwright | A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys. |  | 11 |
| 13858750026 | Wisconsin v. Yoder | Amish children are not required to attend compulsory education past 8th grade. | 12 | |
| 13858750031 | McDonald v. Chicago | Found that the right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" as protected under the Second Amendment is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment against the states. | 13 | |
| 13858750034 | Citizens United V. FEC | Free speech clause of the First Amendment prohibits the government from restricting independent expenditures for communications by nonprofit corporations, for-profit corporations, labor unions, and other associations | 14 |
AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards
Language
Terms : Hide Images
| 6122619046 | Accent | A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class. | 0 | |
| 6122619047 | Dialect | A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group. |  | 1 |
| 6122619048 | Extinct Language | A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use. |  | 2 |
| 6122619049 | Ideogram | A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese) |  | 3 |
| 6122619050 | Isogloss | A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs. |  | 4 |
| 6122619051 | Isolated Language | A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque) |  | 5 |
| 6122619052 | Language Branch | A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family. |  | 6 |
| 6122619053 | Language | The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. |  | 7 |
| 6122619054 | Language Group | A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English) |  | 8 |
| 6122619055 | Language Family | A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from. |  | 9 |
| 6122619056 | Indo European language family | Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch. |  | 10 |
| 6122619057 | Sino-Tibetan Language Family | 2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese |  | 11 |
| 6122619058 | Lingua Franca | A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide). |  | 12 |
| 6122619059 | Literary Tradition | A Language that is written as well as spoken. | 13 | |
| 6122619060 | Monolingual State | A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea) |  | 14 |
| 6122619061 | Bilingual | The ability to speak two languages. |  | 15 |
| 6122619062 | Multilingual State | A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland) |  | 16 |
| 6122619063 | Official Language | The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status. |  | 17 |
| 6122619064 | Orthography | The conventional spelling system of a language. |  | 18 |
| 6122619065 | Pidgin Language | A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages. |  | 19 |
| 6122619066 | Standard Language | The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications. |  | 20 |
| 6122619067 | Toponym | The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture. |  | 21 |
| 6122619068 | Vernacular | Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people. | 22 | |
| 6122619069 | Creole | A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage. |  | 23 |
| 6122619070 | Denglish | The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German. |  | 24 |
| 6122619071 | Franglais | A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English. |  | 25 |
| 6122619072 | Ebonics | A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans. |  | 26 |
| 6122619073 | Spanglish | A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions. |  | 27 |
| 6122619074 | Francophone | Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France). | 28 | |
| 6122619075 | Hankul | The system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound. | 29 | |
| 6122619076 | Romance Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian. | 30 | |
| 6122619077 | Germanic Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian. | 31 | |
| 6122619078 | Indo-Iranian Branch | The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish. | 32 | |
| 6122619079 | Balto-Slavic Branch | This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union. | 33 | |
| 6122619080 | Celtic Branch | A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages. | 34 | |
| 6122619081 | Uralic Language Family | Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration. | 35 | |
| 6122619082 | Austronesian Language Family | Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar. | 36 | |
| 6122619083 | Afro-Asiatic Language Family | This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book. | 37 | |
| 6122619084 | Niger-Congo Language Family | More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. | 38 | |
| 6122619085 | Prehistoric Subgroup | A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European | 39 | |
| 6122619086 | Altaic Language Family | A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia. | 40 | |
| 6122619087 | Kurgan Theory | Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands. | 41 | |
| 6122619088 | Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory | Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC. | 42 | |
| 6122619089 | British Received Pronunciation (BRP) | The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech. | 43 | |
| 6122619090 | Language Divergence | When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages. | 44 | |
| 6122619091 | Language Convergence | When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole). | 45 | |
| 6122619092 | Backward Reconstruction | When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language. | 46 | |
| 6122619093 | Sound Shift | Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian). | 47 | |
| 6122619094 | Treaty of Tordesillas | Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East. | 48 | |
| 6122619095 | Hindi | Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 49 | |
| 6122619096 | Swahili | The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family. | 50 | |
| 6122619097 | Urdu | Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 51 | |
| 6122619098 | Farsi | The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch. | 52 | |
| 6122619099 | Mandarin | This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds. | 53 | |
| 6122619100 | Arabic | This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula. | 54 | |
| 6122619101 | Hebrew | This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world. | 55 | |
| 6122619102 | Irish Gaelic | This is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs. | 56 | |
| 6122619103 | Basque | Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible. | 57 | |
| 6122619104 | Welsh | This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language. | 58 | |
| 6122619105 | Inuktitut | The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government. | 59 | |
| 6122619106 | Globalization | The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business). | 60 | |
| 6122619107 | Quebec | This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages. | 61 | |
| 6122619108 | Vulgar Latin | This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation. | 62 | |
| 6122619109 | Latin America | This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization. | 63 | |
| 6122619110 | Belgium | This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language. | 64 | |
| 6122619111 | Switzerland | This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization). | 65 |
AP Environmental Science Review Flashcards
Terms from APES for the exam
Terms : Hide Images
| 13844537239 | First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another. | 0 | |
| 13844537305 | El Niño (ENSO) | prevailing winds in the Pacific weaken and change direction every few years which results in above average warming of eastern Pacific waters, which changes distribution of plant nutrients and alters earth's weather for 2-3 years | 1 | |
| 13844537306 | Reason for seasons on Earth | Tilt of the axis ~23.5° | 2 | |
| 13844537240 | Second Law of Thermodynamics | When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat). | 3 | |
| 13844537241 | Nuclear Fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons. | 4 | |
| 13844537242 | Leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards through soil. | 5 | |
| 13844537243 | Soil Conservation Methods | conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers. | 6 | |
| 13844537244 | Soil Salinization | in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind. (ex. Fertile crescent, southwestern US) | 7 | |
| 13844537245 | Hydrologic Cycle Components | evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. | 8 | |
| 13844537307 | Watershed | all of the land that drains into a body of water | 9 | |
| 13844537246 | Aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground. | 10 | |
| 13844537247 | Salt Water Intrusion | near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer. | 11 | |
| 13844537248 | La Nina | "Normal" year, easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America. | 12 | |
| 13844537249 | Nitrogen Fixation | because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants, it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria. | 13 | |
| 13844537308 | Ammonification | decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia. | 14 | |
| 13844537250 | Nitrification | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO -). | 15 | |
| 13844537251 | Assimilation | inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins. | 16 | |
| 13844537252 | Denitrification | bacteria convert ammonia back into N. | 17 | |
| 13844537253 | Phosphorus | does not exist as a gas; released by weathering of phosphate rocks, it is a major limiting factor for plant growth. Phosphorus cycle is slow, and not atmospheric. | 18 | |
| 13844537394 | Soil Profile |  | 19 | |
| 13844537254 | Photosynthesis | plants convert CO2 (atmospheric C) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6). | 20 | |
| 13844537255 | Aerobic Respiration | oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2. | 21 | |
| 13844537256 | Biotic | living components of an ecosystem. | 22 | |
| 13844537309 | Abiotic | nonliving components of an ecosystem | 23 | |
| 13844537257 | Producer/Autotroph | organisms that make their own food—photosynthetic life. | 24 | |
| 13844537258 | Trophic Levels | producers → primary consumer → secondary consumer → tertiary consumer. | 25 | |
| 13844537259 | Energy Flow through Food Webs | 10% of the usable energy is transferred to the next trophic level. Reason: usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey. | 26 | |
| 13844537260 | Primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (ex. lava). | 27 | |
| 13844537310 | Secondary succession | life progresses where soil remains (ex. clear-cut forest, old farm). | 28 | |
| 13844537261 | Mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit (e.g. clownfish and anemone) | 29 | |
| 13844537262 | Commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits & the other is unaffected (e.g. epiphytic plants, such as many orchids, that grow on trees) | 30 | |
| 13844537263 | Parasitism | relationship in which one organism (the parasite) obtains nutrients at the expense of the host (e.g. mosquitoes and humans) | 31 | |
| 13844537264 | Carrying Capacity | the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area. | 32 | |
| 13844537265 | r-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce early, bear many small, unprotected offspring (ex. insects, mice). | 33 | |
| 13844537266 | K-strategist | reproductive strategy in which organisms reproduce late, bear few, cared for offspring (ex. humans, elephants). | 34 | |
| 13844537267 | Natural Selection | organisms that possess favorable adaptations (through mutations) pass them onto the next generation. | 35 | |
| 13844537268 | Thomas Malthus | The human population is kept in check by war, famine & disease. Did not foresee technological advancements like medicine. | 36 | |
| 13844537269 | Doubling Time | (rule of 70) doubling time equals 70 divided by average growth rate. (ex. a population growing at 5% annually doubles in 70 ÷ 5 = 14 years) | 37 | |
| 13844537270 | Replacement Level Fertility | the number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing). | 38 | |
| 13844537271 | World Population | slightly over 7.4 billion. | 39 | |
| 13844537311 | Demographic Transition Model | preindustrial, transitional, industrial, and postindustrial stages |  | 40 |
| 13844537272 | Preindustrial stage | birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high. | 41 | |
| 13844537273 | Transitional stage | Aid from other countries and increase in industrialization lowers death rates (infant mortality). Birth rates high (from of the amount of people in the reproductive stage). | 42 | |
| 13844537312 | Industrial stage | decline in birth rate, population growth slows. | 43 | |
| 13844537274 | Postindustrial stage | low birth & death rates. | 44 | |
| 13844537275 | Age Structure Diagrams | broad base → rapid growth; narrow base → negative growth (NPG); uniform shape → zero growth (ZPG) |  | 45 |
| 13844537313 | Most populous nations | 1)China 2)India 3)US 4)Indonesia | 46 | |
| 13844537276 | Low Economic/Social Status of Women | Most important factor keeping population growth rates high. | 47 | |
| 13844537277 | Methods to Decrease Birth Rates | Family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties. | 48 | |
| 13844537278 | Composition of Water on Earth | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater. 0.023% readily available freshwater for use. | 49 | |
| 13844537314 | Aquaculture | farming aquatic species, commonly salmon, shrimp, tilapia, oysters. | 50 | |
| 13844537279 | Point Source | from specific location such as pipe or smokestack | 51 | |
| 13844537280 | Non-Point Source | from over an area such as agricultural (farm) runoff, traffic. | 52 | |
| 13844537281 | Eutrophication | rapid algal growth caused by an excess of nitrogen & phosphorus. | 53 | |
| 13844537282 | Keystone Species | species whose role in an ecosystem is important for the ecosystem's stability (manatee, alligator, sea otter, etc). Impact outweighs relative abundance | 54 | |
| 13844537283 | Indicator Species | species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged (amphibians). | 55 | |
| 13844537284 | Pesticide Cons | genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification. | 56 | |
| 13844537315 | Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) | new organisms created by altering the genetic material (DNA) of existing organisms; usually in an attempt to remove undesirable or create desirable characteristics in the new organism. | 57 | |
| 13844537316 | Electricity Generation | steam, from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear energy, or falling water is used to turn a turbine and generate a generator. | 58 | |
| 13844537317 | Coal Formation | prehistoric plants buried undecomposed in oxygen-depleted water of swamps/bogs converted by heat and pressure. | 59 | |
| 13844537285 | Nuclear Reactor | consists of a core, control rods, moderator, steam generator, turbine, containment building. | 60 | |
| 13844537318 | Alternate Energy Sources | wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | 61 | |
| 13844537319 | Troposphere | first layer of atmosphere 0-10 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains weather, greenhouse gases (bad ozone) | 62 | |
| 13844537320 | Stratosphere | second layer of atmosphere 10-30 miles above the Earth's surface. Contains protective ozone layer (good ozone) | 63 | |
| 13844537321 | Temperature Inversion | a warm layer of air above a cooler layer traps pollutants close to the Earth's surface. | 64 | |
| 13844537322 | Divergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates spreading apart, new crust being formed (Mid Ocean Ridge) | 65 | |
| 13844537323 | Convergent plate boundaries | tectonic plates with the oldest crustal material on Earth moving together, one moving under another. Mineral deposits and volcanoes are most abundant at convergent plate boundaries (Volcanic arc like Japan) | 66 | |
| 13844537324 | Transform Fault | tectonic plates sliding past one another (San Andreas Fault Line) | 67 | |
| 13844537325 | Most Endangered species | have a small range, require large territory, have long generations, have very specialized niche, or live on an island | 68 | |
| 13844537286 | Biome | large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals. | 69 | |
| 13844537287 | Tropical Rain Forests | characterized by the greatest diversity of species, believed to include many undiscovered species. Occur near the equator. Soils tend to be low in nutrients. Distinct seasonality: winter is absent, and only two seasons are present (rainy and dry). | 70 | |
| 13844537288 | Temperate Forests | occur in eastern North America, Japan, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe. Dominated by tall deciduous trees. Well-defined seasons include a distinct winter. Logged extensively, only scattered remnants of original temperate forests remain. | 71 | |
| 13844537289 | Boreal Forests or Taiga | represent the largest terrestrial biome. Dominated by needleleaf, coniferous trees. Found in the cold climates of Eurasia and North America: two-thirds in Siberia with the rest in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada. Seasons are divided into short, moist, and moderately warm summers and long, cold, and dry winters. Extensive logging may soon cause their disappearance. | 72 | |
| 13844537290 | Temperate Shrub Lands | occurs along the coast of Southern California and the Mediterranean region. Characterized by areas of Chaparral-miniature woodlands dominated by dense stands of shrubs. | 73 | |
| 13844537291 | Savannas | grassland with scattered individual trees. Cover almost half the surface of Africa and large areas of Australia, South America, and India. Warm or hot climates where the annual rainfall is 20-50 inches per year. The rainfall is concentrated in six or eight months of the year, followed by a long period of drought when fires can occur. | 74 | |
| 13844537292 | Temperate Grasslands | dominated by grasses, trees and large shrubs are absent. Temperatures vary more from summer to winter, and the amount of rainfall is less than in savannas. Temperate grasslands have hot summers and cold winters. Occur in South Africa, Hungary, Argentina, the steppes of the former Soviet Union, and the plains and prairies of central North America. | 75 | |
| 13844537293 | Deserts | covers about one fifth of the Earth's surface and occur where rainfall is less than 50 cm/year. Soils may have abundant nutrients, need only water to become productive, and have little or no organic matter. Common disturbances include occasional fires or cold weather, and sudden, infrequent, but intense rains that cause flooding. | 76 | |
| 13844537294 | Tundra | treeless plains that are the coldest of all the biomes. Occur in the arctic and Antarctica. Dominated by lichens, mosses, sedges, and dwarfed shrubs Characterized by extremely cold climate, permanently frozen ground (permafrost) low biotic diversity, simple vegetation structure, limitation of drainage, short season of growth and reproduction. | 77 | |
| 13844537295 | Wetlands | areas of standing water that support aquatic plants including marshes, swamps, and bogs. Reduce flooding. Species diversity is very high. | 78 | |
| 13844537296 | Fresh Water | defined as having a low salt concentration (less than 1%). Plants and animals are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e., ocean). There are different types of regions: ponds and lakes, streams and rivers, and estuaries. | 79 | |
| 13844537297 | Oceans | the largest of all the ecosystems. Regions are separated into separate zones: intertidal, pelagic, abyssal, and benthic. | 80 | |
| 13844537298 | Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health. | 81 | |
| 13844537299 | Clean Water Act | Aim: to make all US waterways safe for fishing and swimming. set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways. Require the repairment of damaged wetlands. | 82 | |
| 13844537300 | Clean Air Act | NAAQS for 6 criteria pollutants. Set emission standards for mobile and stationary sources, and limits release of air pollutants. Multiple amendments, most influential modern env. law | 83 | |
| 13844537301 | Montreal Protocol | global agreement to phase out of ozone depleting substances. | 84 | |
| 13844537302 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations. | 85 | |
| 13844537303 | Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) | regulates the use and effectiveness of pesticides | 86 | |
| 13844537326 | Herbicide | a toxic chemical that kills plants | 87 | |
| 13844537327 | Insecticide | a toxic chemical that kills insects | 88 | |
| 13844537328 | Rodenticide | a toxic chemical that kills rodents | 89 | |
| 13844537329 | Fungicide | a toxic chemical that kills fungi | 90 | |
| 13844537330 | Niche | organism's role in the ecosystem of which it lives | 91 | |
| 13844537331 | Invasive Species | introduced into an ecosystem and out-compete native species | 92 | |
| 13844537332 | NO2, SO2, Pb, PM (2.5 and 10), O3, CO | 6 criteria air pollutants | 93 | |
| 13844537333 | Top 4 indoor air pollutants in DEVELOPED countries | Tobacco smoke, Formaldehyde, Radon Gas, Fine and Ultrafine Particulate Matter | 94 | |
| 13844537334 | saltwater intrusion | an infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells | 95 | |
| 13844537335 | rock cycle | A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another | 96 | |
| 13844537336 | Erosion | Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away (i.e. weathering, glaciation) | 97 | |
| 13844537337 | soil conservation | a method to maintain the fertility of the soil by protecting the soil from erosion and nutrient loss | 98 | |
| 13844537338 | edge effect | different environmental conditions that occur along the boundaries of an ecosystem. May observe higher biodiversity | 99 | |
| 13844537339 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 100 | |
| 13844537340 | ecosystem services | the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced | 101 | |
| 13844537341 | ecological succession | gradual change in living communities that follows a disturbance. Primary (no soil, much longer) or Secondary | 102 | |
| 13844537342 | nitrogen cycle | The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere | 103 | |
| 13844537343 | nitrogen fixation | process of converting nitrogen gas (N2) into nitrogen compounds that plants can absorb and use (Ammonia/Ammonium: NH3/NH4+) | 104 | |
| 13844537344 | demographic transition | change in a population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates across four stages | 105 | |
| 13844537345 | age structure diagram | graph of the numbers of males and females within different age groups of a population. Helps project population change over time | 106 | |
| 13844537346 | One Child Policy | A program established by the Chinese government in 1979 to slow population growth. | 107 | |
| 13844537347 | malnourished | Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. | 108 | |
| 13844537348 | undernourished | having insufficient food or other substances for good health and condition | 109 | |
| 13844537349 | Green Revolution | a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, machines, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. | 110 | |
| 13844537350 | genetic engineering | Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms | 111 | |
| 13844537351 | Irrigation methods | Aquifer/well withdrawal, ditches and canals, drip, spray, flooding | 112 | |
| 13844537352 | IPM | Pest management using a variety of techniques, agricultural, biological and use of minimal amount of pesticides when necessary to limit pest damage to economically tolerable level | 113 | |
| 13844537353 | old growth/primary forest | an uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed by human activities or natural disasters for 200 years or more | 114 | |
| 13844537354 | tree plantation (aka tree farm or commercial forest) | a large area typically planted with a single rapidly growing tree species | 115 | |
| 13844537355 | crown fire | Extremely hot fire that leaps from treetop to treetop - occurs in forests with no surface fires for several decades (an excessive amount of deadwood has built up) - this kills most vegetation, wildlife, buildings and contributes to soil erosion | 116 | |
| 13844537356 | surface fires | fires that typically burn only the forest's underbrush and do little damage to mature trees. May actually serve to protect the forest from more harmful fires by removing underbrush and dead materials that would burn quickly and at high temperatures. | 117 | |
| 13844537357 | Overgrazing | Destruction of vegetation caused by too many animals consuming the plants in a particular area so they cannot recover | 118 | |
| 13844537358 | Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. | 119 | |
| 13844537359 | suburban sprawl | low-population-density developments that are built outside of a city. Think strip malls, parking lots, spread out houses, lots of roads/highways | 120 | |
| 13844537360 | urban heat island | Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas. Tall buildings block air flow, machines release heat, abundant dark surfaces | 121 | |
| 13844537361 | National Parks System | established by the United States to preserve historic sites & habitats of many plants & animals | 122 | |
| 13844537362 | wildlife refuge | an area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing are either prohibited or strictly regulated | 123 | |
| 13844537363 | wilderness | An area where there are few people living; an area still in its natural state | 124 | |
| 13844537364 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) | this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it | 125 | |
| 13844537365 | TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act) | act that regulates existing chemicals that pose an unreasonable health risk. Its objective is to allow EPA to regulate new commercial chemicals | 126 | |
| 13844537366 | RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) | developed a comprehensive program to ensure that hazardous waste is managed safely from the moment it is generated to its final disposal (cradle-to-grave) | 127 | |
| 13844537367 | purse-seine fishing | an effective fishing method for species that school near the surface; a large net is encircled around the targeted catch, after which the bottom of the net is drawn tight, thus confining the catch in the net. | 128 | |
| 13844537368 | longline fishing | a commercial fishing technique that uses a long line with baited hooks attached at intervals. | 129 | |
| 13844537369 | bottom trawling | a fishing technique in which the ocean floor is scraped by heavy nets that smash everything in their path to collect bottom dwellers | 130 | |
| 13844537370 | hydroponics | a technique of growing plants (without soil) in water containing dissolved nutrients | 131 | |
| 13844537371 | Tragedy of the Commons | situation in which people acting individually and in their own interest use up commonly available (public) but limited resources, creating disaster for the entire community | 132 | |
| 13844537372 | unit of energy | Wh or kWh (Watt-hour or Kilowatt-hour) | 133 | |
| 13844537373 | unit of power | Watt | 134 | |
| 13844537374 | 1000 | number of watts (W) in a kilowatt (kW) or number of kilowatts in a megawatt (MW) | 135 | |
| 13844537375 | formation of coal | Peat is the raw material from which coal is formed. Over time and under increasing heat and pressure, various types of coal are formed | 136 | |
| 13844537376 | anthracite | coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke. | 137 | |
| 13844537377 | Bituminous | the second-purest form of coal. | 138 | |
| 13844537378 | Lignite | the least pure coal, soft, brownish | 139 | |
| 13844537379 | silting | When sediment becomes clogged behind a dam. | 140 | |
| 13844537380 | CAFE Standards (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) | these standards set mile per gallon standards for a fleet of cars; increased fuel economy = lower energy usage | 141 | |
| 13844537381 | Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) | A car that combines the engine of a conventional vehicle with the battery and electric motor of an electric vehicle, allowing it to achieve higher fuel economy than a conventional car | 142 | |
| 13844537382 | Biomass | total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level, can be used as alternative/renewable fuel source | 143 | |
| 13844537383 | tidal energy | The energy captured by transforming the wave motion of water into electrical energy using a turbine | 144 | |
| 13844537384 | photochemical smog | A brownish haze that is a mixture of ozone and other chemicals, formed when Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react with each other in the presence of sunlight | 145 | |
| 13844537385 | industrial smog | Type of air pollution consisting mostly of a mixture of sulfur dioxide, suspended droplets of sulfuric acid formed from some of the sulfur dioxide, and suspended solid particles, mostly due to burning coal | 146 | |
| 13844537386 | noise pollution | Any unwanted, disturbing, or harmful sound that impairs or interferes with hearing, causes stress, hampers concentration and work efficiency, or causes accidents. | 147 | |
| 13844537387 | light pollution | brightening of the night sky caused by street lights and other man-made sources, which has a disruptive effect on natural cycles and inhibits the observation of stars and planets. | 148 | |
| 13844537388 | Water pollution | oil spills, excess fertilizer, excess sediment, plastic particles, thermal, dumping of chemicals etc. | 149 | |
| 13844537389 | primary sewage treatment | Mechanical sewage treatment in which large solids are filtered out by screens and suspended solids settle out as sludge in a sedimentation tank. | 150 | |
| 13844537390 | secondary sewage treatment | a biological process in which aerobic bacteria remove as much as 90% of dissolved and biodegradable, oxygen-demanding organic wastes | 151 | |
| 13844537391 | tertiary sewage treatment | Advanced (expensive) Sewage Treatment: series of specialized chemical and physical processes used to remove specific pollutants left in the water such as nitrogen, phosphorus, bacteria and viruses. May use UV, ozone, chlorine or send through sand or activated carbon layers. | 152 | |
| 13844537392 | septic system | A relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas | 153 | |
| 13844537393 | CFCs and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) | Both greenhouse gas and contribute to ozone depletion when they break down in the stratosphere | 154 |
Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1 Flashcards
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Terms : Hide Images
| 10734422368 | Superior | toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above |  | 0 |
| 10734422369 | Inferior | away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below |  | 1 |
| 10734422370 | Ventral (anterior) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of |  | 2 |
| 10734422371 | Dorsal (posterior) | Toward or at the back of the body; behind |  | 3 |
| 10734422372 | Medial | toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of |  | 4 |
| 10734422373 | Lateral | away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of |  | 5 |
| 10734422374 | Intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure |  | 6 |
| 10734422375 | Proximal | closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |  | 7 |
| 10734422376 | Distal | farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |  | 8 |
| 10734422377 | Superficial | toward or at the body surface |  | 9 |
| 10734422378 | Deep (internal) | away from the body surface; more internal |  | 10 |
| 10734422379 | Anatomical Position | erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward, internationally know | 11 | |
| 10734422380 | Directional Terms | allow us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another | 12 | |
| 10734422383 | Regional Terms | used to designate specific areas within major body divisions | 13 | |
| 10734422505 | Anterior/Ventral Body |  | 14 | |
| 10734422506 | Posterior/Dorsal Body |  | 15 | |
| 10734422384 | Sagittal | a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts |  | 16 |
| 10734422385 | Median Plane (midsagittal plane) | sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline | 17 | |
| 10734422386 | Parasagittal Planes | all other sagittal planes offset from the midline | 18 | |
| 10734422387 | Frontal Planes (Coronal Plane) | like sagittal plane lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts |  | 19 |
| 10734422388 | Transverse/Cross-sectionl Plane | runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts. (Transverse is perpendicular to long axis of an organ, horizontal is from front to back) |  | 20 |
| 10734422390 | Dorsal Body Cavity | protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions |  | 21 |
| 10734422391 | Cranial Cavity | in the skull, encases the brain | 22 | |
| 10734422392 | Vertebral Cavity (Spinal Cavity) | runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord | 23 | |
| 10734422393 | Ventral Body Cavity | the more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, has 2 major subdivisions, houses internal organs called Viscera | | 24 |
| 10734422394 | Thoracic Cavity | surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest | 25 | |
| 10734422395 | Pleural Cavities | lateral subdivision of Thoracic Cavity, enveloping a lung, and the Medial Mediastinum | 26 | |
| 10734422396 | Pericardial Cavity | encloses the heart and also surrounds the the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others) | 27 | |
| 10734422397 | Abdominopelvic Cavity | seperated from thoracic cavity by the diaphram, a dome shaped muscle important in breathing. Has abdominal and pelvic cavities | 28 | |
| 10734422398 | Abdominal Cavity | Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs | 29 | |
| 10734422399 | Pelvic Cavity | Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum | 30 | |
| 10734422403 | Abdominopelvic Regions | Nine divisions used primarily by anatomists |  | 31 |
| 10734422404 | What is anatomy? | the study of structure | 32 | |
| 10734422405 | What is physiology? | the study of function at many levels | 33 | |
| 10734422406 | What is gross or macroscopic anatomy? | the study of large body parts, visible to the naked eye | 34 | |
| 10734422414 | What is the principle of complementarity? | anatomy and physiology are inseparable, the function always refects structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. | 35 | |
| 10734422415 | In what way does physiology depend of anatomy? | the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy | 36 | |
| 10734422416 | Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body? | Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic. | 37 | |
| 10734422417 | What are the levels of structural organization? | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system and organismal level | 38 | |
| 10734422418 | What does the digestive system do? | takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and eliminates unabsorbed matter (feces) | 39 | |
| 10734422419 | What does the respiratory system do? | takes in oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide | 40 | |
| 10734422420 | What does the urinary system do? | eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions | 41 | |
| 10734422421 | What does the cardiovascular system do? | via the blood, distributes oxygen and nutrients to all body cells and delivers wastes and carbon dioxide to deposal organs | 42 | |
| 10734422422 | What does the integumentary system do? | protects the body as a whole from the external environment | 43 | |
| 10734422423 | all ____ depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs | cells | 44 | |
| 10734422424 | _____ ____ work cooperatively to perform necessary life functions | organ systems | 45 | |
| 10734422425 | What are the main parts of the integumentary system? | hair, nails and skin | 46 | |
| 10734422426 | What are the main parts of the Skeletal System? | bones and joints | 47 | |
| 10734422427 | What is the main part of the muscular system? | skeletal muscles | 48 | |
| 10734422428 | What are the main parts of the nervous system? | the brain, nerves and spinal cord | 49 | |
| 10734422429 | What are the main parts of the endocrine system? | pineal, pituitary, thyroid and adrenal gland, thymus, pancreas, ovaries and testis | 50 | |
| 10734422430 | What are the main parts of the cardiovascular system? | blood vessels and heart | 51 | |
| 10734422431 | main parts of lymphatic system/ immunity | red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, and lymph nodes | 52 | |
| 10734422432 | main parts of respiratory system | nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs and bronchus | 53 | |
| 10734422433 | main parts of digestive system | oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum , and anus | 54 | |
| 10734422434 | main parts of urinary system | kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra | 55 | |
| 10734422435 | main parts of male and female reproductive systems | male: prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens. female: mammary glands, ovary, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina | 56 | |
| 10734422436 | What are some functions of the lymphatic system? | it picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells involved in immunity; | 57 | |
| 10734422437 | What are the necessary life functions? | maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction and growth | 58 | |
| 10734422438 | What is metabolism? | a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within the body | 59 | |
| 10734422439 | What are the survival needs? | Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temp. and atmospheric pressure | 60 | |
| 10734422440 | What is homeostasis? | the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world | 61 | |
| 10734422441 | What are control mechanisms for homeostasis? | receptor is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli and then sends info to the control center where it is analyzed and determines the appropriate response or course of action and then to the effector which provides the means for the control centers output | 62 | |
| 10734422442 | What is negative feedback within homeostasis? and example | the response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus regulation of body temp (nervous mechanism) regulation of blood volume by ADH (endocrine mechanism) | 63 | |
| 10734422443 | What separates living beings from nonliving objects? | Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental change, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. while inanimate objects do not exhibit all of these | 64 | |
| 10734422444 | what name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells | metabolism | 65 | |
| 10734422445 | Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 feet? | because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life | 66 | |
| 10734422446 | What's the process of negative back for regulation of blood volume by ADH | Receptors sense decreased blood volume, control center in hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone ADH, ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return more water to the blood. | 67 | |
| 10734422447 | What is positive feedback examples | the response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus; exhibits an amplifying effect; usually controls infrequent events ex: enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin, platelet plug formation and blood clotting | 68 | |
| 10734422448 | Homeostatic imbalance is the ...what does this cause? | disturbance of homeostasis increases risk of disease, contributes to changes associated with aging, may allow destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over (heart failure) | 69 | |
| 10734422449 | the head is _______ to the abdomen | superior | 70 | |
| 10734422450 | the navel is ______ to the chin | inferior | 71 | |
| 10734422451 | the breastbone is _____ to the spine | anterior (ventral) | 72 | |
| 10734422452 | the heart is _____ to the breastbone | posterior (dorsal) | 73 | |
| 10734422453 | the heart is _____ to the arm | medial | 74 | |
| 10734422454 | the arms are _____ to the chest | lateral | 75 | |
| 10734422455 | the collarbone is _________ between the breastbone and shoulder | intermediate | 76 | |
| 10734422456 | the elbow is _______ to the wrist | proximal | 77 | |
| 10734422457 | the knee is ___ to the thigh | distal | 78 | |
| 10734422458 | the skin is ________ to the skeletal muscles | superficial | 79 | |
| 10734422459 | the lungs are _____ to the skin | deep | 80 | |
| 10734422460 | What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold? | Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body. | 81 | |
| 10734422461 | When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system? | thirst is part of a neg. feedback control system because it prods us to drink which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range | 82 | |
| 10734422462 | Why is the formation of platelet plug called positive feedback? What event ends it? | This is a pos. feedback mechanism because it enhances the change set into motion by the stimulus. The response ends when the platelet plug has plugged the hole in the blood vessel. | 83 | |
| 10734422464 | Regional terms are used to ...... | designate specific areas within major body divisions | 84 | |
| 10734422465 | The most frequent planes | Sagittal, Frontal, Transverse | 85 | |
| 10734422466 | Sagittal plane | vertical plane- divides the body into right and left parts | 86 | |
| 10734422467 | Midsagittal plane | median for the sagittal plane | 87 | |
| 10734422468 | Parasagittal (Sagittal) Plane | offset from the midline or midsagittal plane | 88 | |
| 10734422469 | Frontal plane | vertically divide the body into ventral and dorsal parts | 89 | |
| 10734422470 | transverse or horizontal plane | horizontal from right to lfet dividint eh body into superior and inferior parts | 90 | |
| 10734422471 | What cavity is the brain in? | cranial cavity | 91 | |
| 10734422472 | what cavity contains the spinal cord | vertebral cavity | 92 | |
| 10734422473 | what cavity contains the heart and lungs | thoracic cavity | 93 | |
| 10734422474 | what is between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity | diaphragm | 94 | |
| 10734422475 | what cavity contains the digestive viscera | Abdominal cavity | 95 | |
| 10734422476 | what cavity contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs and rectum | pelvic cavity | 96 | |
| 10734422477 | what are the three parts of the thoracic cavity | superior mediastinum, pluerla cavity, pericardial cavity within the mediastinum | 97 | |
| 10734422478 | what does the dorsal body cavity contain | cranial and vertebral cavity | 98 | |
| 10734422479 | what does the ventral body cavity contain | thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities | 99 | |
| 10734422480 | what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the lungs | pleural cavities | 100 | |
| 10734422481 | what cavity in the thoracic cavity contains the heart and esophagus and trachea | pericardial cavity | 101 | |
| 10734422484 | The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the .... | parietal serosa | 102 | |
| 10734422487 | the _____ _____ is the center most region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (naval) | umbilical region | 103 | |
| 10734422488 | the right and left ______ regions lie lateral to the umbilical region | lumbar | 104 | |
| 10734422489 | what region is the small intestine and the transverse colon of the large intestine in | umbilical region | 105 | |
| 10734422490 | What is the anatomical position? And why is it important that you learn this position? | The position in which a person is standing erect with feet slightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. knowing the anatomical position is important because directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position | 106 | |
| 10734422491 | The axiliary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located? | axillary region is the armpit. acromial area is the tip of the shoulder | 107 | |
| 10734422492 | whay type of cut would separate the brain into aterior and posterior parts? | a frontal (coronal ) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts | 108 | |
| 10734422493 | Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord and heart, which is /are in the dorsal body cavity? | only the spinal cord | 109 | |
| 10734422494 | When you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands. why doesnt warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs and digestive organs | As mobile organs work fiction is greatly reduced by the presence of seours flued. seous fluid allows the surrounding serous membranes to glide easily over one another | 110 | |
| 10734422495 | two major cavities, | The main cavities are the posterior cavity and anterior cavity (dorsal and ventral) | 111 | |
| 10734422496 | Olecranal | Back of elbow | 112 | |
| 10734422497 | What tow systems are primarily involved in Homeostasis? | Nervous and Endocrine | 113 | |
| 10734422500 | What is the Body's Thermostat? | hypothalamus | 114 | |
| 10734422501 | What are the two major divisions of the ventral cavities | the thoracic cavity, and the abdominopelvic cavity. | 115 | |
| 10734422502 | In a negative feedback system, the response of the effector | reverses the original stimulus. | 116 | |
| 10734422503 | ___________is perpendicular to the long axis of the region and ___________ is from front to back. | transverse, horizontal | 117 |
Anatomy and Physiology test 1 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 14217642602 | Define Anatomy | study of the structure of body parts and their relationship | 0 | |
| 14217642603 | What are the subdivisions of anatomy? (5) | Regional Systematic Surface Cytology histology | 1 | |
| 14217642604 | What is regional anatomy? | all the structures (muscles, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time | 2 | |
| 14217642605 | What is systematic anatomy? | When the body structure is studied system by system | 3 | |
| 14217642606 | What is surface anatomy? | the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface | 4 | |
| 14217642607 | What is cytology? | studies and considers the calls of the body | 5 | |
| 14217642608 | What is histology? | study of tissues | 6 | |
| 14217642609 | Define physiology | study of the function of the body | 7 | |
| 14217642610 | What is the principle of complementary? | Anatomy and physiology are inseparable Function always reflects structure What a structure can do depends on its specific form | 8 | |
| 14217642611 | What is the anatomical position? | The body is erect, the feet are slightly apart, the head is held high, and the palms of the hands are facing forward, thumbs away from the body | 9 | |
| 14217642612 | Superior (cranial) | toward the head | 10 | |
| 14217642613 | Inferior (caudal) | away from the head | 11 | |
| 14217642614 | ventral (anterior) | toward or at the front of the body | 12 | |
| 14217642615 | Dorsal (posterior) | Toward or at the back of the body | 13 | |
| 14217642616 | Medial | toward the midline | 14 | |
| 14217642617 | lateral | away from the midline | 15 | |
| 14217642618 | intermediate | between a more medial and a more lateral structure | 16 | |
| 14217642619 | proximal | Closer to the point of attachment | 17 | |
| 14217642620 | Distal | away from the point of attachment | 18 | |
| 14217642621 | Superficial (external) | toward or at the body surface | 19 | |
| 14217642622 | Deep (internal) | away from the body surface | 20 | |
| 14217642623 | abdominal | anterior body trunk inferior to ribs | 21 | |
| 14217642624 | acromial | point of shoulder | 22 | |
| 14217642846 | antebrachial | 23 | ||
| 14217642847 | antecubital | 24 | ||
| 14217642625 | axillary | armpit | 25 | |
| 14217642626 | brachial | arm | 26 | |
| 14217642627 | buccal | cheek | 27 | |
| 14217642628 | carpal | wrist | 28 | |
| 14217642629 | cervical | neck | 29 | |
| 14217642630 | coxal | hip | 30 | |
| 14217642631 | crural | leg | 31 | |
| 14217642632 | digital | fingers, toes | 32 | |
| 14217642633 | femoral | thigh | 33 | |
| 14217642634 | fibular | side of leg | 34 | |
| 14217642635 | hallux | big toe | 35 | |
| 14217642636 | inguinal | groin | 36 | |
| 14217642637 | mammory | breast | 37 | |
| 14217642638 | manus | hand | 38 | |
| 14217642639 | nasal | nose | 39 | |
| 14217642640 | oral | mouth | 40 | |
| 14217642641 | orbital | eye cavity | 41 | |
| 14217642642 | patellar | knee cap | 42 | |
| 14217642643 | pelvic | pelvis region | 43 | |
| 14217642644 | pollex | thumb | 44 | |
| 14217642645 | pubic | genital region | 45 | |
| 14217642646 | sternal | breastbone | 46 | |
| 14217642647 | tarsal | ankle | 47 | |
| 14217642648 | thoracic | chest | 48 | |
| 14217642649 | umbilical | navel | 49 | |
| 14217642650 | calcaneal | heel | 50 | |
| 14217642651 | Cephalic | head | 51 | |
| 14217642652 | gluteal | rump | 52 | |
| 14217642653 | lumbar | between ribs and hips | 53 | |
| 14217642654 | occipital | posterior surface of head | 54 | |
| 14217642655 | olecranal | back of elbow | 55 | |
| 14217642656 | otic | ear | 56 | |
| 14217642657 | popliteal | back of knee | 57 | |
| 14217642658 | sacral | between hips | 58 | |
| 14217642659 | scapular | shoulder blade | 59 | |
| 14217642660 | sural | calf | 60 | |
| 14217642661 | vertebral | spinal column | 61 | |
| 14217642662 | frontal (coronal) | vertical divides into anterior and posterior parts | 62 | |
| 14217642663 | Sagittal (Midsagittal/parasagittal) | vertical divides into right and left parts | 63 | |
| 14217642664 | transverse (horizontal) | horizontally into superior and inferior parts | 64 | |
| 14217642665 | Dorsal cavity | protects nervous system subdivisions: cranial cavity and vertebral cavity | 65 | |
| 14217642666 | Ventral Cavity | Houses internal organs subdivisions: -pleural cavities (lungs -mediastinum: contains pericardial cavity w/ heart and surrounds remaining thoracic organs: esophagus and trachea -abdominal pelvic cavity | 66 | |
| 14217642667 | Membranes in the ventral body cavity | -Serous membrane or serosa --Thin, double-layered membranes ---Parietal serosa lines internal body cavity walls ---Visceral serosa covers internal organs (viscera) -Layers separated by slit-like cavity filled with serous fluid --Fluid secreted by both layers of membrane | 67 | |
| 14217642668 | Examples of serous membranes | pleura, pericardium, peritoneum | 68 | |
| 14217642669 | right upper quadrant | liver gallbladder duodenum head of pancreas right adrenal gland upper lobe of right kidney hepatic flexure of colon section of ascending colon section of transverse colon | 69 | |
| 14217642670 | right lower quadrant | Lower lobe of left kidney cecum appendix right ovary right fallopian tube right ureter right spermatic cord section of ascending colon part of uterus if enlarged | 70 | |
| 14217642671 | left upper quadrant | left lobe of liver spleen upper lobe of left kidney stomach left adrenal gland pancreas splenic flexure of colon section of transverse colon section of descending colon | 71 | |
| 14217642672 | left lower quadrant | Part of descending colon Sigmoid colon Left ovary left fallopian tube Left ureter Left spermatic cord lower lobe of left kidney part of uterus if enlarged | 72 | |
| 14217642848 | abdominopelvic regions |  | 73 | |
| 14217642673 | Levels of Structural Organization | chemical: atoms, molecules and organelles cellular: cells tissue: groups of cells organ: contains 2 or more types of tissue organ system: organs that work closely together organismal: all organ systems | 74 | |
| 14217642674 | Necessary Life Functions | 1. Maintaining boundaries 2. Movement 3. Responsiveness 4. Digestion 5. Metabolism 6. Excretion 7. Reproduction * 8. Growth | 75 | |
| 14217642675 | Interdependence of body cells | Humans are multicellular To function, must keep individual cells alive All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs | 76 | |
| 14217642676 | requirements for human life | oxygen nutrients water normal body temp appropriate atmospheric pressure (box) | 77 | |
| 14217642677 | Define homestasis | steady state of body systems that living organisms maintain | 78 | |
| 14217642678 | Components of a Control Mechanism | receptor, control center, effector | 79 | |
| 14217642679 | receptor | monitors environment and responds to stimuli (change in temp) | 80 | |
| 14217642680 | control center | determines the set point at which the variable is maintained receives input from receptor and determines appropriate response (thermostat, room temp is controlled variable) | 81 | |
| 14217642681 | Effector | provides the means for the control center's response to the stimulus receives output from the control center response is produced based on the feed back loop | 82 | |
| 14217642682 | negative feedback | produces a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range | 83 | |
| 14217642683 | positive feedback | will cause change in the variable in the same direction as the initial change | 84 | |
| 14217642684 | What could be the result of homeostatic imbalance in body? | increase risk of disease | 85 | |
| 14217642685 | What are the main systems of the human body? (11) | lymphatic integumentary endocrine reproductive urinary cardiovascular respiratory skeletal muscular nervous digestive | 86 | |
| 14217642686 | lymphatic system | -picks up fluids leaked from the capillaries -supports immune systems: houses white blood cells | 87 | |
| 14217642687 | Integumentary system | protects organs from injury and helps regulate body temp | 88 | |
| 14217642688 | Skeletal system | Protects and supports body organs provides a framework the muscles use to support movement levers for muscular action | 89 | |
| 14217642689 | Muscular System | contract and shorten in order to move and generate heat | 90 | |
| 14217642690 | nervous system | Allows the body to sense and respond to its environment; helps maintain homeostasis. | 91 | |
| 14217642691 | Endocrine system | promotes growth and development produces hormones helps regulate long term homeostasis | 92 | |
| 14217642692 | cardiovascular system | Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood. protects with blood clots, antibodies and other protein molecules | 93 | |
| 14217642693 | respiratory system | Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide. | 94 | |
| 14217642694 | digestive system | Breaks down food into smaller molecules. Absorbs these nutrients into the body. | 95 | |
| 14217642695 | urinary system | Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. | 96 | |
| 14217642696 | Male and Female Reproductive System | Overall function is the production of offspring. | 97 | |
| 14217642697 | Explain the cell theory | 1. all organisms are made up of basic living units called cells. 2. all cells come from pre-existing cells 3. cell is the basic unit of life | 98 | |
| 14217642698 | Describe cell diversity | Over 200 different types of human cells differ in size, shape, subcellular components and functions | 99 | |
| 14217642699 | Identify and explain the parts of the generalized cell | plasma membrane cytoplasm nucleus all cells have some common structures and functions | 100 | |
| 14217642700 | Define plasma membrane | A selectively permeable membrane, which encloses the cell. Also known as a cell membrane. - The plasma membrane is called a Phospholipid bilayer because the structure is composed of TWO layers of phospholipids. | 101 | |
| 14217642701 | What are the 3 membrane lipids? | 75% phospholipids 5% glycolipids 20% cholesterol | 102 | |
| 14217642702 | What is the structure of a phospholipid? | glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head | 103 | |
| 14217642703 | Types of membrane proteins | integral proteins and peripheral proteins | 104 | |
| 14217642704 | integral proteins | penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer | 105 | |
| 14217642705 | peripheral proteins | bound to the surface of the membrane | 106 | |
| 14217642706 | 6 functions of membrane proteins | 1. Transport 2. Receptors for signal transduction 3. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 4. Enzymatic activity 5. Intercellular joining 6. Cell-cell recognition | 107 | |
| 14217642707 | What are the 3 types of cell junctions | 1. tight junctions 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions | 108 | |
| 14217642708 | tight junctions | Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid | 109 | |
| 14217642709 | Desmosomes | Anchoring junctions that prevent cells from being pulled apart | 110 | |
| 14217642710 | gap junctions | provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent animal cells | 111 | |
| 14217642711 | 2 types of cytoplasmic organelles | membranous and nonmembranous | 112 | |
| 14217642712 | membranous organelles | mitochondria nucleus endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes peroxisomes | 113 | |
| 14217642713 | nonmembranous organelles | ribosomes cytoskeleton centrioles | 114 | |
| 14217642714 | Define mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell it has a double membrane and produces energy | 115 | |
| 14217642715 | Define ribosomes | site of protein synthesis | 116 | |
| 14217642716 | Define endoplasmic reticulum | internal membrane system where lipid components of cell membranes are made | 117 | |
| 14217642717 | Define smooth endoplasmic reticulum | steroid and lipid synthesis lipid metabolism drug detoxification NO protein synthesis related function | 118 | |
| 14217642718 | Define Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Rough ER membranes are studded with ribosomes that make membrane proteins and secretory proteins. | 119 | |
| 14217642719 | Define Golgi Apparatus | Stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for storage or release | 120 | |
| 14217642720 | Define peroxisomes | A cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyze the production and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide | 121 | |
| 14217642721 | Define lysosomes | organelle that breaks down organelles that are no longer useful | 122 | |
| 14217642722 | Define cytoskeleton | Network of protein fibers that help the cell maintain its shape and allow it to move | 123 | |
| 14217642723 | Define microfilaments | A type of cytoskeleton -helps support the cell and give it shape | 124 | |
| 14217642724 | Define intermediate filaments | cables made of fibrous protein. anchor organelles - relatively permanent attach to desomosomes most stable and permanent of cytoskeleton filaments | 125 | |
| 14217642725 | Define microtubules | long, hollow cylinders made of tubulin determine overall shape of cell and distribution of organelles | 126 | |
| 14217642726 | Define centrioles and centrosomes | centrioles: cylinders, paired, right angles centrosomes: cytoplasm/matrix that surrounds centrioles | 127 | |
| 14217642727 | Cellular Extensions | Cilia, Flagella and Microvilli | 128 | |
| 14217642728 | cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion | 129 | |
| 14217642729 | Flagella | whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement | 130 | |
| 14217642730 | Microvilli | projections that increase the cell's surface area | 131 | |
| 14217642731 | 3 structures of the nucleus | nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin | 132 | |
| 14217642732 | define nuclear envelope | double membrane that surrounds the nucleus | 133 | |
| 14217642733 | Define nucleoli | sight of protein synthesis within the nucleus | 134 | |
| 14217642734 | Define Chromatin | Complex of DNA and protein molecules. | 135 | |
| 14217642735 | Smooth ER clinical connection | Repeated exposure to certain drugs can increase the amount of smooth ER and enzymes because the smooth ER is the sight of detox | 136 | |
| 14217642736 | passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell | 137 | |
| 14217642737 | active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 138 | |
| 14217642738 | passive transport processes | Diffusion -simple diffusion -facilitated diffusion -osmosis Filtration | 139 | |
| 14217642739 | active transport processes | exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis | 140 | |
| 14217642740 | Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion | Molecule binds to specific protein that changes shape to carry molecule across the plasma membrane | 141 | |
| 14217642741 | Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion | through a channel protein; mostly ions selected on basis of size and charge | 142 | |
| 14217642742 | Define osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane | 143 | |
| 14217642743 | Define tonicity | the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water | 144 | |
| 14217642744 | Isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same | 145 | |
| 14217642745 | hypotonic | Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution | 146 | |
| 14217642746 | Hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. | 147 | |
| 14217642747 | What happens to red blood cell in isotonic solution? | Net movement of water: inside to outside Cell size: stay same | 148 | |
| 14217642748 | What happens to red blood cell in hypotonic solution? | net movement: outside to inside cell size: swell/burst | 149 | |
| 14217642749 | What happens to red blood cell in hypertonic solution? | net movement: inside to outside cell size: shrink | 150 | |
| 14217642750 | 2 types of active processes: | 1. active transport 2. vesicular transport | 151 | |
| 14217642751 | Define active transport | Movement across cell membrane--from low to high concentration--requires energy | 152 | |
| 14217642752 | Define vesicular transport | Transport of large particles, macromolecules and fluids across membranous sacs called vesicles requires ATP involves formation of protein coated vesicles | 153 | |
| 14217642753 | 2 types of Active transport | primary active transport secondary active transport | 154 | |
| 14217642754 | define primary active transport | energy from hydrolysis of ATP causes shape change in transport protein that "pumps" solutes (ions) across membrane | 155 | |
| 14217642755 | secondary active transport | energy is stored in a concentration gradient and used to "drive" other substances across a membrane against their own concentration gradient | 156 | |
| 14217642756 | Define sodium-potassium pump | Carrier protein in the plasma membrane that moves sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells; 3 sodium out of and 2 potassium ions into | 157 | |
| 14217642757 | What type of solution can be used to treat patients with edema? | hypertonic solution because it relieves fluid overload by causing osmosis of water from interstitial fluid into the blood | 158 | |
| 14217642758 | What type of solution can be sued to treat patients with dehydration? | Hypotonic solution because the water from the hypotonic solution moves from the blood into interstitial fluid and then into body cells to rehydrate them. | 159 | |
| 14217642759 | Define tissues | group of similar cells that performs a specialized function | 160 | |
| 14217642760 | Define histology | study of tissues | 161 | |
| 14217642761 | What are the four main tissue types? | epithelial connective muscle nervous | 162 | |
| 14217642762 | What is the general purpose of epithelial tissue? | form boundaries | 163 | |
| 14217642763 | What is the general purpose of connective tissue? | bind and support protect insulate store reserve fuel transport substances (blood) | 164 | |
| 14217642764 | What is the general purpose of muscle tissue? | responsible for most types of movement | 165 | |
| 14217642765 | What is the general purpose of nervous tissue? | regulates and controls body functions | 166 | |
| 14217642766 | examples of epithelial tissue | epidermis inner lining of digestive tract liver other glands | 167 | |
| 14217642767 | Examples of connective tissue | bone cartilage tendons ligaments adipose tissue blood | 168 | |
| 14217642768 | Examples of muscle tissue | skeletal cardiac smooth | 169 | |
| 14217642769 | Examples of nervous tissue | brain spinal cord nerves | 170 | |
| 14217642770 | What are the names of the embryonic germ layer? | ectoderm mesoderm endoderm | 171 | |
| 14217642771 | what embryonic germ layer produces what tissue? | ectoderm: epithelial mesoderm: connective endoderm: epithelial | 172 | |
| 14217642772 | What do epithelial tissues do? | form the boundaries that separate us from the outside world | 173 | |
| 14217642773 | What are the 2 main types of epithelial tissue? | glandular and membranous | 174 | |
| 14217642774 | What are the functions of epithelial tissues? | protection absorption filtration secretion | 175 | |
| 14217642775 | What are the 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue? | specialized contacts polarity supported by connective tissue avascular, but not innervated can regenerate | 176 | |
| 14217642776 | specialized contacts | cells joined by special junctions | 177 | |
| 14217642777 | Polarity example | Molecules having uneven distribution of charges intestines | 178 | |
| 14217642778 | Avascular epithelial tissue | without a blood supply 1. Epidermis | 179 | |
| 14217642779 | apical | top | 180 | |
| 14217642780 | basal | bottom | 181 | |
| 14217642781 | What is the basement membrane? composted of? | reinforces epithelial sheet and defines epithelial boundary composed of: basal lamina and reticular lamina | 182 | |
| 14217642782 | basal lamina vs reticular lamina | basal: glycoproteins and collagen fibers adhesive sheet selective filter scaffolding for cell migration in wound repair reticular: deep to basal network of collagen fibers | 183 | |
| 14217642783 | How are epithelial tissues classified? | shape and number of layers | 184 | |
| 14217642784 | simple vs stratified | single vs multiple layers | 185 | |
| 14217642785 | What does the shape of the cell tell us? | location of nucleus | 186 | |
| 14217642786 | Squamous | flat | 187 | |
| 14217642787 | Cuboidal | cube shaped | 188 | |
| 14217642788 | columnar | column shaped | 189 | |
| 14217642789 | Define gland | one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product | 190 | |
| 14217642790 | Define endocrine glands | internally secreting | 191 | |
| 14217642791 | Define exocrine glands | externally secreting | 192 | |
| 14217642792 | define unicellular glands | mucous cells and goblet cells produce mucin dissolves in water to form mucous found in epithelial linings of intestinal and respiratory tracts | 193 | |
| 14217642793 | Define multicellular glands | composed of a duct and secretory unit usually surrounded by supportive connective tissue supplies blood and nerve fibers | 194 | |
| 14217642794 | What is a goblet cell? | a column-shaped cell found in the respiratory and intestinal tracts, which secretes the main component of mucus. | 195 | |
| 14217642795 | How are multicellular exocrine glands classified? | structure and mode of secretion | 196 | |
| 14217642796 | What are the modes of secretion for multicellular glands? | merocrine: secretes by exocytosis (cells stays in tact) holocrine: cell ruptures apocrine: between the 2 only top layer ruptures | 197 | |
| 14217642797 | what are the two types of structures for multicellular glands? | duct and secretory | 198 | |
| 14217642798 | Duct Structure | Simple: One duct Compound: must divide into two or more ducts | 199 | |
| 14217642799 | Secretory structures | tubular alveolar tubuloalveolar | 200 | |
| 14217642800 | examples of duct and secretory structures | simple tubular: intestinal gland simple branched tubular: stomach glands compound tubular: duodenal glands simple alveolar: no important ones in humans simple branched alveolar: sebaceous glands compound alveolar: mammary glands compound tubuloalveolar: salivary glands | 201 | |
| 14217642801 | 4 main classes of connective tissue | 1. connective tissue proper 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood | 202 | |
| 14217642802 | What are the 2 basic elements of connective tissue? | extracellular matrix connective tissue cells | 203 | |
| 14217642803 | Define extracellular matrix | Non-living material that surrounds living cells | 204 | |
| 14217642804 | Major Functions of Connective Tissue | binding and support protecting insulating storing reserve fuel transporting substances (blood) | 205 | |
| 14217642805 | What is the ground substance? | unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers | 206 | |
| 14217642806 | 3 different types of connective tissue fibers | collagen elastic fibers reticular | 207 | |
| 14217642807 | Define collagen fibers | strongest and most abundant type provides high tensile strength | 208 | |
| 14217642808 | define elastic fibers | networks of long, thin, elastin fibers allow for stretch and recoil | 209 | |
| 14217642809 | Define reticular fibers | short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers | 210 | |
| 14217642810 | What are the cells of the connective tissue? | Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells, leukocytes, adipose cells | 211 | |
| 14217642811 | What is connective tissue proper? | all connective tissues except bone, cartilage, and blood | 212 | |
| 14217642812 | subclasses of connective tissue proper | 1. Loose connective tissue 2. Dense connective tissue | 213 | |
| 14217642813 | loose connective tissue | areolar, adipose, reticular | 214 | |
| 14217642814 | dense connective tissue | regular, irregular, elastic | 215 | |
| 14217642815 | areolar connective tissue | soft packaging material that cushions and protects body organs | 216 | |
| 14217642816 | adipose connective tissue | acts as a storage depot for fat | 217 | |
| 14217642817 | reticular connective tissue | forms supporting tissue in walls of liver and spleen | 218 | |
| 14217642818 | dense regular connective tissue | tendons and ligaments | 219 | |
| 14217642819 | dense irregular connective tissue | Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength Location: fibrous capsules of organs and joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract | 220 | |
| 14217642820 | dense elastic connective tissue | abundant elastic fibers among collagen fibers | 221 | |
| 14217642821 | 3 types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage | 222 | |
| 14217642822 | hyaline cartilage | description: no specific shape but firm matrix function: supports and reinforce, resilient cushion location: costal cartilage of ribs | 223 | |
| 14217642823 | elastic cartilage | description: no specific shape but firm matrix function: maintains shape while allowing flexibility location: ear | 224 | |
| 14217642824 | Fibrocartilage | description: no specific shape but firm matrix function: absorb compressive shock location intervertebral discs | 225 | |
| 14217642825 | Define the connective tissue bone | description: hard calcified matrix osteoblasts produce the matrix osteocytes lie in lacunae and maintain matrix well vascularized function: supports and protects bony structures/ organs, provides levers for muscles to produce movement location: bones of human | 226 | |
| 14217642826 | blood | description: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) function: transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wasted and other substances location: within vessels | 227 | |
| 14217642827 | Muscle tissue | responsible for movement | 228 | |
| 14217642828 | 3 types of muscle tissue | skeletal, cardiac, smooth | 229 | |
| 14217642829 | skeletal muscle tissue | Description: Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations Function: Voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression; voluntary control Location: In skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin | 230 | |
| 14217642830 | cardiac muscle tissue | Description: Branching striated, generally uninucleate cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs) Function: as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control Location: the walls of the heart | 231 | |
| 14217642831 | smooth muscle tissue | DESCRIPTION: shorter cells, single, central nucleus FUNCTION: involuntary movements of internal organs LOCATION: walls of hollow internal organs | 232 | |
| 14217642832 | What is nervous tissue? | the main tissue component of the two parts of the nervous system | 233 | |
| 14217642833 | 2 types of nervous tissue | neurons and neuroglia | 234 | |
| 14217642834 | function and location of nervous tissue | Function: transmit electrical signals Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves | 235 | |
| 14217642835 | Regenerative Capacity in Different Tissues | -Regenerate extremely well: Epithelial tissues bone areolar connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue blood-forming tissue -Moderate regenerating capacity: Smooth muscle dense regular connective tissue -Virtually no functional regenerative capacity Cardiac muscle nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord | 236 | |
| 14217642836 | What is a membrane? | flat sheets of flexible tissue that cover or line a body structure | 237 | |
| 14217642837 | 2 main types of tissue membranes | connective and epithelial | 238 | |
| 14217642838 | epithelial membranes | cutaneous, mucous, serous | 239 | |
| 14217642839 | connective membrane | synovial | 240 | |
| 14217642840 | Where are synovial membranes found? | joint cavities | 241 | |
| 14217642841 | Where are cutaneous membranes found? | skin | 242 | |
| 14217642842 | What are mucous membranes opened/closed to? | open to exterior | 243 | |
| 14217642843 | What are serous membranes opened/closed to? | closed to exterior | 244 | |
| 14217642844 | The pap test test what type of epithelial tissue of the vagina and cervix? | nonkeratinized stratified squamous | 245 | |
| 14217642845 | does the pap test collect the cells of the apical or basal layer? | apical | 246 |
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